Prison abolition movement in the United States

1200: 1540:, formerly known as Correction Corporation of America (CCA). Its shareholders benefit from the expansion of prisons and tougher laws on crime. More prisoners is seen as beneficial for business. Some anarchists contend that with the destruction of capitalism, and the development of social structures that would allow for the self-management of communities, property crimes would largely vanish. There would be fewer prisoners, they assert, if society treated people more fairly, regardless of gender, color, ethnic background, sexual orientation, education, etc. 1566:

imprisoned. Additionally, the current system works to disproportionally imprison poor and working-class people, so its abolition would ensure progress towards equality. Abolitionists see many similarities between today's carceral system and the slavery establishment of the past, and would in fact say that the current system is simply reformed enslavement which perpetuates the same oppressive and discriminatory patterns. But just as superficial reforms could not alter the brutality of the slave system, reforms cannot change a system rooted in racism.

1319:(5th and 6th Amendment rights) of mentally ill prisoners on the grounds that these individuals will not be receiving the same potential for rehabilitation as the non-mentally ill prison population. This injustice is sufficient grounds to argue for the abolishment of prisons. Prisons were not designed to be used to house the mentally ill, and prison practices like solitary confinement are damaging to mental health. Additionally, individuals with mental illnesses have a much higher chance of committing suicide while in prison. 1382: 5501: 1500:

considered punishment enough. This focus on rehabilitation includes an emphasis on promoting normalcy for inmates, a charge led by experienced criminologists and psychologists. In Norway a focus on preparation for societal re-entry has yielded "one of the lowest recidivism rates in the world at 20%, the US has one of the highest: 76.6% of prisoners are re-arrested within five years". The Swedish incarceration rate decreased by 6% between 2011 and 2012.

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additional violence at the hands of the state. Instead of relying on the criminal justice system, these organizations work to implement community accountability practices, which often involve collectively-run processes of intervention initiated by a survivor of violence to try to hold the person who committed violence accountable by working to meet a set of demands. For organizations outside the United States see, e.g.

5513: 1083:, which many have considered illustrative of, and rooted in, anarchist theory, involved the mass liquidation of prisons and freeing of political prisoners and nonviolent offenders. Neighbourhood based "peace committees," composed of elected community members with, largely, no formal legal education, were created to resolve conflicts using a model of consensus and restorative justice. 1251:(ICOPA) gathers activists, academics, journalists, and "others from across the world who are working towards the abolition of imprisonment, the penal system, carceral controls and the prison industrial complex (PIC)," to discuss three important questions surrounding the reality of prison abolition ICOPA was one of the first penal abolitionist conference movements, similar to 1016:, was founded roughly in 1906. By that year, groups existed in Kiev, Odessa, Bialystok, and trials of its members, led to its spread across Europe and North America. A 2018 guide to starting an Anarchist Black Cross group states that "we need to destroy all the prisons, and free all the prisoners. Our position is an abolitionist stance against the state and it’s prisons." 1339:. Prolonged sentencing policies have resulted in an increased aging population in prisons as well as the harsh conditions of imprisonment. A number of reasons can contribute to older adult's risk for illness while in prison. Prisons are not intended to be used as nursing homes, hospice or long-term care facilities for the aging prison population. Despite this, prison 1234:, a 2001 group based in the city of Philadelphia that aims to abolish prisons, with their mission stating "to empower prisoners' families to be leaders in prison organizing and to teach them how to advocate on behalf of their loved ones in prison and expose the inhumane practices of the Department of Corrections." In addition, the 915:.) Similarly, on McLeod's view, prison abolition implies broad changes to social institutions: "n abolitionist framework", she writes, "requires positive forms of social integration and collective security that are not organized around criminal law enforcement, confinement, criminal surveillance, punitive policing, or punishment." 1067:

emerged throughout the 2000s. Anarchists and abolitionists within Québec organise yearly noise demonstrations outside of prison facilities on New Year's Eve. A campaign to stop the construction of a migrant prison involved anarchists unloading thousands of crickets into the offices of an architectural firm in 2018.

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In Canada, individuals 50 years of age and older in federal custody account for 25% of the federal prison population. Investigations into the Canadian federal penitentiary have found that there is a general failure of the Correctional Service of Canada to meet safe and humane custody and assisting in

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writes: "Mass incarceration is not a solution to unemployment, nor is it a solution to the vast array of social problems that are hidden away in a rapidly growing network of prisons and jails. However, the great majority of people have been tricked into believing in the efficacy of imprisonment, even

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Makhno, a Ukrainian anarchist who was freed in 1917 from a life sentence in prison, organised a revolutionary insurgent army along anarchist principles that would come to control a territory of seven-and-a-half million people. Upon taking control of a town, Makhnovists would destroy “all remnants and

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Legal scholar Allegra McLeod notes that prison abolition is not merely a negative project of "opening … prison doors", but rather "may be understood instead as a gradual project of decarceration, in which radically different legal and institutional regulatory forms supplant criminal law enforcement."

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Abolitionists like Angela Davis recommend four measures as a way to deal with violent and other serious crimes: (1) make mental health care available to all (2) everyone should have access to affordable treatment for substance use disorders (3) make a stronger effort to rehabilitate those who commit

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Proposals for prison reform and alternatives to prisons differ significantly depending on the political beliefs behind them. Often they fall in one of three categories from the "Attrition Model", a model proposed by the Prison Research Education Action Project in 1976: moratorium, decarceration, and

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Some anarchists and socialists contend that a large part of the problem is the way the judicial system deals with prisoners, people, and capital. According to Marxists, in capitalist economies incentives are in place to expand the prison system and increase the prison population. This is evidenced

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celebration, black prisoners were placed under lockdown, angering the whole facility and leading to a general strike. Prisoners refused to work or leave their cells for three months, to which the guards responded by beating prisoners, putting prisoners in solitary confinement, and denying prisoners

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led to police skirmishes with protesters in Rome, a Turin cell tower being lit on fire, and a letter with bullets was sent to a newspaper stating "if Alfredo Cospito dies judges will all be targets, two months without food, burn down the prisons." International actions to free Cospito, included the

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An emphasis is placed on the correction of society rather than the correction of an individual. It is only in a corrected or caring community that individual redemption and rehabilitation can be achieved. Thus, abolitionists see that the only adequate alternative to the prison system is building a

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for guidance in regard to successful prison reform because both countries have an emphasis on rehabilitation rather than punishment. According to Sweden's former Prison and Probation Service Director-General, Nils Öberg, this emphasis is popular among the Swedish because the act of imprisonment is

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and healing practices in which no one will be restrained or segregated, while some, like PREAP, believe that there will always be a small percentage of those whose behavior is so unacceptable or harmful that they will need to be incapacitated, socially exiled, or restrained and that this should be

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Anarchists agitation against prisons in Canada has included Bulldozer, an anti-prison anarchist project founded in Toronto in 1980. Bulldozer was closed after being raided and charged with sedition. The End the Prison Industrial Complex (Epic) was formed in 2009, and Anarchist Black Cross projects

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The strike ended in the prisoners' favour as the superintendent of the prison resigned. The prisoners were granted more visitation rights and work programs. Angered by this, the prison guards went on strike and abandoned the prison, hoping that this would create chaos and violence throughout the

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In 1917, the Anarchist Red Cross would disband and members joined the revolution in Russia. Following the February revolution, political prisoners were released from Russian jails, in a massive wave of amnesties. The Anarchist Red Cross reorganised in 1919 as the Anarchist Black Cross, with some

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It is not likely that the honorable Bonfield and Grinnell can conceive of a social order not held intact by the policeman's club and pistol, nor of a free society without prisons, gallows, and State's attorneys. In such a society they probably fail to find a place for themselves. And is this the

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The imprisonment of a human being is inherently immoral, and while total abolition of the current prison system is not an easy task, it is possible. The first step towards abolition is admitting that prisons cannot be reformed, as a carceral system is founded on brutality and contempt for those

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that support women of color who are survivors of interpersonal violence argue that the criminal justice system does not protect marginalized people who are victims in relationships. Instead, victims, especially those who are poor, minorities, transgender or gender non-conforming can experience

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In Canada, a number of organizations support prison abolition, which includes the Saskatchewan Manitoba Alberta Abolition Organization (SMAAC) or the Toronto Prisoners’ Rights Project. These organizations collaborate and organize on issues of prison abolition and work towards prison abolition.

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we are against all rigid judicial and police machinery, against any legislative code prescribed once and for all time, for these involve gross violations of genuine justice and of the real protections of the population. These ought not to be organized but should be instead the living, free and

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Why do governmental units choose to spend billions of dollars a year to concentrate people with serious illnesses in a system designed to punish intentional lawbreaking, when doing so matches neither the putative purposes of that system nor most effectively addresses the issues posed by that

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Campaigns to free anarchist prisoners have served as the basis for calling for freedom for all prisoners. June 11, 2011, international solidarity actions for anarchist prisoners Marie Mason and Eric McDavid triggered the start of an international day and week of solidarity with all anarchist

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the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders into the community. The conditions of confinement of older individuals jeopardize the protection of their human rights. The conditions of the aging population in Canada has been denounced by persons who are incarcerated.

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The abolition of prisons is not only about the closure of prisons. Abolitionist views is also a way to counter the hegemonic discourse, and gives an alternative ways of thinking. It is a way to reconceptualize basic notions like crime, innocence, punishment etc.

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Abolitionists believe that crime is a consequence of a broken society, and resources must be used towards social programs instead of the funding of prisons. They advocate for public solutions to public problems, producing effects which will benefit everyone in

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done humanely, temporarily, and not in a carceral or punitive manner." Another point raised is that the current focus in criminal justice reform on nonviolent, nonserious and nonsexual offences shrinks the borders and understandings of innocence and guilt.

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Abolitionists advocate for changes beneficial to the prisoner but do so while remaining a non-member of the system. In a similar fashion, abolitionists respect the personhood of system managers but oppose their role in the perpetuation of an oppressive

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dropped dramatically and murders and rapes fell to zero. Prisoners volunteered to cook meals. Vietnam veterans who had been trained as medics took charge of the pharmacy and distribution of medication. Decisions were made in community assemblies.

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The empowerment of prisoners and ex-prisoners is crucial to the abolitionist movement. Programs and resources dedicated to reinstating that which has been stripped from them by the prison system are fundamental in putting power back in their own

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posts were blown up with dynamite or put to the torch.” Prisoners in battle who were not officers were typically welcomed into the ranks of Makhnovists or freed. The Makhnovist revolutionary insurgent army adopted a declaration in 1919, stating

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Abolitionists believe that citizens are the true source of institutional power which can lead to the abolition of the prison system. Giving or limiting support from certain policies and practices will enable the progression of the abolitionist

1042:, prisons and all other sterile and useless anachronisms—must disappear of themselves or be abolished from the very first breath of the free life, right from the very first steps of the free and living organization of society and the economy. 1166:

to protect themselves from guards, end behavioral modification programs, advocate for the prisoner's right for education and healthcare, gain more visitation rights, work assignments, and to be able to send money to their families.

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Imprisonment is not a proper response to deviance. Abolitionists promote reconciliation rather than punishment, a perspective seeking to restore both the criminal and the victim while limiting the disruption of their lives in the

1222:, which is an organization working to "build an international movement to end the Prison Industrial Complex by challenging the belief that caging and controlling people makes us safe." Other similarly motivated groups such as the 907:—saw abolitionism not only as a movement to end the legal institution of property in human beings, but also as a means of bringing about a "different future" wherein former slaves could enjoy full participation in society. ( 3680:

Senior, Jane; Hayes, Adrian J.; Pratt, Daniel; Thomas, Stuart D.; Fahy, Tom; Leese, Morven; Bowen, Andy; Taylor, Greg; Lever-Green, Gillian; Graham, Tanya; Pearson, Anna; Ahmed, Mukhtar; Shaw, Jenny J. (September 2007).

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Personal experiences in prison because of revolutionary activity prompted many anarchists who were “deeply affected by their experiences” to publish their criticisms. In 1886, the trial of eight anarchists following the

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The abolitionist message requires changing our language and definitions of punishment “treatment” and “inmates”. In order to break away from the prison system, we must use honest language and take back the power of our

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and the prison system, and replace them with systems of rehabilitation and education that do not focus on punishment and government institutionalization. The prison abolitionist movement is distinct from conventional

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The abolitionist message extends farther than the traditional helping relationship; Abolitionists identify themselves as allies of the imprisoned, respecting their perspectives as well as the requirements for

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and Anarchist Revolution. The pressure from the number of anarchist prisoners in need of aid led to the closing of “most of the chapters in the United States and Europe.” Alternative groups, such as the

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In response to the fear that prisons are needed for the most serious cases of mentally ill, Liat Ben-Mosh describe prison abolitionist's' view on the issue: "Many prison abolitionists advocate for

1226:(PARC), a group "committed to exposing and challenging all forms of institutionalized racism, sexism, able-ism, heterosexism, and classism, specifically within the Prison Industrial Complex," and 2602: 2257: 1244:, an organization founded in 2009 by Mariame Kaba, helps to end the incarceration of youth, as well as victims of violence "through community-based alternatives to the criminal legal process." 1484: 3432: 2476: 1071:

prisoners in 2015. 2022's week of solidarity included actions in Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Uruguay, Greece, the UK, and other countries. The 2022-2023 hunger strike of anarchist prisoner

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Liz Samuels has observed that, following the Attica Prison uprising, activists began to coalesce around a vision of abolition, whereas previously they had endorsed a program of reform.

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Supporters of prison abolitionism are a diverse group with differing ideas as to exactly how prisons should be abolished, and what, if anything, should replace them. Some supporters of

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criminal offences and (4) employ reparative or restorative justice measures as an accountability tool to reconcile offenders with their victims and undo or compensate the harm done.

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Prison abolition, in McLeod's view, involves a positive agenda that reimagines how societies might deal with social problems in the absence of prisons, using techniques such as

5108: 2737: 991:, an anarchist and wife of one of the Haymarket eight, embarked on a speaking tour through 17 different states speaking to a total of almost 200,000 people. A single rally in 3907: 4019: 1163: 3818:"Aging and Dying in Prison: An Investigation into the Experiences of Older Individuals in Federal Custody - February 28, 2019 - Office of the Correctional Investigator" 1055:

Aid Fund and the Society to Aid Anarchist Prisoners in Russia would take their place. Another resurgence was felt in 1967, and, again, in 1979 owing to the efforts of

2670: 2635: 2543: 4049: 2954: 2700: 1982: 1477: 2132: 3021: 2289: 1231: 4284: 1238:, a grassroots organization dedicated to dismantling the PIC, can all be added to the long list of organizations that desire a different form of justice system. 4111: 4956: 3137: 1290: 995:, to support the families of the eight accused anarchists raised nearly $ 1000. Speaking at his trial, in a widely disseminated speech, one of the co-accused, 3825: 1038:

creative act of the community. Which is why all obsolete forms of justice—court administration, revolutionary tribunals, repressive laws, police or militia,

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is seen as one of the more obvious examples. Anarchists also oppose prisons given that statistics show incarceration rates affect mainly poor people and

4142: 2593: 2251: 2405: 1296: 1199: 775: 3403: 1547:, which argues that prisons encourage recidivism and should be replaced by efforts to rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate them into communities. 862:"e can imagine and build a more humane and democratic society that no longer relies on caging people to meet human needs and solve social problems." 1524: 3574: 3990: 3928: 2656: 2349: 2153: 2769: 1558:, republished by Critical Resistance in 2005, outlines what the organization identifies as the nine main perspectives for prison abolitionists: 3516:

Pustilnik, Amanda C. (2005). "Prisons of the Mind: Social Value and Economic Inefficiency in the Criminal Justice Response to Mental Illness".

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Anarchist opposition to incarceration can be found in articles written as early as 1851, and is elucidated by major anarchist thinkers such as

2370: 2671:"Anti-construction Crew Releases Thousands of Crickets into Immigration Prison Architecture Headquarters » Montréal Counter-information" 870:, who developed the concept of racial capitalism, and characterizes the movement as a response to a long history of oppressive treatment of 4072: 1312:

than in psychiatric hospitals. In Canada, mental health issues are 2 to 3 times more prevalent in prisons than in the general population.

5516: 5088: 3378: 2822: 2791: 2426: 1309: 2506: 5130: 5209: 4991: 2701:"CrimethInc. : June 11: The History of a Day of Anarchist Prisoner Solidarity : Including a Chronology of Events 2004-2017" 875: 17: 3949: 2729: 1720: 1473: 392: 3899: 3071: 5280: 4380: 1480:

which identifies how the overuse of imprisonment impacts fundamental human rights, especially those convicted for lesser crimes.

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Duran, Eduardo Bautista; Simon, Jonathan (2019). "Police Abolitionist Discourse? Why It Has Been Missing (And Why It Matters)".

828:, seek the total abolishment of the prison system without any intention to replace it with other government-controlled systems. 5405: 768: 4011: 4347: 4322: 2881: 1995: 1876: 1813: 1785: 1230:, an abolitionist organization that focuses around LGBTQ rights, all broadly advocate for prison abolition. Furthermore, the 859:

functions to oppress black people and other politically marginalized groups in order to maintain a racial capitalist regime."

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Piché, Justin; Larsen, Mike (December 2010). "The moving targets of penal abolitionism: ICOPA, past, present and future".

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practices, such as community-controlled courts, councils, or assemblies as an alternative to the criminal justice system.

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burning of a Strabag excavator in Germany. The Italian placed their embassies on "alert" in response to mobilizations.

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The prison abolition movement and prison abolitionists like Liat Ben-Moshe have taken issue with the treatment of the

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Thus, Roberts situates the theory of prison abolition within an intellectual tradition including scholars such as

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The union also created a general truce within the prison and race-related violence sharply declined. During the

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drew global attention to the conditions of prisons in the United States and made prison abolition a tenet of the

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projects and defend prisoners' right to access information and library services. Some organizations, such as the

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National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (US). A National Strategy to Reduce Crime.

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take issue with the fact that prisons are used as a "default asylum" for many individuals with mental illness:

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Like Roberts, McLeod sees the contemporary theory of prison abolition as linked to theories regarding the

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Rojas Durazo, Ana Clarissa (2010). "In Our Hands: Community Accountability as Pedagogical Strategy".

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Samuels, Liz (2010). "Improvising on Reality: The Roots of Prison Abolition". In Berger, Dan (ed.).

2090:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press (published 2011). pp. 2, 10. 5216: 4660: 4466: 1509: 1056: 694: 90: 5475: 5398: 5314: 5151: 4963: 4535: 1947:

Shaw, Robin Ferguson (March 2009). "Angela Y. Davis and the prison abolition movement, Part II".

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Davis, Angela Y.; Rodríguez, Dylan (2000). "The Challenge of Prison Abolition: A Conversation".

1059:, whose writings on prison and anarchism are credited as having spread and been foundational to 5391: 5081: 4789: 4762: 4635: 4487: 4366: 4246: 1323: 1274: 1151: 952: 945: 747: 509: 130: 3375: 1903: 5377: 5328: 5179: 4949: 3548: 3537: 2497: 1855: 1544: 1145: 1013: 825: 699: 649: 546: 499: 421: 382: 356: 303: 125: 70: 65: 5294: 5053: 4942: 4614: 1448: 1431: 1316: 817: 809: 669: 664: 654: 606: 566: 561: 524: 468: 377: 271: 188: 95: 8: 5230: 4970: 3943: 1466: 1219: 1215: 1009: 941: 714: 591: 514: 504: 308: 75: 3545: 911:

explicitly took inspiration from Du Bois's concept of "abolition democracy" in her book

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takes the prison abolition movement in the United States to endorse three basic theses:

5442: 5342: 5335: 5237: 5000: 4549: 4542: 4480: 4269:"George Monbiot: This revolting trade in human lives is an incentive to lock people up" 3702: 3615: 3525: 3357: 3276: 3079: 2887: 1964: 1847: 1819: 1764: 1649: 1103: 821: 709: 684: 341: 291: 247: 140: 1887: 5435: 5412: 5201: 5186: 5158: 5144: 4857: 4720: 4418: 4343: 4318: 4276: 4238: 4194: 3982: 3922: 3648: 3619: 3598:

Rollin, Henry R. (June 2006). "The mentally ill should be in hospital, not in jail".

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Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment

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Education programs to inform people who have never been in prison about its problems

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The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences

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Sep 2, The Prison Abolition Issue editorial collective; Share, 2021 11 min read.

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Many prison reform organizations and abolitionists in the United States advocate

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Abolition of specific programs which increase prison population, such as the

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though the historical record clearly demonstrates that prisons do not work."

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and unrest in European prisons around the same time. She also cites activist

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Government of Canada, Office of the Correctional Investigator (2020-04-16).

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organizations believe that the best form of justice arises naturally out of

5262: 5223: 4887: 4871: 4653: 4607: 4389: 3652: 1675: 1456: 1452: 1263: 1207: 1091: 996: 988: 964: 908: 894: 614: 173: 3245: 5039: 5007: 4880: 4841: 4834: 4727: 4706: 4667: 4628: 4556: 4404: 4042:"Prison is not for punishment in Sweden. We get people into better shape" 1685: 1424: 1241: 1029: 659: 446: 351: 298: 150: 110: 33: 3529: 1851: 1768: 1752: 4827: 4755: 4591: 4577: 4563: 4528: 4425: 3130:"Organizational Spotlight: the Human Rights Coalition | Decarcerate PA" 3042: 2983: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 1187: 679: 674: 480: 3568:"Broken Record: The Continued Criminalization of Mental Health Issues" 3425:"National Lawyers Guild Adopts Resolution Supporting Prison Abolition" 1277:(NLG) released and adopted a resolution in favor of prison abolition. 874:. In Canada, many abolitionists have called Canada's prisons the "new 792:

is a network of groups and activists that seek to reduce or eliminate

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Decarcerating disability: deinstitutionalization and prison abolition

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Decarcerating Disability: Deinstitutionalization and Prison Abolition

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Decarcerating disability: deinstitutionalization and prison abolition

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A Brief History of Prisons and Resistance to them in so-called Canada

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Decarcerating Disability: Deinstitutionalization and Prison Abilition

1916:"The Supreme Court 2018 Term — Foreword: Abolition Constitutionalism" 1537: 1420: 1397: 1371: 1180: 1094:

traces the roots of contemporary prison abolition theory at least to

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Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America's Prison Nation

3683:"The identification and management of suicide risk in local prisons" 3376:

National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals

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by the creation of private prisons in America and corporations like

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The Anarchist Black Cross was reconstituted in the aftermath of the

878:", which were designed as a cultural genocide of Indigenous people. 4443: 4411: 2909:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 22. 1805: 1795: 1753:"Prison Abolition: From Naive Idealism to Technological Pragmatism" 1695: 1476:

published a series of handbooks on criminal justice. Among them is

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reason why Anarchism is such a "pernicious and damnable doctrine?"

4501: 4473: 4452: 3006:"Is Prison Necessary? Ruth Wilson Gilmore Might Change Your Mind" 1520: 1405: 1401: 1340: 1171: 793: 489: 4358: 2847: 2845: 2730:"Thanks for your Solidarity for WOSWAP 2022 – Till all are free" 4512: 3750:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 123–125. 3100: 1550: 1496: 1492: 992: 436: 60: 5109:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

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Social Justice: A Journal of Crime, Conflict & World Order

3311: 5426: 4459: 3187: 2947:"Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex" 2842: 1751:

Bagaric, Mirko; Hunter, Dan; Svilar, Jennifer (Spring 2021).

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The Famous Speeches of the Eight Chicago Anarchists in Court

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Berger, Dan; Kaba, Mariame; Stein, David (August 24, 2017).

3872: 3735:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 278. 2469:"Yalensky's Fable: A History of the Anarchist Black Cross" 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2240:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 116. 1800:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2014-04-24. 801:, which is intended to improve conditions inside prisons. 4012:"The Breakthrough of Students Against Mass Incarceration" 844:"oday’s carceral punishment system can be traced back to 3768:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 8. 3278:

Encyclopedia of crime and punishment. Volume 1, Volume 1

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Abolition Democracy: Beyond Empire, Prisons, and Torture

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Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition

1871:. Capel Dewi, Aberystwyth, Wales: European Group Press. 1284: 1203:

Anarchist banner in Melbourne Australia, on 16 June 2017

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Abolition Democracy: Beyond Empire, Prisons, and Torture

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The Cambridge Handbook of Policing in the United States

2816: 2814: 2446: 4218:. New York, NY: New York University Press. p. 17. 4193:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 166. 3781:"What Should We Do about Our Aging Prison Population?" 3679: 2372:

Lucy Parsons: "More Dangerous Than a Thousand Rioters"

2253:

The General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century

2212: 2175: 1315:

Prison abolitionists contend that prisons violate the

1291:

Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons

3900:"Death by a thousand cuts: Aging in Canadian prisons" 3453: 2160: 2067: 1419:

Substituting, for incarceration, supervised release,

1273:

In October 2015, members at a plenary session of the

3815: 3634:"Developments in the Law: The Law of Mental Illness" 2811: 2104: 1412:

excarceration. Proposals and tactics often include:

1350: 1086: 1012:, a prisoner support group and the precursor to the 3396:"NLG Adopts Resolution Supporting Prison Abolition" 2756: 2754: 1750: 3275: 1483:Social justice and advocacy organizations such as 3898:Sep 2, Christophe Lewis; Share, 2021 8 min read. 3839: 2699:Collective, CrimethInc Ex-Workers (7 June 2017). 1436:Decreasing ethnic disparity in prison populations 1179:prison. But the prisoners were able to create an 927: 5530: 5449:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 4340:Instead of prisons: a handbook for abolitionists 4095: 3945:Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists 2751: 2499:Starting an Anarchist Black Cross Group: A Guide 1867:Ferrari, Livio; Pavarini, Massimo, eds. (2018). 1778:Prison Nation: The Warehousing of America's Poor 1556:Instead of prisons: a handbook for abolitionists 1543:The demand for prison abolition is a feature of 1194: 1112:Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists 4305:Ferrell, Jeff (2010). "Anarchist Criminology". 3687:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 3600:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 3565: 2042: 1866: 1657:system, abolished by Presidential order in 1942 1430:Decreasing terms of imprisonment by abolishing 1139: 3043:"About PARC | Prison Activist Resource Center" 2851: 2628:"This is a prison, no matter what you call it" 1837: 1638:kind of society which has no need for prisons. 1102:, which had been published in the wake of the 987:brought state repression to public attention. 816:, and the construction of new prisons through 4374: 4104:"Why Norway's prison system is so successful" 2626:Jun 25, Jon Milton; Share, 2019 11 min read. 2198:. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 73. 1775: 769: 4228: 4064: 3948:. Prison Research Education Action Project. 3848:"What Dying Looks Like in America's Prisons" 2762:"Who is Alfredo Cospito, and What is 41bis?" 1551:“Nine perspectives for prison abolitionists” 4337: 3927:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3518:The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 3339: 2821:"The New Justice System Consensus Is Key". 2655:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2152:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2125:"How the Prison Abolition Issue came to be" 1249:International Conference on Penal Abolition 5131:International Network of Prison Ministries 4381: 4367: 3972: 3188:"California Coalition for Women Prisoners" 2929: 2863: 2698: 1776:Herivel, Tara; Wright, Paul, eds. (2003). 1258:Anarchists wish to eliminate all forms of 776: 762: 3763: 3745: 3730: 3515: 3282:. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage Publications. 2907:The Hidden 1970s: Histories of Radicalism 2291:Classic Writings in Anarchist Criminology 2235: 1020:members joining the anarchist insurgent, 922: 4957:Mentally ill people in the United States 3273: 2601:. Its Going Down. 2018. pp. 13–16. 2085: 1474:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 1380: 1354: 1236:California Coalition for Women Prisoners 1198: 1028:symbols of slavery: prisons, police and 4304: 4266: 4165:"Purpose and Analysis – black and pink" 4073:"Why Scandinavian Prisons Are Superior" 3845: 3626: 3072:"Purpose and Analysis | black and pink" 3003: 2904: 2625: 2110: 2073: 1910: 1888:"Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice" 1757:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1444:Crime prevention rather than punishment 14: 5531: 5210:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland) 4213: 4188: 4070: 3941: 3897: 3778: 3597: 3511: 3509: 3507: 2218: 2181: 2169: 2122: 1885: 808:and prison abolition also work to end 4362: 4307:Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory 4132: 4039: 3968: 3966: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3759: 3757: 2944: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2193: 1718: 1503: 1491:often look to Scandinavian countries 1310:people with mental illness in prisons 1308:In the United States, there are more 1285:Disability, mental illness and prison 5512: 4135:"Why is Sweden closing its prisons?" 4101: 3591: 1946: 857:expanding criminal punishment system 4145:from the original on 1 October 2019 3877:National Prison Hospice Association 3673: 3504: 3483:"Toronto Prisoners' Rights Project" 1489:University of California, San Diego 1485:Students Against Mass Incarceration 852:regime it relied on and sustained." 24: 4114:from the original on 13 March 2020 3963: 3802: 3754: 3217:"The Real Cost of Prisons Project" 2271: 2224: 1712: 1427:to victims, and/or community work. 1330: 25: 5560: 4388: 3487:Toronto Prisoners' Rights Project 1728:. New York: Seven Stories Press. 1351:Proposed reforms and alternatives 1087:Prison abolition and the New Left 872:black people in the United States 5511: 5500: 5499: 3779:Halley, Catherine (2019-07-17). 2539:Nestor Makhno: Anarchy's Cossack 1374:) advocating for the freeing of 1114:as significant in the movement. 121:Risk & actuarial criminology 44: 5281:Countries by incarceration rate 5194:Prison Fellowship International 4331: 4298: 4287:from the original on 2019-09-18 4260: 4222: 4207: 4182: 4157: 4126: 4083:from the original on 2013-09-25 4052:from the original on 2019-10-21 4033: 4022:from the original on 2019-04-14 4004: 3993:from the original on 2021-04-16 3973:Washington, John (2018-07-31). 3952:from the original on 2021-04-16 3935: 3910:from the original on 2023-02-21 3891: 3828:from the original on 2023-02-21 3791:from the original on 2023-02-21 3772: 3739: 3724: 3713:from the original on 2022-03-11 3647:(4): 1114–1191. February 2008. 3580:from the original on 2023-03-10 3559: 3493:from the original on 2023-02-21 3475: 3464:from the original on 2023-02-21 3446: 3435:from the original on 2016-11-28 3417: 3406:from the original on 2016-11-28 3388: 3368: 3333: 3322:from the original on 2019-04-21 3304: 3267: 3256:from the original on 2023-12-26 3238: 3227:from the original on 2019-05-13 3209: 3198:from the original on 2019-05-19 3180: 3169:from the original on 2024-02-02 3151: 3140:from the original on 2018-08-08 3122: 3111:from the original on 2024-02-04 3093: 3064: 3053:from the original on 2019-08-19 3035: 3024:from the original on 2023-09-24 2997: 2968: 2957:from the original on 2019-10-22 2938: 2923: 2898: 2857: 2831:from the original on 2023-03-07 2800:from the original on 2023-03-07 2783: 2772:from the original on 2023-03-07 2740:from the original on 2023-03-07 2722: 2711:from the original on 2023-03-07 2692: 2681:from the original on 2023-03-07 2663: 2638:from the original on 2023-03-07 2619: 2608:from the original on 2023-03-07 2586: 2575:from the original on 2023-03-07 2557: 2546:from the original on 2023-03-07 2512:from the original on 2022-06-13 2490: 2479:from the original on 2023-03-07 2435:from the original on 2023-03-07 2419: 2408:from the original on 2023-03-07 2390: 2379:from the original on 2023-03-07 2363: 2352:from the original on 2023-03-07 2336: 2325:from the original on 2023-03-07 2309: 2298:from the original on 2023-03-07 2260:from the original on 2023-03-07 2244: 2187: 2135:from the original on 2023-02-21 2026:"Non-reformist reforms defined" 2007:from the original on 2020-04-08 1224:Prison Activist Resource Center 904:Black Reconstruction in America 4267:Monbiot, George (2009-03-03). 4133:James, Erwin (December 2013). 3274:Levinson, David (2002-01-01). 3004:Kushner, Rachel (2019-04-17). 2116: 2079: 2036: 2018: 1990:. United Nations. April 2007. 1975: 1940: 1253:Critical Resistance in America 928:Anarchism and prison abolition 13: 1: 2790:"Foreword by David Graeber". 1707: 1465:Fighting individual cases of 1295:Prison abolitionists such as 1195:Advocates of prison abolition 1150:In 1973, two years after the 831: 27:Movement to end incarceration 5173:Prison Advice and Care Trust 4191:The Idea of Prison Abilition 4071:Larson, Doran (2013-09-24). 3846:Neumann, Ann (16 Feb 2016). 3354:10.1080/10282580.2010.517964 2945:Davis, Angela (1998-09-10). 1478:Alternatives to Imprisonment 1432:mandatory minimum sentencing 1140:1973 Walpole Prison uprising 7: 4040:James, Erwin (2014-11-26). 3975:"What Is Prison Abolition?" 3429:The Commons | Common Dreams 3342:Contemporary Justice Review 1949:Contemporary Justice Review 1642: 1337:aging population in prisons 1117:Eduardo Bautista Duran and 10: 5565: 5505:Imprisonment and detention 4433:Stanford prison experiment 2930:Gelderloos, Peter (2010). 2852:Davis & Rodríguez 2000 1831: 1288: 1214:In 1997, Angela Davis and 1143: 101:Expressive function of law 5539:Prison abolition movement 5494: 5304: 5272: 5247: 5166:Prison abolition movement 5124:Florida Justice Institute 5100: 4904: 4819: 4779: 4698: 4645: 4520: 4511: 4442: 4396: 4338:Mark Morris, ed. (2005). 4315:10.4135/9781412959193.n11 3699:10.1080/14789940701470218 3612:10.1080/14789940500497875 3221:www.realcostofprisons.org 2874:10.1017/9781108354721.005 2194:Davis, Angela Y. (2011). 2086:Robinson, Cedric (1983). 1961:10.1080/10282580802685452 1719:Davis, Angela Y. (2003). 1701:Police abolition movement 1691:Prison-industrial complex 1530:Justice Action, Australia 1394:Vallcarca i els Penitents 1368:Vallcarca i els Penitents 1100:The Politics of Abolition 790:prison abolition movement 18:Prison abolition movement 5217:The Prison Phoenix Trust 4661:Administrative detention 4214:Richie, Beth E. (2012). 3764:Ben-Moshe, Liat (2020). 3746:Ben-Moshe, Liat (2020). 3731:Ben-Moshe, Liat (2020). 2734:solidarity.international 2236:Ben-Moshe, Liat (2020). 1934: 1886:McLeod, Allegra (2015). 1510:community accountability 1441:Prison condition reforms 91:Differential association 5544:Criminal justice reform 5295:Films featuring prisons 5152:Mount Tamalpais College 4806:Prisoner-of-war escapes 4536:Corrective labor colony 4189:Shelby, Tommie (2022). 1661:Criminal justice reform 1175:medical care and food. 146:Symbolic interactionism 4929:Contemplative programs 4636:Youth detention center 4488:Prisoner of conscience 3904:briarpatchmagazine.com 3400:National Lawyers Guild 3047:www.prisonactivist.org 2632:briarpatchmagazine.com 2129:briarpatchmagazine.com 2045:"What Abolitionsts Do" 1519:Organizations such as 1416:Penal system reforms: 1408: 1378: 1324:transformative justice 1306: 1275:National Lawyers Guild 1232:Human Rights Coalition 1204: 1152:Attica Prison uprising 1104:Attica Prison uprising 1044: 1006: 946:transformative justice 923:Historical development 5180:Prison-Ashram Project 4102:Sterbenz, Christina. 3942:Morris, Mark (1976). 3566:John Howard Society. 2569:The Anarchist Library 2473:The Anarchist Library 2402:The Anarchist Library 1722:Are prisons obsolete? 1545:anarchist criminology 1455:) and prohibition of 1384: 1358: 1317:Constitutional rights 1301: 1289:Further information: 1202: 1146:Walpole prison strike 1057:Lorenzo Kom’boa Ervin 1035: 1014:Anarchist Black Cross 1001: 901:—particularly in his 826:Anarchist Black Cross 650:Biosocial criminology 357:Uniform Crime Reports 66:Biosocial criminology 5364:Ireland, Republic of 5054:Solitary confinement 4615:Prisoner-of-war camp 3163:HumanRightsCoalition 3105:HumanRightsCoalition 3076:www.blackandpink.org 2824:Revolution in Rojava 2793:Revolution in Rojava 1780:. Psychology Press. 1451:(e.g., the American 1449:prohibition of drugs 897:. McLeod notes that 895:abolition of slavery 818:non-reformist reform 810:solitary confinement 525:Solitary confinement 189:Alexandre Lacassagne 5231:Prison Reform Trust 4018:. 2 December 2013. 3316:www.actionicopa.org 2980:Critical Resistance 2868:. pp. 85–103. 2318:Statism and Anarchy 2055:on November 7, 2018 1467:wrongful conviction 1220:Critical Resistance 1216:Ruth Wilson Gilmore 1010:Anarchist Red Cross 942:restorative justice 876:residential schools 715:Radical criminology 76:Collective efficacy 5549:Penal imprisonment 5238:WriteAPrisoner.com 5001:Protective custody 4550:Extermination camp 4481:Political prisoner 3641:Harvard Law Review 3381:2017-01-21 at the 3192:womenprisoners.org 3134:decarceratepa.info 3010:The New York Times 2675:mtlcounterinfo.org 2398:"Haymarket Widows" 1923:Harvard Law Review 1650:Abolition Feminism 1504:Abolitionist views 1409: 1379: 1262:control, of which 1205: 1081:Rojavan Revolution 5526: 5525: 5462:England and Wales 5202:Prison Legal News 5187:Prison Fellowship 5145:Justice Defenders 4815: 4814: 4419:Prison healthcare 4349:978-0-9767070-1-1 4324:978-1-4129-5918-6 3822:www.oci-bec.gc.ca 2883:978-1-108-35472-1 1997:978-92-1-148220-1 1914:(November 2019). 1878:978-1-911439-13-4 1815:978-0-309-29801-8 1787:978-0-415-93538-8 1268:ethnic minorities 1154:, the inmates of 1053:Alexander Berkman 1048:Spanish Civil War 888:welfare provision 884:decriminalization 850:racial capitalist 822:books-to-prisoner 820:. Others support 786: 785: 532: 531: 469:Prisoners' rights 373:Positivist school 16:(Redirected from 5556: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5487: 5478: 5471: 5469:Northern Ireland 5464: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5265: 5258: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5033: 5026: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4922: 4915: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4808: 4799: 4792: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4675:Maximum security 4670: 4663: 4656: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4518: 4517: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4167:. 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Archived from 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2006: 1989: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1944: 1930: 1920: 1912:Roberts, Dorothy 1907: 1898:(5): 1156–1239. 1882: 1863: 1827: 1791: 1772: 1747: 1727: 1387:Catalan-language 1361:Spanish-language 1297:Amanda Pustilnik 1247:Since 1983, the 1228:Black & Pink 1164:prisoners' union 1096:Thomas Mathiesen 938:social contracts 899:W. E. B. Du Bois 778: 771: 764: 411: 410: 368:Crime statistics 294: 48: 30: 29: 21: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5490: 5483: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5096: 5087: 5082:Women in prison 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5029: 5022: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4990: 4985:Private prisons 4983: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4918: 4911: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4811: 4804: 4795: 4788: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4646:Security levels 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4507: 4500: 4495:Prisoner of war 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4392: 4387: 4357: 4350: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4288: 4265: 4261: 4227: 4223: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3996: 3994: 3971: 3964: 3955: 3953: 3940: 3936: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3844: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3814: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3762: 3755: 3744: 3740: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3596: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3383:Wayback Machine 3373: 3369: 3338: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3290: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3112: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2987: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2958: 2943: 2939: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2903: 2899: 2884: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2843: 2834: 2832: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2766:It's Going Down 2760: 2759: 2752: 2743: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2648: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2536: 2535: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2467: 2466: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2288: 2287: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2225: 2221:, p. 1164. 2217: 2213: 2206: 2192: 2188: 2184:, p. 1162. 2180: 2176: 2172:, p. 1161. 2168: 2161: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2136: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2041: 2037: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1918: 1892:UCLA Law Review 1879: 1834: 1816: 1794: 1788: 1736: 1725: 1715: 1713:Further reading 1710: 1705: 1645: 1553: 1506: 1353: 1333: 1331:Aging in prison 1293: 1287: 1197: 1148: 1142: 1127:Soledad Brother 1121:point out that 1108:Fay Honey Knopp 1089: 1073:Alfredo Cospito 1061:Black anarchism 985:Haymarket riots 930: 925: 868:Cedric Robinson 838:Dorothy Roberts 834: 782: 753: 752: 728: 720: 719: 645:Anthropological 635: 627: 626: 542: 534: 533: 408: 398: 397: 347:Critical theory 332: 324: 323: 304:State-corporate 292: 215: 204: 203: 199:Archibald Reiss 194:Cesare Lombroso 184:Michel Foucault 164: 163:Major theorists 156: 155: 131:Social learning 116:Rational choice 106:Labeling theory 86:Criminalization 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5562: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5256:Rehabilitation 5251: 5249: 5248:Leaving prison 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5138:Justice Action 5134: 5127: 5120: 5117:Black and Pink 5113: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5004: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4790:Prison escapes 4785: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4330: 4323: 4297: 4259: 4221: 4206: 4199: 4181: 4156: 4125: 4094: 4063: 4032: 4003: 3962: 3934: 3890: 3864: 3838: 3801: 3771: 3753: 3738: 3723: 3693:(3): 368–380. 3672: 3625: 3606:(2): 326–329. 3590: 3558: 3524:(1): 217–266. 3503: 3474: 3445: 3431:. 2015-12-17. 3416: 3402:. 2015-12-17. 3387: 3385:, 1973. p. 358 3367: 3348:(4): 391–410. 3332: 3303: 3289:978-0761922582 3288: 3266: 3237: 3208: 3179: 3150: 3121: 3092: 3063: 3034: 2996: 2967: 2937: 2922: 2915: 2897: 2882: 2856: 2854:, p. 215. 2841: 2810: 2782: 2768:. 2023-02-04. 2750: 2721: 2691: 2677:. 2018-05-19. 2662: 2618: 2585: 2556: 2522: 2489: 2445: 2418: 2389: 2362: 2335: 2308: 2270: 2243: 2223: 2211: 2204: 2186: 2174: 2159: 2115: 2103: 2096: 2078: 2076:, p. 7–8. 2066: 2035: 2032:on 2017-11-11. 2017: 1996: 1974: 1955:(1): 101–104. 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1908: 1883: 1877: 1864: 1846:(3): 212–218. 1840:Social Justice 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1814: 1806:10.17226/18613 1792: 1786: 1773: 1763:(2): 351–407. 1748: 1734: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1631: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1612: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1552: 1549: 1525:Sista II Sista 1505: 1502: 1487:(SAMI) at the 1470: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1352: 1349: 1332: 1329: 1286: 1283: 1196: 1193: 1156:Walpole prison 1144:Main article: 1141: 1138: 1123:George Jackson 1119:Jonathan Simon 1088: 1085: 929: 926: 924: 921: 864: 863: 860: 853: 833: 830: 784: 783: 781: 780: 773: 766: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 729: 726: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 712: 707: 702: 700:Organizational 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 623: 622: 617: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 530: 529: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 510:Transformative 507: 502: 494: 493: 486: 485: 484: 483: 478: 476:Rehabilitation 473: 472: 471: 466: 464:Prisoner abuse 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 434: 429: 427:Incapacitation 424: 419: 409: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 263: 262: 252: 251: 250: 245: 237: 236: 235: 230: 225: 216: 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 169:Émile Durkheim 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 126:Social control 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 81:Crime analysis 78: 73: 71:Broken windows 68: 63: 57: 54: 53: 50: 49: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5561: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5518: 5509: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5486: 5485:United States 5482: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101:Organizations 5099: 5090: 5089:United States 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5031:United States 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5015:United States 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4992:United States 4989: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4964:Mobile phones 4961: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4920:United States 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905:Social issues 4903: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4849:United States 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4763:Trusty system 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4390:Incarceration 4384: 4379: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4237:(4): 76–100. 4236: 4232: 4225: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4200:9780691229775 4196: 4192: 4185: 4171:on 2016-11-28 4170: 4166: 4160: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4021: 4017: 4016:UCSD Guardian 4013: 4007: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3924: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3879:. 29 Nov 2011 3878: 3874: 3868: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3662:on 2015-01-01 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3270: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3082:on 2016-11-28 3081: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2986:on 2012-07-05 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2932:Anarchy Works 2926: 2918: 2916:9780813550336 2912: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2815: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2658: 2652: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2604: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2508: 2505:. p. 3. 2501: 2500: 2493: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2422: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2312: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2239: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2220: 2215: 2207: 2205:9781609801038 2201: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2149: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2113:, p. 14. 2112: 2107: 2099: 2097:9780807876121 2093: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1735:1-58322-581-1 1731: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1681:Nils Christie 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1671:Frankie Boyle 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655:Convict lease 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1636: 1635:Perspective 9 1633: 1632: 1627: 1626:Perspective 8 1624: 1623: 1618: 1617:Perspective 7 1615: 1614: 1609: 1608:Perspective 6 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599:Perspective 5 1597: 1596: 1591: 1590:Perspective 4 1588: 1587: 1582: 1581:Perspective 3 1579: 1578: 1573: 1572:Perspective 2 1570: 1569: 1564: 1563:Perspective 1 1561: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1201: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160:Massachusetts 1157: 1153: 1147: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1125:'s 1970 text 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1110:'s 1976 work 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098:'s 1974 book 1097: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1022:Nestor Makhno 1017: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 920: 916: 914: 910: 906: 905: 900: 896: 891: 889: 886:and improved 885: 879: 877: 873: 869: 861: 858: 854: 851: 847: 843: 842: 841: 839: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:death penalty 811: 807: 806:decarceration 802: 800: 799:prison reform 795: 791: 779: 774: 772: 767: 765: 760: 759: 757: 756: 749: 746: 744: 743:Organizations 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 724: 723: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 690:Environmental 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 631: 630: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 610: 608: 607:Postmodernist 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Neo-classical 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 572:Environmental 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 500:Participatory 498: 497: 496: 495: 491: 488: 487: 482: 479: 477: 474: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 460: 457: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 412: 407: 402: 401: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 363: 362:Crime mapping 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 328: 327: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 309:Transnational 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 277:International 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 261: 258: 257: 256: 253: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 238: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 160: 159: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 58: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 39: 35: 32: 31: 19: 5420:Soviet Union 5263:Work release 5224:Prison Radio 5200: 4971:Overcrowding 4654:House arrest 4608:Penal colony 4339: 4333: 4306: 4300: 4289:. Retrieved 4273:The Guardian 4272: 4262: 4248: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4190: 4184: 4173:. Retrieved 4169:the original 4159: 4147:. Retrieved 4139:The Guardian 4138: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4107: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4077:The Atlantic 4076: 4066: 4054:. Retrieved 4046:The Guardian 4045: 4035: 4024:. Retrieved 4015: 4006: 3995:. Retrieved 3978: 3954:. Retrieved 3944: 3937: 3912:. Retrieved 3903: 3893: 3881:. Retrieved 3876: 3873:"About NPHA" 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3852:The Atlantic 3851: 3841: 3830:. Retrieved 3821: 3793:. Retrieved 3784: 3774: 3765: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3715:. Retrieved 3690: 3686: 3675: 3664:. Retrieved 3657:the original 3644: 3640: 3628: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3582:. Retrieved 3561: 3521: 3517: 3495:. Retrieved 3486: 3477: 3466:. Retrieved 3457: 3448: 3437:. Retrieved 3428: 3419: 3408:. Retrieved 3399: 3390: 3370: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3324:. Retrieved 3315: 3306: 3277: 3269: 3258:. Retrieved 3249: 3240: 3229:. Retrieved 3220: 3211: 3200:. 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