1245:. Admiralty courts rarely heard live testimony. The commissioners' interrogatories sought to establish the relative size, speed, and force of the vessels, what signals were exchanged and what fighting ensued, the location of the capture, the state of the weather and "the degree of light or darkness," and what other vessels were in sight. That was because naval prize law gave assisting vessels, defined as those that were "in signal distance" at the time, a share of the proceeds. The written interrogatories and ship's papers established the nationality of the prize and her crew, and the origin and destination of the cargo: the vessel was said to be "confiscated out of her own mouth."
1463:
1257:
of the 18th century, Russia, Scandinavia, France, and the United States had taken the position that "free ships make free goods": that is, cargo on a neutral ship could not be condemned as a prize. But
Britain asserted the opposite, that an enemy's goods on a neutral vessel, or neutral goods on an enemy vessel, may be taken, a position which prevailed in 19th century practice. The ingenuity of belligerents in evading the law through pretended neutrality, false papers, quick title transfers, and a myriad of other devices, make up the principal business of the prize courts during the last century of fighting sail.
1525:
against known risks. ... On the other side of the table, those purchasing vessels and cargoes from prize courts had the comfort of knowing that what they bought was really theirs. The doctrine and practice of maritime prize was widely adhered to for four centuries, among a multitude of sovereign nations, because adhering to it was in the material interest of their navies, their privateersmen, their merchants and bankers, and their sovereigns. Diplomats and international lawyers who struggle in this world to achieve a universal rule of law may well ponder on this lesson.
1287:
1278:
another because the pots and pans in the galley were of
English manufacture. Outraged U.S. shipowners, their descendants, and descendants of their descendants (often serving as fronts for insurers) challenged these decisions in litigation collectively called the French Spoliation Cases. The spoliation cases last over a century, from the 1790s until 1915. Together with Indian tribal claims for treaty breaches, the French Spoliation Cases enjoy the dubious distinction of figuring among the longest-litigated claims in U.S. history.
1133:, but sometimes brutal hours and even days of cannonading ensued, along with boarding and hand-to-hand fighting with cutlasses, pistols, and boarding pikes. No matter how furious and bloody the battle, once it was over the victors had to collect themselves, put aside anger and exercise forbearance, treating captives with courtesy and civility to the degree prudence allowed. Officers restrained the crew to prevent pillaging defeated adversaries, or pilfering the cargo, known as breaking bulk. Francis Upton's treatise on
1098:
1438:). Likewise Russia, Portugal, Germany, Japan, China, Romania, and France followed the United States in World War I, declaring they would no longer pay prize money to naval officers. On November 9, 1914, the British and French governments signed an agreement establishing government jurisdiction over prizes captured by either of them. The Russian government acceded to this agreement on March 5, 1915, and the Italian government followed suit on January 15, 1917.
784:
1085:, since "rade and commerce presuppose the existence of civil contracts … and recourse to judicial tribunals; and this is necessarily incompatible with a state of war." Indeed, each citizen of a nation "is at war with every citizen of the enemy," which imposes a "duty, on every citizen, to attack the enemy and seize his property, though by established custom, this right is restricted to such only, as are the commissioned instruments of the government."
36:
147:
1230:
1720:
1226:, accusing the captured vessel of belonging to the enemy, or carrying enemy cargo, or running a blockade. Prize commissioners took custody of the vessel and its cargo, and gathered the ship's papers, charts, and other documents. They had a special duty to notify the prize court of perishable property, to be sold promptly to prevent spoilage and the proceeds held for whoever prevailed in the prize proceeding.
2609:
875:
989:
985:. During the American Revolution the combined American naval and privateering prizes totaled nearly $ 24 million; in the War of 1812, $ 45 million. Such huge revenues were earned when $ 200 were a generous year's wages for a sailor; his share of a single prize could fetch ten or twenty times his yearly pay, and taking five or six prizes in one voyage was common.
2356:'William L. Marcy, voorstellen der Noord Amerikaansche regering', NA, Min. BuZa, 2.05.01, inv. nr. 3465 'Zeerecht in oorlogstijd'. (3 september 1856), Stuk nr.: 41. (William L. Macy, proposals of the North-American Government, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2.05.01, inv. nr. 3465 'Law of the Seas in wartime, letter incoming September 3, 1856)
1480:
An Act to make provision as to the payment, and the distribution or application, of any prize money granted by His
Majesty out of the proceeds of prize captured in the late war, as to payments and receipts in respect of proceeds of prize to or from the Government or a court of a part of His Majesty's
1256:
A prize court normally ordered the vessel and its cargo condemned and sold at auction. But the court's decision became vastly more complicated in the case of neutral vessels, or a neutral nation's cargo carried on an enemy vessel. Different countries treated these situations differently. By the close
2001:
that
American rescuers who found a wrecked and abandoned French prize adrift without sails or rigging could not condemn her as a prize, but were entitled as salvors to the judge's estimate of fair compensation for time lost, labor, risk taken, and mental and physical suffering, to induce mariners to
1277:
with France in the 1790s, corrupt French
Caribbean prize courts (often sharing in the proceeds) resorted to pretexts and subterfuges to justify condemning neutral American vessels. They condemned one for carrying alleged English contraband because the compass in the binnacle showed an English brand;
1515:
Shortly before World War II France passed a law which allowed for taking prizes, as did the
Netherlands and Norway, though the German invasion and subsequent capitulation of all three of those countries quickly put this to an end. Britain formally ended the eligibility of naval officers to share in
1403:
cruised against Union merchant shipping. Likewise, the Union (though refusing to recognize the legitimacy of
Confederate letters of marque) allowed its navy to take Confederate vessels as prizes. Under US Constitution Article 1 Section 8, it is still theoretically possible for Congress to authorize
1378:
The US didn't want to restrict privateering and did strive for protection of all private property on neutral of enemy ships. Marcy did warn countries with large commercial maritime interests and a small navy, like The
Netherlands, to be aware that the end of privateering meant they would be totally
1146:
Taking the prize before a prize court might be impractical for any number of reasons, such as bad weather, shortage of prize crew, dwindling water and provisions, or the proximity of an overpowering enemy force—in which case a vessel might be ransomed. That is, instead of destroying her on the spot
1054:
Prize
Committee, which reversed the Philadelphia jury verdict and awarded the whole prize to Olmsted. But Pennsylvania authorities refused to enforce the decision, asserting the Continental Congress could not intrude on a state prize court jury verdict. Olmsted doggedly pursued the case for decades
1481:
dominions outside the United
Kingdom, to extinguish for the future the prerogative rights to make grants of prize money to captors and to grant prize bounty, to authorise the payment into the Exchequer of certain unclaimed sums in prize courts, and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.
1252:
or burden of proof. While in criminal courts a defendant is innocent until proven guilty, in prize court a vessel is guilty unless proven innocent. Prize captors need show only "reasonable suspicion" that the property is subject to condemnation; the owner bears the burden of proving the contrary.
1141:
Embezzlements of the cargo seized, or acts personally violent, or injuries perpetrated upon the captured crew, or improperly separating them from the prize-vessel, or not producing them for examination before the prize-court, or other torts injurious to the rights and health of the prisoners, may
1524:
Self-interest was the driving force that compelled men of the sea to accept the international law of prize ... because it brought a valuable element of certainty to their dealings. If the rules were clear and universal, they could ship their goods abroad in wartime, after first buying insurance
1218:
rather than merely the law of their home country). A proper prize court condemnation was absolutely requisite to convey clear title to a vessel and its cargo to the new owners and settle the matter. According to Upton's treatise, "Even after four years' possession, and the performance of several
1260:
Neutral vessels could be subject to capture if they ran a blockade. The blockade had to be effective to be cognizable in a prize court, that is, not merely declared but actually enforced. Neutrals had to be warned of it. If so then any ships running the blockade of whatever flag were subject to
1358:
The declaration has been written in French, translated in English and the two versions have been sent to nations worldwide with the invitation to access, leading to the acceding of altogether 55 nations, a big step towards the globalisation of international law. This broad acceptance wouldn't
1125:
was a common ruse, both for predator and prey. The convention was that a vessel must hoist her true colors before firing the first shot. Firing under a false flag could cost dearly in prize court proceedings, possibly even resulting in restitution to the captured vessel's owner.
1170:
Usually, however, the captor put aboard a prize crew to sail a captured vessel to the nearest port of their own or an allied country, where a prize court could adjudicate the prize. If while sailing en route a friendly vessel re-captured the prize, called a rescue, the right of
1088:
The formal commission bestowed upon a naval vessel, and the Letter of Marque and Reprisal granted to private merchant vessels converting them into naval auxiliaries, qualified them to take enemy property as the armed hands of their sovereign, and to share in the proceeds.
1349:
The Declaration did contain a juridical novelty, making it possible for the first time in history that nations not represented at the establishment and/or the signing of a multilateral treaty, could access as a party afterwards. Again in the plain wordings of the treaty:
1080:
of July 1776, by the turn of the 19th century it was generally accepted that a sovereign government first had to declare war. The "existence of war between nations terminates all legal commercial intercourse between their citizens or subjects," wrote Francis Upton in
1075:
were sometimes issued before a formal declaration of war, as happened during the American Revolution when the rebelling colonies of Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania all granted Letters of Marque months before the Continental Congress's official
1374:"The United States have learned with sincere regret that in one or two instances, the four propositions, with all the conditions annexed, have been promptly, and this Government cannot but think, unadvisedly accepted without restriction or qualification."
893:, Donald Petrie writes, "at the outset, prize taking was all smash and grab, like breaking a jeweler's window, but by the fifteenth century a body of guiding rules, the maritime law of nations, had begun to evolve and achieve international recognition."
905:" inter alia founded the doctrine of freedom of the seas—was an advocate's brief justifying Dutch seizures of Spanish and Portuguese shipping. Grotius defends the practice of taking prizes as not merely traditional or customary, but just. His
1269:
The legitimacy of an adjudication depended on regular and just proceedings. Departures from internationally accepted standards of fairness risked ongoing litigation by disgruntled shipowners and their insurers, often protracted for decades.
1519:
Under contemporary international law and treaties, nations may still bring enemy vessels before their prize courts, to be condemned and sold. But no nation now offers a share to the officers or crew who risked their lives in the capture:
1383:“(…) that it may be induced to hesitate in acceding to a proposition which is here conceived to be fraught with injurious consequences to all but those Powers which already have or are willing to furnish themselves with powerful navies.”
1162:
On occasion a seized vessel would be released to ferry home prisoners, a practice which Lord Stowell said "in the consideration of humanity and policy" Admiralty Courts must protect with the utmost attention. While on her mission as a
2559:
Theodore Richard, Reconsidering the Letter of Marque: Utilizing Private Security Providers Against Piracy (April 1, 2010). Public Contract Law Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 411–464 at 429 n.121, Spring 2010. Available at SSRN:
1421:, and only abjured the practice by statute during World War I. The U.S. prize courts adjudicated no cases resulting from its own takings in either World War I or World War II (although the Supreme Court did rule on a German prize—
1416:
ratified it. Commerce raiding by private vessels ended with the American Civil War, but Navy officers remained eligible for prize money a little while longer. The United States continued paying prizes to naval officers in the
1265:
enjoins: "the penalty, and the sole penalty ... is the forfeiture of the property employed in ." Persons aboard blockade runners could only be temporarily detained as witnesses, and after testifying, immediately released.
1046:. Olmsted and the privateer disputed ownership of the prize, and in November 1778 a Philadelphia prize court jury came to a split verdict awarding each a share. Olmsted, with the assistance of then American General
1834:
Prize Cases Decided in the United States Supreme Court, Introduction at 2–7(detailing confusion of early state prize courts competing with, and denying the appellate authority of, the Continental Congress's prize
694:
959:, the leading United States judicial authority on prize law, drew heavily on the 1753 report and Lord Stowell's decisions, as did Francis Upton, who wrote the last major American treatise on prize law, his
1041:
in Jamaica as an ordinary hand in an effort to get home. Olmsted organized a mutiny and commandeered the sloop. But as Olmsted's mutineers sailed their prize to America, a Pennsylvania privateer took the
1177:
declared title to the rescued prize restored to its prior owners. That is, the ship did not become a prize of the recapturing vessel. However, the rescuers were entitled to compensation for
1362:
The United States however, were not a signatory and had reasons not to accede the treaty afterwards. After having received the invitation to accede, the US Secretary of State,
705:
948:(1705–1793). It was said to be the most important exposition of prize law published in English, along with the subsequent High Court of Admiralty decisions of
913:
was the verb "to seize", and that the law of nations had deemed looting enemy property legal since the beginning of Western recorded history in Homeric times.
713:
2343:
De verklaring van Parijs en Neutraliteit - Nederland en de ontwikkeling van het Internationaal Maritieme recht van 1856 tot de Eerste Wereldoorlog, p. 19
1344:
Blockades, in order to be binding, must be effective-that is to say, maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the coast of the enemy.
940:
with France of the late 1790s. Much of Anglo-American prize law derives from 18th Century British precedents – in particular, a compilation called the
1063:
later called "the first case in which the supremacy of the Constitution was enforced by judicial tribunals against the assertion of state authority".
1121:
When a privateer or naval vessel spotted a tempting vessel—whatever flag she flew or often enough flying none at all—they gave chase. Sailing under
1037:
disputes between state and federal authorities. A captured American privateer captain, 20-year-old Gideon Olmsted, shipped aboard the British sloop
1813:, vol. 131 (New York: Banks & Brothers 1889) app., p. xxxiv n. (quoting U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stanley Matthews on the significance of the
2313:
De verklaring van Parijs en Neutraliteit - Nederland en de ontwikkeling van het Internationaal Maritieme recht van 1856 tot de Eerste Wereldoorlog
970:
case precedents are the most accessible description of prize law, in prize cases, courts construe and apply international customs and usages, the
2212:
p. 441 (noting naval captors operating under a "misapprehension" have sometimes treated blockade runners as prisoners of war, which is in error.)
1762:, adjusted for inflation according to the Consumer Price Index $ 24 million in the dollars of 1800 computes to approximately $ 450 million today.
661:
1925:
ruling that tort claims for cruelty would require more than just bare affidavit allegations, but pleadings, proof, and opportunity of defense).
1167:
she was immune to recapture so long as she proceeded directly on her errand, promptly returned, and did not engage in trading in the meantime.
2369:
p. xxiii (noting the US and Spain declined to sign, though both in effect renounced privateering by subsequent actions even if not in words)
2330:
p. xxiii (noting the US and Spain declined to sign, though both in effect renounced privateering by subsequent actions even if not in words)
586:
866:
proceeding in which the court determined the status of the condemned property and the manner in which the property was to be disposed of.
1908:
which noted indecorous treatment like putting the captured crew in irons might well be defensible as necessary, under the circumstances).
1261:
capture and condemnation. However passengers and crew aboard the blockade runners were not to be treated as prisoners of war, as Upton's
1195:
The prize that made it back to the capturing vessel's country or that of an ally which had authorized prize proceedings would be sued in
216:
2469:
2451:
2433:
1202:—meaning "against the thing", against the vessel itself. For this reason. decisions in prize cases bear the name of the vessel, such as
1558:
1323:
renouncing granting letters of marque. Proposal to the Declaration came from the French Foreign Minister and president of the Congress
334:
2138:
p. 361-62 (observing claimant must show the property is not subject to confiscation, a reversal of the usual presumption of innocence)
1320:
1206:(a U.S. Supreme Court case holding goods bought before hostilities commenced nonetheless become contraband after war is declared) or
1077:
1354:"The present Declaration is not and shall not be binding, except between those Powers who have acceded, or shall accede, to it."
1324:
1291:
770:
744:
1486:
699:
1800:
Forward pp. vii to xv (discussing Olmsted's harrowing adventures at sea, followed by a 30 year ordeal in the courts on land).
945:
1553:
1142:
render the arrest of the vessel or cargo, as prize, defeasible, and also subject the tort feasor for damages therefore.
734:
689:
655:
536:
1159:
and the promise to pay unenforceable in court, but at sea it was accepted practice and the IOUs negotiable instruments.
100:
1056:
72:
1248:
One considerable difference between prize law and ordinary Anglo-American criminal law is the reversal of the normal
119:
2421:
p. 21 (noting that in the US all captures now inure to the state, but none adjudiated in either World War I or II).
1467:
860:, usually ships. Once the ship was secured on friendly territory, it would be made the subject of a prize case: an
739:
184:
79:
2408:
p. xxiii (observing the point of privateering is to destroy commerce, which now is a task assigned to the navy)
1972:
condemned as a prize for having taken a cargo on board after delivering prisoners to France as a cartel ship ).
57:
1891:, 4 Rob. 185, a British case involving restitution and allocation of expenses after firing under false colors)
1022:. Prize cases were among the most complex of the time, as the disposition of vast sums turned on the fluid
86:
53:
1750:
p. 21 (Lord Stowell noting that prize law is matter of international law, not the law of any one nation).
949:
763:
1178:
2613:
650:
576:
68:
2273:
Warren F. Spencer, "The Mason Memorandum and the Diplomatic Origins of the Declaration of Paris." in
1405:
1341:
Neutral goods, with the exception of contraband of war, are not liable to capture under enemy's flag;
1018:
882:, a 17th-century Dutch academic prodigy known as the Mozart of international law, who wrote the 1604
459:
924:
of 1861–1865. This period largely coincides with the last century of fighting sail and includes the
1418:
1409:
1060:
1000:
With so much at stake, prize law attracted some of the greatest legal talent of the age, including
672:
388:
2628:
46:
175:
2633:
1312:
1013:
756:
24:
2379:
2489:
2466:
2448:
2430:
1548:
1491:
1475:
1400:
1296:
1223:
549:
403:
2601:
2199:
p. 163 (discussing blockade of Charleston and capture and condemnation of blockade runners).
2251:, p. 197(reciting several anti-privateering provisions in the Declaration and their effect)
2164:
p. 161-2(discussing the international difference of opinion over cargo carried by neutrals)
2075:(appendix)(reproducing standard form interrogatories for the United States District Court).
1387:
The US did accept the other points of the Declaration, being a codification of custom law.
1051:
619:
365:
168:
2488:
p. 338 (noting abolition of prize money for British naval officers in the Prize Act 1948 (
8:
1710:
The Library of Congress catalog does not show an entry for Upton's work under this title.
1430:
929:
917:
312:
2288:
2286:
1396:
1286:
982:
921:
817:
787:
428:
297:
228:
93:
1308:
1219:
voyages, the title to the property is not changed without sentence of condemnation".
933:
853:
718:
635:
524:
469:
324:
279:
233:
161:
1366:
a lawyer and judge, wrote a letter dated 14 July 1856 to other nations, among which
977:
Fortunes in prize money were to be made at sea as vividly depicted in the novels of
1578:
1563:
1543:
1363:
1072:
794:
679:
486:
344:
329:
286:
211:
195:
2223:
Not-Quite Justice After Never-Was War: A French Spoliation Case from the Quasi-War
2473:
2455:
2437:
2088:
p. 356 (quoting Sir James Marriott on using a vessel's own papers to condemn her)
1367:
1242:
1196:
1190:
1047:
925:
645:
614:
559:
554:
514:
307:
2125:
is on the claimant"—he must prove his own good title before contesting a prize).
1097:
2346:(in Dutch). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculteit der Letteren, Geschiedenis.
2316:(in Dutch). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculteit der Letteren, Geschiedenis.
1535:
1338:
The neutral flag covers enemy's goods, with the exception of contraband of war;
1301:
1215:
1023:
1009:
978:
971:
543:
519:
479:
474:
393:
302:
269:
2622:
1435:
1164:
1129:
Often a single cannon shot across the bow was enough to persuade the prey to
1116:
848:. In the past, the capturing force would commonly be allotted a share of the
825:
803:
640:
452:
418:
383:
378:
274:
259:
221:
190:
138:
2554:
The Prize Game: lawful looting on the high seas in the days of fighting sail
2049:, p. 238 (describing the uniform requirement of a sentence of condemnation.)
2582:
Predators and Prizes: American Privateering and Imperial Warfare, 1739–1748
1759:
1573:
1504:
1173:
1034:
1005:
996:
in a mutiny, and spent the next 30 years litigating a claim for prize money
956:
845:
684:
369:
252:
247:
2380:"Convention relative to the establishment of an International Prize Court"
1379:
dependent on nations with a strong navy. Marcy did end the letter hoping:
1155:
for an agreed sum as ransom from the ship's master. On land this would be
1404:
letters of marque, but in the last 150 years it has not done so. An
1316:
1241:
The commissioners took testimony from witnesses on standard form written
1211:
849:
531:
408:
398:
1600:
1147:
as was their prerogative, the privateer or naval officer would accept a
783:
2540:
De Iure Praedae Commentarius (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty)
2121:
p. 459 (observing it is "a well known rule of the prize court that the
1568:
1122:
1001:
967:
899:
De Iure Praedae Commentarius (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty)
810:
581:
292:
264:
17:
2431:
Convention Relating to Prizes Captured during the Present European War
2177:, p. 195-6 (reviewing contemporary practice on cargo of enemy vessels)
1390:
132:
Vessel, cargo, or equipment captured during armed conflict on the seas
1413:
1274:
1181:, just as if they had rescued a crippled vessel from sinking at sea.
1156:
992:
Captain Gideon Olmsted, who at age 20 commandeered the British sloop
937:
598:
571:
566:
491:
434:
413:
349:
317:
16:"Prize ship" redirects here. For the Philip K. Dick short story, see
2341:
2311:
2264:
p. 145 (discussing the Convention of 1856 which ended privateering).
1307:
Most privateering came to an end in the late-19th century, when the
35:
2561:
2287:
The Avalon Project : Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy.
1422:
1281:
1130:
857:
1229:
894:
879:
821:
498:
464:
442:
423:
1968:
13–30 (treating of cartel immunity, noting the case of the ship
1848:, p. 16–17 (discussing cessation of business when war declared).
146:
2608:
1811:
United States Reports, Cases Adjudged in the October Term, 1888
1775:, Preface p. ix (totaling captured vessels and prize proceeds).
1675:) p. 43 (considering property seizure as a species of warfare).
862:
591:
339:
1601:"prize | Etymology, origin and meaning of prize by etymonline"
2591:(New York: John Voorhies Law Bookseller and Publisher, 1863).
1148:
841:
829:
242:
237:
1788:
pp.10–11 (comparing prize awards with pay officers and crew)
1627:(Rev. 4th ed.). West Publishing Co. 1968. p. 900.
910:
909:
claims that the etymology of the name of the Greek war god
874:
837:
447:
2570:(Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1928)
1658:) p. ix (introductory notes describing Grotius's purpose).
1641:
p. 4–5 (on the evolving prize rules in international law).
988:
2289:"Laws of War : Declaration of Paris; April 16, 1856"
1237:
under attack by a swarm of seven French corsairs, in 1797
1152:
1029:
One of the earliest U.S. cases for instance, that of the
1026:, and difficult questions of jurisdiction and precedent.
1904:, p. 445 (citing the federal district court case of the
1290:
Negotiators assembled at Congress of Paris, presided by
1995:
Prize Case Decisions of the United States Supreme Court
832:
captured during armed conflict. The most common use of
2519:
Prize Cases Decided in the United States Supreme Court
1819:
Prize Cases Decided in the United States Supreme Court
1222:
The agent of the privateer or naval officer brought a
798:, a French frigate captured as a British prize in 1795
1861:, p. 16–17 (discussing implications of state of war).
1359:
otherwise have been possible in such a short period.
974:, and not the laws or precedents of any one country.
856:
that would entitle private parties to capture enemy
1985:, p. 234-35 (discussing postliminium and salvage).
1391:
End of privateering and the decline of naval prizes
869:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2002:undertake the peril and expense of rescue at sea).
2620:
1412:, but this treaty never came into force as only
1282:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law (1856)
897:'s seminal treatise on international law called
2119:Prizes Cases in the United States Supreme Court
1110:French privateer of 250 tons & 92 men, 1807
2225:, Sea History Vol. 113 p.16 (Winter 2005–2006)
1106:packet of 150 tons & 28 men capturing the
2584:(Columbia, SC: U. South Carolina Press, 1991)
2556:(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1999)
2528:(London: Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd. 1949)
2339:
2309:
1955:p. 168 (quoting Lord Stowell on cartel ships)
852:of the captured prize. Nations often granted
764:
2589:Law of Nations Affecting Commerce during War
1760:While the calculation is complex and inexact
1559:Blockade runners of the American Civil War
1330:In the plain wordings of the Declaration:
1184:
901:, published in 1604—of which Chapter 12, "
771:
757:
2535:(Washington DC: Library of Congress 1978)
1938:13–30 (discussing ransoming of whaleship
1321:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
836:in this sense is the capture of an enemy
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2549:(London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1900)
1997:p. 130 (reprinting the 1796 decision in
1673:Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty
1656:Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty
1285:
1228:
1096:
987:
884:Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty
873:
782:
745:London Maritime Arbitrators Association
2621:
1821:, Introduction at 5–6 (discussing the
1408:was to be set up by treaty XII of the
1335:Privateering is and remains abolished;
1033:, took fully 30 years to resolve
916:Prize law fully developed between the
700:International Convention on Load Lines
2236:Not-Quite Justice After Never-Was War
946:William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield
1554:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
1092:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2467:Text of Italian letter of accession
2449:Text of Russian letter of accession
735:International Maritime Organization
690:Ballast Water Management Convention
656:International Convention on Salvage
537:The captain goes down with the ship
13:
2275:Diplomacy in an Age of Nationalism
14:
2645:
2595:
1434:—that was brought to and held at
2607:
2562:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1591039
2547:A History of American Privateers
2367:A History of American Privateers
2328:A History of American Privateers
1773:A History of American Privateers
1468:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1461:
870:History and sources of prize law
145:
34:
2566:William Morrison Robinson Jr.,
2495:
2478:
2460:
2442:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2386:. Government of the Netherlands
2372:
2359:
2350:
2333:
2320:
2303:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2141:
2136:A Treatise on the Law of Prize
2128:
2108:
2099:A Treatise on the Law of Prize
2091:
2086:A Treatise on the Law of Prize
2078:
2065:
2052:
2039:
2030:A Treatise on the Law of Prize
2022:
2005:
1988:
1975:
1958:
1945:
1928:
1911:
1894:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1828:
1803:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1753:
1737:
942:1753 Report of the Law Officers
185:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
45:needs additional citations for
2542:(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1950)
2526:A Treatise on the Law of Prize
2521:(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1923)
2486:A Treatise on the Law of Prize
2419:A Treatise on the Law of Prize
2406:History of American Privateers
2032:p. 21 (citing Lord Stowell in
1786:History of American Privateers
1748:A Treatise on the Law of Prize
1713:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1661:
1644:
1631:
1617:
1593:
1273:For example, during America's
1073:Letters of Marque and Reprisal
1:
2602:summary of US Prize laws 1868
2533:The Journal of Gideon Olmsted
2531:Gawalt & Kreidler, eds.,
2511:
2186:Petrie, The Prize Game p. 163
1798:The Journal of Gideon Olmsted
1313:Treaty of Paris in March 1856
1066:
740:Comité Maritime International
706:International Regulations for
662:United Nations Convention on
2340:Timon Schultz (April 2015).
2310:Timon Schultz (April 2015).
1669:De Iure Praedae Commentarius
1652:De Iure Praedae Commentarius
708:Preventing Collisions at Sea
7:
2577:(London: Robert Hale, 2001)
2573:Lord Russell of Liverpool,
2247:Lord Russell of Liverpool,
2060:Maritime Warfare and Prize,
1529:
1315:that did put an end to the
1210:(Lord Stowell holding that
1078:Declaration of Independence
950:William Scott, Lord Stowell
727:International organizations
10:
2650:
2568:The Confederate Privateers
2210:Maritime Warfare and Prize
2073:Maritime Warfare and Prize
2013:Maritime Warfare and Prize
1966:Maritime Warfare and Prize
1885:Maritime Warfare and Prize
1859:Maritime Warfare and Prize
1846:Maritime Warfare and Prize
1443:United Kingdom legislation
1263:Maritime Warfare and Prize
1188:
1114:
1083:Maritime Warfare and Prize
961:Maritime Warfare and Prize
651:Maritime Labour Convention
22:
15:
2517:James Scott Brown (ed.),
1503:
1498:
1485:
1474:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1406:International Prize Court
1214:enforce rights under the
1019:Two Years Before the Mast
966:While the Anglo-American
628:International conventions
1587:
1410:Hague Convention of 1907
1319:, also did agree on the
1061:Justice Stanley Matthews
878:Hugo de Groot, known as
673:International piracy law
664:the Law of the Sea
1185:Admiralty court process
816:, "taken, seized") are
695:Anti-fouling Convention
2545:Edgar Stanton Maclay,
2490:12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6
2115:Brown v. United States
2047:Maritime Law and Prize
1983:Maritime Law and Prize
1921:, p. 445 (quoting the
1919:Maritime Law and Prize
1902:Maritime Law and Prize
1809:J. C. Bancroft Davis,
1625:Black's Law Dictionary
1527:
1492:12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6
1401:Confederate privateers
1385:
1376:
1356:
1347:
1304:
1238:
1144:
1112:
1102:Captain Rogers of the
1014:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
997:
886:
799:
25:Prize (disambiguation)
2616:at Wikimedia Commons
2175:The French Privateers
1549:Confederate privateer
1522:
1516:prize money in 1948.
1381:
1372:
1352:
1332:
1297:The Congress of Paris
1289:
1232:
1189:Further information:
1139:
1100:
991:
920:of 1756–1763 and the
877:
786:
1419:Spanish–American War
1233:The American vessel
1052:Continental Congress
620:Vice admiralty court
366:Contract of carriage
169:Corpus Juris Civilis
54:improve this article
23:For other uses, see
2587:Upton, Francis H.,
2575:The French Corsairs
2249:The French Corsairs
2011:As cited by Upton,
1721:"Upton, Francis H."
1431:The Steamship Appam
1059:case in 1809 which
1055:until he won, in a
2472:2012-09-27 at the
2454:2012-09-27 at the
2436:2012-09-27 at the
2101:p. 361 discussing
1887:p. 421-22 (citing
1605:www.etymonline.com
1397:American Civil War
1311:who agreed on the
1305:
1239:
1113:
1057:U.S. Supreme Court
1050:, appealed to the
998:
934:French Revolutions
922:American Civil War
887:
800:
229:Maritime transport
2612:Media related to
2580:Carl E. Swanson,
2291:. Yale Law School
2277:(1971) pp. 44-66.
1513:
1512:
1456:Act of Parliament
1309:plenipotentiaries
1093:Capturing a prize
955:American Justice
854:letters of marque
781:
780:
719:Athens Convention
685:MARPOL Convention
636:Hague-Visby Rules
525:Freight forwarder
470:Proof of delivery
325:Maritime security
162:Code of Hammurabi
130:
129:
122:
104:
2641:
2611:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2464:
2458:
2446:
2440:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2284:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2019:, 8 Cranch 155,)
2015:, p. 23 (citing
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1817:case); see also
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1597:
1564:Letter of marque
1544:Commerce raiding
1509:16 December 1948
1465:
1464:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1364:William L. Marcy
1135:Maritime Warfare
936:, and America's
918:Seven Years' War
773:
766:
759:
680:SOLAS Convention
667:
532:Captain (Master)
330:Letter of marque
287:Marine insurance
196:Hanseatic League
149:
135:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Prize" law
62:
38:
30:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2619:
2618:
2598:
2552:Donald Petrie,
2514:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2483:
2479:
2474:Wayback Machine
2465:
2461:
2456:Wayback Machine
2447:
2443:
2438:Wayback Machine
2429:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2384:Treaty Database
2378:
2377:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2117:, reprinted in
2113:
2109:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2027:
2023:
2010:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1532:
1470:
1462:
1449:
1444:
1393:
1368:The Netherlands
1284:
1243:interrogatories
1197:admiralty court
1193:
1191:Admiralty court
1187:
1119:
1095:
1069:
1048:Benedict Arnold
983:Patrick O'Brian
926:Napoleonic Wars
872:
777:
710:
707:
669:
665:
663:
646:Rotterdam Rules
615:Admiralty court
555:Freight company
546:
308:General average
289:
260:Merchant marine
166:
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:Law of the sea
2605:
2604:
2597:
2596:External links
2594:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:The Prize Game
2494:
2477:
2459:
2441:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2371:
2358:
2349:
2332:
2319:
2302:
2279:
2266:
2262:The Prize Game
2253:
2240:
2227:
2221:Jock Yellott,
2214:
2201:
2197:The Prize Game
2188:
2179:
2173:Lord Russell,
2166:
2162:The Prize Game
2153:
2149:The Prize Game
2140:
2127:
2107:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2021:
2004:
1987:
1974:
1957:
1944:
1936:The Prize Game
1927:
1910:
1893:
1876:
1872:The Prize Game
1863:
1850:
1837:
1827:
1802:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1752:
1736:
1712:
1703:
1699:The Prize Game
1690:
1686:The Prize Game
1677:
1660:
1643:
1639:The Prize Game
1630:
1616:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1528:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:Prize Act 1948
1442:
1392:
1389:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1325:Count Walewski
1302:Edouard Dubufe
1292:Count Walewski
1283:
1280:
1216:Law of Nations
1186:
1183:
1151:in form of an
1104:Windsor Castle
1094:
1091:
1068:
1065:
1035:jurisdictional
1024:Law of Nations
1010:Daniel Webster
979:C. S. Forester
972:Law of Nations
944:, authored by
891:The Prize Game
871:
868:
779:
778:
776:
775:
768:
761:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
729:
728:
724:
723:
722:
721:
716:
714:SAR Convention
711:
704:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
660:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
630:
629:
625:
624:
623:
622:
617:
609:
608:
604:
603:
602:
601:
596:
595:
594:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
563:
562:
557:
552:
541:
540:
539:
529:
528:
527:
522:
509:
508:
504:
503:
502:
501:
496:
495:
494:
484:
483:
482:
472:
467:
462:
457:
456:
455:
445:
440:
439:
438:
431:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Bill of lading
391:
386:
381:
373:
372:
362:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
355:Wartime prizes
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
284:
283:
282:
277:
272:
270:Passenger ship
267:
257:
256:
255:
250:
245:
240:
226:
225:
224:
219:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
181:
180:
179:
164:
156:
155:
151:
150:
142:
141:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2646:
2635:
2634:Prize warfare
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2505:, pp. 145–46.
2504:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2123:onus probandi
2120:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2103:onus probandi
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1999:The Mary Ford
1996:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1746:in Colombos,
1745:
1740:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1436:Hampton Roads
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:onus probandi
1246:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:Cruiser rules
1111:
1108:Jeune Richard
1107:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
990:
986:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
953:
952:(1743–1836).
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
881:
876:
867:
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:
808:
805:
804:admiralty law
797:
796:
791:
790:
785:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
754:
752:
751:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
730:
726:
725:
720:
717:
715:
712:
709:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
670:
668:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
641:Hamburg Rules
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
631:
627:
626:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
606:
605:
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
512:
511:
510:
506:
505:
500:
497:
493:
492:International
490:
489:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
444:
441:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
420:
419:Force majeure
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:Affreightment
377:
376:
375:
374:
371:
367:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
319:
316:
314:
313:Seaworthiness
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:Fisheries law
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
192:
191:Amalfian Laws
189:
187:
186:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
153:
152:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:Admiralty law
137:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
19:
2606:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2502:
2497:
2485:
2480:
2462:
2444:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2390:14 September
2388:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2305:
2295:30 September
2293:. Retrieved
2282:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1953:Law of Prize
1952:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1923:Louisa Agnes
1922:
1918:
1913:
1906:Louisa Agnes
1905:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1715:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1624:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1579:
1574:Prize of war
1536:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1505:Royal assent
1440:
1429:
1428:in the case
1424:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1329:
1306:
1295:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1221:
1212:prize courts
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1174:postliminium
1172:
1169:
1161:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1123:false colors
1120:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1087:
1082:
1070:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1006:Joseph Story
999:
993:
976:
965:
960:
957:Joseph Story
954:
941:
915:
906:
903:Mare Liberum
902:
898:
890:
889:In his book
888:
883:
861:
846:prize of war
833:
813:
806:
801:
793:
788:
465:Packing list
433:
370:Charterparty
354:
280:Registration
253:Shipbuilding
183:
174:
167:
116:
110:January 2021
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1889:The Peacock
1395:During the
1317:Crimean War
1165:cartel ship
1137:cautioned:
607:Judiciaries
409:Consignment
2623:Categories
2524:Colombos,
2512:References
2484:Colombos,
2417:Colombos,
2134:Colombos,
2084:Colombos,
2034:The Elsebe
2028:Colombos,
1951:Colombos,
1940:Eliza Swan
1744:The Elsebe
1729:16 January
1724:LC Catalog
1610:2023-11-14
1569:War trophy
1476:Long title
1208:The Elsebe
1115:See also:
1067:Commission
1016:author of
1002:John Adams
968:common law
907:Commentary
811:Old French
809:(from the
429:Commercial
404:Chartering
318:Total loss
293:Act of God
265:Cargo ship
80:newspapers
18:Prize Ship
2614:Prize law
2538:Grotius,
2492:. c. 9)).
2234:Yellott,
2097:Colombos,
2017:The Rapid
1667:Grotius,
1650:Grotius,
1414:Nicaragua
1275:Quasi-War
1204:The Rapid
1157:extortion
1071:Although
938:Quasi-War
818:equipment
599:Stevedore
577:Principal
572:Consignor
567:Consignee
550:Charterer
435:Pro forma
414:Demurrage
399:Brokerage
350:Smuggling
345:Pollution
303:Collision
2501:Petrie,
2470:Archived
2452:Archived
2434:Archived
2404:Maclay,
2365:Maclay,
2326:Maclay,
2238:, p. 19.
2160:Petrie,
2147:Petrie,
1934:Petrie,
1883:Uptown,
1870:Petrie,
1771:Maclay,
1697:Petrie,
1684:Petrie,
1637:Petrie,
1582:incident
1530:See also
1487:Citation
1131:heave-to
930:American
858:property
840:and its
822:vehicles
666:(UNCLOS)
460:Manifest
453:Maritime
389:Barratry
275:Mortgage
234:Shipping
204:Features
2260:Petrie,
2208:Upton,
2195:Petrie,
2071:Upton,
2058:Upton,
2045:Upton,
1981:Upton,
1964:Upton,
1917:Upton,
1900:Upton,
1857:Upton,
1844:Upton,
1580:Altmark
1537:Alabama
1179:salvage
895:Grotius
880:Grotius
826:vessels
792:towing
789:Blanche
560:Manager
544:Carrier
507:Parties
499:Waybill
475:Salvage
443:Laytime
424:Invoice
248:Freight
217:Illegal
212:Fishing
176:Digesta
154:History
94:scholar
2062:p. 454
1835:court)
1823:Active
1815:Active
1539:Claims
1494:. c. 9
1235:Betsey
1200:in rem
1044:Active
1039:Active
1031:Active
1012:, and
994:Active
928:, the
863:in rem
828:, and
807:prizes
592:Mutiny
587:Seaman
520:Factor
384:Agency
340:Piracy
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2151:p.161
1970:Venus
1688:p. 5
1588:Notes
1499:Dates
1425:Appam
1224:libel
1149:scrip
850:worth
844:as a
842:cargo
834:prize
830:cargo
814:prise
795:Pique
582:Owner
515:Agent
487:Terms
335:Drugs
298:Cargo
243:Cargo
238:Ferry
101:JSTOR
87:books
2392:2017
2297:2022
1874:at 7
1731:2024
1701:p. 7
981:and
932:and
911:Ares
838:ship
448:Lien
73:news
1423:SS
1300:by
1153:IOU
802:In
480:Law
56:by
2625::
2382:.
1942:).
1825:).
1784:A
1603:.
1399:,
1370::
1327:.
1294:.
1008:,
1004:,
963:.
824:,
820:,
2394:.
2299:.
2105:)
2036:)
1733:.
1671:(
1654:(
1613:.
772:e
765:t
758:v
368:/
236:/
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
27:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
