4147:
3505:. Pyroptosis appears to create a pathogenic vicious cycle in which dying CD4 T cells and other immune cells (including macrophages and neutrophils) release inflammatory signals that recruit more cells into the infected lymphoid tissues to die. The feed-forward nature of this inflammatory response produces chronic inflammation and tissue injury. Identifying pyroptosis as the predominant mechanism that causes CD4 T-cell depletion and chronic inflammation, provides novel therapeutic opportunities, namely caspase-1 which controls the pyroptotic pathway. In this regard, pyroptosis of CD4 T cells and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as
3280:, may mediate some of the most critical effects of inflammatory stimuli on cancer cells. This capacity of a mediator of inflammation to influence the effects of steroid hormones in cells is very likely to affect carcinogenesis. On the other hand, due to the modular nature of many steroid hormone receptors, this interaction may offer ways to interfere with cancer progression, through targeting of a specific protein domain in a specific cell type. Such an approach may limit side effects that are unrelated to the tumor of interest, and may help preserve vital homeostatic functions and developmental processes in the organism.
3131:, prospectively defines risk of atherosclerotic complications, thus adding to prognostic information provided by traditional risk factors. Moreover, certain treatments that reduce coronary risk also limit inflammation. In the case of lipid lowering with statins, the anti-inflammatory effect does not appear to correlate with reduction in low-density lipoprotein levels. These new insights on inflammation contribute to the etiology of atherosclerosis, and the practical clinical applications in risk stratification and the targeting of therapy for atherosclerosis.
1250:
154:
1258:
323:, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out damaged cells and tissues, and initiate tissue repair. Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise the survival of the organism. However inflammation can also have negative effects. Too much inflammation, in the form of chronic inflammation, is associated with various diseases, such as
4117:
2100:
3514:
targeting the host rather than the virus. Such agents would almost certainly be used in combination with ART. By promoting "tolerance" of the virus instead of suppressing its replication, VX-765 or related drugs may mimic the evolutionary solutions occurring in multiple monkey hosts (e.g. the sooty mangabey) infected with species-specific lentiviruses that have led to a lack of disease, no decline in CD4 T-cell counts, and no chronic inflammation.
2922:
2108:
590:
3436:). A 2018 report evaluated the relative importance of mutations and epigenetic alterations in progression to two different types of cancer. This report showed that epigenetic alterations were much more important than mutations in generating gastric cancers (associated with inflammation). However, mutations and epigenetic alterations were of roughly equal importance in generating esophageal squamous cell cancers (associated with
4162:
1470:
1148:
38:
4132:
1562:
1240:
130:
2930:
2126:, particularly neutrophils, are critically involved in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation. These cells must be able to move to the site of injury from their usual location in the blood, therefore mechanisms exist to recruit and direct leukocytes to the appropriate place. The process of leukocyte movement from the blood to the tissues through the blood vessels is known as
3709:. Inflammatory processes can be triggered by negative cognitions or their consequences, such as stress, violence, or deprivation. Thus, negative cognitions can cause inflammation that can, in turn, lead to depression. In addition, there is increasing evidence that inflammation can cause depression because of the increase of cytokines, setting the brain into a "sickness mode".
3127:. Clinical studies have shown that this emerging biology of inflammation in atherosclerosis applies directly to human patients. Elevation in markers of inflammation predicts outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes, independently of myocardial damage. In addition, low-grade chronic inflammation, as indicated by levels of the inflammatory marker
1708:
2112:
some diseases, like arthritis, the body's defense system the immune system triggers an inflammatory response when there are no foreign invaders to fight off. In these diseases, called autoimmune diseases, the body's normally protective immune system causes damage to its own tissues. The body responds as if normal tissues are infected or somehow abnormal.
3713:
clinical trials that anti-inflammatory medicines taken in addition to antidepressants not only significantly improves symptoms but also increases the proportion of subjects positively responding to treatment. Inflammations that lead to serious depression could be caused by common infections such as those caused by a virus, bacteria or even parasites.
3522:
The inflammatory response must be actively terminated when no longer needed to prevent unnecessary "bystander" damage to tissues. Failure to do so results in chronic inflammation, and cellular destruction. Resolution of inflammation occurs by different mechanisms in different tissues. Mechanisms that
3122:
Atherosclerosis, formerly considered a bland lipid storage disease, actually involves an ongoing inflammatory response. Recent advances in basic science have established a fundamental role for inflammation in mediating all stages of atherosclerosis from initiation through progression and, ultimately,
3861:
is often seen during inflammation induced by infection, where it results in a large increase in the amount of leukocytes in the blood, especially immature cells. Leukocyte numbers usually increase to between 15 000 and 20 000 cells per microliter, but extreme cases can see it approach 100 000 cells
3712:
Classical symptoms of being physically sick, such as lethargy, show a large overlap in behaviors that characterize depression. Levels of cytokines tend to increase sharply during the depressive episodes of people with bipolar disorder and drop off during remission. Furthermore, it has been shown in
2111:
Inflammation is a process by which the body's white blood cells and substances they produce protect us from infection with foreign organisms, such as bacteria and viruses. The (phagocytes) white blood cells are a nonspecific immune response, meaning that they attack any foreign bodies. However, in
1576:
As defined, acute inflammation is an immunovascular response to inflammatory stimuli, which can include infection or trauma. This means acute inflammation can be broadly divided into a vascular phase that occurs first, followed by a cellular phase involving immune cells (more specifically myeloid
1385:
Acute inflammation may be regarded as the first line of defense against injury. Acute inflammatory response requires constant stimulation to be sustained. Inflammatory mediators are short-lived and are quickly degraded in the tissue. Hence, acute inflammation begins to cease once the stimulus has
3203:
Due to the central role of leukocytes in the development and propagation of inflammation, defects in leukocyte functionality often result in a decreased capacity for inflammatory defense with subsequent vulnerability to infection. Dysfunctional leukocytes may be unable to correctly bind to blood
3163:
chemicals such as histamine. These chemicals propagate an excessive inflammatory response characterised by blood vessel dilation, production of pro-inflammatory molecules, cytokine release, and recruitment of leukocytes. Severe inflammatory response may mature into a systemic response known as
3513:
can be blocked in HIV-infected human lymphoid tissues by addition of the caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765, which has already proven to be safe and well tolerated in phase II human clinical trials. These findings could propel development of an entirely new class of "anti-AIDS" therapies that act by
3460:
but also by sustained inflammation and immune activation. A substantial body of evidence implicates chronic inflammation as a critical driver of immune dysfunction, premature appearance of aging-related diseases, and immune deficiency. Many now regard HIV infection not only as an evolving
933:
Acute inflammation is a short-term process, usually appearing within a few minutes or hours and begins to cease upon the removal of the injurious stimulus. It involves a coordinated and systemic mobilization response locally of various immune, endocrine and neurological mediators of acute
434:
describes the interaction between the action of microbial invasion and the reaction of the body's inflammatory response—the two components are considered together in discussion of infection, and the word is used to imply a microbial invasive cause for the observed inflammatory reaction.
1313:
At the onset of an infection, burn, or other injuries, these cells undergo activation (one of the PRRs recognize a PAMP or DAMP) and release inflammatory mediators responsible for the clinical signs of inflammation. Vasodilation and its resulting increased blood flow causes the redness
2699:
Metabolic precursor to 5-Oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, it is a less potent stimulator of neutrophil chemotaxis, lysosome enzyme release, and reactive oxygen species formation; monocyte chemotaxis; and eosinophil chemotaxis, lysosome enzyme release, and reactive oxygen species formation.
2606:
Able to mediate leukocyte adhesion and activation, allowing them to bind to the endothelium and migrate across it. In neutrophils, it is also a potent chemoattractant, and is able to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species and the release of lysosomal enzymes by these cells.
3635:
Acute inflammation normally resolves by mechanisms that have remained somewhat elusive. Emerging evidence now suggests that an active, coordinated program of resolution initiates in the first few hours after an inflammatory response begins. After entering tissues,
2165:
on endothelial cell surfaces and P-selectin binds weakly to carbohydrate ligands on the surface of leukocytes and causes them to "roll" along the endothelial surface as bonds are made and broken. Cytokines released from injured cells induce the expression of
1134:. Examples of loss of function include pain that inhibits mobility, severe swelling that prevents movement, having a worse sense of smell during a cold, or having difficulty breathing when bronchitis is present. Loss of function has multiple causes.
5772:
Montiel-Duarte C, Ansorena E, LĂłpez-Zabalza MJ, Cenarruzabeitia E, Iraburu MJ (March 2004). "Role of reactive oxygen species, glutathione and NF-kappaB in apoptosis induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("Ecstasy") on hepatic stellate cells".
5974:
Copland JA, Sheffield-Moore M, Koldzic-Zivanovic N, Gentry S, Lamprou G, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F, et al. (June 2009). "Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible?".
2674:
Potent stimulator of neutrophil chemotaxis, lysosome enzyme release, and reactive oxygen species formation; monocyte chemotaxis; and with even greater potency eosinophil chemotaxis, lysosome enzyme release, and reactive oxygen species formation.
2205:
Chemokine gradients stimulate the adhered leukocytes to move between adjacent endothelial cells. The endothelial cells retract and the leukocytes pass through the basement membrane into the surrounding tissue using adhesion molecules such as
3983:
Low-grade chronic inflammation is characterized by a two- to threefold increase in the systemic concentrations of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. Waist circumference correlates significantly with systemic inflammatory response.
2190:
that activates integrins on the leukocyte surface for firm adhesion. Such activation increases the affinity of bound integrin receptors for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the endothelial cell surface, firmly binding the leukocytes to the
1428:, smoking, stress and insufficient diet are some of the factors that promote chronic inflammation. A 2014 study reported that 60% of Americans had at least one chronic inflammatory condition, and 42% had more than one.
3473:, causes high-level viral replication but limited evidence of disease. This lack of pathogenicity is accompanied by a lack of inflammation, immune activation and cellular proliferation. In sharp contrast, experimental
3465:(ART) and effective suppression of viremia in HIV-infected individuals, chronic inflammation persists. Animal studies also support the relationship between immune activation and progressive cellular immune deficiency:
8019:
Brietzke E, Stertz L, Fernandes BS, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Mascarenhas M, Escosteguy Vargas A, et al. (August 2009). "Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder".
1365:
In addition to cell-derived mediators, several acellular biochemical cascade systems—consisting of preformed plasma proteins—act in parallel to initiate and propagate the inflammatory response. These include the
3488:
T cells are depleted and how chronic inflammation and immune activation are induced lies at the heart of understanding HIV pathogenesis—one of the top priorities for HIV research by the Office of AIDS Research,
3276:, suppressing cancer. Molecular intersection between receptors of steroid hormones, which have important effects on cellular development, and transcription factors that play key roles in inflammation, such as
2858:, where the conversion of fibrinous exudate into a scar can occur between serous membranes, limiting their function. The deposit sometimes forms a pseudomembrane sheet. During inflammation of the intestine (
2649:-containing leukotrienes contract lung airways, increase micro-vascular permeability, stimulate mucus secretion, and promote eosinophil-based inflammation in the lung, skin, nose, eye, and other tissues.
459:
usually discuss urethritis as a urethral infection because urethral microbial invasion is the most common cause of urethritis. However, the inflammation–infection distinction is crucial in situations in
4072:
In acute inflammation, if the injurious agent persists then chronic inflammation will ensue. This process, marked by inflammation lasting many days, months or even years, may lead to the formation of a
5729:
Hargrave BY, Tiangco DA, Lattanzio FA, Beebe SJ (2003). "Cocaine, not morphine, causes the generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-kappaB in transiently cotransfected heart cells".
4025:
The outcome in a particular circumstance will be determined by the tissue in which the injury has occurred—and the injurious agent that is causing it. Here are the possible outcomes to inflammation:
2524:
Antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumour properties. This interferon was originally called macrophage-activating factor, and is especially important in the maintenance of chronic inflammation.
5502:
Carstens E, Akiyama T, Cevikbas F, Kempkes C, Buhl T, Mess C, et al. (2014). "Role of
Interleukin-31 and Oncostatin M in Itch and Neuroimmune Communication". In Carstens M, Akiyama T (eds.).
2182:
on endothelial cells, which mediate the adhesion and further slow leukocytes down. These weakly bound leukocytes are free to detach if not activated by chemokines produced in injured tissue after
2941:
Inflammatory abnormalities are a large group of disorders that underlie a vast variety of human diseases. The immune system is often involved with inflammatory disorders, as demonstrated in both
7390:
Ashcroft GS, Yang X, Glick AB, Weinstein M, Letterio JL, Mizel DE, et al. (September 1999). "Mice lacking Smad3 show accelerated wound healing and an impaired local inflammatory response".
6694:
Raza Y, Khan A, Farooqui A, Mubarak M, Facista A, Akhtar SS, et al. (October 2014). "Oxidative DNA damage as a potential early biomarker of
Helicobacter pylori associated carcinogenesis".
2768:
Both affect a wide variety of cells to induce many similar inflammatory reactions: fever, production of cytokines, endothelial gene regulation, chemotaxis, leukocyte adherence, activation of
957:(TLRs) recognize microbial pathogens. Acute inflammation can be a defensive mechanism to protect tissues against injury. Inflammation lasting 2–6 weeks is designated subacute inflammation.
3179:
are caused by the immune system inappropriately attacking components of muscle, leading to signs of muscle inflammation. They may occur in conjunction with other immune disorders, such as
169:
has led to inflammation of the skin on the foot. The cardinal signs of inflammation include: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Some of these indicators can be seen here.
4616:
Piira OP, Miettinen JA, Hautala AJ, Huikuri HV, Tulppo MP (October 2013). "Physiological responses to emotional excitement in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease".
7997:
4033:
The complete restoration of the inflamed tissue back to a normal status. Inflammatory measures such as vasodilation, chemical production, and leukocyte infiltration cease, and damaged
3295:
hypothesized that the origin of cancer was at sites of chronic inflammation. As of 2012, chronic inflammation was estimated to contribute to approximately 15% to 25% of human cancers.
2427:
depending upon the contents, and are able to break down a number of substances, some of which may be plasma-derived proteins that allow these enzymes to act as inflammatory mediators.
3757:. When lymph nodes cannot destroy all pathogens, the infection spreads further. A pathogen can gain access to the bloodstream through lymphatic drainage into the circulatory system.
3501:, a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death, drives CD4 T-cell depletion and inflammation by HIV. These are the two signature events that propel HIV disease progression to
1731:
level, and brings about a net increase in the amount of blood present, causing the redness and heat of inflammation. Increased permeability of the vessels results in the movement of
8057:"The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib has therapeutic effects in major depression: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, add-on pilot study to reboxetine"
2079:
that damage pathogenic invaders. Leukocytes also release inflammatory mediators that develop and maintain the inflammatory response. In general, acute inflammation is mediated by
3303:
An inflammatory mediator is a messenger that acts on blood vessels and/or cells to promote an inflammatory response. Inflammatory mediators that contribute to neoplasia include
2360:(CR1), which bind to antibodies and C3b, respectively. The co-stimulation of endocytic PRR and opsonin receptor increases the efficacy of the phagocytic process, enhancing the
2137:
The white blood cells within the vessels which are generally centrally located move peripherally towards the walls of the vessels. Activated macrophages in the tissue release
7759:
McQuibban GA, Gong JH, Tam EM, McCulloch CA, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM (August 2000). "Inflammation dampened by gelatinase A cleavage of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3".
3745:, where it may spread to other parts of the body. If an organism is not contained by the actions of acute inflammation, it may gain access to the lymphatic system via nearby
1660:, which can immediately deal damage to microbes, and opsonise the microbes in preparation for the cellular phase. If the inflammatory stimulus is a lacerating wound, exuded
6124:
2348:
and antibodies that exude into the inflamed tissue during the vascular phase bind to and coat the microbial antigens. As well as endocytic PRRs, phagocytes also express
4077:. Chronic inflammation is characterised by the dominating presence of macrophages in the injured tissue. These cells are powerful defensive agents of the body, but the
2556:(PAMPs); pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by adipocytes, especially in obesity; anti-inflammatory myokine secreted by skeletal muscle cells in response to exercise.
6207:
4085:—are injurious to the organism's own tissues as well as invading agents. As a consequence, chronic inflammation is almost always accompanied by tissue destruction.
3433:
3283:
According to a review of 2009, recent data suggests that cancer-related inflammation (CRI) may lead to accumulation of random genetic alterations in cancer cells.
848:
neutrophils (primarily), basophils (inflammatory response), and eosinophils (response to helminth worms and parasites), mononuclear cells (monocytes, macrophages)
3358:(RNS). ROS and RNS are normally produced by these cells to fight infection. ROS, alone, cause more than 20 types of DNA damage. Oxidative DNA damages cause both
3923:
developed. Although the processes involved are identical to tissue inflammation, systemic inflammation is not confined to a particular tissue but involves the
3381:
alterations. Mutations and epigenetic alterations that are replicated and provide a selective advantage during somatic cell proliferation may be carcinogenic.
1943:. When activated, it in turn is able to activate three plasma systems involved in inflammation: the kinin system, fibrinolysis system, and coagulation system.
2742:
Potent vasodilator, relaxes smooth muscle, reduces platelet aggregation, aids in leukocyte recruitment, direct antimicrobial activity in high concentrations.
4955:"Part A. "General Pathology", Section II. "The Host Response to Injury", Chapter 3. "The Acute Inflammatory Response", sub-section "Cardinal Clinical Signs""
3490:
1098:
is due to the release of chemicals such as bradykinin and histamine that stimulate nerve endings. (Acute inflammation of the lung (usually as in response to
4905:"Disturbance of function (functio laesa): the legendary fifth cardinal sign of inflammation, added by Claudius Galen to the four cardinal signs of Celsus"
9182:
7665:
Jiang D, Liang J, Fan J, Yu S, Chen S, Luo Y, et al. (November 2005). "Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan".
2805:
Specific patterns of acute and chronic inflammation are seen during particular situations that arise in the body, such as when inflammation occurs on an
5009:"Disturbance of function (functio laesa): the legendary fifth cardinal sign of inflammation, added by Galen to the four cardinal signs of Celsus. - PMC"
1723:, increased permeability and increased blood flow, which are induced by the actions of various inflammatory mediators. Vasodilation occurs first at the
7525:
Sato Y, Ohshima T, Kondo T (November 1999). "Regulatory role of endogenous interleukin-10 in cutaneous inflammatory response of murine wound healing".
6840:"Increased immune activation precedes the inflection point of CD4 T cells and the increased serum virus load in human immunodeficiency virus infection"
2772:. Responsible for the systemic effects of inflammation, such as loss of appetite and increased heart rate. TNF-α inhibits osteoblast differentiation.
1480:
1158:
48:
1739:
due to the increase in the concentration of the cells within blood – a condition characterized by enlarged vessels packed with cells. Stasis allows
4146:
2433:
5065:
2103:
Neutrophils migrate from blood vessels to the infected tissue via chemotaxis, where they remove pathogens through phagocytosis and degranulation
1110:.) Heat and redness are due to increased blood flow at body core temperature to the inflamed site. Swelling is caused by accumulation of fluid.
362:) from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local
7989:
7560:
Serhan CN (August 2008). "Controlling the resolution of acute inflammation: a new genus of dual anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediators".
3369:
to become a cancer cell if it is frequently subjected to DNA damage during long periods of chronic inflammation. DNA damages may cause genetic
4262:
All these signs may be observed in specific instances, but no single sign must, as a matter of course, be present. These are the original, or
6914:
Nasi M, Pinti M, Mussini C, Cossarizza A (October 2014). "Persistent inflammation in HIV infection: established concepts, new perspectives".
1684:
in the first instance. These clotting mediators also provide a structural staging framework at the inflammatory tissue site in the form of a
5686:
Wiedermann U, Chen XJ, Enerbäck L, Hanson LA, Kahu H, Dahlgren UI (December 1996). "Vitamin A deficiency increases inflammatory responses".
4065:
A cavity is formed containing pus, an opaque liquid containing dead white blood cells and bacteria with general debris from destroyed cells.
1880:. C3a stimulates histamine release by mast cells, thereby producing vasodilation. C3b is able to bind to bacterial cell walls and act as an
1853:
A vasoactive protein that is able to induce vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, cause smooth muscle contraction, and induce pain.
8252:"Secret talk between adipose tissue and central nervous system via secreted factors-an emerging frontier in the neurodegenerative research"
3706:
8585:"Waist circumference as the predominant contributor to the micro-inflammatory response in the metabolic syndrome: a cross sectional study"
3672:, which critically shorten the period of neutrophil infiltration by initiating apoptosis. As a consequence, apoptotic neutrophils undergo
8685:
Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L (March 2013). "Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2794:
This serine protease is believed to be exclusively stored in mast cells and secreted, along with histamine, during mast cell activation.
1310:, but which are distinguishable from host molecules. DAMPs are compounds that are associated with host-related injury and cell damage.
4046:
Large amounts of tissue destruction, or damage in tissues unable to regenerate, cannot be regenerated completely by the body. Fibrous
953:
to the site of inflammation. Pathogens, allergens, toxins, burns, and frostbite are some of the typical causes of acute inflammation.
4982:
3143:, is the result of an inappropriate immune response triggering inflammation, vasodilation, and nerve irritation. A common example is
655:
6951:"Lack of clinical AIDS in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys with significant CD4+ T cell loss is associated with double-negative T cells"
3396:, that are often more common than mutations. Typically, several hundreds to thousands of genes are methylated in a cancer cell (see
934:
inflammation. In a normal healthy response, it becomes activated, clears the pathogen and begins a repair process and then ceases.
7896:
Cox WT, Abramson LY, Devine PG, Hollon SD (September 2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and
Depression: The Integrated Perspective".
836:
Persistent acute inflammation due to non-degradable pathogens, viral infection, persistent foreign bodies, or autoimmune reactions
9175:
3761:
6075:
1272:
The process of acute inflammation is initiated by resident immune cells already present in the involved tissue, mainly resident
8763:
2876:
is characteristic of this kind of inflammation. Large, localised collections of pus enclosed by surrounding tissues are called
439:, on the other hand, describes just the body's immunovascular response, regardless of cause. But, because of the two are often
7708:
Teder P, Vandivier RW, Jiang D, Liang J, Cohn L, Puré E, et al. (April 2002). "Resolution of lung inflammation by CD44".
8186:
7327:
5513:
5486:
5452:
5156:
5123:
5098:
5059:
4968:
4703:
4551:
4414:
3543:
3462:
3429:
3272:
and their receptors for invasion, migration and metastasis. On the other hand, many cells of the immune system contribute to
2994:
2553:
2256:
1421:
1299:
6076:"Inflammation-associated cancer development in digestive organs: mechanisms and roles for genetic and epigenetic modulation"
3248:
may exert some of their detrimental effects by activating transcription factors intimately involved with inflammation (e.g.
3123:
the thrombotic complications from it. These new findings provide important links between risk factors and the mechanisms of
8225:
6879:
Ipp H, Zemlin A (February 2013). "The paradox of the immune response in HIV infection: when inflammation becomes harmful".
6539:"Oxidative damage targets complexes containing DNA methyltransferases, SIRT1, and polycomb members to promoter CpG Islands"
4864:
4810:
3384:
Genome-wide analyses of human cancer tissues reveal that a single typical cancer cell may possess roughly 100 mutations in
1541:
1219:
109:
4594:
350:. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli, and is achieved by the increased movement of
9623:
1513:
1303:
1191:
81:
8344:"Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss"
6150:
4577:. Integrated Systems Physiology—From Cell to Function. Vol. 2. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. pp. 1–87.
4487:
3684:
such as transforming growth factor-β1. The anti-inflammatory program ends with the departure of macrophages through the
2415:
These cells contain a large variety of enzymes that perform a number of functions. Granules can be classified as either
9934:
9168:
8862:
3560:
2953:
resulting in abnormal inflammation. Non-immune diseases with causal origins in inflammatory processes include cancer,
4192:
3589:
637:
8149:"Inflammatory and blood gas markers of COVID-19 delirium compared to non-COVID-19 delirium: a cross-sectional study"
3354:
attracted to the site of inflammation induce DNA damages in proliferating cells through their generation of ROS and
1520:
1499:
1198:
1177:
619:
88:
67:
9902:
9514:
7223:"Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 Is Required to Trigger Pyroptotic Death of Lymphoid-Tissue-Derived CD4 T Cells"
3796:. In acute inflammation, these proteins prove beneficial; however, in chronic inflammation, they can contribute to
2908:
loss of tissue from the surface, exposing lower layers. The subsequent excavation in the epithelium is known as an
17:
401:
The earliest known reference for the term inflammation is around the early 15th century. The word root comes from
8501:"Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress"
6431:"The emerging role of epigenetic modifiers in repair of DNA damage associated with chronic inflammatory diseases"
5177:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 22 February 2018 – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
3064:
2284:
6998:
Rey-Cuillé MA, Berthier JL, Bomsel-Demontoy MC, Chaduc Y, Montagnier L, Hovanessian AG, et al. (May 1998).
3339:. These inflammatory mediators, and others, orchestrate an environment that fosters proliferation and survival.
3205:
9509:
9149:
9128:
7462:
3593:
651:
615:
449:(which means inflammation) are sometimes informally described as referring to infection: for example, the word
5228:"Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE)"
1527:
1205:
95:
9452:
7320:"Study of VX-765 in Subjects With Treatment-resistant Partial Epilepsy – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov"
6637:"Genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal tissues have differential impacts on cancer risk among tissues"
4107:
3474:
3466:
3213:
3044:
2252:
1644:
from the vessel into the tissue space. The increased collection of fluid into the tissue causes it to swell (
611:
375:
4278:
is an antiquated notion, as it is not unique to inflammation and is a characteristic of many disease states.
3392:
that contribute to cancer development. However, chronic inflammation also causes epigenetic changes such as
1408:
predominate in chronic inflammation, in contrast to the neutrophils that predominate in acute inflammation.
3009:
1294:
6838:
Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Martinez-Maza O, Nishanian P, Aziz N, Shen LP, Grosser S, et al. (August 1998).
8973:
6480:"Nitrative and oxidative DNA damage in infection-related carcinogenesis in relation to cancer stem cells"
3956:
3461:
virus-induced immunodeficiency, but also as chronic inflammatory disease. Even after the introduction of
3316:
3059:
2925:
Asthma is considered an inflammatory-mediated disorder. On the right is an inflamed airway due to asthma.
2748:
2655:
2187:
2037:
1509:
1187:
77:
6303:"Occurrence, Biological Consequences, and Human Health Relevance of Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage"
2549:
Macrophages, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells (cytokine) Skeletal muscle cells (myokine)
1986:, which is able to insert into bacterial cell walls and causes cell lysis with ensuing bacterial death.
1907:
Stimulates histamine release by mast cells, thereby producing vasodilation. It is also able to act as a
1354:, to flow out of the blood vessels (extravasation) and into the tissue. The neutrophils migrate along a
419:. Literally, the term relates to the word "flame", as the property of being "set on fire" or "to burn".
10040:
9338:
8756:
3029:
2247:
Extravasated neutrophils in the cellular phase come into contact with microbes at the inflamed tissue.
2170:
on endothelial cells, which functions similarly to P-selectin. Cytokines also induce the expression of
1747:, a process critical to their recruitment into the tissues. Normal flowing blood prevents this, as the
1131:
5049:
3432:). DNA repair genes, in particular, are frequently inactivated by methylation in various cancers (see
2854:
stimulus is present, such as cancer cells, a fibrinous exudate is deposited. This is commonly seen in
1700:
to the regional lymph nodes, flushing bacteria along to start the recognition and attack phase of the
10050:
8383:
Mohamed-Ali V, Flower L, Sethi J, Hotamisligil G, Gray R, Humphries SE, et al. (December 2001).
7000:"Simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in sooty mangabeys without inducing disease"
3626:
3397:
3393:
3355:
1488:
1346:). The mediator molecules also alter the blood vessels to permit the migration of leukocytes, mainly
1166:
485:
56:
9160:
8055:
MĂĽller N, Schwarz MJ, Dehning S, Douhe A, Cerovecki A, Goldstein-MĂĽller B, et al. (July 2006).
6635:
Yamashita S, Kishino T, Takahashi T, Shimazu T, Charvat H, Kakugawa Y, et al. (February 2018).
5432:
4037:
cells regenerate. Such is usually the outcome when limited or short-lived inflammation has occurred.
2232:), and cause the leukocytes to move along a chemotactic gradient towards the source of inflammation.
8735:
7802:
Serhan CN, Savill J (December 2005). "Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end".
6588:"Mismatch Repair Proteins Initiate Epigenetic Alterations during Inflammation-Driven Tumorigenesis"
4242:
3019:
2984:
2859:
2469:
600:
8499:
Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M, et al. (October 2002).
8250:
Parimisetty A, Dorsemans AC, Awada R, Ravanan P, Diotel N, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C (March 2016).
5226:
Raiten DJ, Sakr Ashour FA, Ross AC, Meydani SN, Dawson HD, Stephensen CB, et al. (May 2015).
2494:
Stored in preformed granules, histamine is released in response to a number of stimuli. It causes
10009:
9616:
9518:
9276:
9086:
8857:
7595:
Headland SE, Norling LV (May 2015). "The resolution of inflammation: Principles and challenges".
5927:"Opposing roles for complement component C5a in tumor progression and the tumor microenvironment"
4719:
Kumar R, Clermont G, Vodovotz Y, Chow CC (September 2004). "The dynamics of acute inflammation".
4227:
4082:
4014:
3991:
reduces levels of inflammation markers. As of 2017 the association of systemic inflammation with
3780:
and organ dysfunction are serious problems associated with widespread infection that may lead to
3343:
3192:
3140:
2958:
2326:
2117:
1949:
1894:
1777:
1773:
1484:
1162:
604:
374:, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation, such as
200:
52:
7484:
Werner F, Jain MK, Feinberg MW, Sibinga NE, Pellacani A, Wiesel P, et al. (November 2000).
7221:
Galloway NL, Doitsh G, Monroe KM, Yang Z, Muñoz-Arias I, Levy DN, et al. (September 2015).
6350:
Dizdaroglu M (December 2012). "Oxidatively induced DNA damage: mechanisms, repair and disease".
4116:
2581:
Activation and chemoattraction of neutrophils, with a weak effect on monocytes and eosinophils.
10045:
9540:
9258:
9194:
8917:
8852:
8636:"Therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation for diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk"
8342:
Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, et al. (September 2000).
6586:
Maiuri AR, Peng M, Podicheti R, Sriramkumar S, Kamplain CM, Rusch DB, et al. (July 2017).
6537:
O'Hagan HM, Wang W, Sen S, Destefano
Shields C, Lee SS, Zhang YW, et al. (November 2011).
3533:
3261:
2950:
2872:, which consists of neutrophils, dead cells, and fluid. Infection by pyogenic bacteria such as
2450:
2397:
2321:
signalling pathways have been implicated to traffic the endocytosed phagosome to intracellular
2076:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1701:
1413:
1082:
1007:
309:
8385:"beta-Adrenergic regulation of IL-6 release from adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies"
6791:"Immune activation and HIV persistence: implications for curative approaches to HIV infection"
4958:
2824:, they are the result of a limited but diverse number of diseases, which include among others
1787:
generates proteins capable of sustaining vasodilation and other physical inflammatory effects.
261:
9797:
9765:
9487:
9343:
9321:
9076:
8786:
8749:
7486:"Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibition of macrophage activation is mediated via Smad3"
7166:"IFI16 DNA sensor is required for death of lymphoid CD4 T cells abortively infected with HIV"
6949:
Milush JM, Mir KD, Sundaravaradan V, Gordon SN, Engram J, Cano CA, et al. (March 2011).
5148:
5141:
5088:
4430:
4207:
3920:
3481:
produces immune activation and AIDS-like disease with many parallels to human HIV infection.
3405:
3374:
3176:
3034:
2357:
1940:
1765:
1648:). This exuded tissue fluid contains various antimicrobial mediators from the plasma such as
1581:
in the acute setting). The vascular component of acute inflammation involves the movement of
8583:
Rogowski O, Shapira I, Bassat OK, Chundadze T, Finn T, Berliner S, et al. (July 2010).
3725:
based on the results of a recent longitudinal study investigating CRP in COVID-19 patients.
2279:, and surface proteins. Endocytic PRRs on phagocytes reflect these molecular patterns, with
9967:
9962:
9919:
9869:
9760:
9739:
9504:
9437:
9348:
9272:
9027:
8147:
Saini A, Oh TH, Ghanem DA, Castro M, Butler M, Sin Fai Lam CC, et al. (October 2022).
7845:
Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Pasco JA, Moylan S, et al. (September 2013).
7768:
7717:
7177:
7120:
7060:
6648:
6491:
6165:
6020:"Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability"
5881:
5644:
5340:
4738:
3988:
3609:
3441:
3099:
3084:
2306:
2217:
1751:
along the periphery of the vessels moves cells in the blood into the middle of the vessel.
1395:
456:
305:
1534:
1212:
102:
8:
10035:
9924:
9892:
9734:
9702:
9564:
9499:
9482:
9316:
9234:
9066:
4212:
3793:
3734:
3608:
Increased survival of cells in regions of inflammation due to their interaction with the
3421:
2909:
2272:
2183:
1999:
1935:
A protein that circulates inactively, until activated by collagen, platelets, or exposed
1802:
1375:
481:
328:
244:
213:
8731:
8445:
Loffreda S, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Karp CL, Brengman ML, Wang DJ, et al. (January 1998).
7772:
7721:
7181:
7164:
Monroe KM, Yang Z, Johnson JR, Geng X, Doitsh G, Krogan NJ, et al. (January 2014).
7124:
7107:
Doitsh G, Galloway NL, Geng X, Yang Z, Monroe KM, Zepeda O, et al. (January 2014).
7064:
6652:
6495:
6245:
6169:
5885:
5648:
5344:
4954:
4742:
4161:
3264:
around tumours, contributing to proliferation, survival and migration. Cancer cells use
2886:
Characterised by the copious effusion of non-viscous serous fluid, commonly produced by
2005:
Able to break down fibrin clots, cleave complement protein C3, and activate Factor XII.
9952:
9944:
9929:
9897:
9877:
9785:
9609:
9384:
9123:
8796:
8710:
8662:
8635:
8611:
8584:
8565:
8517:
8500:
8414:
8278:
8251:
8178:
8124:
8097:
7965:
7940:
7921:
7873:
7846:
7827:
7741:
7690:
7415:
7296:
7271:
7247:
7222:
7198:
7165:
7141:
7108:
7081:
7048:
6975:
6950:
6815:
6790:
6766:
6741:
6719:
6671:
6636:
6612:
6587:
6563:
6538:
6514:
6479:
6455:
6430:
6327:
6302:
6199:
6116:
6000:
5951:
5926:
5902:
5869:
5836:
5809:
5754:
5711:
5699:
5668:
5612:
5587:
5563:
5538:
5444:
5408:
5383:
5364:
5301:
5276:
5252:
5227:
5025:
5008:
4921:
4904:
4762:
4728:
4641:
4387:
4374:
4349:
4325:
4300:
4010:
3992:
3961:
3837:
3801:
3738:
3661:
3506:
3378:
3312:
3180:
3128:
3074:
3014:
2999:
2979:
2934:
2018:
1791:
1665:
1371:
1358:
gradient created by the local cells to reach the site of injury. The loss of function (
1068:
995:
954:
525:
190:
7847:"So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?"
7643:
7450:
7024:
6999:
6757:
4582:
4131:
1495:
1173:
870:
IFN-Îł and other cytokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species, hydrolytic enzymes
63:
9989:
9432:
9198:
8846:
8714:
8702:
8667:
8616:
8557:
8522:
8468:
8406:
8365:
8324:
8283:
8217:
8182:
8170:
8129:
8078:
8037:
7970:
7913:
7878:
7819:
7784:
7733:
7682:
7647:
7612:
7577:
7542:
7507:
7454:
7407:
7372:
7301:
7252:
7203:
7146:
7086:
7029:
6980:
6931:
6896:
6861:
6820:
6771:
6711:
6676:
6617:
6568:
6519:
6460:
6408:
6367:
6332:
6283:
6249:
6191:
6120:
6108:
6041:
6004:
5992:
5956:
5907:
5841:
5790:
5746:
5703:
5660:
5617:
5568:
5554:
5519:
5509:
5482:
5448:
5413:
5368:
5356:
5306:
5257:
5152:
5119:
5094:
5055:
5030:
4974:
4964:
4926:
4856:
4802:
4754:
4699:
4633:
4586:
4547:
4479:
4474:
4410:
4379:
4330:
4316:
4187:
3693:
3273:
3233:
2942:
2417:
1956:
1936:
1901:
1866:
1761:
1649:
1367:
473:
468:
that involve inflammation that is not driven by microbial invasion, such as cases of
465:
174:
162:
8553:
8418:
7831:
7694:
7419:
7015:
6723:
5758:
5189:"Inflammation | Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, & Facts | Britannica"
4766:
4645:
4405:
Abbas AB, Lichtman AH (2009). "Ch.2 Innate
Immunity". In Saunders (Elsevier) (ed.).
4301:"Chronic inflammation: importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1beta generation"
4013:(CRP) is generated at a higher level in obese people, and may increase the risk for
1322:). Increased permeability of the blood vessels results in an exudation (leakage) of
9909:
9775:
9661:
9552:
9492:
9464:
9459:
9427:
9414:
9404:
9111:
9040:
8963:
8694:
8657:
8647:
8606:
8596:
8569:
8549:
8540:
Petersen AM, Pedersen BK (April 2005). "The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise".
8512:
8458:
8396:
8355:
8314:
8273:
8263:
8160:
8119:
8109:
8068:
8029:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7925:
7905:
7868:
7858:
7811:
7776:
7745:
7725:
7674:
7639:
7604:
7569:
7534:
7497:
7446:
7399:
7362:
7291:
7283:
7242:
7234:
7193:
7185:
7136:
7128:
7076:
7068:
7019:
7011:
6970:
6962:
6923:
6888:
6851:
6810:
6802:
6761:
6753:
6703:
6666:
6656:
6607:
6599:
6558:
6550:
6509:
6499:
6450:
6442:
6398:
6359:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6241:
6203:
6181:
6173:
6098:
6090:
6031:
5984:
5946:
5938:
5897:
5889:
5831:
5821:
5782:
5738:
5715:
5695:
5652:
5607:
5599:
5558:
5550:
5440:
5403:
5395:
5348:
5296:
5288:
5247:
5239:
5020:
4916:
4746:
4625:
4578:
4469:
4461:
4391:
4369:
4361:
4320:
4312:
4237:
3742:
3685:
3641:
3457:
3347:
3024:
2508:
1625:
542:
8165:
8148:
7780:
7319:
6603:
5771:
5672:
5188:
3680:, leading to neutrophil clearance and release of anti-inflammatory and reparative
1715:
showing the characteristic redness and swelling associated with acute inflammation
1400:
Chronic inflammation is inflammation that lasts for months or years. Macrophages,
853:
Mononuclear cells (monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells), fibroblasts
9977:
9957:
9447:
9144:
7238:
6363:
6094:
5603:
4629:
4000:
3996:
3809:
3805:
3184:
3117:
3079:
2954:
2891:
2855:
2225:
1908:
1859:
1712:
1409:
1277:
1127:
1103:
509:
469:
363:
332:
265:) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as
240:
153:
7047:
Chahroudi A, Bosinger SE, Vanderford TH, Paiardini M, Silvestri G (March 2012).
6927:
6446:
5503:
5172:
4846:
4792:
3228:
Certain drugs or exogenous chemical compounds are known to affect inflammation.
2040:
receptor to trigger several other inflammatory responses, such as production of
1982:. The combination and activation of this range of complement proteins forms the
385:
Inflammation has also been classified as Type 1 and Type 2 based on the type of
9999:
9994:
9914:
9474:
9419:
9360:
9280:
9253:
8992:
8923:
8209:
7608:
7287:
6641:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4750:
4572:
4568:
4509:
4263:
4004:
3951:
3934:. Obese people commonly have many elevated markers of inflammation, including:
3821:
3669:
3576:
3553:
3510:
3478:
3470:
3389:
3366:
3324:
3292:
3245:
3004:
2989:
2587:
2454:
2325:, where fusion of the phagosome and the lysosome produces a phagolysosome. The
2276:
2229:
1809:, to counterbalance clotting and generate several other inflammatory mediators.
1629:
1594:
1257:
1249:
1041:
390:
336:
304:
Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore is considered a mechanism of
274:
256:
8268:
8033:
6892:
6707:
6554:
6504:
5786:
5508:. Frontiers in Neuroscience. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
4365:
3892:
can be induced by certain infections and diseases, including viral infection,
1692:
at a construction site – for the purpose of aiding phagocytic debridement and
1449:
Gastrointestinal complications such as constipation, diarrhea, and acid reflux
10029:
9882:
9695:
9442:
9331:
8997:
8968:
8806:
7909:
7863:
5973:
5942:
5742:
4978:
4851:
4797:
4465:
4449:
4182:
4074:
3946:
3938:
3754:
3645:
3437:
3385:
3332:
3320:
3304:
3156:
3124:
3039:
2969:
2873:
2752:
2706:
2562:
2530:
2280:
2142:
2075:, ingesting bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris. Others release enzymatic
1736:
1693:
1285:
1074:
1031:
736:
499:
367:
278:
8401:
8384:
7729:
7573:
7189:
7072:
6661:
6036:
6019:
3236:
drugs work specifically by inhibiting the enzymes that produce inflammatory
2067:, which normally reside in blood and must move into the inflamed tissue via
1632:
to remodel the local vasculature. Macrophages and endothelial cells release
937:
Acute inflammation occurs immediately upon injury, lasting only a few days.
370:, and various cells in the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as
9984:
9814:
9790:
9780:
9673:
9666:
9394:
9389:
9326:
9224:
9116:
9071:
9004:
8706:
8671:
8620:
8601:
8561:
8526:
8463:
8446:
8410:
8369:
8360:
8343:
8328:
8287:
8221:
8174:
8133:
8114:
8082:
8041:
7974:
7917:
7882:
7823:
7788:
7737:
7686:
7616:
7581:
7546:
7538:
7511:
7502:
7485:
7458:
7411:
7376:
7367:
7350:
7305:
7256:
7207:
7150:
7090:
6984:
6935:
6900:
6824:
6775:
6715:
6680:
6621:
6572:
6523:
6464:
6412:
6387:"Oxidative stress and epigenetic instability in human hepatocarcinogenesis"
6371:
6336:
6287:
6274:
Shacter E, Weitzman SA (February 2002). "Chronic inflammation and cancer".
6195:
6112:
6045:
5996:
5988:
5960:
5911:
5845:
5826:
5794:
5750:
5664:
5621:
5572:
5523:
5417:
5360:
5331:
Medzhitov R (July 2008). "Origin and physiological roles of inflammation".
5310:
5261:
4860:
4806:
4758:
4637:
4590:
4483:
4383:
4334:
4202:
4123:
3903:
3883:
3867:
3858:
3781:
3777:
3750:
3746:
3673:
3582:
3232:
deficiency, for example, causes an increase in inflammatory responses, and
3188:
3049:
2846:
Inflammation resulting in a large increase in vascular permeability allows
2825:
2728:
2440:
2341:
2334:
2298:
2260:
2154:
2045:
1885:
1847:
1784:
1748:
1732:
1720:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1582:
1578:
1405:
1339:
1323:
1265:
731:
696:
691:
666:
351:
320:
316:
183:
8472:
8073:
8056:
8018:
7651:
7630:
Greenhalgh DG (September 1998). "The role of apoptosis in wound healing".
7033:
6865:
6837:
6253:
5707:
5399:
5243:
5034:
4930:
4348:
Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. (January 2018).
3854:
Inflammation often affects the numbers of leukocytes present in the body:
2337:
bleach within the phagolysosomes then kill microbes inside the phagocyte.
1719:
Acute inflammation is characterized by marked vascular changes, including
9972:
9838:
9719:
9714:
9690:
8870:
8319:
8302:
7109:"Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection"
4299:
Ferrero-Miliani L, Nielsen OH, Andersen PS, Girardin SE (February 2007).
4232:
4217:
4168:
3971:
3924:
3916:
3797:
3649:
3637:
3547:
3237:
3217:
3209:
3165:
3094:
2887:
2833:
2640:
2632:
2410:
2353:
2330:
2302:
2158:
2080:
1744:
1689:
1681:
1621:
1605:
1401:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1281:
1273:
780:
755:
745:
716:
440:
359:
7132:
6177:
5925:
Gunn L, Ding C, Liu M, Ma Y, Qi C, Cai Y, et al. (September 2012).
5893:
5656:
5352:
2224:
to prevent them from leaving the site. A variety of molecules behave as
2083:, whereas chronic inflammation is mediated by mononuclear cells such as
1764:, when activated, creates a cascade of chemical reactions that promotes
1436:
Common signs and symptoms that develop during chronic inflammation are:
10004:
9847:
9843:
9819:
9748:
9729:
9532:
9285:
9191:
9091:
9045:
9035:
8986:
8876:
8840:
6997:
6186:
6103:
4350:"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs"
4153:
4138:
4055:
4034:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3863:
3842:
3769:
3677:
3653:
3498:
3269:
3160:
3104:
2946:
2806:
2769:
2713:
2694:
2688:
2668:
2662:
2636:
2626:
2600:
2594:
2576:
2211:
2200:
2167:
2162:
2088:
2033:
2025:
1975:
1917:
1840:
1769:
1740:
1697:
1657:
1609:
1598:
1498:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1362:) is probably the result of a neurological reflex in response to pain.
1335:
1261:
1176:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1107:
950:
946:
790:
785:
775:
706:
701:
686:
556:
451:
402:
270:
179:
66:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
8698:
8098:"Reconceptualizing major depressive disorder as an infectious disease"
6806:
6403:
6386:
5292:
4733:
4298:
4095:
4050:
occurs in these areas of damage, forming a scar composed primarily of
3862:
per microliter. Bacterial infection usually results in an increase of
2305:
the plasma membrane containing the PRR-PAMP complex, and the microbe.
445:
9859:
9802:
9724:
9651:
9632:
9590:
9295:
9190:
9050:
8934:
8929:
8652:
6966:
5808:
Ungefroren H, Sebens S, Seidl D, Lehnert H, Hass R (September 2011).
4103:
3875:
3681:
3665:
3657:
3622:
3599:
3529:
3494:
3409:
3401:
3351:
3328:
3265:
3229:
3148:
3144:
3069:
2821:
2569:
2495:
2485:
2478:
2423:
2361:
2322:
2248:
2242:
2150:
2138:
2123:
2099:
2072:
2064:
2041:
1728:
1724:
1617:
1613:
1289:
1099:
942:
795:
770:
750:
721:
516:
504:
461:
386:
355:
324:
209:
7434:
7046:
6018:
Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A (July 2009).
4546:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 428.
3346:(ROS) by various intracellular inflammatory mediators. In addition,
589:
10014:
9809:
9770:
9755:
9678:
9656:
9580:
9365:
9353:
9311:
9265:
9229:
8957:
8886:
7815:
7678:
6856:
6839:
6536:
6478:
Kawanishi S, Ohnishi S, Ma N, Hiraku Y, Oikawa S, Murata M (2016).
5539:"Mast cell tryptases and chymases in inflammation and host defense"
4051:
4047:
4041:
3899:
3827:
3722:
3568:
3502:
3425:
3417:
3370:
3359:
3308:
3152:
3089:
2905:
2837:
2810:
2778:
2759:
2646:
2537:
2515:
2446:
Macrophages, monocytes, T-cells, B-cells, and tissue-resident cells
2301:
rearrangement adjacent to the plasma membrane occurs in a way that
2171:
2084:
2011:
1661:
1653:
1379:
1307:
938:
765:
760:
726:
711:
681:
671:
536:
477:
266:
166:
8382:
7403:
5635:
Libby P (19–26 December 2002). "Inflammation in atherosclerosis".
5118:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 270.
3362:
and epigenetic alterations. RNS also cause mutagenic DNA damages.
3277:
3249:
2263:
are cell wall components, including complex carbohydrates such as
2107:
1680:
the wounded area using vitamin K-dependent mechanisms and provide
1424:(COPD) are examples of diseases mediated by chronic inflammation.
1298:(PRRs), which recognize (i.e., bind) two subclasses of molecules:
9887:
9852:
9832:
9709:
9646:
9585:
9399:
9248:
9219:
9081:
8881:
7941:"Inflammation: depression fans the flames and feasts on the heat"
7351:"Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms"
6881:
Clinica
Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
4222:
4197:
3966:
3931:
3832:
3773:
3616:
3572:
3564:
3241:
2921:
2895:
2877:
2829:
2552:
Pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages in response to
2543:
2465:
2458:
2349:
2268:
2264:
1992:
1881:
1669:
1586:
1425:
1417:
676:
379:
8249:
6634:
5116:
Essentials of pahtophysiology: concepts of altered health states
4855:. National Institutes of Health – National Library of Medicine.
4106:, do not follow this convention. More examples are available at
4054:. The scar will not contain any specialized structures, such as
2722:
A group of lipids that can cause vasodilation, fever, and pain.
2449:
Elevated GM-CSF has been shown to contribute to inflammation in
2161:
wall. Inflammatory cytokines induce the immediate expression of
2146:
9557:
9545:
9290:
9241:
8741:
4099:
3976:
3871:
3765:
3054:
2974:
2929:
2847:
2785:
2681:
2499:
2461:
2404:
2314:
2295:
2179:
2175:
2029:
1685:
1590:
205:
27:
Physical effects resulting from activation of the immune system
8582:
8498:
6585:
5501:
4407:
Basic
Immunology. Functions and disorders of the immune system
3792:
Inflammation also is characterized by high systemic levels of
3660:
is engaged. These events coincide with the biosynthesis, from
3615:
Downregulation of receptor activity by high concentrations of
1696:
later on. Some of the exuded tissue fluid is also funneled by
1306:(DAMPs). PAMPs are compounds that are associated with various
9009:
8791:
7435:"Bidirectional regulation of macrophage function by TGF-beta"
6948:
6148:
5728:
4078:
3629:(MMPs) might lead to production of anti-inflammatory factors.
3342:
Inflammation also causes DNA damages due to the induction of
3336:
2318:
2310:
2291:
2259:(PAMPs). Most PAMPs that bind to endocytic PRRs and initiate
1929:
1798:, which forms a protective protein mesh over sites of injury.
1673:
1645:
1327:
1123:
1061:
983:
561:
409:
9601:
7632:
5807:
5685:
5225:
4615:
3377:. In addition, mistakes in the DNA repair process may cause
3204:
vessels due to surface receptor mutations, digest bacteria (
2964:
Examples of disorders associated with inflammation include:
2904:
Inflammation occurring near an epithelium can result in the
2502:
permeability, and a wide variety of organ-specific effects.
2255:(PRRs) that have affinity and efficacy against non-specific
1911:
to direct cells via chemotaxis to the site of inflammation.
8978:
8801:
8341:
8245:
8243:
7938:
7844:
6017:
3413:
2619:
2613:
2221:
1677:
1102:) does not cause pain unless the inflammation involves the
1095:
1052:
1048:
1019:
7939:
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Derry HM, Fagundes CP (November 2015).
7389:
7272:"Dissecting How CD4 T Cells Are Lost During HIV Infection"
6913:
6742:"HIV infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging"
6232:
Larsen GL, Henson PM (1983). "Mediators of inflammation".
5594:. Pharmacological modulation of Mast cells and Basophils.
4845:
Pahwa R, Goyal A, Bansal P, Jialal I (28 September 2021).
1571:
455:
strictly means only "urethral inflammation", but clinical
8054:
7758:
7483:
6149:
Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F (July 2008).
5382:
Mantovani A, Garlanda C (February 2023). Longo DL (ed.).
4948:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4718:
4693:
3485:
3453:
2869:
2345:
1963:
8240:
7707:
7220:
6477:
4094:
Inflammation is usually indicated by adding the suffix "
3737:
can escape the confines of the immediate tissue via the
3588:
Upregulation of anti-inflammatory molecules such as the
3469:
sm infection of its natural nonhuman primate hosts, the
3416:, and thus induce DNA methylation. DNA methylation of a
7895:
6693:
5206:
Robbins S, Cotran R, Kumar V, Abbas A, Aster J (2020).
5205:
1253:
A flowchart depicting the events of acute inflammation.
7106:
6788:
6301:
Yu Y, Cui Y, Niedernhofer LJ, Wang Y (December 2016).
5810:"Interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment"
4937:
4892:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Williams & Wilkins. 1990.
4844:
4007:
had not been conducted to confirm such relationships.
3721:
There is evidence for a link between inflammation and
3652:
to lipoxins, which initiate the termination sequence.
3581:
Downregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as
2157:
forming gradient in the inflamed tissue and along the
2130:
and can be broadly divided up into a number of steps:
1707:
966:
The classic signs and symptoms of acute inflammation:
7163:
6789:
Klatt NR, Chomont N, Douek DC, Deeks SG (July 2013).
6428:
6300:
6073:
5210:(10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier.
4098:", as shown below. However, some conditions, such as
3812:, which cause a range of systemic effects including:
3456:
is characterized not only by development of profound
3298:
2850:
to pass through the blood vessels. If an appropriate
1044:, (the traditional names of which come from Latin):
8389:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
8348:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
8307:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3878:, and parasite infestation result in an increase in
3772:
being applied specifically for bacterial sepsis and
3764:
is diagnosed. When it is due to infection, the term
2216:
Leukocytes reaching the tissue interstitium bind to
8447:"Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses"
8444:
8146:
7527:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
5147:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp.
4790:
1081:The first four (classical signs) were described by
916:
Resolution, abscess formation, chronic inflammation
810:Comparison between acute and chronic inflammation:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8428:
7348:
6074:Chiba T, Marusawa H, Ushijima T (September 2012).
5384:"Humoral Innate Immunity and Acute-Phase Proteins"
5140:
4694:Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T (1998).
4566:
4003:was under preliminary research, although rigorous
3147:, which is caused by a hypersensitive response by
1636:. These mediators vasodilate and permeabilize the
7889:
7102:
7100:
5381:
5132:
5107:
4952:
1292:. These cells possess surface receptors known as
10027:
8684:
8633:
8539:
7524:
6735:
6733:
5588:"Mast cell proteases as pharmacological targets"
3749:. An infection of the lymph vessels is known as
3656:recruitment thus ceases and programmed death by
3452:It has long been recognized that infection with
3424:may cause silencing of its downstream gene (see
2283:receptors binding to mannans and β-glucans, and
315:Inflammation is a protective response involving
8479:
8425:
8216:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
7664:
7594:
6273:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4347:
2135:Leukocyte margination and endothelial adhesion:
408:around the 14th century, which then comes from
7097:
4544:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
3434:hypermethylation of DNA repair genes in cancer
3240:. Additionally, certain illicit drugs such as
2933:Colitis (inflammation of the colon) caused by
1494:Please review the contents of the section and
1172:Please review the contents of the section and
62:Please review the contents of the article and
9617:
9176:
8832:
8757:
8207:
7349:Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM (March 2007).
6730:
5924:
4404:
4058:cells, hence functional impairment may occur.
2894:, but may be derived from blood plasma. Skin
2210:Movement of leukocytes within the tissue via
8300:
7990:"Is depression a kind of allergic reaction?"
7801:
7795:
7588:
7269:
6687:
6628:
6579:
6530:
6471:
6378:
6343:
6294:
6231:
6142:
6011:
5967:
5918:
5867:
5628:
5143:The worst of evils: man's fight against pain
5013:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
4909:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
4825:
4773:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
3753:, and infection of a lymph node is known as
2739:Macrophages, endothelial cells, some neurons
378:, and involves simultaneous destruction and
8898:
6384:
6225:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5090:Brief History of Vision and Ocular Medicine
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4292:
3930:Chronic inflammation is widely observed in
3910:
3700:
1813:
1640:, which results in the net distribution of
618:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
9624:
9610:
9183:
9169:
8764:
8750:
7629:
7049:"Natural SIV hosts: showing AIDS the door"
6349:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6263:
5476:
5086:
4884:
4882:
3220:may result in abnormal or few leukocytes.
2868:Inflammation resulting in large amount of
2195:Migration across the endothelium, known as
2094:
2036:. Thrombin can also bind to cells via the
1884:, which marks the invader as a target for
1334:). Some of the released mediators such as
1122:, is believed to have been added later by
964:
152:
8734:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
8661:
8651:
8634:Goldfine AB, Shoelson SE (January 2017).
8627:
8610:
8600:
8516:
8462:
8400:
8359:
8318:
8277:
8267:
8164:
8123:
8113:
8072:
7964:
7872:
7862:
7501:
7366:
7295:
7246:
7197:
7140:
7080:
7023:
6974:
6878:
6855:
6814:
6765:
6670:
6660:
6611:
6562:
6513:
6503:
6454:
6402:
6326:
6185:
6102:
6035:
5950:
5901:
5835:
5825:
5611:
5562:
5407:
5330:
5300:
5251:
5024:
4920:
4732:
4473:
4373:
4324:
3716:
3523:serve to terminate inflammation include:
2367:
1754:
656:List of types of inflammation by location
638:Learn how and when to remove this message
7987:
7432:
7355:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
6069:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
5852:
5481:(15th ed.). CRC Press. p. 59.
5138:
4652:
3139:An allergic reaction, formally known as
2928:
2920:
2862:), pseudomembranous tubes can be formed.
2106:
2098:
1706:
1256:
1248:
8823:
8102:Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders
6424:
6422:
6260:
5585:
5536:
5430:
5002:
5000:
4879:
4514:Etymology of inflammation by etymonline
4450:"Th1 and Th2 responses: what are they?"
3787:
3762:systemic inflammatory response syndrome
3760:When inflammation overwhelms the host,
3216:). In addition, diseases affecting the
3155:. Pre-sensitised mast cells respond by
2898:exemplify this pattern of inflammation.
2800:
2340:Phagocytic efficacy can be enhanced by
2149:, which in turn leads to production of
1572:Vasodilation and increased permeability
1330:), which manifests itself as swelling (
277:are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and
14:
10028:
8303:"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ"
7559:
7330:from the original on 26 September 2022
6429:Ding N, Maiuri AR, O'Hagan HM (2017).
5051:A massage Therapist Guide to Pathology
5047:
5006:
4902:
4896:
4698:. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders Company.
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4447:
4360:(6). Impact Journals, LLC: 7204–7218.
2554:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
1446:Depression, anxiety and mood disorders
1300:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
1040:Inflammation is characterized by five
921:Tissue destruction, fibrosis, necrosis
9605:
9164:
8745:
8678:
8640:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
8095:
7898:Perspectives on Psychological Science
6955:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
6739:
6052:
5634:
5472:
5470:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5274:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5174:InformedHealth.org [Internet]
5113:
5068:from the original on 21 December 2015
4867:from the original on 19 December 2020
4574:Inflammation and the Microcirculation
4569:"Leukocyte–Endothelial Cell Adhesion"
3705:There is evidence for a link between
3544:transforming growth factor (TGF) beta
3430:regulation of transcription in cancer
2257:microbe-associated molecular patterns
2220:proteins via expressed integrins and
2054:
1962:A complex of the complement proteins
1459:
1422:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
8189:from the original on 22 October 2021
8000:from the original on 21 October 2022
7465:from the original on 10 January 2020
6419:
6282:(2): 217–26, 229, discussion 230–2.
6213:from the original on 30 October 2022
5281:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
5277:"Inflammation and immune resolution"
4997:
4597:from the original on 21 January 2021
4541:
4398:
4305:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
3849:
3444:, a product of alcohol metabolism).
3198:
2364:elimination of the infective agent.
2071:to aid in inflammation. Some act as
1463:
1326:proteins and fluid into the tissue (
1304:damage-associated molecular patterns
1141:
831:Bacterial pathogens, injured tissues
660:
616:adding citations to reliable sources
583:
31:
7490:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
6246:10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.002003
6130:from the original on 29 August 2022
5388:The New England Journal of Medicine
5093:. Kugler Publications. p. 97.
4985:from the original on 5 October 2008
4791:Hannoodee S, Nasuruddin DN (2020).
4696:Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease
4528:
4502:
4409:(3rd ed.). Saunders/Elsevier.
3957:TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha)
3728:
3662:omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
3493:. Recent studies demonstrated that
3404:can recruit complexes that contain
2024:Cleaves the soluble plasma protein
1431:
1113:
24:
9935:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
8518:10.1161/01.CIR.0000034509.14906.AE
8301:Kershaw EE, Flier JS (June 2004).
7945:The American Journal of Psychiatry
7270:Doitsh G, Greene WC (March 2016).
6844:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
5700:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-351.x
5688:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
5467:
5445:10.1016/b978-0-323-66162-1.00008-1
5317:
5214:
4567:Granger DN, Senchenkova E (2010).
3561:specialized proresolving mediators
3299:Mediators and DNA damage in cancer
3223:
3111:
2820:Characterised by the formation of
1805:, which acts in opposition to the
1612:release vasoactive amines such as
1338:increase the sensitivity to pain (
342:Inflammation can be classified as
25:
10062:
8725:
6758:10.1146/annurev-med-042909-093756
6696:Pathology & Oncology Research
4953:Chandrasoma P, Taylor CR (2005).
4813:from the original on 15 June 2022
4583:10.4199/C00013ED1V01Y201006ISP008
4490:from the original on 12 July 2021
4193:Essential fatty acid interactions
3590:interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
3286:
1735:into the tissues, with resultant
960:
9903:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
8807:Loss of function (Functio laesa)
8771:
8228:from the original on 11 May 2021
5814:Cell Communication and Signaling
5592:European Journal of Pharmacology
5555:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00509.x
5054:(4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
4317:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03261.x
4160:
4145:
4130:
4115:
3559:Production of anti-inflammatory
3463:effective antiretroviral therapy
3414:histone methyltransferase (EZH2)
3408:(DNMTs), a histone deacetylase (
3400:). Sites of oxidative damage in
1688:lattice – as would construction
1604:Upon contact with PAMPs, tissue
1560:
1468:
1238:
1146:
1137:
588:
128:
36:
9077:Increased vascular permeability
8576:
8554:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004
8533:
8376:
8335:
8294:
8201:
8140:
8089:
8048:
8012:
7981:
7932:
7838:
7752:
7701:
7658:
7623:
7553:
7518:
7477:
7426:
7383:
7342:
7312:
7263:
7214:
7157:
7040:
7016:10.1128/JVI.72.5.3872-3886.1998
6991:
6942:
6907:
6872:
6831:
6782:
6307:Chemical Research in Toxicology
5801:
5765:
5722:
5679:
5579:
5530:
5495:
5424:
5375:
5268:
5199:
5181:
5165:
5080:
5041:
4712:
4269:
4256:
3447:
3065:Peripheral ulcerative keratitis
2251:express cell-surface endocytic
2236:
2228:, for example, C3a or C5a (the
9510:Immunoglobulin class switching
9150:List of inflammatory disorders
9129:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
8022:Journal of Affective Disorders
7957:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020152
6319:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00265
5505:Itch: Mechanisms and Treatment
5439:, Elsevier, pp. 137–153,
5437:Present Knowledge in Nutrition
4721:Journal of Theoretical Biology
4609:
4560:
4441:
4431:"Inflammation and Your Health"
4423:
4341:
3776:specifically to viral sepsis.
3594:tumor necrosis factor receptor
3260:Inflammation orchestrates the
1743:to marginate (move) along the
1496:add the appropriate references
1440:Body pain, arthralgia, myalgia
1370:activated by bacteria and the
1174:add the appropriate references
865:Vasoactive amines, eicosanoids
652:List of inflammatory disorders
312:is specific to each pathogen.
64:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
9631:
8542:Journal of Applied Physiology
8166:10.1080/13607863.2021.1989375
7988:Williams C (4 January 2015).
7781:10.1126/science.289.5482.1202
7644:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00058-2
7451:10.1016/S1286-4579(99)00257-9
7433:Ashcroft GS (December 1999).
6604:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-0056
6151:"Cancer-related inflammation"
4963:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
4793:"Acute Inflammatory Response"
4285:
4108:List of types of inflammation
3605:Desensitization of receptors.
3517:
3491:National Institutes of Health
3214:chronic granulomatous disease
3171:
3045:Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
2253:pattern recognition receptors
2032:, which aggregates to form a
1295:pattern recognition receptors
1086:
443:, words ending in the suffix
231:: up to many months, or years
195:Heat, pain, redness, swelling
8256:Journal of Neuroinflammation
8208:Ramanlal R, Gupta V (2021).
7239:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.011
6364:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.016
6095:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.009
5868:Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002).
5604:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.045
5479:Muir's Textbook of Pathology
4890:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
4630:10.1016/j.autneu.2013.06.001
3010:Familial Mediterranean Fever
2916:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2764:
2757:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2631:
2624:
2611:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2548:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2344:. Plasma derived complement
2290:Upon endocytic PRR binding,
2016:
2009:
1997:
1990:
1954:
1947:
1927:
1915:
1899:
1892:
1864:
1857:
1845:
1838:
1443:Chronic fatigue and insomnia
1264:showing granulation tissue.
1108:pain-sensitive nerve endings
7:
6928:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.008
6740:Deeks SG (1 January 2011).
6447:10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.09.005
6234:Annual Review of Immunology
5208:Pathologic basis of disease
4175:
4089:
4020:
3870:, whereas diseases such as
3768:is applied, with the terms
3707:inflammation and depression
3060:Pelvic inflammatory disease
3030:Inflammatory bowel diseases
2818:Granulomatous inflammation:
2656:5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid
2188:G protein-coupled receptors
1481:reliable medical references
1159:reliable medical references
904:Up to many months, or years
49:reliable medical references
10:
10067:
9339:Polyclonal B cell response
8210:"Physiology, Vasodilation"
7609:10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.014
7288:10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.012
6385:Nishida N, Kudo M (2013).
5087:Vogel WH, Berke A (2009).
4751:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.04.044
3552:Production and release of
3542:Production and release of
3365:A normal cell may undergo
3134:
3115:
2240:
2115:
1727:level, progressing to the
1393:
1389:
649:
515:Foreign bodies, including
396:
9943:
9868:
9639:
9573:
9531:
9473:
9374:
9304:
9212:
9205:
9137:
9104:
9059:
9026:
8945:
8906:
8897:
8831:
8822:
8815:
8779:
8269:10.1186/s12974-016-0530-x
8153:Aging & Mental Health
8034:10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.001
7562:Journal of Periodontology
6893:10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.025
6746:Annual Review of Medicine
6708:10.1007/s12253-014-9762-1
6555:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.012
6505:10.1186/s41021-016-0055-7
5870:"Inflammation and cancer"
5787:10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.020
5731:Cardiovascular Toxicology
4366:10.18632/oncotarget.23208
3927:and other organ systems.
3800:. These proteins include
3627:matrix metalloproteinases
3602:of pro-inflammatory cells
3398:DNA methylation in cancer
3356:reactive nitrogen species
3255:
2985:Autoinflammatory diseases
1601:), into inflamed tissue.
1487:or relies too heavily on
1165:or relies too heavily on
945:promote the migration of
814:
491:
486:type III hypersensitivity
235:
219:
199:
189:
173:
160:
151:
146:
55:or relies too heavily on
8833:Plasma-derived mediators
8736:Medical Subject Headings
7910:10.1177/1745691612455204
7864:10.1186/1741-7015-11-200
5943:10.4049/jimmunol.1200846
5775:Biochemical Pharmacology
5537:Caughey GH (June 2007).
5232:The Journal of Nutrition
4903:Rather LJ (March 1971).
4466:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.424
4448:Berger A (August 2000).
4249:
4243:Endothelial Cell Tropism
3962:CRP (C-reactive protein)
3911:Interleukins and obesity
3701:Connection to depression
3206:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
3020:Hidradenitis suppurativa
2902:Ulcerative inflammation:
2860:pseudomembranous colitis
2491:Mast cells and basophils
1978:, and multiple units of
1814:Plasma-derived mediators
928:
579:
541:Immune reactions due to
393:(Th1 and Th2) involved.
10010:Microbiological culture
9640:Principles of pathology
9087:Leukocyte extravasation
8589:Journal of Inflammation
8402:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8104
7730:10.1126/science.1069659
7574:10.1902/jop.2008.080231
7276:Cell Host & Microbe
7190:10.1126/science.1243640
7073:10.1126/science.1217550
6662:10.1073/pnas.1717340115
5586:Caughey GH (May 2016).
4228:Neurogenic inflammation
4083:reactive oxygen species
4081:they release—including
4015:cardiovascular diseases
3344:reactive oxygen species
3193:inclusion body myositis
3177:Inflammatory myopathies
3141:type 1 hypersensitivity
2951:immune system disorders
2844:Fibrinous inflammation:
2813:bacteria are involved.
2327:reactive oxygen species
2118:Leukocyte extravasation
2095:Leukocyte extravasation
1984:membrane attack complex
1950:Membrane attack complex
1585:, containing important
9453:Tolerance in pregnancy
9195:adaptive immune system
8899:Cell-derived mediators
8602:10.1186/1476-9255-7-35
8464:10.1096/fasebj.12.1.57
8361:10.1210/jcem.85.9.6839
8115:10.1186/2045-5380-4-10
7597:Seminars in Immunology
7539:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1455
7503:10.1074/jbc.M004536200
7439:Microbes and Infection
7368:10.1038/sj.jid.5700701
5989:10.1002/bies.200800138
5827:10.1186/1478-811X-9-18
5275:Taams LS (July 2018).
4847:"Chronic Inflammation"
4618:Autonomic Neuroscience
3952:IL-18 (Interleukin-18)
3915:With the discovery of
3717:Connection to delirium
3698:
3640:promote the switch of
3534:inflammatory mediators
3406:DNA methyltransferases
2959:ischemic heart disease
2938:
2926:
2866:Purulent inflammation:
2451:inflammatory arthritis
2368:Cell-derived mediators
2113:
2104:
1755:Plasma cascade systems
1716:
1702:adaptive immune system
1414:cardiovascular disease
1382:(e.g., burn, trauma).
1318:) and increased heat (
1269:
1254:
512:, blunt or penetrating
260:
9973:Diagnostic immunology
9798:Programmed cell death
9766:Liquefactive necrosis
9488:Somatic hypermutation
9322:Polyclonal antibodies
9317:Monoclonal antibodies
8948:synthesized on demand
8074:10.1038/sj.mp.4001805
6795:Immunological Reviews
6484:Genes and Environment
6037:10.1093/carcin/bgp127
5931:Journal of Immunology
5543:Immunological Reviews
5477:Herrington S (2014).
5400:10.1056/NEJMra2206346
5244:10.3945/jn.114.194571
4208:Inflammatory cytokine
3921:systemic inflammation
3919:(IL), the concept of
3633:
3388:, 10–20 of which are
3035:Interstitial cystitis
2932:
2924:
2765:Primarily macrophages
2374:* non-exhaustive list
2358:complement receptor 1
2110:
2102:
2028:to produce insoluble
1941:conformational change
1820:* non-exhaustive list
1710:
1260:
1252:
457:health care providers
426:is not a synonym for
9968:Medical microbiology
9963:Transfusion medicine
9920:Immunohistochemistry
9870:Anatomical pathology
9761:Coagulative necrosis
9505:Junctional diversity
9273:Antigen presentation
9067:Acute-phase reaction
8320:10.1210/jc.2004-0395
8061:Molecular Psychiatry
7326:. 19 December 2013.
4069:Chronic inflammation
3989:white adipose tissue
3947:IL-8 (Interleukin-8)
3939:IL-6 (Interleukin-6)
3794:acute-phase proteins
3788:Acute-phase proteins
3610:extracellular matrix
3100:Transplant rejection
3085:Rheumatoid arthritis
2884:Serous inflammation:
2801:Morphologic patterns
2498:dilation, increased
2307:Phosphatidylinositol
2218:extracellular matrix
1396:Chronic inflammation
1376:fibrinolysis systems
843:Major cells involved
612:improve this section
372:chronic inflammation
269:, damaged cells, or
9925:Electron microscopy
9893:Molecular pathology
9771:Gangrenous necrosis
9703:Cellular adaptation
9500:V(D)J recombination
9483:Affinity maturation
9235:Antigenic variation
7773:2000Sci...289.1202M
7722:2002Sci...296..155T
7568:(8 Suppl): 1520–6.
7392:Nature Cell Biology
7182:2014Sci...343..428M
7133:10.1038/nature12940
7125:2014Natur.505..509D
7065:2012Sci...335.1188C
7004:Journal of Virology
6653:2018PNAS..115.1328Y
6496:2016GeneE..38...26K
6178:10.1038/nature07205
6170:2008Natur.454..436M
5894:10.1038/nature01322
5886:2002Natur.420..860C
5657:10.1038/nature01323
5649:2002Natur.420..868L
5353:10.1038/nature07201
5345:2008Natur.454..428M
5139:Dormandy T (2006).
4743:2004PhDT.......405K
4516:. 28 September 2017
4213:Inflammatory reflex
4188:Anti-inflammatories
3906:, and some cancers.
3735:infectious organism
2995:Chronic prostatitis
2980:Autoimmune diseases
2285:scavenger receptors
2273:lipopolysaccharides
2199:via the process of
2184:signal transduction
2000:Fibrinolysis system
1872:Cleaves to produce
1803:fibrinolysis system
1776:, and produces the
1455:Frequent infections
1452:Weight gain or loss
967:
955:Toll-like receptors
811:
482:autoimmune diseases
329:periodontal disease
245:autoimmune disorder
214:autoimmune diseases
9953:Clinical chemistry
9945:Clinical pathology
9930:Immunofluorescence
9898:Forensic pathology
9878:Surgical pathology
9786:Fibrinoid necrosis
9124:C-reactive protein
7324:clinicaltrials.gov
6916:Immunology Letters
6391:Digestive Diseases
5743:10.1385/CT:3:2:141
5431:Ferland G (2020),
5238:(5): 1039S–1108S.
5193:www.britannica.com
5007:Rather LJ (1971).
4011:C-reactive protein
3993:insulin resistance
3802:C-reactive protein
3739:circulatory system
3390:"driver mutations"
3181:systemic sclerosis
3129:C-reactive protein
3075:Reperfusion injury
3025:Hypersensitivities
3015:Glomerulonephritis
2943:allergic reactions
2939:
2927:
2114:
2105:
2061:cellular component
2055:Cellular component
2019:Coagulation system
1937:basement membranes
1807:coagulation system
1792:coagulation system
1717:
1460:Vascular component
1270:
1255:
1106:, which does have
1077:(loss of function)
965:
809:
526:Ionizing radiation
10041:Animal physiology
10023:
10022:
9990:Mass spectrometry
9599:
9598:
9527:
9526:
9277:professional APCs
9158:
9157:
9100:
9099:
9022:
9021:
9018:
9017:
8918:Lysosome granules
8699:10.1111/obr.12003
8159:(10): 2054–2061.
7804:Nature Immunology
7233:(10): 1555–1563.
7059:(6073): 1188–93.
6807:10.1111/imr.12065
6598:(13): 3467–3478.
6435:Mutation Research
6404:10.1159/000355243
6313:(12): 2008–2039.
5515:978-1-4665-0543-8
5488:978-1-4441-8499-0
5454:978-0-323-66162-1
5339:(7203): 428–435.
5293:10.1111/cei.13155
5158:978-0-300-11322-8
5125:978-0-7817-7087-3
5100:978-90-6299-220-1
5061:978-0-7817-6919-8
5048:Werner R (2009).
4970:978-0-8385-1499-3
4960:Concise Pathology
4705:978-0-7216-7335-6
4553:978-1-4160-4574-8
4416:978-1-4160-4688-2
4062:Abscess formation
3850:Leukocyte numbers
3694:Charles N. Serhan
3438:tobacco chemicals
3375:inaccurate repair
3274:cancer immunology
3234:anti-inflammatory
3199:Leukocyte defects
2798:
2797:
2521:T-cells, NK cells
2398:Lysosome granules
2052:
2051:
1957:Complement system
1902:Complement system
1867:Complement system
1762:complement system
1569:
1568:
1545:
1368:complement system
1247:
1246:
1223:
1038:
1037:
926:
925:
860:Primary mediators
806:
805:
648:
647:
640:
519:, dirt and debris
466:medical diagnosis
376:mononuclear cells
310:adaptive immunity
250:
249:
163:allergic reaction
141:Medical condition
137:
136:
113:
16:(Redirected from
10058:
10051:Human physiology
9910:Gross processing
9776:Caseous necrosis
9626:
9619:
9612:
9603:
9602:
9493:Clonal selection
9465:Immune privilege
9460:Immunodeficiency
9415:Cross-reactivity
9405:Hypersensitivity
9210:
9209:
9185:
9178:
9171:
9162:
9161:
9112:Full blood count
9041:Epithelioid cell
8950:
8911:
8904:
8903:
8829:
8828:
8820:
8819:
8797:Swelling (Tumor)
8787:Flushing (Rubor)
8766:
8759:
8752:
8743:
8742:
8719:
8718:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8665:
8655:
8653:10.1172/jci88884
8631:
8625:
8624:
8614:
8604:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8537:
8531:
8530:
8520:
8496:
8477:
8476:
8466:
8442:
8423:
8422:
8404:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8363:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8322:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8281:
8271:
8247:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8168:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8127:
8117:
8096:Canli T (2014).
8093:
8087:
8086:
8076:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8016:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8005:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7968:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7876:
7866:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7767:(5482): 1202–6.
7756:
7750:
7749:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7505:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7370:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7299:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7250:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7201:
7176:(6169): 428–32.
7161:
7155:
7154:
7144:
7119:(7484): 509–14.
7104:
7095:
7094:
7084:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7027:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6978:
6967:10.1172/JCI44876
6946:
6940:
6939:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6859:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6818:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6769:
6737:
6728:
6727:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6674:
6664:
6647:(6): 1328–1333.
6632:
6626:
6625:
6615:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6507:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6458:
6426:
6417:
6416:
6406:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6330:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6271:
6258:
6257:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6212:
6189:
6164:(7203): 436–44.
6155:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6129:
6106:
6083:Gastroenterology
6080:
6071:
6050:
6049:
6039:
6015:
6009:
6008:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5905:
5865:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5829:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5643:(6917): 868–74.
5632:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5566:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5474:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5411:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5328:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5223:
5212:
5211:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5195:. 11 March 2024.
5185:
5179:
5178:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5146:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5114:Porth C (2007).
5111:
5105:
5104:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4950:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4842:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4788:
4771:
4770:
4736:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4691:
4650:
4649:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4477:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4377:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4296:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4266:of inflammation.
4260:
4238:Stress (biology)
4164:
4152:Acute infective
4149:
4134:
4119:
3898:infection, some
3838:Loss of appetite
3743:lymphatic system
3729:Systemic effects
3696:
3642:arachidonic acid
3484:Delineating how
3477:sm infection of
3458:immunodeficiency
3394:DNA methylations
3352:phagocytic cells
3262:microenvironment
2892:serous membranes
2379:
2378:
2376:
2287:binding to LPS.
2226:chemoattractants
2197:transmigration,
2174:ligands such as
1825:
1824:
1822:
1796:clotting cascade
1626:prostaglandin E2
1564:
1563:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1503:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1181:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1120:loss of function
1118:The fifth sign,
1114:Loss of function
1091:
1088:
1027:Loss of function
968:
922:
917:
905:
900:
888:
883:
871:
866:
854:
849:
837:
832:
812:
808:
661:
643:
636:
632:
629:
623:
592:
584:
543:hypersensitivity
279:loss of function
156:
144:
143:
132:
131:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
40:
39:
32:
21:
18:Pro-inflammatory
10066:
10065:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10026:
10025:
10024:
10019:
9978:Immunopathology
9958:Hematopathology
9939:
9864:
9635:
9630:
9600:
9595:
9569:
9523:
9469:
9448:Clonal deletion
9376:
9370:
9300:
9201:
9189:
9159:
9154:
9145:Lymphadenopathy
9133:
9096:
9055:
9014:
8946:
8941:
8924:biogenic amines
8907:
8893:
8811:
8775:
8770:
8728:
8723:
8722:
8687:Obesity Reviews
8683:
8679:
8632:
8628:
8581:
8577:
8538:
8534:
8511:(16): 2067–72.
8497:
8480:
8443:
8426:
8381:
8377:
8340:
8336:
8299:
8295:
8248:
8241:
8231:
8229:
8206:
8202:
8192:
8190:
8145:
8141:
8094:
8090:
8053:
8049:
8017:
8013:
8003:
8001:
7986:
7982:
7951:(11): 1075–91.
7937:
7933:
7894:
7890:
7843:
7839:
7800:
7796:
7757:
7753:
7716:(5565): 155–8.
7706:
7702:
7667:Nature Medicine
7663:
7659:
7628:
7624:
7593:
7589:
7558:
7554:
7523:
7519:
7496:(47): 36653–8.
7482:
7478:
7468:
7466:
7445:(15): 1275–82.
7431:
7427:
7388:
7384:
7347:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7268:
7264:
7219:
7215:
7162:
7158:
7105:
7098:
7045:
7041:
6996:
6992:
6947:
6943:
6912:
6908:
6877:
6873:
6836:
6832:
6787:
6783:
6738:
6731:
6692:
6688:
6633:
6629:
6592:Cancer Research
6584:
6580:
6535:
6531:
6476:
6472:
6427:
6420:
6397:(5–6): 447–53.
6383:
6379:
6348:
6344:
6299:
6295:
6272:
6261:
6230:
6226:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6078:
6072:
6053:
6016:
6012:
5972:
5968:
5923:
5919:
5880:(6917): 860–7.
5866:
5853:
5806:
5802:
5770:
5766:
5727:
5723:
5684:
5680:
5633:
5629:
5584:
5580:
5535:
5531:
5516:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5475:
5468:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5429:
5425:
5380:
5376:
5329:
5318:
5273:
5269:
5224:
5215:
5204:
5200:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5062:
5046:
5042:
5005:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4971:
4951:
4938:
4901:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4843:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4789:
4774:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4692:
4653:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4542:Hall J (2011).
4540:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4446:
4442:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4403:
4399:
4346:
4342:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4156:
4150:
4141:
4135:
4126:
4120:
4092:
4071:
4064:
4045:
4032:
4023:
4005:clinical trials
4001:atherosclerosis
3997:type 2 diabetes
3981:
3913:
3852:
3847:
3810:serum amyloid P
3806:serum amyloid A
3790:
3731:
3719:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3632:
3592:or the soluble
3577:neuroprotectins
3520:
3450:
3422:promoter region
3307:, inflammatory
3301:
3289:
3258:
3226:
3224:Pharmacological
3201:
3185:dermatomyositis
3174:
3137:
3120:
3118:Atherosclerosis
3114:
3112:Atherosclerosis
3109:
3080:Rheumatic fever
2955:atherosclerosis
2935:Crohn's disease
2919:
2856:serous cavities
2803:
2372:
2370:
2245:
2239:
2186:via respective
2120:
2097:
2057:
1909:chemoattractant
1818:
1816:
1757:
1713:ingrown toenail
1595:immunoglobulins
1574:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1504:
1493:
1489:primary sources
1473:
1469:
1462:
1434:
1398:
1392:
1278:dendritic cells
1243:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1182:
1171:
1167:primary sources
1151:
1147:
1140:
1128:Thomas Sydenham
1116:
1104:parietal pleura
1089:
963:
931:
920:
915:
903:
898:
886:
881:
869:
864:
852:
847:
835:
830:
826:Causative agent
807:
658:
644:
633:
627:
624:
609:
593:
582:
577:
570:Psychological:
510:Physical injury
494:
470:atherosclerosis
399:
382:of the tissue.
364:vascular system
358:(in particular
333:atherosclerosis
306:innate immunity
241:physical injury
227:
142:
133:
129:
124:
118:
115:
72:
61:
57:primary sources
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10064:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
10000:Flow cytometry
9997:
9995:Chromatography
9992:
9987:
9981:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9949:
9947:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9915:Histopathology
9912:
9906:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9874:
9872:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9850:
9841:
9829:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9753:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9737:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9682:
9681:
9671:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9636:
9629:
9628:
9621:
9614:
9606:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9568:
9567:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9537:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9521:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9479:
9477:
9475:Immunogenetics
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9423:
9422:
9420:Co-stimulation
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9380:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9363:
9361:Immune complex
9357:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9308:
9306:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9281:Dendritic cell
9269:
9268:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9259:Conformational
9256:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9216:
9214:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9188:
9187:
9180:
9173:
9165:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9108:
9106:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9032:
9030:
9024:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9007:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8998:Prostaglandins
8995:
8993:Leukotriene B4
8983:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8953:
8951:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8920:
8914:
8912:
8901:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8843:
8837:
8835:
8826:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8776:
8769:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8746:
8740:
8739:
8727:
8726:External links
8724:
8721:
8720:
8677:
8626:
8575:
8548:(4): 1154–62.
8532:
8478:
8424:
8395:(12): 5864–9.
8375:
8354:(9): 3338–42.
8334:
8313:(6): 2548–56.
8293:
8239:
8200:
8139:
8088:
8047:
8011:
7980:
7931:
7888:
7837:
7816:10.1038/ni1276
7810:(12): 1191–7.
7794:
7751:
7700:
7679:10.1038/nm1315
7673:(11): 1173–9.
7657:
7638:(9): 1019–30.
7622:
7587:
7552:
7517:
7476:
7425:
7382:
7341:
7311:
7262:
7213:
7156:
7096:
7039:
7010:(5): 3872–86.
6990:
6961:(3): 1102–10.
6941:
6906:
6871:
6857:10.1086/515629
6830:
6781:
6729:
6686:
6627:
6578:
6529:
6470:
6418:
6377:
6358:(1–2): 26–47.
6352:Cancer Letters
6342:
6293:
6259:
6224:
6141:
6089:(3): 550–563.
6051:
6030:(7): 1073–81.
6024:Carcinogenesis
6010:
5966:
5937:(6): 2985–94.
5917:
5851:
5800:
5781:(6): 1025–33.
5764:
5721:
5678:
5627:
5578:
5529:
5514:
5494:
5487:
5466:
5453:
5423:
5394:(5): 439–452.
5374:
5316:
5267:
5213:
5198:
5180:
5164:
5157:
5131:
5124:
5106:
5099:
5079:
5060:
5040:
5019:(3): 303–322.
4996:
4969:
4936:
4895:
4878:
4824:
4772:
4711:
4704:
4651:
4608:
4559:
4552:
4527:
4510:"inflammation"
4501:
4440:
4422:
4415:
4397:
4340:
4311:(2): 227–235.
4290:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4264:cardinal signs
4254:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4114:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4066:
4059:
4038:
4022:
4019:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:blood pressure
3818:
3814:
3789:
3786:
3730:
3727:
3718:
3715:
3702:
3699:
3690:
3646:prostaglandins
3631:
3630:
3619:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3586:
3579:
3557:
3554:interleukin 10
3550:
3540:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3479:rhesus macaque
3471:sooty mangabey
3449:
3446:
3386:coding regions
3367:carcinogenesis
3305:prostaglandins
3300:
3297:
3293:Rudolf Virchow
3288:
3287:Role in cancer
3285:
3257:
3254:
3225:
3222:
3208:), or produce
3200:
3197:
3183:, and include
3173:
3170:
3136:
3133:
3116:Main article:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Diverticulitis
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Celiac disease
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2881:
2863:
2852:procoagulative
2841:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2756:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2710:
2707:Prostaglandins
2702:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2671:, cancer cells
2666:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2630:
2623:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:, cancer cells
2598:
2591:
2588:Leukotriene B4
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2455:osteoarthritis
2447:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2369:
2366:
2277:peptidoglycans
2241:Main article:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:anaphylatoxins
2207:
2192:
2116:Main article:
2096:
2093:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1926:
1923:Hageman Factor
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1799:
1788:
1781:
1756:
1753:
1749:shearing force
1630:leukotriene B4
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1510:"Inflammation"
1476:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1433:
1432:Cardinal signs
1430:
1394:Main article:
1391:
1388:
1386:been removed.
1245:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1188:"Inflammation"
1154:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1132:Rudolf Virchow
1115:
1112:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1042:cardinal signs
1036:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:
992:
988:
987:
980:
976:
975:
972:
962:
961:Cardinal signs
959:
930:
927:
924:
923:
918:
913:
907:
906:
901:
896:
890:
889:
884:
879:
873:
872:
867:
862:
856:
855:
850:
845:
839:
838:
833:
828:
822:
821:
818:
815:
804:
803:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
659:
646:
645:
596:
594:
587:
581:
578:
576:
575:
568:
567:
564:
559:
549:
548:
545:
539:
529:
528:
523:
520:
513:
507:
502:
495:
493:
490:
417:inflammationem
398:
395:
391:helper T cells
337:osteoarthritis
275:cardinal signs
248:
247:
237:
233:
232:
221:
217:
216:
203:
197:
196:
193:
187:
186:
177:
171:
170:
158:
157:
149:
148:
140:
135:
134:
127:
125:
78:"Inflammation"
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10063:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10046:Inflammations
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9942:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9883:Cytopathology
9881:
9879:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9867:
9861:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9830:
9828:
9827:Accumulations
9825:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9697:
9696:Wound healing
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9672:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9622:
9620:
9615:
9613:
9608:
9607:
9604:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9572:
9566:
9563:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9520:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9443:Clonal anergy
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9333:
9332:Microantibody
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9303:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9211:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9193:
9186:
9181:
9179:
9174:
9172:
9167:
9166:
9163:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9103:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9025:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8944:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8896:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8792:Fever (Calor)
8790:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8767:
8762:
8760:
8755:
8753:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8693:(3): 232–44.
8692:
8688:
8681:
8673:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8630:
8622:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8579:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8536:
8528:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8474:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8451:FASEB Journal
8448:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8379:
8371:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8338:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8297:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8246:
8244:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8143:
8135:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8092:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8051:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8015:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7984:
7976:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7904:(5): 427–49.
7903:
7899:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7798:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7661:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7603:(3): 149–60.
7602:
7598:
7591:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7556:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7513:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7480:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7404:10.1038/12971
7401:
7397:
7393:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7361:(3): 514–25.
7360:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7282:(3): 280–91.
7281:
7277:
7273:
7266:
7258:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7101:
7092:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6850:(2): 423–30.
6849:
6845:
6841:
6834:
6826:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6801:(1): 326–42.
6800:
6796:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6736:
6734:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6702:(4): 839–46.
6701:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6582:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6549:(5): 606–19.
6548:
6544:
6540:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6423:
6414:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5983:(6): 629–41.
5982:
5978:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5768:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5737:(2): 141–51.
5736:
5732:
5725:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5694:(6): 578–84.
5693:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5549:(1): 141–54.
5548:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5471:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5209:
5202:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5135:
5127:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5083:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
5001:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4915:(3): 303–22.
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4734:q-bio/0404034
4730:
4727:(2): 145–55.
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4460:(7258): 424.
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4291:
4277:
4276:Functio laesa
4272:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Anaphylatoxin
4181:
4180:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4075:chronic wound
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Blood glucose
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3755:lymphadenitis
3752:
3748:
3747:lymph vessels
3744:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3157:degranulating
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:atherogenesis
3119:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Lichen planus
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Acne vulgaris
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:staphylococci
2871:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:C-type lectin
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:proteoglycans
2153:that bind to
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:extravasation
2125:
2119:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:extravasation
2066:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:agglutination
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:blood vessels
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:, as well as
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512: –
1511:
1507:
1506:Find sources:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:This section
1475:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:activated by
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1360:functio laesa
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1286:Kupffer cells
1283:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1266:H&E stain
1263:
1259:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190: –
1189:
1185:
1184:Find sources:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:This section
1153:
1144:
1143:
1138:Acute process
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1076:
1075:Functio laesa
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1032:Functio laesa
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
969:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
919:
914:
912:
909:
908:
902:
897:
895:
892:
891:
885:
880:
878:
875:
874:
868:
863:
861:
858:
857:
851:
846:
844:
841:
840:
834:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
813:
802:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
738:
737:Periodontitis
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:
657:
653:
642:
639:
631:
621:
617:
613:
607:
606:
602:
597:This section
595:
591:
586:
585:
573:
572:
571:
565:
563:
560:
558:
554:
553:
552:
546:
544:
540:
538:
535:Infection by
534:
533:
532:
527:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
411:
407:
404:
394:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:immune system
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:blood vessels
318:
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
299:functio laesa
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
202:
201:Complications
198:
194:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
150:
145:
139:
126:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
9985:Enzyme assay
9831:
9826:
9815:Karyorrhexis
9791:Myocytolysis
9781:Fat necrosis
9686:Inflammation
9685:
9674:Hemodynamics
9667:Pathogenesis
9410:Inflammation
9409:
9395:Alloimmunity
9390:Autoimmunity
9375:Immunity vs.
9327:Autoantibody
9225:Superantigen
9117:Leukocytosis
9072:Vasodilation
9005:Nitric oxide
8985:
8956:
8947:
8922:
8908:
8869:
8845:
8802:Pain (Dolor)
8773:Inflammation
8772:
8732:Inflammation
8690:
8686:
8680:
8646:(1): 83–93.
8643:
8639:
8629:
8592:
8588:
8578:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8508:
8504:
8457:(1): 57–65.
8454:
8450:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8351:
8347:
8337:
8310:
8306:
8296:
8259:
8255:
8232:22 September
8230:. Retrieved
8213:
8203:
8191:. Retrieved
8156:
8152:
8142:
8105:
8101:
8091:
8067:(7): 680–4.
8064:
8060:
8050:
8028:(3): 214–7.
8025:
8021:
8014:
8002:. Retrieved
7994:The Guardian
7993:
7983:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7854:
7851:BMC Medicine
7850:
7840:
7807:
7803:
7797:
7764:
7760:
7754:
7713:
7709:
7703:
7670:
7666:
7660:
7635:
7631:
7625:
7600:
7596:
7590:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7533:(1): 194–9.
7530:
7526:
7520:
7493:
7489:
7479:
7469:11 September
7467:. Retrieved
7442:
7438:
7428:
7398:(5): 260–6.
7395:
7391:
7385:
7358:
7354:
7344:
7332:. Retrieved
7323:
7314:
7279:
7275:
7265:
7230:
7227:Cell Reports
7226:
7216:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7116:
7112:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7007:
7003:
6993:
6958:
6954:
6944:
6922:(2): 184–8.
6919:
6915:
6909:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6749:
6745:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6644:
6640:
6630:
6595:
6591:
6581:
6546:
6542:
6532:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6438:
6434:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6279:
6275:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6215:. Retrieved
6161:
6157:
6144:
6132:. Retrieved
6086:
6082:
6027:
6023:
6013:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5877:
5873:
5817:
5813:
5803:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5504:
5497:
5478:
5458:, retrieved
5436:
5426:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5336:
5332:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5235:
5231:
5207:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5173:
5167:
5142:
5134:
5115:
5109:
5089:
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5050:
5043:
5016:
5012:
4987:. Retrieved
4959:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4889:
4869:. Retrieved
4850:
4815:. Retrieved
4796:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4695:
4624:(2): 280–5.
4621:
4617:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4573:
4562:
4543:
4518:. Retrieved
4513:
4504:
4492:. Retrieved
4457:
4453:
4443:
4435:Cedars-Sinai
4434:
4425:
4406:
4400:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4275:
4271:
4258:
4203:Inflammaging
4124:appendicitis
4093:
4068:
4061:
4040:
4029:
4024:
4009:
3986:
3982:
3929:
3917:interleukins
3914:
3904:tuberculosis
3893:
3884:eosinophilia
3868:neutrophilia
3859:Leukocytosis
3853:
3791:
3782:septic shock
3778:Vasodilation
3759:
3751:lymphangitis
3732:
3720:
3711:
3704:
3674:phagocytosis
3650:leukotrienes
3638:granulocytes
3634:
3621:Cleavage of
3583:leukotrienes
3536:
3521:
3483:
3451:
3448:HIV and AIDS
3442:acetaldehyde
3383:
3364:
3341:
3302:
3290:
3282:
3259:
3227:
3210:microbicides
3202:
3189:polymyositis
3175:
3159:, releasing
3138:
3121:
3050:Mastocytosis
2963:
2949:, with many
2940:
2901:
2883:
2865:
2851:
2843:
2826:tuberculosis
2817:
2809:surface, or
2804:
2784:
2777:
2758:
2747:
2734:
2729:Nitric oxide
2727:
2712:
2705:
2687:
2680:
2661:
2654:
2645:These three
2625:
2618:
2612:
2593:
2586:
2568:
2561:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2514:
2507:
2484:
2477:
2441:Glycoprotein
2439:
2432:
2422:
2416:
2411:Granulocytes
2403:
2396:
2391:Description
2373:
2371:
2342:opsonization
2339:
2335:hypochlorite
2299:cytoskeletal
2289:
2261:phagocytosis
2246:
2237:Phagocytosis
2209:
2196:
2194:
2191:endothelium.
2134:
2127:
2121:
2081:granulocytes
2068:
2060:
2058:
2046:nitric oxide
2017:
2010:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1955:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1900:
1893:
1886:phagocytosis
1877:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1848:Kinin system
1846:
1839:
1834:Description
1819:
1817:
1806:
1795:
1785:kinin system
1766:opsonization
1721:vasodilation
1718:
1694:wound repair
1642:blood plasma
1634:nitric oxide
1603:
1583:plasma fluid
1579:granulocytes
1575:
1548:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1505:
1485:verification
1478:
1435:
1406:plasma cells
1399:
1384:
1364:
1359:
1343:
1340:hyperalgesia
1331:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1302:(PAMPs) and
1293:
1271:
1226:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1183:
1163:verification
1156:
1119:
1117:
1094:
1090: 30 BC
1080:
1058:Calor (heat)
1039:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
936:
932:
910:
893:
876:
859:
842:
825:
800:
732:Pancreatitis
697:Encephalitis
692:Epididymitis
667:Appendicitis
634:
625:
610:Please help
598:
569:
550:
531:Biological:
530:
450:
444:
437:Inflammation
436:
431:
427:
424:inflammation
423:
421:
416:
412:
406:inflammation
405:
400:
384:
371:
360:granulocytes
347:
343:
341:
317:immune cells
314:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
253:Inflammation
252:
251:
228:
223:
184:rheumatology
147:Inflammation
138:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
53:verification
46:
29:
9839:Hemosiderin
9720:Hyperplasia
9715:Hypertrophy
9691:Cell damage
9533:Lymphocytes
9192:Lymphocytic
8987:eicosanoids
8871:coagulation
8505:Circulation
8193:20 February
8004:11 December
6543:Cancer Cell
6187:2434/145688
6104:2433/160134
5460:17 February
5433:"Vitamin K"
4871:28 December
4817:28 December
4233:Substance P
4218:Interleukin
4169:tonsillitis
4056:parenchymal
4035:parenchymal
3999:, and with
3925:endothelium
3882:, creating
3880:eosinophils
3866:, creating
3864:neutrophils
3798:amyloidosis
3784:and death.
3678:macrophages
3548:macrophages
3238:eicosanoids
3218:bone marrow
3166:anaphylaxis
3095:Sarcoidosis
2888:mesothelial
2834:sarcoidosis
2770:fibroblasts
2735:Soluble gas
2641:macrophages
2633:eosinophils
2577:macrophages
2424:azurophilic
2354:Fc receptor
2331:superoxides
2303:endocytoses
2159:endothelial
2089:lymphocytes
1831:Produced by
1745:endothelium
1690:scaffolding
1682:haemostasis
1622:eicosanoids
1606:macrophages
1479:needs more
1402:lymphocytes
1372:coagulation
1356:chemotactic
1352:macrophages
1348:neutrophils
1282:histiocytes
1274:macrophages
1157:needs more
951:macrophages
947:neutrophils
781:Tonsillitis
756:Prostatitis
746:Pharyngitis
717:Myocarditis
484:(including
413:inflammatio
273:. The five
262:inflammatio
239:Infection,
47:needs more
10036:Immunology
10030:Categories
10005:Blood bank
9848:Lipofuscin
9844:Lipochrome
9820:Karyolysis
9749:Cell death
9730:Metaplasia
9574:Substances
9438:Peripheral
9426:Inaction:
9305:Antibodies
9286:Macrophage
9199:complement
9092:Chemotaxis
9046:Giant cell
9036:Macrophage
8877:Factor XII
8847:complement
8841:Bradykinin
8258:(Review).
8214:StatPearls
6752:: 141–55.
6240:: 335–59.
6026:(review).
5287:(1): 1–2.
4989:5 November
4852:StatPearls
4798:StatPearls
4354:Oncotarget
4286:References
4154:meningitis
4139:dermatitis
4030:Resolution
3895:Rickettsia
3890:Leukopenia
3843:Somnolence
3826:Decreased
3820:Increased
3770:bacteremia
3686:lymphatics
3670:protectins
3654:Neutrophil
3623:chemokines
3518:Resolution
3499:pyroptosis
3497:-mediated
3418:CpG island
3379:epigenetic
3350:and other
3348:leukocytes
3329:chemokines
3270:chemokines
3172:Myopathies
3161:vasoactive
3149:mast cells
3105:Vasculitis
2947:myopathies
2822:granulomas
2807:epithelial
2791:Mast Cells
2719:Mast cells
2714:Eicosanoid
2695:Leukocytes
2689:Eicosanoid
2669:Leukocytes
2663:Eicosanoid
2637:mast cells
2627:Eicosanoid
2601:Leukocytes
2595:Eicosanoid
2575:Primarily
2352:receptors
2249:Phagocytes
2212:chemotaxis
2201:diapedesis
2168:E-selectin
2163:P-selectin
2151:chemokines
2124:leukocytes
2073:phagocytes
2065:leukocytes
2042:chemokines
2034:blood clot
2026:fibrinogen
1918:Factor XII
1841:Bradykinin
1770:chemotaxis
1741:leukocytes
1698:lymphatics
1666:coagulants
1658:antibodies
1650:complement
1610:mastocytes
1599:antibodies
1551:March 2021
1521:newspapers
1336:bradykinin
1290:mast cells
1262:Micrograph
1229:April 2023
1199:newspapers
943:chemokines
791:Vasculitis
786:Urethritis
776:Tendonitis
707:Meningitis
702:Gingivitis
687:Dermatitis
650:See also:
628:April 2023
574:Excitement
551:Chemical:
496:Physical:
452:urethritis
441:correlated
403:Old French
356:leukocytes
308:, whereas
226:: few days
180:Immunology
119:March 2021
89:newspapers
9860:Steatosis
9803:Apoptosis
9740:Glandular
9725:Dysplasia
9657:Neoplasia
9652:Infection
9633:Pathology
9591:Cytolysin
9581:Cytokines
9428:Tolerance
9377:tolerance
9296:Immunogen
9051:Granuloma
8958:cytokines
8935:Serotonin
8930:Histamine
8909:preformed
8816:Mechanism
8715:206227739
8262:(1): 67.
8183:238990849
6490:(1): 26.
6441:: 69–81.
6121:206226588
6005:205469320
5977:BioEssays
5598:: 44–55.
5369:205214291
5072:6 October
4979:150148447
4520:11 August
4104:pneumonia
3876:hay fever
3682:cytokines
3666:resolvins
3658:apoptosis
3644:–derived
3600:Apoptosis
3569:resolvins
3530:half-life
3495:caspase-1
3412:), and a
3402:chromatin
3371:mutations
3360:mutations
3337:GRO-alpha
3309:cytokines
3291:In 1863,
3266:selectins
3230:Vitamin A
3153:allergens
3145:hay fever
3070:Pneumonia
2945:and some
2917:Disorders
2890:cells of
2878:abscesses
2760:Cytokines
2570:Chemokine
2496:arteriole
2486:Monoamine
2479:Histamine
2362:lysosomal
2323:lysosomes
2243:Phagocyte
2139:cytokines
2085:monocytes
2063:involves
1729:capillary
1725:arteriole
1711:Infected
1662:platelets
1618:serotonin
1614:histamine
1418:allergies
1308:pathogens
1100:pneumonia
1092:–38 AD).
1064:(redness)
939:Cytokines
882:Immediate
796:Vaginitis
771:Sinusitis
751:Phlebitis
722:Nephritis
599:does not
557:irritants
555:Chemical
537:pathogens
517:splinters
505:Frostbite
462:pathology
432:Infection
428:infection
422:The term
387:cytokines
325:hay fever
271:irritants
267:pathogens
210:pneumonia
175:Specialty
10015:Serology
9810:Pyknosis
9756:Necrosis
9735:Squamous
9679:Ischemia
9541:Cellular
9385:Immunity
9383:Action:
9366:Paratope
9354:Idiotype
9344:Allotype
9312:Antibody
9266:Mimotope
9230:Allergen
9213:Antigens
9206:Lymphoid
8887:Thrombin
8780:Symptoms
8707:23171381
8672:28045401
8621:20659330
8562:15772055
8527:12379575
8419:73100391
8411:11739453
8370:10999830
8329:15181022
8288:27012931
8226:Archived
8222:32491494
8187:Archived
8175:34651536
8134:25364500
8083:16491133
8042:19251324
7998:Archived
7975:26357876
7918:26168502
7883:24228900
7832:22379843
7824:16369558
7789:10947989
7738:11935029
7695:11765495
7687:16244651
7617:25911383
7582:18673006
7547:10548513
7512:10973958
7463:Archived
7459:10611755
7420:37216623
7412:10559937
7377:17299434
7328:Archived
7306:26962940
7257:26321639
7208:24356113
7151:24356306
7091:22403383
6985:21317533
6936:24487059
6901:23228847
6887:: 96–9.
6825:23772629
6776:21090961
6724:18727504
6716:24664859
6681:29358395
6622:28522752
6573:22094255
6524:28050219
6465:31395351
6413:24281019
6372:22293091
6337:27989142
6288:11866137
6276:Oncology
6208:Archived
6196:18650914
6125:Archived
6113:22796521
6046:19468060
5997:19382224
5961:22914051
5912:12490959
5846:21914164
5795:15006539
5759:35240781
5751:14501032
5665:12490960
5622:25958181
5573:17498057
5524:24830021
5418:36724330
5361:18650913
5311:29987840
5262:25833893
5066:Archived
4983:Archived
4865:Archived
4861:29630225
4811:Archived
4807:32310543
4767:16992741
4759:15321710
4646:19823098
4638:23916871
4595:Archived
4591:21452440
4488:Archived
4484:10938051
4384:29467962
4335:17223962
4176:See also
4090:Examples
4052:collagen
4048:scarring
4042:Fibrosis
4021:Outcomes
3987:Loss of
3900:protozoa
3828:sweating
3723:delirium
3691:—
3573:maresins
3565:lipoxins
3426:CpG site
3331:such as
3311:such as
3090:Rhinitis
2906:necrotic
2896:blisters
2838:syphilis
2811:pyogenic
2779:Tryptase
2647:Cysteine
2538:Cytokine
2516:Cytokine
2470:COVID-19
2418:specific
2172:integrin
2141:such as
2122:Various
2077:granules
2012:Thrombin
1654:lysozyme
1624:such as
1589:such as
1587:proteins
1410:Diabetes
1380:necrosis
1069:swelling
991:Swelling
911:Outcomes
899:Few days
894:Duration
820:Chronic
766:Rhinitis
761:RSD/CRPS
727:Neuritis
712:Myelitis
682:Cystitis
672:Bursitis
478:ischemia
220:Duration
191:Symptoms
167:cefaclor
9888:Autopsy
9853:Melanin
9833:pigment
9710:Atrophy
9647:Disease
9586:Opsonin
9565:NK cell
9553:Humoral
9433:Central
9400:Allergy
9349:Isotype
9249:Epitope
9220:Antigen
9138:General
9082:Exudate
9028:Chronic
8882:Plasmin
8663:5199685
8612:2919526
8570:4776835
8473:9438411
8279:4806498
8125:4215336
7966:6511978
7926:1512121
7874:3846682
7857:: 200.
7769:Bibcode
7761:Science
7746:7905603
7718:Bibcode
7710:Science
7652:9785465
7297:4835240
7248:4565731
7199:3976200
7178:Bibcode
7170:Science
7142:4047036
7121:Bibcode
7082:3822437
7061:Bibcode
7053:Science
7034:9557672
6976:3049370
6866:9697722
6816:3694608
6767:3759035
6672:5819434
6649:Bibcode
6613:5516887
6564:3220885
6515:5203929
6492:Bibcode
6456:6690501
6328:5614522
6254:6399978
6204:4429118
6166:Bibcode
5952:3436956
5903:2803035
5882:Bibcode
5837:3180438
5716:3079540
5708:8972739
5645:Bibcode
5613:4636979
5564:2275918
5409:9912245
5341:Bibcode
5302:6037995
5253:4448820
5035:5276838
5026:1749862
4931:5276838
4922:1749862
4739:Bibcode
4392:3571245
4375:5805548
4326:1810472
4223:Lipoxin
4198:Healing
3967:Insulin
3932:obesity
3833:Malaise
3774:viremia
3617:ligands
3563:, i.e.
3556:(IL-10)
3537:in vivo
3373:due to
3246:ecstasy
3242:cocaine
3135:Allergy
3000:Colitis
2830:leprosy
2786:Enzymes
2544:Myokine
2466:obesity
2459:colitis
2405:Enzymes
2350:opsonin
2319:Beclin1
2275:(LPS),
2269:glucans
2265:mannans
2206:ICAM-1.
1993:Plasmin
1882:opsonin
1670:plasmin
1535:scholar
1500:removed
1426:Obesity
1390:Chronic
1213:scholar
1178:removed
1067:Tumor (
979:Redness
971:English
887:Delayed
677:Colitis
620:removed
605:sources
566:Alcohol
397:Meaning
380:healing
348:chronic
281:(Latin
229:Chronic
103:scholar
68:removed
9558:B cell
9546:T cell
9291:B cell
9254:Linear
9242:Hapten
9010:Kinins
8738:(MeSH)
8713:
8705:
8670:
8660:
8619:
8609:
8595:: 35.
8568:
8560:
8525:
8471:
8417:
8409:
8368:
8327:
8286:
8276:
8220:
8181:
8173:
8132:
8122:
8108:: 10.
8081:
8040:
7973:
7963:
7924:
7916:
7881:
7871:
7830:
7822:
7787:
7744:
7736:
7693:
7685:
7650:
7615:
7580:
7545:
7510:
7457:
7418:
7410:
7375:
7334:21 May
7304:
7294:
7255:
7245:
7206:
7196:
7149:
7139:
7113:Nature
7089:
7079:
7032:
7025:109612
7022:
6983:
6973:
6934:
6899:
6864:
6823:
6813:
6774:
6764:
6722:
6714:
6679:
6669:
6620:
6610:
6571:
6561:
6522:
6512:
6463:
6453:
6411:
6370:
6335:
6325:
6286:
6252:
6217:9 June
6202:
6194:
6158:Nature
6134:9 June
6119:
6111:
6044:
6003:
5995:
5959:
5949:
5910:
5900:
5874:Nature
5844:
5834:
5820:: 18.
5793:
5757:
5749:
5714:
5706:
5673:407449
5671:
5663:
5637:Nature
5620:
5610:
5571:
5561:
5522:
5512:
5485:
5451:
5416:
5406:
5367:
5359:
5333:Nature
5309:
5299:
5260:
5250:
5155:
5122:
5097:
5058:
5033:
5023:
4977:
4967:
4929:
4919:
4859:
4805:
4765:
4757:
4702:
4644:
4636:
4601:1 July
4589:
4550:
4494:1 July
4482:
4472:
4413:
4390:
4382:
4372:
4333:
4323:
4167:Acute
4137:Acute
4122:Acute
4100:asthma
4079:toxins
3977:Leptin
3872:asthma
3808:, and
3766:sepsis
3596:(TNFR)
3575:, and
3528:Short
3256:Cancer
3191:, and
3055:Otitis
2975:Asthma
2957:, and
2848:fibrin
2836:, and
2682:5-HETE
2500:venous
2468:, and
2462:asthma
2434:GM-CSF
2388:Source
2296:myosin
2267:and β-
2180:VCAM-1
2176:ICAM-1
2030:fibrin
1772:, and
1737:stasis
1733:plasma
1686:fibrin
1674:kinins
1591:fibrin
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1420:, and
1404:, and
1324:plasma
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1083:Celsus
974:Latin
801:
562:Toxins
547:Stress
522:Trauma
492:Causes
480:, and
474:trauma
366:, the
352:plasma
335:, and
297:, and
255:(from
236:Causes
206:Asthma
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
9662:Cause
9105:Tests
9060:Other
8974:TNF-α
8964:IFN-Îł
8824:Acute
8711:S2CID
8566:S2CID
8415:S2CID
8179:S2CID
7922:S2CID
7828:S2CID
7742:S2CID
7691:S2CID
7416:S2CID
6720:S2CID
6211:(PDF)
6200:S2CID
6154:(PDF)
6128:(PDF)
6117:S2CID
6079:(PDF)
6001:S2CID
5755:S2CID
5712:S2CID
5669:S2CID
5365:S2CID
4763:S2CID
4729:arXiv
4642:S2CID
4475:27457
4388:S2CID
4250:Notes
3817:Fever
3664:, of
3612:(ECM)
3546:from
3511:IL-18
3507:IL-1β
3420:in a
3410:SIRT1
3325:IL-15
3317:TNF-α
3313:IL-1β
3278:NF-ÎşB
3250:NF-ÎşB
2910:ulcer
2749:TNF-α
2509:IFN-Îł
2315:Vps15
2311:Vps34
2292:actin
1930:Liver
1646:edema
1542:JSTOR
1528:books
1344:dolor
1332:tumor
1328:edema
1320:calor
1316:rubor
1220:JSTOR
1206:books
1124:Galen
1062:Rubor
1049:Dolor
1020:Dolor
1008:Calor
996:Tumor
984:Rubor
929:Acute
877:Onset
817:Acute
580:Types
500:Burns
446:-itis
410:Latin
344:acute
295:tumor
291:rubor
287:dolor
283:calor
257:Latin
224:Acute
110:JSTOR
96:books
9197:and
8979:IL-1
8969:IL-8
8703:PMID
8668:PMID
8617:PMID
8558:PMID
8523:PMID
8469:PMID
8407:PMID
8366:PMID
8325:PMID
8284:PMID
8234:2021
8218:PMID
8195:2023
8171:PMID
8130:PMID
8079:PMID
8038:PMID
8006:2016
7971:PMID
7914:PMID
7879:PMID
7820:PMID
7785:PMID
7734:PMID
7683:PMID
7648:PMID
7613:PMID
7578:PMID
7543:PMID
7508:PMID
7471:2019
7455:PMID
7408:PMID
7373:PMID
7336:2016
7302:PMID
7253:PMID
7204:PMID
7147:PMID
7087:PMID
7030:PMID
6981:PMID
6932:PMID
6897:PMID
6862:PMID
6821:PMID
6772:PMID
6712:PMID
6677:PMID
6618:PMID
6569:PMID
6520:PMID
6461:PMID
6409:PMID
6368:PMID
6333:PMID
6284:PMID
6250:PMID
6219:2018
6192:PMID
6136:2018
6109:PMID
6042:PMID
5993:PMID
5957:PMID
5908:PMID
5842:PMID
5791:PMID
5747:PMID
5704:PMID
5661:PMID
5618:PMID
5569:PMID
5520:PMID
5510:ISBN
5483:ISBN
5462:2023
5449:ISBN
5414:PMID
5357:PMID
5307:PMID
5258:PMID
5153:ISBN
5120:ISBN
5095:ISBN
5074:2010
5056:ISBN
5031:PMID
4991:2008
4975:OCLC
4965:ISBN
4927:PMID
4873:2020
4857:PMID
4819:2020
4803:PMID
4755:PMID
4700:ISBN
4634:PMID
4603:2017
4587:PMID
4548:ISBN
4522:2024
4496:2021
4480:PMID
4411:ISBN
4380:PMID
4331:PMID
4102:and
4096:itis
3995:and
3668:and
3648:and
3509:and
3503:AIDS
3440:and
3428:and
3335:and
3333:IL-8
3327:and
3323:and
3321:IL-6
3244:and
2753:IL-1
2751:and
2620:LTD4
2614:LTC4
2563:IL-8
2541:and
2531:IL-6
2385:Type
2382:Name
2356:and
2333:and
2309:and
2222:CD44
2178:and
2147:TNFα
2145:and
2143:IL-1
2087:and
2059:The
2044:and
2038:PAR1
1939:via
1876:and
1828:Name
1801:The
1790:The
1783:The
1760:The
1678:clot
1676:can
1672:and
1628:and
1616:and
1608:and
1593:and
1514:news
1483:for
1374:and
1350:and
1288:and
1192:news
1161:for
1096:Pain
1053:pain
1015:Pain
1003:Heat
949:and
941:and
654:and
603:any
601:cite
464:and
389:and
354:and
82:news
51:for
9519:HLA
9515:MHC
8863:MAC
8858:C5a
8695:doi
8658:PMC
8648:doi
8644:127
8607:PMC
8597:doi
8550:doi
8513:doi
8509:106
8459:doi
8397:doi
8356:doi
8315:doi
8274:PMC
8264:doi
8161:doi
8120:PMC
8110:doi
8069:doi
8030:doi
8026:116
7961:PMC
7953:doi
7949:172
7906:doi
7869:PMC
7859:doi
7812:doi
7777:doi
7765:289
7726:doi
7714:296
7675:doi
7640:doi
7605:doi
7570:doi
7535:doi
7531:265
7498:doi
7494:275
7447:doi
7400:doi
7363:doi
7359:127
7292:PMC
7284:doi
7243:PMC
7235:doi
7194:PMC
7186:doi
7174:343
7137:PMC
7129:doi
7117:505
7077:PMC
7069:doi
7057:335
7020:PMC
7012:doi
6971:PMC
6963:doi
6959:121
6924:doi
6920:161
6889:doi
6885:416
6852:doi
6848:178
6811:PMC
6803:doi
6799:254
6762:PMC
6754:doi
6704:doi
6667:PMC
6657:doi
6645:115
6608:PMC
6600:doi
6559:PMC
6551:doi
6510:PMC
6500:doi
6451:PMC
6443:doi
6439:780
6399:doi
6360:doi
6356:327
6323:PMC
6315:doi
6242:doi
6182:hdl
6174:doi
6162:454
6099:hdl
6091:doi
6087:143
6032:doi
5985:doi
5947:PMC
5939:doi
5935:189
5898:PMC
5890:doi
5878:420
5832:PMC
5822:doi
5783:doi
5739:doi
5696:doi
5653:doi
5641:420
5608:PMC
5600:doi
5596:778
5559:PMC
5551:doi
5547:217
5441:doi
5404:PMC
5396:doi
5392:388
5349:doi
5337:454
5297:PMC
5289:doi
5285:193
5248:PMC
5240:doi
5236:145
5021:PMC
4917:PMC
4747:doi
4725:230
4626:doi
4622:177
4579:doi
4470:PMC
4462:doi
4458:321
4454:BMJ
4370:PMC
4362:doi
4321:PMC
4313:doi
4309:147
3741:or
3733:An
3676:by
3625:by
3532:of
3486:CD4
3475:SIV
3467:SIV
3454:HIV
3252:).
3151:to
2870:pus
2421:or
2346:C3b
1964:C5b
1895:C5a
1878:C3b
1874:C3a
1794:or
1778:MAC
1130:or
614:by
488:).
415:or
346:or
301:).
165:to
161:An
10032::
9279::
8853:C3
8709:.
8701:.
8691:14
8689:.
8666:.
8656:.
8642:.
8638:.
8615:.
8605:.
8591:.
8587:.
8564:.
8556:.
8546:98
8544:.
8521:.
8507:.
8503:.
8481:^
8467:.
8455:12
8453:.
8449:.
8427:^
8413:.
8405:.
8393:86
8391:.
8387:.
8364:.
8352:85
8350:.
8346:.
8323:.
8311:89
8309:.
8305:.
8282:.
8272:.
8260:13
8254:.
8242:^
8224:.
8212:.
8185:.
8177:.
8169:.
8157:26
8155:.
8151:.
8128:.
8118:.
8104:.
8100:.
8077:.
8065:11
8063:.
8059:.
8036:.
8024:.
7996:.
7992:.
7969:.
7959:.
7947:.
7943:.
7920:.
7912:.
7900:.
7877:.
7867:.
7855:11
7853:.
7849:.
7826:.
7818:.
7806:.
7783:.
7775:.
7763:.
7740:.
7732:.
7724:.
7712:.
7689:.
7681:.
7671:11
7669:.
7646:.
7636:30
7634:.
7611:.
7601:27
7599:.
7576:.
7566:79
7564:.
7541:.
7529:.
7506:.
7492:.
7488:.
7461:.
7453:.
7441:.
7437:.
7414:.
7406:.
7394:.
7371:.
7357:.
7353:.
7322:.
7300:.
7290:.
7280:19
7278:.
7274:.
7251:.
7241:.
7231:12
7229:.
7225:.
7202:.
7192:.
7184:.
7172:.
7168:.
7145:.
7135:.
7127:.
7115:.
7111:.
7099:^
7085:.
7075:.
7067:.
7055:.
7051:.
7028:.
7018:.
7008:72
7006:.
7002:.
6979:.
6969:.
6957:.
6953:.
6930:.
6918:.
6895:.
6883:.
6860:.
6846:.
6842:.
6819:.
6809:.
6797:.
6793:.
6770:.
6760:.
6750:62
6748:.
6744:.
6732:^
6718:.
6710:.
6700:20
6698:.
6675:.
6665:.
6655:.
6643:.
6639:.
6616:.
6606:.
6596:77
6594:.
6590:.
6567:.
6557:.
6547:20
6545:.
6541:.
6518:.
6508:.
6498:.
6488:38
6486:.
6482:.
6459:.
6449:.
6437:.
6433:.
6421:^
6407:.
6395:31
6393:.
6389:.
6366:.
6354:.
6331:.
6321:.
6311:29
6309:.
6305:.
6280:16
6278:.
6262:^
6248:.
6236:.
6206:.
6198:.
6190:.
6180:.
6172:.
6160:.
6156:.
6123:.
6115:.
6107:.
6097:.
6085:.
6081:.
6054:^
6040:.
6028:30
6022:.
5999:.
5991:.
5981:31
5979:.
5955:.
5945:.
5933:.
5929:.
5906:.
5896:.
5888:.
5876:.
5872:.
5854:^
5840:.
5830:.
5816:.
5812:.
5789:.
5779:67
5777:.
5753:.
5745:.
5733:.
5710:.
5702:.
5692:44
5690:.
5667:.
5659:.
5651:.
5639:.
5616:.
5606:.
5590:.
5567:.
5557:.
5545:.
5541:.
5518:.
5469:^
5447:,
5435:,
5412:.
5402:.
5390:.
5386:.
5363:.
5355:.
5347:.
5335:.
5319:^
5305:.
5295:.
5283:.
5279:.
5256:.
5246:.
5234:.
5230:.
5216:^
5191:.
5151:.
5149:22
5064:.
5029:.
5017:47
5015:.
5011:.
4999:^
4981:.
4973:.
4957:.
4939:^
4925:.
4913:47
4911:.
4907:.
4881:^
4863:.
4849:.
4827:^
4809:.
4801:.
4795:.
4775:^
4761:.
4753:.
4745:.
4737:.
4723:.
4654:^
4640:.
4632:.
4620:.
4593:.
4585:.
4571:.
4530:^
4512:.
4486:.
4478:.
4468:.
4456:.
4452:.
4433:.
4386:.
4378:.
4368:.
4356:.
4352:.
4329:.
4319:.
4307:.
4303:.
4110:.
4017:.
3902:,
3874:,
3804:,
3571:,
3567:,
3319:,
3315:,
3268:,
3195:.
3187:,
3168:.
2961:.
2832:,
2828:,
2639:,
2635:,
2617:,
2472:.
2464:,
2457:,
2453:,
2329:,
2271:,
2091:.
2048:.
1980:C9
1976:C8
1974:,
1972:C7
1970:,
1968:C6
1966:,
1888:.
1860:C3
1768:,
1704:.
1668:,
1664:,
1656:,
1652:,
1502:.
1416:,
1412:,
1342:,
1284:,
1280:,
1276:,
1180:.
1126:,
1087:c.
476:,
472:,
430:.
339:.
331:,
327:,
319:,
293:,
289:,
285:,
259::
243:,
212:,
208:,
182:,
70:.
9846:/
9625:e
9618:t
9611:v
9517:/
9275:/
9184:e
9177:t
9170:v
8765:e
8758:t
8751:v
8717:.
8697::
8674:.
8650::
8623:.
8599::
8593:7
8572:.
8552::
8529:.
8515::
8475:.
8461::
8421:.
8399::
8372:.
8358::
8331:.
8317::
8290:.
8266::
8236:.
8197:.
8163::
8136:.
8112::
8106:4
8085:.
8071::
8044:.
8032::
8008:.
7977:.
7955::
7928:.
7908::
7902:7
7885:.
7861::
7834:.
7814::
7808:6
7791:.
7779::
7771::
7748:.
7728::
7720::
7697:.
7677::
7654:.
7642::
7619:.
7607::
7584:.
7572::
7549:.
7537::
7514:.
7500::
7473:.
7449::
7443:1
7422:.
7402::
7396:1
7379:.
7365::
7338:.
7308:.
7286::
7259:.
7237::
7210:.
7188::
7180::
7153:.
7131::
7123::
7093:.
7071::
7063::
7036:.
7014::
6987:.
6965::
6938:.
6926::
6903:.
6891::
6868:.
6854::
6827:.
6805::
6778:.
6756::
6726:.
6706::
6683:.
6659::
6651::
6624:.
6602::
6575:.
6553::
6526:.
6502::
6494::
6467:.
6445::
6415:.
6401::
6374:.
6362::
6339:.
6317::
6290:.
6256:.
6244::
6238:1
6221:.
6184::
6176::
6168::
6138:.
6101::
6093::
6048:.
6034::
6007:.
5987::
5963:.
5941::
5914:.
5892::
5884::
5848:.
5824::
5818:9
5797:.
5785::
5761:.
5741::
5735:3
5718:.
5698::
5675:.
5655::
5647::
5624:.
5602::
5575:.
5553::
5526:.
5491:.
5443::
5420:.
5398::
5371:.
5351::
5343::
5313:.
5291::
5264:.
5242::
5161:.
5128:.
5103:.
5076:.
5037:.
4993:.
4933:.
4875:.
4821:.
4769:.
4749::
4741::
4731::
4708:.
4648:.
4628::
4605:.
4581::
4556:.
4524:.
4498:.
4464::
4437:.
4419:.
4394:.
4364::
4358:9
4337:.
4315::
3886:.
3688:.
3585:.
3539:.
3212:(
2937:.
2912:.
2880:.
2840:.
2317:-
2313:-
2294:-
2214::
2203::
1925:)
1921:(
1780:.
1597:(
1553:)
1549:(
1539:·
1532:·
1525:·
1518:·
1492:.
1314:(
1268:.
1231:)
1227:(
1217:·
1210:·
1203:·
1196:·
1170:.
1085:(
1071:)
1055:)
1051:(
641:)
635:(
630:)
626:(
622:.
608:.
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
