612:
456:
262:
223:
711:
698:. His increasingly pro-Ottoman stance in later years, however, led to his overthrow by his brother Alexander in 1475, with Stephen the Great's backing. This came too late to save Theodoro: in December 1475, after conquering the other Christian strongholds along the Crimean coast, the Ottomans captured the city after a three-month siege. Alexander and his family were taken captive to Constantinople, where the prince was beheaded. His son was forcibly converted to Islam, and his wife and daughters became part of the Sultan's
45:
514:
59:
572:
600:
769:
In 1901, a Greek inscription was discovered in the city of Mangup. The inscription shows that in 1503, almost thirty years after the
Turkish conquest, the inhabitants of Mangup still spoke Greek. The city was under the power of a Turkish governor. The next years, many Greek inscriptions, dated before
525:
appeared to have been on the verge of rebellion; official documents from this year describe the damage done to Gothic landowners and farmers or the burning of buildings in the border districts of
Alushta and Cembalo. The Prince at the time, Isaac (Italian documents write him Saichus or Saicus and the
623:
were the rulers of
Theodoro and are commonly identified by scholars with the family known from Russian sources as "Khovra". The prince Stephen ("Stepan Vasilyevich Khovra"), emigrated to Moscow in 1391 or 1402 along with his son Gregory. His patronymic implies the existence of a father named Basil,
562:
where they were executed. Their treasures were handed over to the Sultan, while their wives and daughters were given as presents to the Sultan's officials. After the city's capitulation, one of the churches was converted into a mosque, where a prayer was said for the Sultan. According to an
Ottoman
765:
Various cultural influences can be traced in Gothia: its architecture and
Christian wall paintings were essentially Byzantine, although some of its fortresses also display a local as well as Genoese character. Inscribed marble slabs found in the region were decorated with a mixture of Byzantine,
662:
and offers unique genealogical data on the family. John's reign appears to have been very short, or he may indeed not have reigned at all – A. Vasiliev speculates that he left Gothia for
Trebizond as soon as Alexios I died – so another son of Alexios I, Olubei, succeeded as prince in c. 1447 and
541:
began sometime in
September. The prince had three hundred Wallachians fighting in the defense. According to Vasiliev, the city endured five major assaults during the siege; in the end, Theodoro's food supply was blockaded and the people began to succumb to famine. At the end of December 1475,
402:) appears for the first time in a Greek inscription also dated to c. 1361/1362, and then again as "Theodoro Mangop" in a Genoese document of 1374. It was suggested by A. Mercati that the form is a corruption of the Greek plural
365:, who in 1238 poured into the peninsula, occupied its east and enforced a tribute on the western half, including Gothia. Apart from said tribute their influence was limited, leaving administrative matters in native hands.
439:
invaded the
Crimean peninsula, destroying several towns including Gothia's capital Theodoro. After his death in 1404 Gothia grew to become one of the most significant powers of the Black Sea, profiting from a period of
422:), after the early medieval name of the region. Whatever its provenance, the name stuck: by the 1420s the official titulature of the prince read "Lord of the city of Theodoro and the Maritime Region" (
487:, "seashore"), while under Genoese rule it was known as Captainship of Gothia. After they had lost harbors on the southern coast Theodorites built a new port called Avlita at the mouth of the
632:
claimed descent from them. In Gothia, Stephen was succeeded by another son, Alexios I, who ruled until his death in 1444–45 or 1447. Alexios' heir was his eldest son John, who was married to
611:
678:). In 1465, Prince Isaac is mentioned, probably Olubei's son and hence possibly reigning already since c. 1458. In the face of the mounting Ottoman danger, he engaged in a
1436:
The
Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents
546:
surrendered to the
Ottomans under the condition that the Prince, the people, and their property would be spared. While much of the rest of Crimea remained part of the
248:
674:
Olubei is no longer mentioned after c. 1458, and no princes are known by name for some while; Genoese documents only mention "the lord of Theodoro and his brothers" (
1232:
783:
After the Turkish conquest in 1475, the Turks preserved the religion and religious institutions of the Greeks, as well as the Greek ecclesiastical organisation.
152:
831:, p. . "Thus it was the base for all the Genoese wars with the principality of Theodoro, a Greek state on the foothill of the Crimean Mountains."
471:
colonies to the south over access to the coasts and the trade that went through the Crimean harbors. A narrow strip of the coastal land from Yamboli (
1260:
Albrecht, Stefan (2013). "Ein Spielball der Mächte: Die Krim im Schwarzmeerraum (VI.-XV. Jahrhundert)". In Stefan Albrecht; Michael Herdick (eds.).
633:
624:
who possibly preceded him as prince (and was in turn possibly Demetrios' son). Stephen and Gregory became monks, and Gregory later founded the
1471:
368:
The Principality of Gothia is first mentioned in the early 14th century, with the earliest date offered by the post-Byzantine historian
1531:
1434:
558:, after Mangup surrendered the Ottomans treated it the same way as Caffa. The Ottomans took the chiefs of the city and brought them to
526:
Russian Isaiko), presented a formal complaint to the Genoese fearing a war with Caffa. On 6 June 1475, the Ottoman Albanian commander
1490:
479:) in the east initially part of the principality soon fell under Genoese control. Local Greeks called this region Parathalassia (
376:(1328–1341). Further references occur over the 14th century, with several scholars identifying the "Dmitry", one of the three
1330:
1269:
596:
Khuitani, who erected the stone inscription mentioning the name "Theodoro" on the walls of Mangup at about the same time.
1262:
Die Höhensiedlungen im Bergland der Krim. Umwelt, Kulturaustausch und Transformation am Nordrand des Byzantischen Reiches
780:Βyzantine bronze weights excavated at Mangup supply evidence that the residents followed the imperial weighting system.
1420:
1321:
1575:
1444:
1390:
1367:
1292:
1491:"Présence de l’aigle bicéphale en Trebizonde et dans la principauté grecque de Théodoro en Crimée (XIVe-XVe siècles"
506:, who were still Greek-speakers, decided to migrate to Crimea and in particular to the Principality of Theodoro and
1497:
648:. The couple had a son, also named Alexios, who died young c. 1446/7, probably at Trebizond. His epitaph, titled "
414:, but N. Bănescu proposed the alternative explanation that it resulted from the definitive Greek name τὸ Δόρος (
1585:
1340:
996:
619:
The princes following after Demetrios are known solely through Russian sources. A branch of the Greek dynasty
580:
550:, now an Ottoman vassal, the former lands of Theodoro and southern Crimea were administered directly by the
44:
1580:
629:
468:
455:
373:
1570:
488:
1430:
755:
118:
103:
1285:
History of the Crimean Goths as an interpretation of the Tale of Matthew on the city of Theodoro
797:
792:
499:
349:
381:
1450:
407:
8:
369:
353:
333:
228:
1517:
668:
449:
988:
Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism
1521:
1440:
1416:
1386:
1363:
1326:
1316:
1288:
1265:
992:
691:
625:
527:
441:
321:
309:
361:. This dependence was never very strong and was eventually replaced by the invading
1509:
583:
identifies the first prince as Demetrios, attested at the Battle of Blue Waters in
555:
467:
to its north, paying an annual tribute as vassals, but was in constant strife with
345:
166:
107:
308:
principality in the southern part of Crimea, specifically on the foothills of the
1410:
986:
710:
687:
664:
604:
547:
503:
445:
255:
1344:
1302:
Bryer, Anthony M. (1970). "A Byzantine Family: The Gabrades, c. 979 – c. 1653".
444:
instability and the neglect of its Black Sea colonies, but also the rise of the
659:
592:
559:
480:
385:
317:
283:
241:
99:
1564:
1546:
1533:
731:
551:
513:
452:
against Genoa due to the former's promise to grant Gothia access to the sea.
411:
313:
384:(c. 1362/1363), with a Prince of Gothia. The name, in this case, may be the
1412:
The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation
464:
377:
78:
1513:
1281:История крымских готов как интерпретация Сказания Матфея о городе Феодоро
739:
715:
637:
507:
1400:
Karpov, Sergei P. (1996). "The Crimeans". In Sigfried J. de Laet (ed.).
759:
719:
645:
58:
599:
472:
436:
344:
In the late 12th century, the Crimean peninsula had seceded from the
1476:
1118:
372:, who records the existence of a "Prince of Gothia" in the reign of
774:
751:
695:
492:
357:
128:
667:, became in 1426 the first wife of the last Trapezuntine emperor,
590:. According to Vasiliev, he is possibly to be identified with the
563:
chronicler, "the house of the infidel became the house of Islam."
743:
476:
362:
1094:
1053:
571:
1202:
747:
727:
641:
620:
543:
538:
329:
325:
305:
88:
1402:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
735:
699:
683:
636:, a woman connected to the Byzantine imperial dynasty of the
575:
Stone inscription of the Principality at the fortress of Funa
531:
522:
389:
1166:
1154:
1106:
1082:
1041:
1377:
Fadeyeva, Tatiana M.; Shaposhnikov, Aleksandr K. (2005).
1287:] (in Russian). Yekaterinburg: Ural University Press.
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1010:
1008:
918:
894:
882:
870:
858:
810:
754:, and other ethnic groups, most of whom were adherents to
23:
Lordship of the city of Theodoro and the Maritime Region
1237:
1214:
1190:
1142:
1130:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1020:
1005:
942:
930:
491:
and fortified it with the fortress of Kalamata (modern
966:
954:
906:
846:
834:
1477:
ISOPE. Ancient Inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea
1178:
628:
in Moscow. The Russian noble families of Khovrin and
312:. It represented the last territorial vestige of the
1498:"Die Erzählung des Matthaios von der Stadt Theodoro"
1376:
1065:
510:, as Crimea had a familiar Christian Greek culture.
1472:
Brief history of Theodoro Principality (Mangup) ENG
1353:
1349:. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America.
1233:Dushenko A. Byzantine Weights Excavated at Mangup
773:Greek inscriptions were also found at the city of
762:. The principality's official language was Greek.
328:, also sometimes called Theodoro and now known as
463:The principality had peaceful relations with the
1562:
428:), while colloquially it was called Θεοδωρίτσι (
1385:] (in Russian). Simferopol: Biznes-Inform.
663:ruled until c. 1458. A daughter of Alexios I,
396:). The name "Theodoro" (in the corrupted form
1429:
1325:. Oxford University Press. pp. 654–655.
816:
770:the Ottoman conquest were found at the city.
1383:The Principality of Theodoro and its princes
1354:Vasilyev, A. V.; Avtushenko, M. N. (2006).
1304:University of Birmingham Historical Journal
984:
653:
425:αὐθέντης πόλεως Θεοδωροῦς καὶ παραθαλασσίας
423:
397:
295:
288:Αὐθεντία πόλεως Θεοδωροῦς καὶ παραθαλασσίας
28:Αὐθεντία πόλεως Θεοδωροῦς καὶ παραθαλασσίας
26:
1479:(also features inscriptions from Theodoro)
1360:The riddle of the principality of Theodoro
352:in 1204, parts of it were included in the
63:Crimea in the middle of the 15th century.
57:
1362:] (in Russian). Sevastopol: Bibleks.
432:, 'little Theodoro') by its inhabitants.
178:• First mention of the principality
1408:
1339:
1259:
1243:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1014:
972:
960:
948:
936:
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
828:
766:Italian, and Tatar decorative elements.
722:killing the dragon (13th–14th centuries)
709:
610:
598:
570:
512:
454:
393:
332:. The state was closely allied with the
1314:
924:
1563:
1399:
1184:
566:
554:. According to the Ottoman historian
1495:
1301:
1278:
1076:
726:Gothia's population was a mixture of
1315:Pritsak, Omeljan (1991). "Dory". In
1264:(in German). Schnell & Steiner.
392:lord of Mangup, named Khuitani (see
16:Former country on Crimean Peninsula
13:
1483:
1322:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
14:
1597:
1465:
1409:Khvalkov, Evgeny (August 2017).
991:. KaraM publication. p. 3.
406:'the Theodores', meaning Saints
260:
246:
221:
43:
1226:
978:
302:Principality of Theodoro-Mangup
1404:. Routledge. pp. 672–676.
1379:Княжество Феодоро и его князья
822:
676:dominus Tedori et fratres ejus
1:
803:
584:
68: Theodoro shown in green
1127:, pp. 222, 224ff., 235.
448:. In 1432 Gothia sided with
7:
1489:Androuidis, Pascal (2017):
786:
521:During 1474, the people of
10:
1602:
1279:Beyer, Hans-Veit (2001).
1253:
705:
688:Maria Asanina Palaiologina
534:after five days of siege.
475:) in the west to Allston (
374:Andronikos III Palaiologos
339:
316:until its conquest by the
1502:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
1496:Beyer, Hans-Veit (2003).
1356:Загадка княжества Феодоро
654:
484:
424:
398:
324:in 1475. Its capital was
296:
287:
200:
196:
186:
176:
172:
162:
158:
146:
142:
134:
124:
114:
95:
84:
74:
56:
40:
35:
27:
21:
1576:Principality of Theodoro
1378:
1355:
1280:
1103:, pp. 194–198, 222.
1062:, pp. 183–186, 198.
607:, sister of prince Isaac
280:Principality of Theodoro
188:• Ottoman conquest
1346:The Goths in the Crimea
1211:, pp. 71, 185–186.
640:and the noble lines of
36:Early 14th century–1475
1431:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz
1341:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
1310:. Birmingham: 164–187.
798:Fall of Constantinople
793:Despotate of the Morea
723:
616:
608:
576:
518:
517:Mangup fortress donjon
500:Fall of Constantinople
460:
350:Sack of Constantinople
1586:Former principalities
756:Orthodox Christianity
713:
614:
602:
574:
516:
458:
382:Battle of Blue Waters
348:, but soon after the
153:Alexander of Theodoro
96:Common languages
1514:10.1515/BYZS.2003.25
985:Dan Shapira (2003).
817:Kołodziejczyk (2011)
682:with the Genoese at
459:Fortress of Kalamita
435:In 1395 the warlord
408:Theodore Stratelates
1543: /
1175:, pp. 249–265.
1163:, pp. 236–237.
1115:, pp. 222–223.
1091:, pp. 198–200.
1050:, pp. 254–255.
927:, pp. 654–655.
903:, pp. 185–187.
891:, pp. 183–186.
879:, pp. 182–183.
867:, pp. 163–164.
686:and wed his sister
658:), was composed by
650:To the Prince's son
567:Princes of Theodoro
370:Theodore Spandounes
334:Empire of Trebizond
229:Empire of Trebizond
1317:Kazhdan, Alexander
724:
617:
609:
581:Alexander Vasiliev
577:
519:
461:
182:Early 14th century
1581:Former monarchies
1547:44.583°N 33.800°E
1439:. Leiden: Brill.
1332:978-0-19-504652-6
1271:978-3-7954-2768-9
692:Stephen the Great
626:Simonov Monastery
603:Burial shroud of
528:Gedik Ahmet Pasha
358:Gazarian Perateia
322:Gedik Ahmed Pasha
310:Crimean Mountains
290:), also known as
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
234:
233:
119:Eastern Orthodoxy
102:(official), also
91:(Doros, Theodoro)
1593:
1571:Lists of princes
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1525:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1449:. Archived from
1426:
1405:
1396:
1373:
1350:
1336:
1311:
1298:
1275:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1003:
1002:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
657:
656:
615:Fortress of Funa
589:
586:
556:Ashik Pasha-Zade
486:
427:
426:
401:
400:
346:Byzantine Empire
299:
298:
289:
264:
263:
250:
249:
238:
237:
225:
224:
218:
217:
202:
201:
167:Late Middle Ages
67:
61:
47:
30:
29:
19:
18:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1486:
1484:Further reading
1468:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1423:
1393:
1380:
1370:
1357:
1333:
1295:
1282:
1272:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1244:Vasiliev (1936)
1242:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1221:Vasiliev (1936)
1219:
1215:
1209:Vasiliev (1936)
1207:
1203:
1197:Vasiliev (1936)
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1173:Vasiliev (1936)
1171:
1167:
1161:Vasiliev (1936)
1159:
1155:
1149:Vasiliev (1936)
1147:
1143:
1137:Vasiliev (1936)
1135:
1131:
1125:Vasiliev (1936)
1123:
1119:
1113:Vasiliev (1936)
1111:
1107:
1101:Vasiliev (1936)
1099:
1095:
1089:Vasiliev (1936)
1087:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1060:Vasiliev (1936)
1058:
1054:
1048:Vasiliev (1936)
1046:
1042:
1036:Vasiliev (1936)
1034:
1021:
1015:Vasiliev (1936)
1013:
1006:
999:
983:
979:
973:Albrecht (2013)
971:
967:
961:Albrecht (2013)
959:
955:
949:Vasiliev (1936)
947:
943:
937:Vasiliev (1936)
935:
931:
923:
919:
913:Vasiliev (1936)
911:
907:
901:Vasiliev (1936)
899:
895:
889:Vasiliev (1936)
887:
883:
877:Vasiliev (1936)
875:
871:
865:Vasiliev (1936)
863:
859:
853:Vasiliev (1936)
851:
847:
841:Vasiliev (1936)
839:
835:
829:Khvalkov (2017)
827:
823:
815:
811:
806:
789:
708:
665:Maria of Gothia
655:τῷ Αὐθεντοπούλῳ
587:
569:
548:Crimean Khanate
469:Genoese Gazaria
446:Crimean Khanate
380:princes in the
342:
320:by the Ottoman
261:
256:Crimean Khanate
247:
222:
189:
179:
149:
70:
69:
65:
52:
51:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1552:44.583; 33.800
1527:
1526:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1466:External links
1464:
1463:
1462:
1445:
1427:
1422:978-1138081604
1421:
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1293:
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1249:
1248:
1246:, p. 278.
1236:
1225:
1223:, p. 216.
1213:
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1199:, p. 267.
1189:
1187:, p. 675.
1177:
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1151:, p. 235.
1141:
1139:, p. 214.
1129:
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1079:, p. 184.
1064:
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1038:, p. 259.
1019:
1017:, p. 244.
1004:
997:
977:
965:
953:
951:, p. 218.
941:
939:, p. 215.
929:
925:Pritsak (1991)
917:
915:, p. 191.
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
855:, p. 182.
845:
843:, p. 159.
833:
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800:
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788:
785:
707:
704:
660:John Eugenikos
593:hekatontarches
579:The historian
568:
565:
560:Constantinople
502:in 1453, many
489:Chernaya River
418:) or τὸ Δόρυ (
386:baptismal name
341:
338:
318:Ottoman Empire
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1415:. Routledge.
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732:Crimean Goths
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680:rapprochement
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634:Maria Asanina
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588: 1362/3
582:
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552:Sublime Porte
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537:The siege of
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1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
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485:Παραθαλασσια
465:Golden Horde
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378:Golden Horde
367:
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211:Succeeded by
210:
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148:• 1475
79:Principality
50:Coat of arms
1550: /
740:Circassians
716:Eski Kermen
694:, ruler of
638:Palaiologoi
508:Chufut-Kale
430:Theodoritsi
206:Preceded by
1565:Categories
1457:2016-02-10
998:9756467037
804:References
760:Hellenized
720:St. George
646:Tzamplakon
530:conquered
498:After the
125:Government
110:and others
1522:192129795
1508:: 25–56.
473:Balaklava
437:Tamerlane
404:Theodoroi
300:) or the
115:Religion
1433:(2011).
1343:(1936).
787:See also
775:Inkerman
752:Kipchaks
718:showing
696:Moldavia
504:Qaraites
493:Inkerman
416:to Doros
399:Θεοδωραω
304:, was a
129:Monarchy
1538:33°48′E
1535:44°35′N
1319:(ed.).
1254:Sources
744:Bulgars
706:Culture
630:Golovin
477:Alushta
442:Genoese
420:to Dory
363:Mongols
340:History
108:Kipchak
85:Capital
1520:
1443:
1419:
1389:
1366:
1329:
1291:
1268:
995:
748:Cumans
728:Greeks
642:Asanes
621:Gabras
544:Mangup
539:Mangup
450:Venice
330:Mangup
297:Γοτθία
292:Gothia
138:
135:Prince
89:Mangup
75:Status
66:
1518:S2CID
1381:[
1358:[
1283:[
736:Alans
700:harem
684:Caffa
669:David
605:Maria
532:Caffa
523:Caffa
481:Greek
394:below
390:Tatar
388:of a
326:Doros
306:Greek
284:Greek
100:Greek
1441:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1266:ISBN
993:ISBN
758:and
644:and
410:and
278:The
192:1475
1510:doi
1308:XII
690:to
652:" (
495:).
1567::
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1372:.
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1001:.
294:(
282:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
