Probiotic - Knowledge

524:(NYA) of the United States gives a "Live & Active Cultures Seal" to refrigerated yogurt products that contain 100 million cells per gram, or frozen yogurt products that contain 10 million cells per gram at the time of manufacture. In 2002, the FDA and WHO recommended that "the minimum viable numbers of each probiotic strain at the end of the shelf-life" be reported on labeling, but most companies that give a number report the viable cell count at the date of manufacture, a number that could be much higher than that which exists at consumption. Because of the variability in storage conditions and time before eating, exactly how many active culture cells remain at the time of consumption is difficult to determine. The survival of probiotics was strongly dependent on the storage temperature and remarkable viability loss occurred in room temperature compared to refrigerated storage. 747:

stimulated microbial growth. The term probiotics was taken up by Parker, who defined the concept as, "Organisms and substances that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by contributing to its intestinal microbial balance." Later, the definition was greatly improved by Fuller, whose explanation was very close to the definition used today. Fuller described probiotics as a "live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance." He stressed two important claims for probiotics: the viable nature of probiotics and the capacity to help with intestinal balance.

553: 6882:. However, we were unable to recommend the optimum strain and dosage of probiotics based on this review. The evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics was based largely on shorter-term outcomes. Further trials are required to assess whether improvements in pain are maintained over the longer term; these trials should also consider the importance of using validated and consistent scales to measure pain and other outcomes. 40: 1401: 828:, the scientific evidence remains insufficient to prove a cause-and-effect relationship between consumption of probiotic products and any health benefit. There is no scientific basis for extrapolating an effect from a tested strain to an untested strain. Improved health through gut flora modulation appears to be directly related to long-term dietary changes. Claims that some lactobacilli may contribute to 221:(LABs), which are food fermenting bacteria, have the ability to prevent food spoilage and can improve the nutritive value of the foods they inhabit. Acid fermentation (as well as salting), remains one of the most practical methods of preservation of fresh vegetables, cereal gruels, and milk-cereal mixtures due to its low cost and energy requirements. 464:, fermented milk products, and yogurt, which alone accounted for 75% of total consumption. Innovation in probiotic products in 2015 was mainly from supplements, which produced US$ 4 billion and was projected to grow 37% globally by 2020. Consumption of yogurt products in China has increased by 20% per year since 2014. 653:. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian steppes, who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria, were exceptionally long-lived. Based on these observations, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would "seed" the 1388:

In Europe, EFSA adopted a premarket system for the safety assessment of microbial species used in food and feed productions to set priorities for the need for risk assessment. The assessment is made for certain microorganisms; if the result is favorable, it leads to "Qualified Presumption of Safety"

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in the target host. Only products that contain live organisms shown in reproducible human studies to confer a health benefit may claim to be probiotic. The correct definition of health benefit, backed with solid scientific evidence, is a strong element for the proper identification and assessment of

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For ulcerative colitis, there is low-certainty evidence that probiotic supplements may increase the probability of clinical remission. People receiving probiotics were 73% more likely to experience disease remission and over 2x as likely to report improvement in symptoms compared to those receiving

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has not been standardized. Often, standard antibiotic treatment is used at the same time that probiotics are being tested. In addition, some groups of women respond to treatment based upon ethnicity, age, number of sexual partners, pregnancy, and the pathogens causing bacterial vaginosis. In 2013,

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That first global effort was further developed in 2010; two expert groups of academic scientists and industry representatives made recommendations for the evaluation and validation of probiotic health claims. The same principles emerged from those two groups as were expressed in the "Guidelines" of

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The term "probiotic" originally referred to microorganisms that have effects on other microorganisms. The concept of probiotics involved the notion that substances secreted by one microorganism stimulated the growth of another microorganism. The term was used again to describe tissue extracts that

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Multiple studies have shown that there is a significant difference in the survival rate of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium under refrigerated (4°C) and room temperature (25°C) storage conditions. At room temperature (25±1°C), the number of probiotics decreased by 5 to 6 logarithmic units

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The use of oral probiotic supplements to modify the composition and behavior of the microbiome has been considered as a possible therapy for both induction and maintenance of remission in people with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A Cochrane review in 2020 did not find clear evidence of

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effects of multiple probiotic strains, as opposed to a single strain. As the human gut may contain tens of thousands of microbial species, one theory indicates that this diverse environment may benefit from consuming multiple probiotic strains, an effect that remains scientifically unconfirmed.

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Contrasting antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. In 1989, Roy Fuller suggested a definition of probiotics that have been widely used: "A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by

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requires language approved by the FDA, so probiotic manufacturers have received warning letters for making disease or treatment claims. The FTC has taken punitive actions, including a US$ 21 million fine coordinated by 39 different state governments against a major probiotic manufacturer for

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infections in children and travelers' diarrhea in adults, but no products are approved for such indications. There are weak evidence probiotics might lower the incidence of acute upper respiratory tract infections in adults, they were better than placebo or no treatment.

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A group of scientific experts assembled in Canada in October 2013 to discuss the scope and appropriate use of the term "probiotic", adjusting the definition to be "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host."

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Overall, there is some evidence to suggest that probiotics may be effective in the treatment of RAP, in terms of improving pain in the shorter term. Clinicians may therefore consider probiotic interventions as part of the management strategy for children with RAP

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in rare cases. There is some evidence that probiotics are beneficial for some conditions, such as helping to ease some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, many claimed health benefits, such as treating eczema, lack substantial scientific support.

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status by a regulatory agency such as the FDA or EFSA, and as of 2010, no claims had been approved by those two agencies. Some experts are skeptical about the efficacy of different probiotic strains and believe that not all subjects benefit from probiotics.

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resides in the viability and reproducibility on a large scale of observed results for specific studies, as well as the viability and stability during use and storage, and finally the ability to survive in stomach acids and then in the intestinal ecosystem.

512:, in collaboration with other relevant authorities, oversees and addresses violations related to probiotic products. This includes issuing warnings, imposing administrative penalties, demanding product recalls and coordinating with other agencies. 1014:

A 2002 meta-analysis that included five double-blind trials examining the short-term (2–8 weeks) effects of a yogurt with probiotic strains on serum cholesterol levels found little effect of 8.5 mg/dL (0.22 mmol/L) (4% decrease) in

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If the strain under evaluation belongs to a species known to produce toxins in mammals, it must be tested for toxin production. One possible scheme for testing toxin production has been recommended by the EU Scientific Committee on Animal

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the effect of a probiotic. This aspect is a challenge for scientific and industrial investigations because several difficulties arise, such as variability in the site for probiotic use (oral, vaginal, intestinal) and mode of application.

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placed a ban on putting the word "probiotic" on the packaging of products because such labeling misleads consumers to believe a health benefit is provided by the product when no scientific proof exists to demonstrate that health effect.

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at 5 to 40 billion colony-forming units/day, given the modest number needed to treat and the likelihood that adverse events are very rare. The same review stated that probiotic use should be avoided in pediatric populations at risk for

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According to an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, probiotics supplementation reduces glucose homeostasis. This can be an effective therapy for lowering high blood sugar levels unless the body becomes

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Probiotics have received renewed attention in the 21st century from product manufacturers, research studies, and consumers. Their history can be traced to the first use of cheese and fermented products, which were well-known to the

6896:"The Effect of Ophthalmic and Systemic Formulations of Latilactobacillus sakei on Clinical and Immunological Outcomes of Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Factorial, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, and Triple-masking Clinical Trial" 1344:, and strain level). It is commonly admitted that most effects of probiotics are strain-specific and cannot be extended to other probiotics of the same genus or species. This calls for precise identification of the strain, i.e. 1197:

and mortality in premature infants. One meta-analysis indicated that probiotics reduce these risks by more than 50% compared with controls but that further, large, high-quality trials were needed to inform policy and practice.

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There is inconsistency in the results of different groups of 3488 children as reported in a Cochrane review. Also, it shows no significant difference regarding the adverse effects between probiotic and the other comparators.

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A 2017 review based on moderate to low-quality evidence suggests that probiotics may be helpful in relieving pain in the short term in children with recurrent abdominal pain, but the proper strain and dosage are not known.

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The manipulation of the gut microbiota is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions. Though probiotics are considered safe, some have concerns about their safety in certain cases. Some people, such as those with

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Fourth, probiotics must be safe for their intended use. The 2002 FAO/WHO guidelines recommend that, though bacteria may be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), the safety of the potential probiotic be assessed by the

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Supplements such as tablets, capsules, powders, and sachets containing bacteria have been studied. However, probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic conditions of the stomach. As of 2010, a number of

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to the vaginal epithelium, which prevents the infection from occurring in the vagina. Currently, the success of probiotic treatment has been mixed, since the use of probiotics to restore healthy populations of

6631:"The Role of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Related Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Human Clinical Trials" 661:

fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and believed his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour-milk diet for their patients.

1051:. As a treatment for infectious diarrhea, probiotics are of no benefit to people who have the condition for more than two days, and there is no evidence they lessen the duration of diarrhea overall. 1929:. Compliance Branch, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016 2751: 1108:) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments, but no standard in medical practice or regulatory approval exists for such treatment. The only peer-reviewed treatments for 444:(CFUs) per dose. A higher number of CFUs does not provide additional probiotic effects, but may have unintended consequences of causing digestive discomfort, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. 1970: 5873:

Ansari F, Pourjafar H, Tabrizi A, et al. (2020). "The effects of probiotics and prebiotics on mental disorders: A review on depression, anxiety, Alzheimer, and autism spectrum disorders".

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from the feces of a soldier who was not affected by the disease. Methods of treating infectious diseases were needed at that time when antibiotics were not yet available, and Nissle used the

429:, which can cause adverse health consequences. Rarely, consumption of probiotics by children with lowered immune system function or who are already critically ill may result in bacteremia or 5372:

Szajewska H, Ruszczyński M, Radzikowski A (September 2006). "Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

1820:"Nutrimune and immune defence against pathogens in the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006" 947: 6143:

Xu D, Fu L, Pan D, et al. (2022). "Role of probiotics/synbiotic supplementation in glycemic control: A critical umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials".

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Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, et al. (June 2006). "Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials".

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improving its intestinal microbial balance." Fuller's definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host.

255:, amino acid/peptide meat-flavored sauces and pastes produced by fermentation of cereals and legumes; fermented cereal-fish-shrimp mixtures and fermented meats; soy products such as 5538:

Surawicz CM (July 2008). "Role of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea".

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As food products or dietary supplements, probiotics are under preliminary research to evaluate if they provide any effect on health. In all cases proposed as health claims to the

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a placebo, with no clear difference in minor or serious adverse effects. Although there was no clear evidence of greater remission when probiotic supplements were compared with

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Cuello-Garcia CA, Brożek JL, Fiocchi A, et al. (2015). "Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

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with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH, and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet

2208:"Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic" 183:

and the WHO. This effort was accompanied by local governmental and supra-governmental regulatory bodies' requirements to better characterize health claims substantiations.

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Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria

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of putative benefits conferred by microorganisms claimed to be probiotic. Although some evidence claimed benefits are marketed towards using probiotic, such as reducing

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Plessas S, Alexopoulos A, Voidarou C, et al. (2011). "Microbial ecology and quality assurance in food fermentation systems. The case of kefir grains application".

4519: 3513:"Dannon Agrees to Drop Exaggerated Health Claims for Activia Yogurt and DanActive Dairy Drink FTC Charges that Evidence Supporting Benefits of Probiotics Falls Short" 3487: 3256:"Side Effects Associated with Probiotic Use in Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 7084:

Timmerman HM, Koning CJ, Mulder L, et al. (November 2004). "Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics – A comparison of functionality and efficacy".

1926: 1312:(down to 1/100,000) after 90 days of storage. In contrast, no significant change in the number of probiotics was observed under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1°C). 4715:

LA 104 and reducing intestinal discomfort pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 (example, search EFSA for other opinion reports on probiotics"

3395: 4114:"The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 interferes with invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by different enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens" 159:(WHO) defines probiotics as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." Following this definition, a 1075:

stated: "The use of probiotics/prebiotics for the treatment of patients with established atopic dermatitis is not recommended due to inconsistent evidence".

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Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food

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probiotic supplements appeared to increase vaginal lactobacilli levels, thus reducing the incidence of vaginal infections in otherwise healthy adult women.

496:(FTC) have issued warning letters and imposed punishment on various manufacturers of probiotic products whose labels claim to treat a disease or condition. 7121:"Clinical trial: a multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study" 4158:"Studies on the Transformation of the Intestinal Flora, with Special Reference to the Implantation of Bacillus Acidophilus: II. Feeding Experiments on Man" 2034:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2006. 1948: 6680:

Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ, et al. (March 2010). "The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review".

3432: 4746: 2712: 1993: 425:, a risk exists for the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the internal organs (bacterial translocation) as a consequence of 8135: 2570: 1966: 2474: 750:

In the following decades, intestinal lactic-acid bacterial species with alleged health-beneficial properties were introduced as probiotics, including

735:, and reasoned that bacteria originating from the gut were more likely to produce the desired effect in this environment. In 1935, certain strains of 3512: 2278: 2095:. Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, London, Ontario, Canada. May 1, 2002. Archived from 889:(AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. These microbial community alterations result in changes in 958:

that dominate the population of organisms in the vagina. Specific strains of lactobacilli inhibit the growth of bacteria causing BV by producing H

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Lin J, Zhang Y, He C, et al. (September 2018). "Probiotics supplementation in children with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

4635: 3672: 2159:"Guide to designing, conducting, publishing and communicating results of clinical studies involving probiotic applications in human participants" 7545:"Skeptoid #801: Probiotics Fact and Fiction: Some people promote probiotics as a miracle cure for just about anything. What can they really do?" 7421:"Microbial characterization of probiotics – Advisory report of the Working Group "8651 Probiotics" of the Belgian Superior Health Council (SHC)" 5143: 5063:

Qamer S, Deshmukh M, Patole S (August 2019). "Probiotics for cow's milk protein allergy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".

3484:"Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods" 476:

has rejected all petitions by commercial manufacturers for health claims on probiotic products in Europe due to insufficient evidence for a

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Tissier, H. 1900. Recherchers sur la flora intestinale normale et pathologique du nourisson. Thesis, University of Paris, Paris, France.

3013: 2364: 6347: 2118:"Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: current status and recommendations for future research" 1871:"'Snake-oil,' 'quack medicine,' and 'industrially cultured organisms:' biovalue and the commercialization of human microbiome research" 1514: 7177: 5315:"Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease" 2888: 175:, based on available information and scientific evidence, was adopted after the aforementioned joint expert consultation between the 4511: 3568: 3368: 916:

may reduce the risk of AAD, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy, and enhance the immune response after vaccination.

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concluded that a protective effect of some probiotics existed for AAD in children. The known risks of using probiotics for treating

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The potential efficacy of probiotics to treat AAD depends on the probiotic strains and dosage. One review recommended for children

5452:"Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: A randomized study" 3461: 135:, such claims are strain-specific and cannot be extrapolated to other strains. As of 2019, numerous applications for approval of 8194: 8128: 4884:

Million M, Raoult D (February 2013). "Species and strain specificity of Lactobacillus probiotics effect on weight regulation".

2518:"Microbial analysis of Malaysian tempeh, and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by isolates of Enterococcus faecium" 2475:"Safe use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in food. Bridging the gap between consumers, green groups, and industry" 7479: 7372:"Functional modulation of human intestinal epithelial cell responses by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus salivarius" 7505:"Introduction of a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms referred to EFSA" 6958: 4433: 4360: 3925: 3898: 2358: 4071: 1063:), but no good evidence shows efficacy for this purpose. There is little evidence to support the use of probiotics to treat 723:, could not live in the human intestine. They conducted experiments involving rats and humans volunteers, feeding them with 7891: 5818:"Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials" 2309: 3483: 6236: 3545:. Compliance Branch, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration. 2885:"Table 1: Examples of traditional fermented fruits and vegetables, which are used in various parts of Asian subcontinent" 2089: 1157:

improved remission likelihood, nor lower adverse events, in people with Crohn's disease, following probiotic treatment.

329:. A list of many other bacteria found in several Asian fermented fruits and vegetables also is available. Kefir contains 3702: 1128:(i.e., by competing for growth) and some evidence suggests they may improve immune function by increasing the number of 6949:

Shortliffe L (2011). "Chapter 116: Infection and Inflammation of the Pediatric Genitourinary Tract". In Wein AJ (ed.).

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Borges S, Silva J, Teixeira P (March 2014). "The role of lactobacilli and probiotics in maintaining vaginal health".

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There is limited evidence indicating probiotics are of benefit in the management of infection or inflammation of the

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species have been suggested to contribute to obesity in humans, but no evidence of this relationship has been found.

176: 164: 7572: 6428:"Effectiveness of probiotics on the occurrence of infections in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis" 5777:"The effect of a probiotic milk product on plasma cholesterol: a meta-analysis of short term intervention studies" 4447: 4230: 3130:"A Review on Kombucha Tea – Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus" 1185:, although uncertainty remains around which type of probiotic works best, and around the size of possible effect. 7549: 5108:"Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 3542: 1072: 3730:(Report). London, Ontario, Canada: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization. April 2002. 8026: 5350: 954:. This treatment is based on the observation that 70% of healthy females have a group of bacteria in the genus 886: 825: 473: 188: 144: 4989: 4753: 4747:"Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria" 3425: 3342: 2004: 1994:"Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria" 1513:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. August 1, 2019. 63:

promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the

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Oh CK, Oh MC, Kim SH (2004). "The Depletion of Sodium Nitrite by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kimchi".

350: 5274:"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders" 3846:

Gismondo MR, Drago L, Lombardi A (1999). "Review of probiotics available to modify gastrointestinal flora".

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A Cochrane systematic review found no good evidence that probiotics were of benefit in reducing the risk of

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Guzel-Seydim ZB, Kok-Tas T, Greene AK, et al. (March 2011). "Review: functional properties of kefir".

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Antibiotics are a common treatment for children, with 11% to 40% of antibiotic-treated children developing

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Only limited, low-quality evidence exists to indicate that probiotics are helpful for treating people with

698: 509: 489: 8031: 2258: 7565: 4780:"Current level of consensus on probiotic science: Report of an expert meeting – London, 23 November 2009" 559:

first suggested the possibility of colonizing the gut with beneficial bacteria in the early 20th century.

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and natural killer cells. LAB products might aid in the treatment of acute diarrhea and possibly affect

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In 2015, the global retail market value for probiotics was US$ 41 billion, including sales of probiotic

8230: 7201:"Development of freeze dried synbiotic formulation using a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum" 5926:"Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy" 4921:"Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals" 2075: 1294:

Only preliminary evidence exists for most probiotic health claims. Even for the most studied probiotic

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The original modern hypothesis of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by

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Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, et al. (April 2017). "Antihypertensive Effects of Probiotics".

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deceptive advertising and exaggerated claims of health benefits for yogurt and probiotic dairy drink.

8256: 1194: 375: 331: 288: 156: 5107: 2974: 8189: 8144: 8001: 5632:"Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health" 3890: 2096: 1440: 1336:

Third, the probiotic candidate must be a taxonomically defined microbe or combination of microbes (

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Probiotics are commonly given to breastfeeding mothers and their young children to prevent eczema (

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and to replace harmful microbes with useful microbes. Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the

493: 381: 93: 6725:"Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants" 4300:

Lilly DM, Stillwell RH (1965). "Probiotics: Growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms".

7602: 7469:"Commentary by the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on Data Relating to Toxin Production" 1830:(4). European Food Safety Authority, Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens: e05656. 1430: 1236: 925: 890: 764: 752: 414: 335: 292: 224: 208: 204: 116: 49: 2668:

Shiby VK, Mishra HN (2013). "Fermented milks and milk products as functional foods – a review".

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Khalesi S (2019). "A review of probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: helpful or hype?".

2969: 2713:"Probiotic properties of bacteria isolated from bee bread of stingless bee Heterotrigona itama" 1364:

Assessment of certain metabolic activities (e.g. D-lactate production, bile salt deconjugation)

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A clinical study investigating the impact of probiotics in relieving the signs and symptoms of

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Several clinical studies provide evidence for the potential of probiotics to lower the risk of

1125: 894: 421:, and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events. In severely ill people with 6186:

Hamilton-Miller JM (October 2003). "The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of

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Nißle A (1918). "Die antagonistische Behandlung chronischer Darmstörungen mit Colibakterien".

3215:"Systematic Review of Probiotics and Their Potential for Developing Functional Nondairy Foods" 2335: 1298:, few have been sufficiently developed in basic and clinical research to warrant approval for 8251: 7632: 4629: 1420: 1321: 1031:

A 2019 meta-analysis found low-quality evidence for probiotics having a small improvement in

968: 804: 418: 33: 7478:. European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. December 2001. 6580:

Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Kaur L, Gordon M, et al. (March 4, 2020). Cochrane IBD Group (ed.).

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In 1920, Rettger and Cheplin reported that Metchnikoff's "Bulgarian Bacillus", later called

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babies and he observed clinical benefits from treating infant diarrhea with bifidobacteria.

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Limketkai BN, Akobeng AK, Gordon M, et al. (July 17, 2020). Cochrane Gut Group (ed.).

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Probiotic treatment might reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several

853:. A 2015 review showed low-quality evidence that probiotics given directly to infants with 642: 410: 296: 218: 7169: 2884: 731:

as well as of other gas-producing bacteria. Rettger further explored the possibilities of

8: 8261: 7901: 6628: 5925: 4471:"Probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional therapy" 3883: 2031:

Probiotics in food : health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation

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concentration, and a decrease of 7.7 mg/dL (0.2 mmol/L) (5% decrease) in serum

1003: 951: 758: 481: 441: 7323:"Responders and non-responders to probiotic interventions: how can we improve the odds?" 4844: 4699:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to a combination of 4313: 4173: 3044: 2793: 1039:. A 2020 review found probiotics might improve depression, but more studies are needed. 627: 571: 556: 105: 8220: 8072: 7986: 7961: 7931: 7926: 7788: 7672: 7652: 7627: 7588: 7445: 7420: 7396: 7371: 7347: 7322: 7285: 7260: 7233: 7150: 7009: 6919: 6863: 6838: 6814: 6781: 6757: 6724: 6705: 6657: 6630: 6606: 6581: 6557: 6532: 6503: 6478: 6403: 6370: 6339: 6168: 6125: 6113: 6082: 5993: 5968: 5906: 5850: 5817: 5757: 5714: 5666: 5631: 5563: 5520: 5397: 5342: 5249: 5216: 5190: 5088: 5040: 5015: 4861: 4828: 4804: 4779: 4752:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. October 2001. Archived from 4675: 4650: 4612: 4587: 4333: 4277: 4260: 4192: 4157: 4063: 4000: 3975: 3823: 3798: 3457: 3290: 3255: 2935: 2861: 2834: 2810: 2777: 2743: 2693: 2547: 2450: 2425: 2183: 2158: 2069: 1897: 1870: 1846: 1819: 1726: 1701: 1677: 1650: 1619: 1592: 1565: 1540: 1270: 461: 361: 140: 7097: 6282: 6257: 6203: 5886: 5428: 4130: 4113: 3859: 3620: 3114: 3087: 3074:

Jarrell J, Cal T, Bennett JW (2000). "The Kombucha Consortia of yeasts and bacteria".

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First, probiotics must be alive when administered. One of the concerns throughout the

812:, meaning 'before', and refers to a substance that is not digested, but rather may be 7976: 7710: 7450: 7401: 7387: 7352: 7290: 7238: 7220: 7200: 7142: 7137: 7120: 7101: 7051: 7001: 6954: 6923: 6911: 6868: 6819: 6801: 6762: 6744: 6697: 6662: 6611: 6562: 6508: 6459: 6408: 6390: 6331: 6287: 6207: 6172: 6160: 6117: 6086: 6074: 6033: 5998: 5937: 5910: 5898: 5890: 5855: 5837: 5798: 5749: 5706: 5671: 5653: 5612: 5604: 5599: 5582: 5555: 5512: 5473: 5432: 5389: 5334: 5330: 5295: 5254: 5236: 5182: 5135: 5127: 5092: 5080: 5045: 4981: 4942: 4901: 4866: 4809: 4680: 4617: 4568: 4492: 4439: 4429: 4404: 4356: 4325: 4282: 4222: 4197: 4135: 4055: 4005: 3931: 3921: 3894: 3863: 3828: 3810: 3779: 3334: 3295: 3277: 3236: 3192: 3151: 2927: 2866: 2815: 2747: 2735: 2685: 2650: 2615: 2539: 2534: 2517: 2455: 2406: 2354: 2239: 2188: 2139: 2045: 2035: 1942: 1902: 1851: 1795: 1731: 1713: 1682: 1624: 1570: 1064: 1032: 1016: 979: 669: 579: 546: 388: 7154: 6709: 6531:

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was first isolated from a breastfed infant by Henry Tissier, who also worked at the

8164: 7911: 7719: 7516: 7468: 7440: 7432: 7391: 7383: 7342: 7334: 7280: 7272: 7228: 7212: 7132: 7093: 7043: 7013: 6991: 6983: 6903: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6809: 6797: 6793: 6752: 6740: 6736: 6689: 6652: 6642: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6449: 6439: 6398: 6386: 6382: 6343: 6323: 6277: 6269: 6199: 6152: 6109: 6064: 6025: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5882: 5845: 5829: 5788: 5761: 5741: 5698: 5661: 5643: 5594: 5547: 5524: 5504: 5492: 5463: 5424: 5381: 5346: 5326: 5285: 5244: 5232: 5228: 5174: 5119: 5072: 5035: 5031: 5027: 4973: 4932: 4893: 4856: 4848: 4799: 4791: 4726: 4670: 4662: 4607: 4599: 4558: 4482: 4317: 4272: 4187: 4177: 4125: 4067: 4045: 4031: 3995: 3987: 3855: 3818: 3769: 3326: 3285: 3267: 3226: 3182: 3141: 3110: 3083: 2979: 2919: 2856: 2846: 2805: 2797: 2727: 2697: 2677: 2646: 2642: 2605: 2529: 2486: 2445: 2437: 2398: 2346: 2270: 2229: 2219: 2178: 2170: 2129: 1892: 1882: 1841: 1831: 1785: 1721: 1672: 1662: 1614: 1604: 1560: 1552: 1295: 1232: 728: 693: 631: 406: 120: 6273: 6156: 4937: 4920: 4897: 2731: 1609: 606:, which are part of the normal gut microbiota, produce toxic substances including 187:

FAO/WHO in 2002. This definition, though widely adopted, is not acceptable to the

8159: 8113: 7971: 7646: 7622: 5551: 5508: 5290: 5273: 4603: 4531: 4321: 4033: 3231: 3214: 2681: 1774:"Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: Bridging science and marketing" 1425: 1048: 898: 98: 5385: 2441: 2303: 858: 8056: 8011: 7755: 6907: 6069: 6052: 6029: 5123: 5076: 4162:

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Probiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis is the application or ingestion of

115:

A growing probiotics market has led to the need for stricter requirements for

8245: 8184: 8179: 8169: 8092: 7921: 7906: 7641: 7224: 6805: 6748: 6629:

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Epidemiological surveillance of adverse incidents in consumers (aftermarket)

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were known to inhibit the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low

323:

L. pentosus, L. plantarum , Leuconostoc mesenteroides , L. brevis, L. lactis

8097: 7607: 7454: 7436: 7405: 7356: 7338: 7242: 7146: 7105: 7055: 7047: 7005: 6915: 6872: 6823: 6766: 6701: 6666: 6615: 6566: 6512: 6463: 6412: 6335: 6291: 6211: 6164: 6121: 6078: 6037: 6002: 5941: 5902: 5859: 5802: 5753: 5710: 5675: 5616: 5559: 5516: 5477: 5468: 5451: 5436: 5393: 5338: 5299: 5258: 5217:"Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea" 5186: 5139: 5084: 5049: 4985: 4946: 4905: 4870: 4813: 4795: 4684: 4621: 4572: 4496: 4408: 4329: 4201: 4139: 4059: 4009: 3867: 3832: 3783: 3338: 3299: 3196: 3155: 2931: 2870: 2835:"Fermented Fruits and Vegetables of Asia: A Potential Source of Probiotics" 2819: 2689: 2654: 2619: 2543: 2459: 2410: 2243: 2192: 2174: 2143: 1906: 1855: 1799: 1735: 1686: 1651:"Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new" 1628: 1574: 1450: 1299: 1214:. For this reason, the use of probiotics in pregnancy was advised against. 1133: 1085: 1047:

Some probiotics are suggested as a possible treatment for various forms of

850: 813: 788:), meaning 'fit for life, lively', the latter deriving from the noun βίος ( 591: 542: 538: 136: 128: 97:. The discovery was made in 1905 by Bulgarian physician and microbiologist 7294: 6647: 4547:"Some insights into the derivation and early uses of the word 'probiotic'" 4286: 4182: 3915: 2851: 2134: 2117: 1148:

Probiotics do not appear to change the risk of infection in older people.

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Second, probiotics must have undergone controlled evaluation to document

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It is unclear whether probiotic supplementation helps with childhood

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1002:

As of 2017, only limited evidence indicated any direct link between

966:, lactic acid, and/or bacteriocins, and/or inhibit the adherence of 739:

were found very active when implanted in the human digestive tract.

440:

Probiotic supplements typically contain between one and ten billion

8174: 7936: 7916: 7853: 7813: 7798: 7692: 4961: 4829:"Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes" 4585: 4487: 4470: 3673:"Đình chỉ lưu hành men vi sinh sống Biolac do không đạt chất lượng" 3314: 882: 792:), meaning 'life'. The term contrasts etymologically with the term 634:", which would cause the physical changes associated with old age. 623: 564: 430: 370: 228: 191:

Authority because it embeds a health claim that is not measurable.

88: 72: 6015: 5966: 5105: 2591: 1967:"Heinz reels from latest probiotic health claim rejection by EFSA" 630:, these compounds were responsible for what he called "intestinal 8082: 8036: 7966: 7946: 7793: 7667: 7657: 6839:"Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood" 6836: 5774: 4112:

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If the strain under evaluation belongs to a species with known

1088:; caution and glucose monitoring are necessary to avoid this. 870: 854: 816:

to promote the growth of beneficial intestinal microorganisms.

611: 534: 434: 369:. Other acidic bacteria, said to be probiotic, can be found in 268: 256: 232: 147:

for insufficient evidence of beneficial mechanism or efficacy.

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that contain lactic acid bacteria include vegetables such as

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5106:

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for benefit, thus inconclusive proof of effectiveness. The

27:

Microorganisms said to provide health benefits when consumed

8046: 7868: 7823: 7320: 7118: 6893: 6679: 6298: 6053:"From the Cochrane Library: Probiotics for treating eczema" 5449: 5414: 5214: 4919:

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potential, determination of hemolytic activity is required.

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West Point, CT: AVI Publishing Co. 4092: 3438:from the original on 13 December 2014 3375:from the original on 5 September 2018 3011: 3005: 2329: 2327: 1973:from the original on October 20, 2020 1955: 1474: 1472: 835: 832:in some humans remain controversial. 704:in acute gastrointestinal infectious 590:process results from the activity of 171:. A consensus definition of the term 6942: 5875:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 5056: 4691: 4588:"Prebiotics: why definitions matter" 3705:from the original on 8 December 2014 3490:from the original on 2 February 2016 2839:Biotechnology Research International 2585: 2509: 2466: 1991: 1862: 1498: 359:species. Buttermilk contains either 247:or bread-like products made without 8226:Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 7311:. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992 7167: 6519: 5587:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 5146:from the original on March 16, 2022 5004: 4522:from the original on April 25, 2023 4265:The Journal of Applied Bacteriology 3426:'Probiotic' As A General Descriptor 3400:The Daily Telegraph and China Daily 3396:"Yogurt ferments the dairy segment" 3357: 3067: 3024:from the original on August 9, 2018 2757:from the original on March 27, 2023 2497:from the original on 14 August 2013 2479:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 1985: 1964: 1913: 1511:"Probiotics: What You Need To Know" 1486:from the original on April 20, 2021 1258: 1078: 586:, proposed the hypothesis that the 24: 7533: 6114:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.05.010 5353:from the original on July 28, 2020 5201: 4992:from the original on June 18, 2021 4649:Salminen S, van Loveren H (2012). 4278:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x 4038:Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 3737:from the original on 1 August 2014 3699:"Live & Active Culture Yogurt" 3345:from the original on June 18, 2021 3055:from the original on July 12, 2018 2324: 2312:from the original on April 1, 2015 2281:from the original on June 16, 2022 1469: 934:, such as severely debilitated or 905:outweighs the uncertain benefits. 515: 309:spp. Kimchi contains the bacteria 108:, who postulated around 1907 that 25: 8273: 7485:from the original on 29 June 2016 7309:Probiotics, the Scientific Thesis 7098:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012 5887:10.2174/1389201021666200107113812 4450:from the original on July 1, 2023 4233:from the original on July 1, 2023 4074:from the original on May 25, 2021 3942:from the original on July 1, 2023 3464:from the original on 10 July 2017 3103:Polymer Degradation and Stability 2370:from the original on May 28, 2015 2056:from the original on July 1, 2023 1927:"Warning letter to CocoKefir LLC" 1316:Scientific guidelines for testing 997: 279:; and non-dairy products such as 167:(FAO)/WHO in May 2002 issued the 165:Food and Agriculture Organization 7497: 7461: 7412: 7388:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02358.x 7301: 7192: 7180:from the original on 11 May 2015 7161: 7138:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03848.x 7065:from the original on May 6, 2011 7020: 6887: 6773: 6716: 6673: 6573: 6470: 6419: 6362: 6218: 6136: 6093: 6044: 6009: 5960: 5866: 5809: 5768: 5682: 5600:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01688.x 5574: 5331:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x 4425:Probiotics: the scientific basis 4034:"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action" 3679:(in Vietnamese). January 5, 2017 3653:(in Vietnamese). January 1, 2013 3601:(in Vietnamese). January 3, 2017 3519:from the original on 14 May 2017 3181:(6): 1256–1264, quiz 1446–1447. 2535:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x 1399: 1242: 798:, although it is not a complete 649:produced by the fermentation of 5834:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023 5443: 5408: 5365: 5158: 4820: 4771: 4739: 4642: 4503: 4415: 4369: 4344: 4261:"Probiotics in man and animals" 4105: 4025: 3954: 3874: 3790: 3749: 3717: 3701:. National Yogurt Association. 3691: 3665: 3639: 3613: 3587: 3561: 3549:from the original on 8 May 2017 3476: 3418: 3387: 3367:Feldman M (22 September 2016). 3247: 3121: 3094: 3036: 2877: 2826: 2769: 2720:Journal of Apicultural Research 2704: 2661: 2626: 2558: 2522:Journal of Applied Microbiology 2491:10.2225/vol9-issue4-fulltext-12 2417: 2250: 2150: 2082: 1541:"Risk and safety of probiotics" 1263: 1120:Some strains of LAB may affect 1073:American Academy of Dermatology 676:was later renamed to the genus 672:. The isolated bacterium named 602:. Proteolytic bacteria such as 437:, a potentially fatal disease. 399: 47:, a probiotic drink containing 7261:"Probiotics in human medicine" 6900:Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 6855:10.1002/14651858.CD010972.pub2 6798:10.1002/14651858.CD009951.pub3 6741:10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub5 6598:10.1002/14651858.CD007443.pub3 6549:10.1002/14651858.CD005573.pub3 6495:10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub3 6387:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4 5985:10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub4 5233:10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5 5032:10.1002/14651858.CD012941.pub2 3575:(in Vietnamese). July 28, 2018 2953:Farnworth ER (April 4, 2005). 2647:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.014 1693: 1251:. One literature review found 1116:Immune function and infections 1009: 887:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea 877:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea 826:European Food Safety Authority 474:European Food Safety Authority 455: 155:An October 2001 report by the 145:European Food Safety Authority 13: 1: 6274:10.1128/CMR.16.4.658-672.2003 6204:10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00153-5 6157:10.1080/10408398.2022.2117783 5429:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9 4938:10.1016/j.micpath.2012.05.007 4898:10.1016/j.micpath.2012.09.013 4131:10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00368-7 3860:10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00050-3 3115:10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00197-3 3088:10.1016/S0269-915X(00)80034-8 2732:10.1080/00218839.2020.1801152 2275:10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00099-1 1610:10.12688/f1000research.7630.1 1462: 1054: 467: 351:Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens 150: 91:in Bulgarian yoghurt, called 5552:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181646d09 5509:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181618ab7 5291:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.059 4604:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001 4510:Liddell HG, Scott R (eds.). 4322:10.1126/science.147.3659.747 3885:Microbiology An Introduction 3371:. Natural Products Insider. 3232:10.3390/applmicrobiol4010004 2682:10.1080/10408398.2010.547398 1778:British Journal of Nutrition 1539:Doron S, Snydman DR (2015). 1201: 1104:infections (which may cause 982:-producing strains, such as 844: 771: 490:Food and Drug Administration 303:, Lactobacillus coryniformis 67:. Probiotics are considered 7: 5386:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.053 4713:Streptococcus thermophillus 4378:Animal Nutrition and Health 3043:Wollan M (March 24, 2010). 2955:"Kefir-a complex probiotic" 2567:"Lactobacillus acidophilus" 2565:Ehrlich SD (May 24, 2011). 2442:10.1128/AEM.10.1.86-89.1962 2263:International Dairy Journal 2003:. FAO / WHO. Archived from 1591:Singhi SC, Kumar S (2016). 1392: 1042: 859:last trimester of pregnancy 819: 522:National Yogurt Association 301:Lactobacillus paraplantarum 295:, Pediococcus pentosaceus, 10: 8278: 8231:Sympathetic nervous system 7892:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate 7782:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) 7168:Bee P (10 November 2008). 6908:10.1007/s12602-023-10079-1 6880:(Recurrent Abdominal Pain) 6843:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6070:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.032 6030:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031 5973:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5313:McFarlandfirst=LV (2006). 5124:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031 5077:10.1007/s00431-019-03397-6 3848:Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 3541:Schmidt N (30 July 2014). 3394:Meiling C (21 June 2018). 2403:10.1089/109662004322984680 2351:10.1128/9781555818463.ch33 1706:Nutrition in Clinical Care 1289: 1226: 1152:Inflammatory bowel disease 717:Lactobacillus delbrueckii 527: 488:In the United States, the 478:cause-and-effect mechanism 423:inflammatory bowel disease 387:Acetobacter pasteurianus, 340:Streptococcus thermophilus 198: 143:have been rejected by the 79:interactions and unwanted 31: 8213: 8190:Tricyclic antidepressants 8152: 8065: 7877: 7767:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 7666: 7595: 7217:10.1007/s13197-011-0457-2 6988:10.1038/s41430-018-0135-9 6018:J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 5746:10.1007/s11906-017-0723-4 5703:10.1007/s00404-013-3064-9 3992:10.1017/S0025727300030702 3458:"Probiotic health claims" 2924:10.1080/10408390903579029 2391:Journal of Medicinal Food 2305:Lactic Acid Fermentations 1791:10.1017/S000711451100287X 1195:necrotizing enterocolitis 1189:Necrotizing enterocolitis 864: 725:Lactobacillus acidophilus 674:Bacillus bifidus communis 376:Gluconacetobacter xylinus 344:Lactobacillus delbrueckii 332:Lactobacillus acidophilus 289:Leuconostoc mesenteroides 267:; dairy products such as 157:World Health Organization 117:scientific substantiation 69:generally safe to consume 8145:Irritable bowel syndrome 7125:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther 7042:(1367–1377): 1367–1377. 5649:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081 4732:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3085 4705:Lactobacillus helveticus 4667:10.3402/mehd.v23i0.18568 4428:. Springer Netherlands. 3974:Vaughan RB (July 1965). 3762:The Journal of Nutrition 3677:baotainguyenmoitruong.vn 3012:Bauer B (July 8, 2017). 2225:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 1965:Chu W (April 18, 2019). 1837:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5656 1441:Probiotics in pediatrics 1218:Recurrent abdominal pain 1183:irritable bowel syndrome 1177:Irritable bowel syndrome 494:Federal Trade Commission 415:central venous catheters 209:fermented dairy products 94:Lactobacillus bulgaricus 32:Not to be confused with 7603:Bodybuilding supplement 7522:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.587 6694:10.1136/gut.2008.167270 6328:10.1023/A:1020620607611 6316:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 5794:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601104 5636:Frontiers in Physiology 5167:J Paediatr Child Health 4853:10.1126/science.1208344 4516:A Greek-English Lexicon 3880: 3768:(2S Suppl): 384S–390S. 3147:10.1111/1541-4337.12073 2984:10.1616/1476-2137.13938 1888:10.1186/1472-6939-13-28 1668:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179 1431:Microbial food cultures 1237:Latilactobacillus sakei 926:Saccharomyces boulardii 891:carbohydrate metabolism 765:Lactobacillus johnsonii 753:Lactobacillus rhamnosus 336:Bifidobacterium bifidum 293:Lactobacillus plantarum 50:Lactobacillus paracasei 7777:Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 7437:10.1002/mnfr.201300065 7339:10.4161/gmic.1.3.12013 7086:Int. J. Food Microbiol 7048:10.4014/jmb.1003.03020 6951:Campbell-Walsh Urology 5691:Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 5491:Doron SI, Hibberd PL, 5469:10.1542/peds.104.5.e64 5280:(Clinical guideline). 4925:Microbial Pathogenesis 4886:Microbial Pathogenesis 4796:10.4161/gmic.1.6.13610 4701:Bifidobacterium longum 4655:Microb Ecol Health Dis 3914:Metchnikoff E (2004). 3188:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256 2912:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2336:"Fermented Vegetables" 2175:10.4161/gmic.1.4.12707 2074:: CS1 maint: others ( 1126:competitive inhibition 1027:Depression and anxiety 895:short-chain fatty acid 687:During an outbreak of 560: 321:spp. Pao cai contains 123:discomfort, improving 53: 6684:(Systematic review). 6637:(Systematic review). 6445:10.1093/ageing/afy006 5734:Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 5169:(Systematic review). 4259:Fuller R (May 1989). 4183:10.1073/pnas.6.12.704 3775:10.1093/jn/130.2.384S 2135:10.3945/jn.109.113779 1655:World J Gastroenterol 1551:(Suppl 2): S129–234. 1421:Fecal bacteriotherapy 1322:scientific literature 1163:5‐aminosalicylic acid 969:Gardnerella vaginalis 903:Clostridium difficile 808:comes from the Latin 555: 498:Food product labeling 419:cardiac valve disease 394:Gluconobacter oxydans 42: 7977:Japanese honeysuckle 7543:(October 12, 2021). 7277:10.1136/gut.32.4.439 6262:Clin. Microbiol. Rev 5540:J Clin Gastroenterol 5497:J Clin Gastroenterol 5319:Am. J. Gastroenterol 4592:Curr Opin Biotechnol 3651:Báo Nhân Dân điện tử 3621:"Bioamicus complete" 3219:Applied Microbiology 2802:10.1128/AEM.01342-07 2430:Applied Microbiology 1208:gestational diabetes 1006:and gut microbiota. 442:colony-forming units 411:short bowel syndrome 353:, Lactococcus lactis 297:Lactobacillus brevis 219:Lactic acid bacteria 189:European Food Safety 7902:Chondroitin sulfate 7720:Pantothenic acid (B 7683:Retinol (Vitamin A) 7653:Protein supplements 7589:Dietary supplements 6648:10.1155/2015/505878 6188:Helicobacter pylori 5546:(Suppl 2): S64–70. 5503:(Suppl 2): S58–63. 4978:10.3920/BM2012.0041 4966:Beneficial Microbes 4845:2011Sci...334..105W 4839:(6052): 1051–1108. 4314:1965Sci...147..747L 4215:Rettger FL (1935). 4174:1920PNAS....6..704C 4095:Medizinische Klinik 3964:1910, 55:2311–2312. 3756:Sanders ME (2000). 3406:on 6 September 2018 3331:10.3920/BM2012.0041 3319:Beneficial Microbes 2852:10.1155/2014/250424 2794:2007ApEnM..73.7697P 2611:10.2323/jgam.48.201 2102:on October 7, 2017. 2010:on October 22, 2012 1307:Storage temperature 1277:Multiple probiotics 1171:combination therapy 1101:Helicobacter pylori 1093:Helicobacter pylori 1067:, and some risk of 1004:high blood pressure 952:bacterial vaginosis 942:Bacterial vaginosis 802:. The related term 759:Lactobacillus casei 482:European Commission 141:dietary supplements 8073:Codex Alimentarius 7962:Grape seed extract 7623:Herbal supplements 7515:(12): 1–16. 2007. 7476:Scientific Opinion 4709:Lactococcus lactis 4564:10.1079/BJN2003954 4351:Sperti GS (1971). 3809:(Suppl): 139–144. 3273:10.3390/nu11122913 3049:The New York Times 1875:BMC Medical Ethics 1557:10.1093/cid/civ085 1271:microencapsulation 992:vaginal microbiota 936:immune-compromised 836:Acute otitis media 702:Nissle 1917 strain 561: 510:Ministry of Health 362:Lactococcus lactis 229:pickled vegetables 225:Fermented products 131:, or avoiding the 54: 8239: 8238: 8111: 8110: 7756:Cyanocobalamin (B 7673:chemical elements 7259:Fuller R (1991). 6960:978-1-4160-6911-9 5417:Lancet Infect Dis 5179:10.1111/jpc.14126 4725:(2): 3085. 2013. 4481:(11): 1567–1576. 4475:Clin. Infect. Dis 4435:978-94-011-2364-8 4422:Fuller R (2012). 4362:978-0-87055-099-7 4308:(3659): 747–748. 4221:. Yale Univ. Pr. 4051:10.1159/000342079 3927:978-0-8261-1877-6 3900:978-0-321-58202-7 3573:Giáo dục Việt Nam 2788:(23): 7697–7702. 2360:978-1-55581-626-1 1360:required tests: 1065:atopic dermatitis 1017:total cholesterol 980:hydrogen peroxide 893:, with decreased 670:Pasteur Institute 580:Pasteur Institute 547:food preservation 389:Acetobacter aceti 382:Zygosaccharomyces 16:(Redirected from 8269: 8257:Digestive system 8165:Gluten-free diet 8138: 8131: 8124: 8115: 8114: 8066:Related articles 7972:Iron supplements 7912:Copper gluconate 7582: 7575: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7448: 7431:(8): 1479–1504. 7416: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7350: 7318: 7312: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7288: 7256: 7247: 7246: 7236: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7140: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7064: 7033: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6999: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6866: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6817: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6735:(10): CD005496. 6720: 6714: 6713: 6688:(3): 3253–3232. 6677: 6671: 6670: 6660: 6650: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6609: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6560: 6528: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6457: 6447: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6322:(1–4): 279–289. 6313: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6285: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6230: 6226:"H Pylori Facts" 6222: 6216: 6215: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6072: 6063:(3): e127–e132. 6048: 6042: 6041: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5979:(12): CD003048. 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5796: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5651: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5602: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5471: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5293: 5278:Gastroenterology 5269: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5212: 5199: 5198: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5071:(8): 1139–1149. 5065:Eur. J. Pediatr. 5060: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4940: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4625: 4615: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4256: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4185: 4153: 4144: 4143: 4133: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4053: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4003: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3888: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3826: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3402:. Archived from 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3275: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3149: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3109:(1–3): 101–106. 3098: 3092: 3091: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2992: 2986:. Archived from 2977: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2864: 2854: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2537: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2453: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2269:(2–3): 173–182. 2254: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2227: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2186: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2137: 2128:(3): 671S–676S. 2113: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2094: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2073: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2009: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1946: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1922: 1911: 1910: 1900: 1890: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1849: 1839: 1815: 1804: 1803: 1793: 1784:(9): 1291–1296. 1769: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1670: 1661:(7): 2179–2194. 1646: 1633: 1632: 1622: 1612: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1536: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1507: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1476: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1259:General research 1079:Glycemic control 729:Balantidium coli 694:Escherichia coli 632:autointoxication 572:Élie Metchnikoff 557:Élie Metchnikoff 472:As of 2019, the 407:immunodeficiency 163:convened by the 121:gastrointestinal 106:Élie Metchnikoff 71:, but may cause 21: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8209: 8160:Low-FODMAP diet 8148: 8142: 8112: 8107: 8061: 7879: 7873: 7759: 7750: 7741: 7732: 7723: 7714: 7705: 7696: 7674: 7671: 7662: 7647:Bifidobacterium 7591: 7586: 7536: 7534:Further reading 7531: 7530: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7417: 7413: 7368: 7364: 7319: 7315: 7306: 7302: 7257: 7250: 7197: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7166: 7162: 7117: 7113: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7031: 7025: 7021: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6892: 6888: 6849:(3): CD010972. 6835: 6831: 6792:(4): CD009951. 6778: 6774: 6721: 6717: 6678: 6674: 6627: 6623: 6592:(3): CD007443. 6578: 6574: 6543:(3): CD005573. 6529: 6520: 6489:(7): CD006634. 6475: 6471: 6424: 6420: 6381:(8): CD006895. 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6306: 6299: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6184: 6180: 6141: 6137: 6102:Clin. Dermatol. 6098: 6094: 6049: 6045: 6014: 6010: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5936:(RR–16): 1–16. 5930:MMWR Recomm Rep 5922: 5918: 5871: 5867: 5814: 5810: 5787:(11): 856–860. 5773: 5769: 5730: 5726: 5687: 5683: 5628: 5624: 5579: 5575: 5536: 5532: 5489: 5485: 5448: 5444: 5413: 5409: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5311: 5307: 5270: 5266: 5227:(4): CD004827. 5213: 5202: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5104: 5100: 5061: 5057: 5026:(6): CD012941. 5012: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4958: 4954: 4917: 4913: 4882: 4878: 4825: 4821: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4759:on May 14, 2012 4756: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4647: 4643: 4627: 4626: 4584: 4580: 4543: 4539: 4532:Perseus Project 4525: 4523: 4508: 4504: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4393: 4389: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4349: 4345: 4298: 4294: 4257: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4213: 4209: 4168:(12): 704–705. 4154: 4147: 4110: 4106: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 3980:Medical History 3972: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3928: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3879: 3875: 3844: 3840: 3795: 3791: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3627:(in Vietnamese) 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3539: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3365: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3311: 3307: 3252: 3248: 3211: 3204: 3167: 3163: 3126: 3122: 3099: 3095: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2993:on May 14, 2014 2990: 2975:10.1.1.583.6014 2957: 2951: 2947: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2831: 2827: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2666: 2662: 2631: 2627: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2563: 2559: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2471: 2467: 2422: 2418: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2255: 2251: 2204: 2200: 2155: 2151: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2042: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2007: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1963: 1956: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1930: 1923: 1914: 1867: 1863: 1816: 1807: 1770: 1743: 1698: 1694: 1647: 1636: 1589: 1582: 1545:Clin Infect Dis 1537: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1509: 1508: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1426:Functional food 1405: 1398: 1395: 1330:health benefits 1318: 1309: 1292: 1279: 1266: 1261: 1245: 1229: 1220: 1204: 1191: 1179: 1165:treatment as a 1154: 1118: 1096: 1081: 1069:adverse effects 1057: 1049:gastroenteritis 1045: 1029: 1023:concentration. 1012: 1000: 965: 961: 944: 899:Cochrane review 879: 867: 847: 838: 822: 774: 678:Bifidobacterium 643:lactobacillales 626:. According to 530: 518: 516:Yogurt labeling 470: 458: 402: 245:sourdough bread 203:Live probiotic 201: 153: 99:Stamen Grigorov 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8275: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8221:Gut–brain axis 8217: 8215: 8214:Related topics 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8180:Antispasmodics 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8141: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8057:Zinc gluconate 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8032:St John's wort 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8012:Red yeast rice 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7585: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7496: 7460: 7411: 7382:(2): 202–215. 7362: 7333:(3): 200–204. 7313: 7300: 7271:(4): 439–442. 7248: 7191: 7160: 7111: 7092:(3): 219–233. 7076: 7019: 6966: 6959: 6941: 6886: 6829: 6772: 6715: 6672: 6635:Biomed Res Int 6621: 6572: 6518: 6469: 6438:(4): 527–536. 6432:Age and Ageing 6418: 6361: 6297: 6268:(4): 658–672. 6245: 6217: 6198:(4): 360–366. 6178: 6135: 6108:(5): 653–658. 6092: 6043: 6024:(4): 952–961. 6008: 5959: 5916: 5881:(7): 555–565. 5865: 5808: 5767: 5724: 5697:(3): 479–489. 5681: 5622: 5593:(7): 657–664. 5573: 5530: 5483: 5442: 5423:(6): 374–382. 5407: 5380:(3): 367–372. 5364: 5325:(4): 812–822. 5305: 5284:(2): 697–705. 5264: 5200: 5173:(9): 953–961. 5157: 5118:(4): 952–961. 5098: 5055: 5003: 4972:(3): 171–174. 4952: 4931:(2): 100–108. 4911: 4876: 4819: 4790:(6): 436–439. 4770: 4738: 4690: 4641: 4578: 4537: 4502: 4488:10.1086/320518 4461: 4434: 4414: 4387: 4368: 4361: 4343: 4292: 4271:(5): 365–378. 4244: 4207: 4145: 4124:(3): 223–229. 4104: 4085: 4044:(2): 160–174. 4024: 4015: 3986:(3): 201–215. 3966: 3953: 3926: 3906: 3899: 3873: 3854:(4): 287–292. 3838: 3789: 3748: 3716: 3690: 3664: 3638: 3612: 3599:baochinhphu.vn 3586: 3560: 3530: 3501: 3475: 3449: 3417: 3386: 3356: 3325:(3): 171–174. 3305: 3246: 3202: 3175:Am J Clin Nutr 3161: 3140:(4): 538–550. 3120: 3093: 3082:(4): 166–170. 3066: 3035: 3004: 2945: 2918:(3): 261–268. 2902: 2876: 2825: 2768: 2703: 2676:(5): 482–496. 2660: 2641:(6): 483–485. 2625: 2604:(4): 201–209. 2584: 2557: 2528:(1): 147–157. 2508: 2465: 2416: 2381: 2359: 2323: 2292: 2249: 2218:(8): 506–514. 2198: 2169:(4): 243–253. 2149: 2105: 2081: 2040: 2021: 1984: 1954: 1912: 1861: 1805: 1741: 1692: 1634: 1580: 1528: 1497: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1291: 1288: 1278: 1275: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1244: 1241: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1203: 1200: 1190: 1187: 1178: 1175: 1153: 1150: 1117: 1114: 1095: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1056: 1053: 1044: 1041: 1028: 1025: 1011: 1008: 999: 998:Blood pressure 996: 984:L. acidophilus 963: 959: 943: 940: 932:adverse events 878: 875: 866: 863: 846: 843: 837: 834: 821: 818: 773: 770: 737:L. acidophilus 733:L. acidophilus 666:Bifidobacteria 639:milk fermented 637:At that time, 576:gut microbiota 569:Nobel laureate 567:scientist and 529: 526: 517: 514: 469: 466: 457: 454: 401: 398: 200: 197: 181:United Nations 152: 149: 103:Nobel laureate 65:gut microbiota 61:microorganisms 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8274: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8185:Psychotherapy 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8170:Soluble fiber 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093:Nutraceutical 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7922:Dietary fiber 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7907:Cod liver oil 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7878:Other common 7876: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7752: 7747:Folic acid (B 7745: 7743: 7736: 7734: 7729:Pyridoxine (B 7727: 7725: 7718: 7716: 7709: 7707: 7702:Riboflavin (B 7700: 7698: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7642:Lactobacillus 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7523: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7253: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7131:(1): 97–103. 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6982:(73): 24–37. 6981: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6881: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6250: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5008: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4755: 4748: 4742: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3957: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3683:September 24, 3678: 3674: 3668: 3657:September 24, 3652: 3648: 3642: 3631:September 24, 3626: 3622: 3616: 3605:September 24, 3600: 3596: 3590: 3579:September 24, 3574: 3570: 3564: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3535: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2753: 2749: 2745: 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1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1446:Proteobiotics 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1313: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1284: 1283:physiological 1274: 1272: 1256: 1254: 1253:Lactobacillus 1250: 1249:urinary tract 1243:Urinary tract 1240: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1212:pre-eclampsia 1209: 1199: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138:T lymphocytes 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1106:peptic ulcers 1103: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1007: 1005: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 975:Lactobacillus 971: 970: 957: 956:Lactobacillus 953: 949: 939: 937: 933: 928: 927: 922: 917: 915: 911: 910:meta-analyses 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 874: 872: 862: 860: 856: 852: 842: 833: 831: 827: 817: 815: 811: 807: 806: 801: 797: 796: 791: 787: 783: 779: 769: 767: 766: 761: 760: 755: 754: 748: 744: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 706:salmonellosis 703: 701: 696: 695: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 570: 566: 558: 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 525: 523: 513: 511: 507: 502: 499: 495: 491: 486: 483: 479: 475: 465: 463: 453: 451: 450: 449:Lactobacillus 445: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 397: 395: 391: 390: 384: 383: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367:L. bulgaricus 364: 363: 358: 354: 352: 346: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 324: 320: 319:Lactobacillus 316: 312: 308: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 220: 216: 214: 210: 206: 196: 192: 190: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 161:working group 158: 148: 146: 142: 138: 137:health claims 134: 130: 126: 125:immune health 122: 118: 113: 111: 107: 104: 100: 96: 95: 90: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 52: 51: 46: 41: 35: 30: 19: 8252:Bacteriology 8199: 8098:Multivitamin 8022:Saw palmetto 8002:Milk thistle 7675:("minerals") 7637: 7608:Energy drink 7548: 7512: 7509:EFSA Journal 7508: 7499: 7487:. Retrieved 7475: 7463: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7330: 7327:Gut Microbes 7326: 7316: 7308: 7303: 7268: 7264: 7211:(1): 83–89. 7208: 7204: 7194: 7182:. Retrieved 7173: 7163: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7067:. Retrieved 7039: 7035: 7022: 6997:10072/381737 6979: 6975: 6969: 6950: 6944: 6932:. Retrieved 6899: 6889: 6879: 6876: 6846: 6842: 6832: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6540: 6536: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6455:11449/164454 6435: 6431: 6421: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6352:. Retrieved 6319: 6315: 6265: 6261: 6232: 6220: 6195: 6191: 6190:infection". 6187: 6181: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6021: 6017: 6011: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5952:September 8, 5950:. Retrieved 5933: 5929: 5919: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5355:. 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Retrieved 2304: 2285:December 29, 2283:. Retrieved 2266: 2262: 2252: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2166: 2163:Gut Microbes 2162: 2152: 2125: 2121: 2097:the original 2084: 2058:. Retrieved 2030: 2024: 2014:December 17, 2012:. Retrieved 2005:the original 2000: 1992:Schlundt J. 1987: 1975:. Retrieved 1931:. Retrieved 1878: 1874: 1864: 1827: 1824:EFSA Journal 1823: 1781: 1777: 1712:(2): 56–68. 1709: 1705: 1695: 1658: 1654: 1600: 1596: 1548: 1544: 1521:November 10, 1519:. Retrieved 1488:. Retrieved 1480:"Probiotics" 1451:Psychobiotic 1387: 1357: 1354: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1319: 1310: 1300:health claim 1293: 1280: 1267: 1264:Formulations 1252: 1246: 1230: 1221: 1205: 1192: 1180: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1134:phagocytosis 1124:by means of 1119: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1086:hypoglycemic 1082: 1058: 1046: 1030: 1013: 1001: 988:L. rhamnosus 987: 983: 974: 967: 955: 945: 924: 921:L. rhamnosus 920: 918: 914:L. rhamnosus 913: 907: 902: 880: 868: 851:milk allergy 848: 839: 823: 809: 803: 793: 789: 785: 781: 775: 763: 757: 751: 749: 745: 741: 736: 732: 724: 720: 716: 714: 699: 692: 686: 677: 673: 664: 636: 592:putrefactive 562: 543:fermentation 531: 519: 503: 487: 471: 459: 447: 446: 439: 403: 400:Side effects 393: 386: 380: 374: 373:, including 366: 360: 357:Leuconostoc 356: 348: 330: 327:L. fermentum 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 287: 285: 223: 217: 207:are part of 202: 193: 185: 172: 168: 154: 129:constipation 127:, relieving 114: 92: 86: 81:side effects 56: 55: 48: 43:A bottle of 29: 8205:Eluxadoline 8017:Royal jelly 7997:Lipoic acid 7992:Linseed oil 7952:Glucosamine 7880:ingredients 7693:Thiamine (B 7618:Fatty acids 7069:January 28, 6354:December 1, 6151:(6): 1–19. 4711:LA 103 and 4551:Br. J. Nutr 4454:October 31, 4237:October 31, 4101:(2): 29–33. 3946:October 31, 3741:12 December 3709:12 December 3494:13 December 3468:13 December 3442:12 December 3410:5 September 3379:5 September 3018:Mayo Clinic 2968:(1): 1–17. 2726:: 172–187. 2060:October 31, 1490:November 2, 1407:Food portal 1167:monotherapy 1010:Cholesterol 830:weight gain 710:shigellosis 689:shigellosis 628:Metchnikoff 600:large bowel 596:proteolytic 462:supplements 456:Consumption 311:Leuconostoc 133:common cold 8262:Probiotics 8246:Categories 8200:Probiotics 8153:Management 8088:Herbal tea 8042:Wheatgrass 7942:Folic acid 7844:Phosphorus 7839:Molybdenum 7688:B vitamins 7638:Probiotics 7633:Prebiotics 7613:Energy bar 7376:Immunology 7307:Fuller R. 7176:. 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