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Such tools can replace many authoring tools as more complicated functions such as creating simulations, drag and drop etc. are all made possible. Hence, the presentation can be made highly interactive, engaging and compatible with most devices. The best examples are
Microsoft PowerPoint and Apple Keynote. However, one drawback is that such tools often come at a subscription charge and need to be installed locally on devices. Both PowerPoint and Keynote point more towards the standard form of slide by slide presentations. Prezi represents the second major type of tools with a storytelling style and less traditional or structured form of presentation that allows one to zoom in and out of any part of the screen. These tools are generally web-based and have collaborative functions of value-add for the PBL process. Nevertheless, this type of tools also charge subscription fees based on privilege levels. The third broad type of tools would be the web-based ones free of charge with less fanciful effects, allowing access to presentations collaboratively online anytime. Google Slides is such an option which is easy to use. Though it has less functions, it offers the convenience of being available anytime anywhere on any online device. This type can be effective when students have limited time to prepare for their presentations as it removes many technical difficulties such as arranging for face-to-face meetings, installing the presentation tool or the time needed to learn to create the presentation. Students can spend more time on meaningful discussions about their problem and solution instead of the presentation itself.
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However, the use of PBL in complete online education does not seem as established based on the relatively scarce references available in the literature. In 2001, the
University of Southern Queensland (USQ) was one of the first few faculties that utilized a learning management system (LMS) to facilitate collaboration and group problem-solving. The result showed the significant impact of online PBL on the learning outcomes of students in many aspects including enhancing their communication skills, problem-solving skills and ability to work as a team. The most successful feature of the LMS in terms of user rate was the discussion boards where asynchronous communications took place. Technology has advanced for another decade since then and it should help us take online PBL to a greater height as many more activities such as synchronous online meetings have been made readily available today on numerous platforms. The key focus here is to examine how technology can further facilitate the effective use of PBL online by zooming into the learner needs in each phase of PBL.
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gain access to the tools and content stored in the system. Cloud-based solutions on the other hand, such as Google Apps, OneNote, and the Office 365 suit offer collaborative tools outside the traditional education setting. Educators of all kinds (K-12 schools, colleges, and universities, vocational training, HR training teams, etc.) can access these cloud-based solutions and collaborate with anyone around the world by simply sharing a link. These tools range in availability from free with an email account to subscription costs based on the suit purchased. In addition to potential financial limitations, these cloud-based systems are always as secure or private as an LMS that requires course enrollment. Both LMS and cloud-based solutions present learners with opportunities to collaborate in a variety of ways while brainstorming the meaning of the problem and developing a plan for research and future collaboration.
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choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies, and evaluating learning outcomes". By being invited into the learning process, students are also invited to take responsibility for their learning, which leads to an increase in self-directed learning skills. In
Severiens and Schmidt's study of 305 first year college students, they found that PBL and its focus on SDL led to motivation for students to maintain study pace, led to social and academic integration, encouraged development of cognitive skills, and fostered more study progress than students in a conventional learning setting. PBL encourages learners to take a place in the academic world through inquiring and discovery that is central to problem-based learning.
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support the solution using relevant information and data analysis. Being able to communicate and present the solution clearly is the key to the success of this phase as it directly affects the learning outcomes. With the help of technology, presentation has been made much easier and more effective as it can incorporate visual aids of charts, pictures, videos, animations, simulations etc. Ideas and connections between ideas can be clearly demonstrated using different tools. Microsoft PowerPoint 2016, Apple
Keynote, Prezi, and Google Slides are among the top-rated presentation applications of 2017.
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important that learners can engage in collaborative brainstorming and research through the use of technology. Technology allows for groups to collaborate synchronously or asynchronously from anywhere in the world; schedules and geography no longer prevent collaboration in PBL. Today, there is a plethora of tools available to promote group collaboration online, each with unique strengths and limitations. Learning management systems and cloud-based solutions are the two most popular and accessible technological solution for online collaboration. Learning management systems, such as
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future context and elaborate more on the information presented which helps in better understanding and retention of knowledge. In medical education, PBL cases can incorporate dialogue between patients and physicians, demonstrate the narrative character of the medical encounter, and examine the political economic contributors to disease production. PBL can serve as a platform for a discursive practices approach to culture that emphasizes the emergent, participant-constructed qualities of social phenomena while also acknowledging large-scale social forces.
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768:, offer access to seemingly countless links to information. While these research tools provide ample sources of potential information, the quantity can be overwhelming. It also becomes difficult to identify quality sources without adding filters and higher-level search strategies when using these broad search-engines. Libraries are a more selective option and often offer online-databases, but typically require an account or subscription for online access to articles and books.
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scenarios improving learning environment and thus enhance students' engagement in the learning process. Comparing face-to-face setting with strict online PBL, the group activities play the key role in the success of the social interaction in PBL. Online PBL is also seen as more cost-effective. Collaborative PBL has been shown to improve critical thinking scores as compared with individual PBL, and increased students' achievement levels and retention scores.
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Some students reported not having enough confidence to seek information independently without guidance from their teachers. The students also found it very time-consuming to seek information themselves, as they still had to cope with the requirements of the traditional curriculum of attending lectures. Some students had difficulty with the language if the PBL discussions were conducted in
English, as it was not their working language.
415:(Sweller and Cooper, 1985; Cooper and Sweller, 1987). Certainly active problem solving is useful as learners become more competent, and better able to deal with their working memory limitations. But early in the learning process, learners may find it difficult to process a large amount of information in a short time. Thus the rigors of active problem solving may become an issue for novices. Once learners gain expertise the
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makes their learning more profound, lasting and also enhance the transferability of skills and knowledge from the classroom to work. Since there is more scope for application of knowledge and skills the transferability is increased. It will be also very helpful to them not only to visualise what it will be like applying that knowledge and expertise on their field of work or profession.
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stimulate learning by allowing students to see the relevance and application to future roles. It maintains a higher level of motivation towards learning, and shows the importance of responsible, professional attitudes with teamwork values. The motivation for learning drives interest because it allows for selection of problems that have real-world application.
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pioneered by
Stanford Professor Fruchter, an environment across six universities from Europe, the United States and Japan along with a toolkit to capture and share project knowledge was developed. The students (people) from the three disciplines were assigned a team project that works on solving a problem and delivering an end-product to a client.
321:. The teams or groups resolve relevant problems in collaboration and hence it fosters student interaction, teamwork and reinforces interpersonal skills. like peer evaluation, working with group dynamic etc. It also fosters in them the leadership qualities, learn to make decision by consensus and give constructive feed back to the team members etc.
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Students are considered to be active agents who engage in social knowledge construction. PBL assists in processes of creating meaning and building personal interpretations of the world based on experiences and interactions. PBL assists to guide the student from theory to practice during their journey through solving the problem.
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and one of the good learning methods because it is more flexible and interesting to students. They enjoy this environment of learning for it is less threatening and they can learn independently. All these aspects make students more self-motivated and they pursue learning even after they leave the school or college.
641:, began offering a 100% case based curriculum to their students in their pre-clerkship years. The curriculum integrates the basic and preclinical sciences while fostering an understanding of the biological, social, and moral contexts of human health and disease. The students spend their last two clerkship years at
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Many forms of scaffolding have been implemented in problem-based learning to reduce the cognitive load of learners. These are most useful to enable decreasing ("fading") the amount of guidance during problem solving. A gradual fading of guidance helps learners to slowly transit from studying examples
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The PBL students score higher than the students in traditional courses because of their learning competencies, problem solving, self-assessment techniques, data gathering, behavioral science etc. It is because they are better at activating prior knowledge, and they learn in a context resembling their
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Researchers say that students like problem-based learning classes rather than the traditional classes. The increase in the percentage of attendance of students and their attitude towards this approach itself makes it very clear that they are self-motivated. In fact it is more fascinating, stimulating
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The
Maastricht seven-jump process involves clarifying terms, defining problem(s), brainstorming, structuring and hypothesis, learning objectives, independent study and synthesising. In short, it is identifying what they already know, what they need to know, and how and where to access new information
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The establishment and application of PBL in teaching and training started as early as in the 1960s. As instructional technology developed over time coupled with the emergence of the internet in the mid-1990s, online education became popular gaining huge attention from organizations and institutions.
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For the instructors, instructional design principles for the instructors regarding the design and development of online PBL must include collaborative characteristics. For example, the scheduling must be conducive to collaborative activities. Additionally, instructors should ensure that the problems
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organizes the problem-solving process into (1) building the problem base, (2) analyzing the problem, (3) synthesizing the findings, and (4) communicating the results. Building the problem base includes choosing, defining, and structuring an ecological economic problem. Analysis is breaking down of a
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The learning management systems (LMS) allow for supervision and support by the course administrator or professor. One limitation of these systems is their availability; most LMS are restricted by course enrollment. Students must be enrolled in a particular course or subscribe to a specific class to
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Evaluation of the effects of PBL learning in comparison to traditional instructional learning have proved to be a challenge. Various factors can influence the implementation of PBL: extent of PBL incorporation into curriculum, group dynamics, nature of problems used, facilitator influence on group,
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Since the students are self-motivated, good teamwork, self-directed learning etc. the teachers who have worked in both traditional and project based learning formats prefer project based learning. They also feel that problem-based learning is more nurturing, significant curriculum and beneficial to
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The role of the tutor is to facilitate learning by supporting, guiding, and monitoring the learning process. The tutor aims to build students' confidence when addressing problems, while also expanding their understanding. This process is based on constructivism. PBL represents a paradigm shift from
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Key advantages of this method are that it familiarizes students with real world problems and improves their confidence in solving these. It also improves their networking skills, thereby establishing rapport with key persons of the industry. They also learn, in an educational setting, the value of
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strategies to foster the culture of practice that would extend beyond the university campus to real life. PBL is all about encouraging teaching and learning teamwork in the information age, by facilitating team interaction with professors, industry mentors and owners who provide necessary guidance
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These popular presentation tools have their distinctive features and advantages over one another and can be summarized into three broad types. The first type has almost everything a presenter needs, ranging from tables, charts, picture tools, animations, video tools, add in functions and so forth.
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Some of the reported difficulties in implementing PBL in these schools include poor participation and difficulty in getting students involved in discussions, due possibly to their Asian reticence. One school reported that students felt that they were compelled to speak as they were being assessed.
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The problem of the problem-based learning is the traditional assumptions of the students. Most of the students might have spent their previous years of education assuming their teacher as the main disseminator of knowledge. Because of this understanding towards the subject matter students may lack
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Although students generally like and gain greater ability to solve real-life problems in problem-based learning courses, instructors of the methodology must often invest more time to assess student learning and prepare course materials, as compared to LBL instructors. Part of this frustration also
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One large study tracked middle school students' performance on high-stakes standardized tests to evaluate the effectiveness of inquiry-based science. The study found a 14 percent improvement for the first cohort of students and a 13 percent improvement for the second cohort of students. The study
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By giving more significance to the meaning, applicability and relevance to the learning materials it leads to better understanding of the subjects learnt. When students are given more challenging and significant problems are given it makes them more proficient. The real life contexts and problems
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The third most important phase of PBL is resolving the problem, the critical task is presenting and defending your solution to the given problem. Students need to be able to state the problem clearly, describe the process of problem-solving considering different options to overcome difficulties,
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Computer-supported PBL can be an electronic version (ePBL) of the traditional face-to-face paper-based PBL or an online group activity with participants located distant apart. ePBL provides the opportunity to embed audios and videos, related to the skills (e.g. clinical findings) within the case
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Students themselves resolve the problems that are given to them, they take more interest and responsibility for their learning. They themselves will look for resources like research articles, journals, web materials, text books etc. for their purpose. Thus it equips them with more proficiency in
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The instructors have to adapt new assessment methods to evaluate the pupils' achievement. They have to incorporate written examinations with modified essay questions, practical examinations, peer and self assessments etc. Problem-based has also been considered slightly more favourable to female
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The instructors have to change their traditional teaching methodologies in order to incorporate problem-based learning. Their task is to question students' knowledge, beliefs, give only hints to correct their mistakes and guide the students in their research. All these features of problem-based
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PBL follows a constructivist perspective in learning as the role of the instructor is to guide and challenge the learning process rather than strictly providing knowledge. From this perspective, feedback and reflection on the learning process and group dynamics are essential components of PBL.
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Once the problem has been identified, learners move into the second step of PBL: the information gathering phase. In this phase, learners research the problem by gathering background information and researching potential solutions. This information is shared with the learning team and used to
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PBL is also argued as a learning method that can promote the development of critical thinking skills. In PBL learning, students learn how to analyze a problem, identify relevant facts and generate hypotheses, identify necessary information/knowledge for solving the problem and make reasonable
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One of the aims of PBL is the development of self-directed learning (SDL) skills. In Loyens, Magda & Rikers' discussion, SDL is defined as "a process in which individuals take the initiative...in diagnosing their learning needs, formulating goals, identifying human and material resources,
588:, an attempt was made to introduce a problem-based learning model in secondary mathematics, with the aim of educating citizens to prepare them for decision-making in sustainable and responsible development. This model called Problem-Based Learning the Four Core Areas (PBL4C) first sprouted in
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looked at whether students who learn with PBL are better at solving problems and if their attitudes towards mathematics were improved compared to their peers in a more traditional curriculum. The study found that students who were exposed to PBL were better at solving more difficult problems;
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PBL fosters learning by involving students with the interaction of learning materials. They relate the concept they study with everyday activities and enhance their knowledge and understanding. Students also activate their prior knowledge and build on existing conceptual knowledge frameworks.
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In problem-based learning the students are actively involved and they like this method. It fosters active learning, and also retention and development of lifelong learning skills. It encourages self-directed learning by confronting students with problems and stimulates the development of deep
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in their PBL laboratory in 1993 as an initiative to offer their graduate students from the engineering, architecture and construction disciplines to implement their skills in a "cross-disciplinary, collaborative and geographically distributed teamwork experience". In this approach, which was
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The first, and possibly most crucial phase in PBL, is to identify the problem. Before learners can begin to solve a problem, all members must understand and agree on the details of the problem. This consensus forms through collaboration and discussion. With online learning on the rise, it is
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theory to explain how novices react to problem solving during the early stages of learning. Sweller, et al. suggests a worked example early, and then a gradual introduction of problems to be solved. They propose other forms of learning early in the learning process (worked example, goal free
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in the 1960s. Traditional medical education disenchanted students, who perceived the vast amount of material presented in the first three years of medical school as having little relevance to the practice of medicine and clinically based medicine. The PBL curriculum was developed in order to
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Employers have appreciated the positive attributes of communication, teamwork, respect and collaboration that PBL experienced students have developed. These skills provide for better future skills preparation in the ever-changing information explosion. PBL curriculum includes building these
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and what they describe as the guidance-fading effect. Sweller et al. conducted several classroom-based studies with students studying algebra problems. These studies have shown that active problem solving early in the learning process is a less effective instructional strategy than studying
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The approach however needs due consideration of the mentoring provided to the students. Appropriate scaffolding should be done by the mentors to ensure that students are successful in attaining their project goals to solve the problem. Communication between the team should also be open and
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Problem-based learning gives emphasis to lifelong learning by developing in students the potential to determine their own goals, locate appropriate resources for learning and assume responsibility for what they need to know. It also greatly helps them better long term knowledge retention.
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problem into understandable components. Synthesis is the re-integration of the parts in a way that helps better understand the whole. Communication is the translation of results into a form relevant to stakeholders, broadly defined as the extended peer community. (a concept developed in
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According to Wood (2003), the major disadvantage to this process involves the utilization of resources and tutor facilitation. It requires more staff to take an active role in facilitation and group-led discussion and some educators find PBL facilitation difficult and frustrating. It is
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is a smart search-engine with both free and subscription level access options. Wolfram claims to be more than a platform for searching the web, rather, "getting knowledge and answers... by doing dynamic computations based on a vast collection of built-in data, algorithms, and methods."
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and the motivation of the learners. There are also various outcomes of PBL that can be measured including knowledge acquisition and clinical competence. Additional studies are needed to investigate all the variables and technological scaffolds, that may impact the efficacy of PBL.
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Problem-based learning has subsequently been adopted by other medical school programs adapted for undergraduate instruction, as well as K-12. The use of PBL has expanded from its initial introduction into medical school programs to include education in the areas of other
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and has since been broadened in applications for other programs of learning. The process allows for learners to develop skills used for their future practice. It enhances critical appraisal, literature retrieval and encourages ongoing learning within a team environment.
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may memorize a smaller amount of total information due to spending time searching for the optimal material across various sources, but will likely learn more useful items for real world scenarios, and will likely be better at knowing where to find information when
615:, using real patient cases to teach students how to think like a clinician. More than eighty percent of medical schools in the United States now have some form of problem-based learning in their programs. Research of 10 years of data from the
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Within their group, they develop possible theories or hypotheses to explain the problem. Together they identify learning issues to be researched. They construct a shared primary model to explain the problem at hand. Facilitators provide
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and better understanding and retention of knowledge. It also helps to develop life skills that are applicable to many domains. It can be used to enhance content knowledge while simultaneously fostering the development of communication,
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The PBL tutorial process often involves working in small groups of learners. Each student takes on a role within the group that may be formal or informal and the role often alternates. It is focused on the student's reflection and
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The main stress of this approach is to have an inter-disciplinary integrated development of deliverables, in order to improve the overall competency and skills of the students. PBL mentoring is a structured activity that involves
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Problem-based learning focuses on engaging students in finding solutions to real life situations and pertinent contextualized problems. In this method discussion forums collaborative research take the place of lecturing.
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generate potential solutions, each with supporting evidence. The most popular online tool for gathering information today is Google, but there are many other search-engines available online. Free search engines, such as
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and are unable to determine how much study is required and the relevance of information available. Students may not have access to teachers who serve as the inspirational role models that traditional curriculum offers.
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Hmelo, C.E.; Evensen, D.H. (2000). "Problem-based learning: Gaining insights on learning interactions through multiple methods of inquiry". In
Evensen, Dorothy H.; Hmelo, Cindy E.; Hmelo-Silver, Cindy E. (eds.).
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Schmidt, Henk G.; Loyens, Sofie M. M.; Van Gog, Tamara; Paas, Fred (2007). "Problem-Based
LearningisCompatible with Human Cognitive Architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006)".
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problems, etc.); to later be replaced by completions problems, with the eventual goal of solving problems on their own. This problem-based learning becomes very useful later in the learning process.
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The Future of
Nontraditional/Interdisciplinary Programs: Margin or Mainstream? Selected Papers from the Tenth Annual Conference on Nontraditional and Interdisciplinary Programs, Virginia Beach, VA
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science software application, which found that students using the GenScope software showed significant gains over the control groups, with the largest gains shown in students from basic courses.
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Wood (2003) defines problem-based learning as a process that uses identified issues within a scenario to increase knowledge and understanding. The principles of this process are listed below:
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Hmelo-Silver, Cindy E.; Duncan, Ravit Golan; Chinn, Clark A. (2007). "Scaffolding and Achievement in Problem-Based and Inquiry Learning: A Response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006)".
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Implementing PBL in schools and Universities is a demanding process that requires resources, a lot of planning and organization. Azer discusses the 12 steps for implementing the "pure PBL"
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resource-intensive because it requires more physical space and more accessible computer resources to accommodate simultaneous smaller group-learning. Students also report uncertainty with
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in 2008, and as a result of training courses conducted, a paper was presented at the EARCOME5 conference in 2010, followed by two papers during the 15th UNESCO-APEID conference in 2011.
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with a defined solution, but it allows for the development of other desirable skills and attributes. This includes knowledge acquisition, enhanced group collaboration and communication.
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The constructs for teaching PBL are very different from traditional classroom or lecture teaching and often require more preparation time and resources to support small group learning.
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Cotič, Mara; Zuljan, Milena Valenčič (2009). "Problem‐based instruction in mathematics and its impact on the cognitive results of the students and on affective‐motivational aspects".
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stems from the amount of time dedicated to presenting new research and individual student findings regarding each specific topic, as well as the disorganised nature of brain-storming
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Paper Presented for the Cognition and School Leadership Conference of the National Center for Educational Leadership and the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Nashville, TN
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Dolmans, Diana H J M; De Grave, Willem; Wolfhagen, Ineke H A P; Van Der Vleuten, Cees P M (2005). "Problem-based learning: Future challenges for educational practice and research".
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3552:"Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching"
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inherent in problem-based learning helps learners avoid these issues. These studies were conducted largely based on individual problem solving of well-defined problems.
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3321:Şendağ, Serkan; Ferhan Odabaşı, H. (2009). "Effects of an online problem based learning course on content knowledge acquisition and critical thinking skills".
3198:Şendağ, Serkan; Ferhan Odabaşı, H. (2009). "Effects of an online problem based learning course on content knowledge acquisition and critical thinking skills".
2500:""I Know This is Supposed to be More Like the Real World, but . . .": Student Perceptions of a PBL Implementation in an Undergraduate Materials Science Course"
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should be relevant to real-life experiences, and the nature of solutions and problem contexts. Furthermore, a sound technological infrastructure is paramount.
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A systematic review of the effects of problem-based learning in medical school on the performance of doctors after graduation showed clear positive effects on
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Several studies support the success of the constructivist problem-based and inquiry learning methods. One example is a study on a project called GenScope, an
210:. PBL includes problems that can be solved in many different ways depending on the initial identification of the problem and may have more than one solution.
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Schmidt, PL; Trevejo, RT; Tkalcic, S (2008). "Veterinary public health in a problem-based learning curriculum at the Western University of Health Sciences".
255:, differing perspectives may offer different perceptions and solutions to a problem. Following are the advantages and limitations of problem-based learning.
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Enhances teamwork and communication, problem-solving and encourages independent responsibility for shared learning - all essential skills for future practice
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in which students learn about a subject through the experience of solving an open-ended problem found in trigger material. The PBL process does not focus on
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3262:"Learning clinical skills through audiovisual aids embedded in electronic-PBL sessions in undergraduate medical curriculum: perception and performance"
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Chair in Problem-Based Learning in Engineering Education is at Aalborg University. Currently its roughly 20,000 students still follow PBL principles.
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do independent study, individually or in smaller groups: read articles or books, follow practicals or attend lectures to gain the required knowledge
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UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (Thailand); Thailand Ministry of Education Department of Non-formal Education (1997).
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to solving problems. In this case backwards fading was found to be quite effective and assisting in decreasing the cognitive load on learners.
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Trigger materials such as paper-based clinical scenarios, lab data, photographs, articles or videos or patients (real or simulated) can be used
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competence. This effect was especially strong for social and cognitive competencies such as coping with uncertainty and communication skills.
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while being supported by tutor facilitation. Yew and Schmidt, Schmidt, and Hung elaborate on the cognitive constructivist process of PBL:
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Vardi, Iris; Ciccarelli, Marina (2008). "Overcoming problems in problem‐based learning: A trial of strategies in an undergraduate unit".
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attributes through knowledge building, written and interpersonal interactions and through the experience of the problem solving process.
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Delafuente, J. C.; Munyer, T. O; Angaran, D. M; Doering, P. L. (1994). "A problem solving active learning course in pharmacotherapy".
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Sweller and others published a series of studies over the past twenty years that is relevant to problem-based learning, concerning
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Candy PC. Self-direction for lifelong learning: a comprehensive guide to theory and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991.
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Brodie, L. (n.d.). "Problem Based Learning In The Online Environment – Successfully Using Student Diversity and e-Education."
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Sweller, John; Van Merrienboer, Jeroen J. G.; Paas, Fred G. W. C. (1998). "Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design".
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Image by Mikael Häggström, MD, using source images by various authors. Source for useful context in problem-based learning:
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Yamada, Seiji; Maskarinec, Gregory (2004). "Strengthening PBL Through a Discursive Practices Approach to Case-Writing".
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Tricia, S.; Moore, R.D.H. (2007). "Implementation of Problem-Based Learning in a Baccalaureate Dental Hygiene Program".
1523:"Problem-based learning versus lecture-based learning in a course of basic pharmacology: a controlled, randomized study"
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Schmidt, Henk G; Rotgans, Jerome I; Yew, Elaine HJ (2011). "The process of problem-based learning: What works and why".
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2235:(2004). "The effectiveness of problem-based learning compared to traditional teaching in undergraduate psychiatry".
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Gallagher, S. A.; Stepien, W. J.; Rosenthal, H. (1992). "The effects of problem-based learning on problem solving".
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The power of problem-based learning : a practical "how to" for teaching undergraduate courses in any discipline
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also found that inquiry-based teaching methods greatly reduced the achievement gap for African-American students.
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participants, whilst having equivocal impacts on their male counterparts when compared to lecture based learning.
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Yew, Elaine H. J.; Schmidt, Henk G. (2011). "What students learn in problem-based learning: A process analysis".
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The students re-group to discuss their findings and refine their initial explanations based on what they learned.
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After the initial teamwork, students work independently in self-directed study to research the identified issues.
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Learners are presented with a problem and through discussion within their group, activate their prior knowledge.
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was funded in Denmark and all the programs (engineering, natural and social sciences) were based on PBL. The
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Asia-Pacific Regional Consultation on Adult Education, Jomtien, Thailand, 16-18 September 1996: final report
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Wells, Samantha H; Warelow, Philip J; Jackson, Karen L (2009). "Problem based learning (PBL): A conundrum".
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Several medical schools have incorporated problem-based learning into their curricula following the lead of
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Barr, Robert B.; Tagg, John (1995). "From TeachingtoLearning —A New Paradigm for Undergraduate Education".
3496:"TEACHING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT WITHIN AN INTERNATIONAL AND TRANS-DISCIPLINARY LEARNING PLATFORM"
3366:"Digital Tools for Problem-Based Learning" EDTECHNEXT: Emerging technology for K-12 education. Winter 2017.
2935:"Problem-based learning in the 4 Core Areas (PBL4C) in the search of excellence in mathematics instruction"
2886:"The effects of problem-based learning during medical school on physician competency: A systematic review"
2794:
Edens, Kellah M. (2000). "Preparing Problem Solvers for the 21st Century through Problem-Based Learning".
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Problem-based learning addresses the need to promote lifelong learning through the process of inquiry and
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2177:"Evaluating the effectiveness of problem-based learning as a method of engaging year one law students"
1317:"UNESCO Chairs in Natural Sciences | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
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learning may be foreign to some instructors; hence they find it difficult to alter their past habits.
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3124:"Self-Directed Learning in Problem-Based Learning and its Relationships with Self-Regulated Learning"
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Henry, Holly R.; Tawfik, Andrew A.; Jonassen, David H.; Winholtz, Robert A.; Khanna, Sanjeev (2012).
885:
619:
indicates that PBL has a positive effect on the students' competency as physicians after graduation.
515:
502:. PBL is considered a constructivist approach to instruction because it emphasizes collaborative and
416:
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2070:
Bridges, E. M.; Hallinger, P. (1991). "Problem-based learning in medical and managerial education".
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The practice of problem-based learning : a guide to implementing PBL in the college classroom
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has embraced problem-based learning as a core pedagogy. A workbook developed by Joshua Farley,
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318:
234:
31:
20:
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Barrows, Howard S. (1996). "Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview".
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Funtowicz, Silvio O.; Ravetz, Jerome R. (September 1993). "Science for the post-normal age".
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1017:
Hung, Woei (2011). "Theory to reality: A few issues in implementing problem-based learning".
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the ability to simply wonder about something in the initial years of problem-based learning.
207:
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Azer, Samy A. (2011). "Introducing a problem-based learning program: 12 tips for success".
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358:
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Hmelo-Silver, Cindy E. (2004). "Problem-Based Learning: What and How Do Students Learn?".
2031:"Problem-based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues"
1797:"Problem-based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues"
1435:
Barrett, Terry (2010). "The problem‐based learning process as finding and being in flow".
8:
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https://teach.its.uiowa.edu/sites/teach.its.uiowa.edu/files/docs/docs/Steps_of_PBL_ed.pdf
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teamwork. The method also creates in them an appreciation of interdisciplinary approach.
667:
518:, which is a framework on which students can construct knowledge relating to the problem.
166:
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however, there was no significant difference in student attitude towards mathematics.
528:
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Learning is done in small groups of 8–10 people, with a tutor to facilitate discussion
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839:
637:(JMP), an accredited five year Master of Science/Medical Doctorate Program housed at
233:
Example of problem/project based learning versus reading cover to cover. The problem/
170:
56:
3706:
3583:
3408:
2754:
2678:
2633:
2399:
2264:
1556:
1507:
1038:
1000:
603:, the first polytechnic in Singapore to fully adopt PBL across all diploma courses.
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1639:
Self-direction for lifelong learning: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice
4282:
4277:
4159:
4154:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4046:
4006:
3655:
3591:
Merrill, M. David (2002). "A pebble-in-the-pond model for instructional design".
2547:
2232:
2098:
300:
seeking resources in comparison to the students of traditional learning methods.
248:
243:
179:
49:
45:
3733:
Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy's Problem Based Learning Network (PBLN)
6456:
4502:
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1849:
1483:
423:
407:
203:
162:
158:
122:
Anyone can do it as long it is right depending on the given causes and scenario
4380:
3567:
3494:
Melzner, Jürgen; Merz, Kathrin; Holliger, Christoph; Bargstädt, Hans-Joachim.
3238:
3173:
3157:"Academic and social integration and study progress in problem based learning"
3156:
3140:
3123:
2959:
2859:
2807:
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2625:
2356:
1587:
1448:
1263:
1030:
477:
Managing learning resources and facilities that support self-directed learning
6492:
5480:
4577:
4179:
4116:
3981:
3854:
3448:
https://www.ethos3.com/2016/04/pros-and-cons-of-powerpoint-keynote-and-prezi/
3446:
Read, G. (19 April 2016). "Pros and Cons of PowerPoint, Keynote, and Prezi".
3278:
3261:
2460:
Problem-based learning : a research perspective on learning interactions
2140:
1719:
1663:"The psychological basis of problem-based learning: A review of the evidence"
1403:
1286:
934:
761:
757:
589:
98:
Students do independent, self-directed study before returning to larger group
4390:
1368:
4475:
4405:
4267:
3604:
3378:"Steps to a Problem-Based Learning Approach." (n.d.). Center for Teaching.
3287:
3027:
2919:
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2710:
2693:
2555:
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2443:
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2158:
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1974:
1737:
1605:
1548:
1499:
1421:
1098:
992:
952:
4400:
3698:
3647:
3019:
2056:
2015:
1990:"Does problem-based learning work? A meta-analysis of evaluative research"
1920:
1822:
1778:
1753:"Does problem-based learning work? A meta-analysis of evaluative research"
1688:
5490:
4257:
3067:
1491:
740:
724:
662:
133:
identify the questions that need to be answered to shed light on the case
3433:
Duffy, J. (14 February 2017). "The Best Presentation Software of 2017".
2901:
2815:
136:
brainstorm what the group already knows and identify potential solutions
4230:
2771:
Problem-Based Learning: A Research perspective on learning interactions
2724:
2278:
Sweller, John (2006). "The worked example effect and human cognition".
1895:"Attitudes and opinions of faculty tutors about problem-based learning"
3575:
3183:
2669:
2434:
2417:
462:
Training PBL facilitators and defining the objectives of a facilitator
4468:
4031:
3774:
3721:
3689:
3638:
736:
599:, the most notable example of adopting PBL pedagogy in curriculum is
596:
560:
242:
There are advantages of PBL. It is student-focused, which allows for
195:
191:
142:
formulate learning objectives for the knowledge that is still lacking
107:
The Maastricht 7-jump process helps to guide the PBL tutorial process
65:
116:
Allows for knowledge acquisition through combined work and intellect
26:
3906:
3435:
https://www.pcmag.com/roundup/351652/the-best-presentation-software
1871:
Bridges, E.M. (1992). "Problem Based Learning for Administrators".
585:
567:
199:
3122:
Loyens, Sofie M. M.; Magda, Joshua; Rikers, Remy M. J. P. (2008).
2125:"ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Problem based learning"
1704:"ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Problem based learning"
919:"ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Problem based learning"
453:
Designing the new PBL curriculum and defining educational outcomes
76:
traditional teaching and learning philosophy, which is more often
4101:
3421:
2588:
77:
2984:"Problem-Based Learning Curriculum A Success For Medical School"
1140:
285:
3664:
3614:"Foundations of problem-based learning: Some explanatory notes"
3613:
3420:"Problem-based learning". (n.d.). Study Guides and Strategies.
3391:
1288:
The Aalborg PBL model : progress, diversity and challenges
855:
constructive in nature for achieving the necessary milestones.
732:
728:
312:
218:
130:
discuss the case and make sure everyone understands the problem
3737:
3041:
2694:"Goals and Strategies of a Problem-based Learning Facilitator"
1933:
139:
analyse and structure the results of the brainstorming session
3550:
Kirschner, Paul A.; Sweller, John; Clark, Richard E. (2006).
2418:"Problem-Based Learning and Medical Education Forty Years on"
2411:
2409:
1366:
880:
3743:
2310:"Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning"
1053:"Problem-Based Learning - Education - Maastricht University"
690:
333:
3073:
Ecological Economics: a Workbook for Problem-Based Learning
2932:
2497:
468:
Using 3-learning to support the delivery of the PBL program
183:
2406:
2340:
1369:"Understanding Medical Education - Problem-based learning"
639:
University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health
374:
2884:
Koh, G. C.-H.; Khoo, H. E.; Wong, M. L.; Koh, D. (2008).
1835:
1141:
Duch, Barbara J.; Groh, Susan; Allen, Deborah E. (2001).
187:
3493:
2611:
2230:
276:
2845:
2087:
Education for Health: Change in Learning & Practice
126:
The Maastricht 7-jump involves seven steps, which are:
1284:
480:
Continuing evaluation and making changes (pg. 809-812)
450:
Establish a new curriculum committee and working group
3549:
3469:
International Journal of Engineering Education (IJEE)
3003:
474:
Encouraging feedback from students and teaching staff
303:
3320:
3197:
3665:"Problem-based learning: Rationale and description"
3227:
Innovations in Education and Teaching International
2698:
Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning
2692:Hmelo-Silver, Cindy E.; Barrows, Howard S. (2006).
2691:
2504:
Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning
1469:
1437:
Innovations in Education and Teaching International
1245:
1243:
258:
3728:Problem Based Learning for College Physics (CCDMD)
3305:"NMC Horizon Report 2017 Higher Education Edition"
3061:
1170:Peters, José A. Amador, Libby Miles, C.B. (2006).
1142:
471:Changing the assessment to suit the PBL curriculum
3409:https://www.pcmag.com/review/349166/google-slides
3121:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2170:
2168:
970:
95:Learner-driven self-identified goals and outcomes
6490:
3154:
2685:
2216:
2084:
2069:
2028:
1794:
1240:
72:that may lead to the resolution of the problem.
3392:"Wolfram|Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine"
3224:
3155:Severiens, Sabine E.; Schmidt, Henk G. (2008).
3086:
2463:. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum. pp. 19–51.
2303:
2301:
1572:"Learner-centred approach in medical education"
1019:Educational Technology Research and Development
317:Project based learning is more of teamwork and
6322:
5877:
3407:Duffy, J. (4 November 2016). "Google Slides".
2997:
2883:
2830:
2165:
1520:
1342:"The Aalborg model for problem based learning"
966:
964:
962:
3759:
3459:
2174:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1790:
1788:
1660:
1569:
1214:"Five Ideas for 21st Century Math Classrooms"
1105:
286:In-depth learning and constructivist approach
6427:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3352:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11036091.pdf
2767:
2605:
2483:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2377:
2298:
2271:
2175:Clough, Joanne; Shorter, Gillian W. (2015).
2118:
2116:
1936:American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
1873:ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management
1367:Mark A Albanese, Laura C Dast (2013-10-22).
1194:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
484:
313:Reinforces interpersonal skills and teamwork
267:
113:All members of the group have a role to play
110:Based on principles of adult learning theory
1987:
1952:
1750:
1249:
1116:. In Boud, David; Feletti, Grahame (eds.).
959:
630:, with curriculum based completely on PBL.
342:
3766:
3752:
3738:Problem-Based Learning the Four Core Areas
2933:Teoh, B.T.; Preechaporn, W.; Leong, C. K.
2646:
1879:
1785:
1388:"ABC of learning and teaching in medicine"
1149:(1st ed.). Sterling, VA: Stylus Pub.
1114:"A Hybrid Model of Problem-based Learning"
1012:
1010:
438:
324:
3688:
3637:
3462:"Mentoring and Reverse Mentoring in P5BL"
3277:
3182:
3172:
3139:
2939:Paper Presented at 5th EARCOME Conference
2909:
2709:
2668:
2515:
2433:
2371:
2325:
2148:
2113:
2046:
2005:
1910:
1812:
1768:
1727:
1678:
1595:
1538:
1411:
1111:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
942:
691:Computer-supported collaborative learning
617:University of Missouri School of Medicine
579:
383:
334:Enriches the teacher-student relationship
294:
6129:
3526:
1207:
1205:
1087:New Directions for Teaching and Learning
703:
635:UC Berkeley – UCSF Joint Medical Program
574:
527:
228:
25:
5504:
4732:
4721:
3662:
3611:
3590:
3530:Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning
3460:Fruchter, Renate; Lewis, Sarah (2003).
3007:Journal of Veterinary Medical Education
2576:
2529:
2527:
2456:
2415:
2307:
2277:
2231:McParland, Monica; Noble, Lorraine M.;
1967:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2007.71.8.tb04372.x
1870:
1434:
1428:
1118:The challenge of problem-based learning
1084:
1007:
847:and support for the learning activity.
648:
643:University of California, San Francisco
465:Introducing Students to the PBL Program
375:Traditional assumptions of the students
6491:
2879:
2877:
2457:Schmidt, H. G. and Moust, JHC (2000).
1892:
1211:
1169:
1069:
829:was a learning strategy introduced in
717:
543:
6321:
6128:
5876:
5503:
5124:
5123:
4731:
4720:
4422:
3785:
3747:
3374:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3346:
3344:
3299:
3297:
3259:
3042:"UC Berkeley School of Public Health"
2793:
2577:Amin, Zubair; Eng, Khoo Hoon (2009).
1636:
1202:
776:
683:judgments about solving the problem.
624:Western University of Health Sciences
392:
339:the cognitive growth of the student.
277:Prominence on comprehension not facts
3253:
3080:
2890:Canadian Medical Association Journal
2533:
2524:
2122:
1988:Vernon, D. T.; Blake, R. L. (1993).
1701:
1570:Spencer, J.A.; Jordan, R.K. (1999).
1385:
1379:
1016:
916:
912:
910:
6473:
2874:
2029:Albanese, MA; Mitchell, S. (1993).
1795:Albanese, MA; Mitchell, S. (1993).
1751:Vernon, D.T.; Blake, R. L. (1993).
13:
3681:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1983.tb01086.x
3630:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00296.x
3369:
3357:
3341:
3294:
2392:10.1023/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3
2292:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.02.005
1314:
613:McMaster University Medical School
606:
456:Seeking Advice from Experts in PBL
304:Better understanding and adeptness
55:The PBL process was developed for
14:
6525:
3715:
3260:Arain, Shoukat (September 2019).
907:
750:
673:
493:
459:Planning, Organizing and Managing
401:
365:
157:The PBL process was pioneered by
68:to construct their own learning.
6472:
6463:
6462:
6450:
5991:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5485:
5476:
5475:
5033:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4803:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4697:
3722:Interdisciplinary Journal of PBL
2739:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02205.x
2583:(2 ed.). WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
2249:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.01818.x
2217:Reithlingshoefer, S. J. (1992),
2048:10.1097/00001888-199301000-00012
2007:10.1097/00001888-199307000-00015
1912:10.1097/00001888-199503000-00013
1814:10.1097/00001888-199301000-00012
1770:10.1097/00001888-199307000-00015
1680:10.1097/00001888-199209000-00002
1661:Norman, G.; Schmidt, H. (1992).
1540:10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00289.x
1521:Antepohl, W; Herzig, S. (1999).
1212:Gasser, Kenneth W. (June 2011).
1174:. Bolton, Mass.: Anker Pub. Co.
985:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04035.x
789:
351:
259:Enhance student-centred learning
3487:
3453:
3440:
3427:
3414:
3401:
3385:
3314:
3218:
3191:
3148:
3115:
3076:. Washington, DC: Island Press.
3055:
3034:
2976:
2952:
2926:
2787:
2761:
2718:
2640:
2570:
2491:
2450:
2422:Medical Principles and Practice
2334:
2224:
2210:
2078:
2063:
2022:
1981:
1946:
1927:
1864:
1829:
1744:
1695:
1654:
1645:
1630:
1612:
1563:
1514:
1463:
1359:
1334:
1308:
1285:Kolmos, Fink and Krogh (2004).
1278:
1112:Armstrong, Elizabeth G (2008).
653:The transdisciplinary field of
6148:Federated States of Micronesia
5443:British Indian Ocean Territory
3543:10.1080/00091383.1995.10544672
3422:http://www.studygs.net/pbl.htm
1163:
1134:
1045:
831:Stanford School of Engineering
628:College of Veterinary Medicine
1:
3773:
3335:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.01.008
3212:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.01.008
3128:Educational Psychology Review
2960:"Learning and Teaching at RP"
2380:Educational Psychology Review
2344:Educational Psychology Review
2196:10.1080/03069400.2015.1011926
1641:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
901:
224:
6116:United States Virgin Islands
3786:
3101:10.1016/0016-3287(93)90022-L
2548:10.3109/0142159X.2011.558137
2327:10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7
2099:10.1080/13576280310001656150
1294:. Aalborg University Press.
1218:American Secondary Education
7:
5878:Education in North America
3450:. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
3424:. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
3411:. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
3382:. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
3354:. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
2580:Basics in Medical Education
1955:Journal of Dental Education
1224:(3): 108–16. Archived from
1057:www.maastrichtuniversity.nl
858:
10:
6530:
6323:Education in South America
4423:
3519:
3437:. Retrieved 8 October 2017
1850:10.1177/001698629203600405
1484:10.5172/conu.2009.33.2.191
447:Prepare faculty for change
152:
86:
18:
6444:
6401:
6328:
6239:
6216:
6135:
6091:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6009:
5883:
5856:
5808:
5770:
5512:
5471:
5430:
5390:
5132:
5046:
5021:
4740:
4727:
4716:
4692:
4646:
4612:
4571:
4553:
4514:
4496:
4462:
4438:Early childhood education
4431:
4418:
4368:
4198:
4145:
3967:
3820:
3792:
3781:
3568:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1
3323:Computers & Education
3239:10.1080/14703290802377190
3200:Computers & Education
3174:10.1007/s10734-008-9181-x
3141:10.1007/s10648-008-9082-7
2860:10.1080/00461520701263368
2808:10.1080/87567550009595813
2661:10.1007/s11251-011-9181-6
2626:10.1080/00461520701263350
2416:Neville, Alan J. (2009).
1588:10.1136/bmj.318.7193.1280
1449:10.1080/14703291003718901
1264:10.1080/03055690802648085
1031:10.1007/s11423-011-9198-1
886:Phenomenon-based learning
485:Cultural difference: Asia
268:Upholds lifelong learning
6294:Northern Mariana Islands
6111:Turks and Caicos Islands
5192:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4788:Central African Republic
3556:Educational Psychologist
3279:10.1152/advan.00075.2019
2848:Educational Psychologist
2614:Educational Psychologist
2280:Learning and Instruction
2141:10.1136/bmj.326.7384.328
1720:10.1136/bmj.326.7384.328
1404:10.1136/bmj.326.7384.328
935:10.1136/bmj.326.7384.328
712:
422:Sweller (1988) proposed
343:Higher level of learning
19:Not to be confused with
16:Learner centric pedagogy
6259:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5453:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3663:Schmidt, H. G. (1983).
3612:Schmidt, H. G. (1993).
3593:Performance Improvement
3398:. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
2357:10.1023/A:1022193728205
2129:British Medical Journal
1576:British Medical Journal
1392:British Medical Journal
844:constructivist learning
500:constructivist learning
439:Demands of implementing
325:Self-motivated attitude
6499:Problem-based learning
6041:British Virgin Islands
5555:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3605:10.1002/pfi.4140410709
2986:. Medicalnewstoday.com
2711:10.7771/1541-5015.1004
2517:10.7771/1541-5015.1312
1893:Vernon, D. T. (1995).
1838:Gifted Child Quarterly
1099:10.1002/tl.37219966804
891:Project-based learning
870:Educational psychology
580:Malaysia and Singapore
536:
534:Gadjah Mada University
504:self-directed learning
384:Role of the instructor
319:collaborative learning
295:Augments self-learning
239:
38:Problem-based learning
34:
32:Sydney Dental Hospital
21:Project-based learning
6514:Educational practices
6242:and other territories
5981:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4948:São Tomé and Príncipe
4808:Republic of the Congo
3020:10.3138/jvme.35.2.212
2649:Instructional Science
2123:Wood, Diana. (2003).
1637:Candy, P. C. (1991).
1120:. London: Routledge.
704:History of online PBL
575:Examples in curricula
531:
235:project-based learner
232:
29:
6130:Education in Oceania
5506:Education in Europe
5367:United Arab Emirates
4734:Education in Africa
3957:Instructional design
3396:www.wolframalpha.com
1702:Wood, D. F. (2003).
1386:Wood, Diana (2003).
1373:Wiley Online Library
917:Wood, D. F. (2003).
875:Learning by teaching
655:ecological economics
649:Ecological economics
601:Republic Polytechnic
359:information overload
148:discuss the findings
5996:Trinidad and Tobago
5891:Antigua and Barbuda
5771:States with limited
5394:limited recognition
5023:States with limited
4722:Education by region
4448:Secondary education
4360:Teaching philosophy
4263:Pedagogical pattern
4206:21st century skills
4185:Religious education
3828:Aims and objectives
3503:ITC Digital Library
2902:10.1503/cmaj.070565
2308:Sweller, J (1988).
1626:(Report). Thailand.
1582:(7193): 1280–1283.
1252:Educational Studies
896:21st century skills
718:Collaborative tools
668:Post-normal science
566:Another study from
544:Supporting evidence
167:McMaster University
161:and Tamblyn at the
6457:Schools portal
5931:Dominican Republic
5126:Education in Asia
4453:Tertiary education
4391:Learning resources
3882:Education sciences
1472:Contemporary Nurse
865:Discovery learning
777:Presentation tools
537:
393:Pupil's evaluation
240:
215:Aalborg University
35:
6504:Medical education
6486:
6485:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6408:other territories
6317:
6316:
6309:Wallis and Futuna
6217:Associated states
6124:
6123:
6013:other territories
5872:
5871:
5499:
5498:
5436:other territories
5119:
5118:
5050:other territories
4823:Equatorial Guinea
4712:
4711:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4443:Primary education
4414:
4413:
4303:Dialogic learning
4273:Teacher retention
4226:Critical thinking
4221:Class arrangement
4190:Special education
3865:Standardized test
3848:Course evaluation
3669:Medical Education
3618:Medical Education
2780:978-0-8058-2644-9
2773:. pp. 1–18.
2727:Medical Education
2598:978-981-283-538-3
2435:10.1159/000163038
2314:Cognitive Science
2237:Medical Education
2135:(7384): 328–330.
1994:Academic Medicine
1899:Academic Medicine
1757:Academic Medicine
1714:(7384): 328–330.
1667:Academic Medicine
1527:Medical Education
1398:(7384): 328–330.
1127:978-0-7494-2560-9
973:Medical Education
929:(7384): 328–330.
840:situated learning
57:medical education
6521:
6476:
6475:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6428:
6416:Falkland Islands
6330:Sovereign states
6319:
6318:
6299:Pitcairn Islands
6269:French Polynesia
6254:Christmas Island
6183:Papua New Guinea
6163:Marshall Islands
6136:Sovereign states
6126:
6125:
6081:Saint Barthélemy
6011:Dependencies and
5884:Sovereign states
5874:
5873:
5809:Dependencies and
5513:Sovereign states
5501:
5500:
5489:
5479:
5478:
5448:Christmas Island
5134:Sovereign states
5121:
5120:
5111:
5110:(United Kingdom)
5106:Tristan da Cunha
5102:Ascension Island
5094:
5081:
5072:
5048:Dependencies and
4741:Sovereign states
4729:
4728:
4718:
4717:
4701:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4619:Higher education
4615:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4560:Secondary school
4556:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4434:
4433:
4420:
4419:
4348:Student-centered
4333:Phenomenon-based
4323:Peer instruction
4288:Blended learning
4211:Bloom's taxonomy
4175:Gifted education
4170:Education reform
4002:Computer science
3783:
3782:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3710:
3692:
3659:
3641:
3608:
3587:
3546:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3466:
3457:
3451:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3389:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3364:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3266:Adv Physiol Educ
3257:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3176:
3161:Higher Education
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3064:Erickson, Jon D.
3062:Farley, Joshua;
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2843:
2828:
2827:
2796:College Teaching
2791:
2785:
2784:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2233:Livingston, Gill
2228:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1961:(8): 1058–1069.
1950:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1542:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1082:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1014:
1005:
1004:
968:
957:
956:
946:
914:
770:Wolframalpha.com
6529:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6451:
6449:
6432:
6426:
6409:
6407:
6397:
6324:
6313:
6241:
6235:
6218:
6212:
6193:Solomon Islands
6131:
6120:
6014:
6012:
6005:
5879:
5868:
5852:
5810:
5804:
5790:Northern Cyprus
5772:
5766:
5687:North Macedonia
5508:
5495:
5467:
5435:
5426:
5407:Northern Cyprus
5393:
5386:
5128:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5092:
5079:
5070:
5051:
5049:
5042:
5026:
5024:
5017:
4736:
4723:
4708:
4707:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4662:
4655:
4633:
4621:
4602:
4593:
4585:
4580:
4562:
4543:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4505:
4486:
4478:
4471:
4427:
4410:
4364:
4283:Active learning
4278:Teaching method
4253:Learning theory
4194:
4160:Autodidacticism
4155:Adult education
4141:
4082:Performing arts
3963:
3870:Teacher quality
3860:Standards-based
3816:
3788:
3777:
3772:
3718:
3713:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3402:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3342:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3258:
3254:
3223:
3219:
3196:
3192:
3153:
3149:
3120:
3116:
3085:
3081:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2931:
2927:
2882:
2875:
2844:
2831:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2766:
2762:
2723:
2719:
2690:
2686:
2645:
2641:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2575:
2571:
2536:Medical Teacher
2532:
2525:
2496:
2492:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2455:
2451:
2414:
2407:
2376:
2372:
2339:
2335:
2306:
2299:
2276:
2272:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2211:
2184:The Law Teacher
2179:
2173:
2166:
2121:
2114:
2083:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2027:
2023:
1986:
1982:
1951:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1865:
1834:
1830:
1793:
1786:
1749:
1745:
1700:
1696:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1568:
1564:
1519:
1515:
1468:
1464:
1433:
1429:
1384:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1248:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1210:
1203:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1110:
1106:
1083:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1015:
1008:
969:
960:
915:
908:
904:
861:
794:PBL stands for
792:
779:
753:
720:
715:
706:
693:
676:
651:
609:
607:Medical schools
582:
577:
546:
532:A PBL group at
496:
487:
441:
413:worked examples
404:
395:
386:
377:
368:
354:
345:
336:
327:
315:
306:
297:
288:
279:
270:
261:
253:group intellect
249:problem-solving
244:active learning
227:
180:health sciences
155:
89:
50:problem solving
46:teaching method
30:A PBL group at
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6527:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6470:
6460:
6445:
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6441:
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6396:
6395:
6390:
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6365:
6360:
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6334:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6289:Norfolk Island
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6249:American Samoa
6245:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6219:of New Zealand
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
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6139:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6119:
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6113:
6108:
6103:
6101:Sint Eustatius
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6046:Cayman Islands
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
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5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
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5943:
5938:
5933:
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5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5864:European Union
5860:
5858:
5857:Other entities
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5811:other entities
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5762:United Kingdom
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Czech Republic
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5095:
5082:
5073:
5059:Canary Islands
5055:
5054:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4647:
4640:
4639:
4628:
4623:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4515:
4508:
4507:
4503:Primary school
4497:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4463:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Cognitive load
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Evidence-based
3884:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3821:By perspective
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3716:External links
3714:
3712:
3711:
3660:
3609:
3588:
3547:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3486:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3413:
3400:
3384:
3368:
3356:
3340:
3313:
3293:
3272:(3): 378–382.
3252:
3233:(4): 345–354.
3217:
3190:
3147:
3134:(4): 411–427.
3114:
3095:(7): 739–755.
3079:
3054:
3033:
2996:
2975:
2951:
2925:
2873:
2829:
2786:
2779:
2760:
2717:
2684:
2639:
2604:
2597:
2569:
2542:(10): 808–13.
2523:
2490:
2470:978-0805826456
2469:
2449:
2405:
2386:(3): 235–266.
2370:
2351:(3): 251–296.
2333:
2320:(2): 257–285.
2297:
2286:(2): 165–169.
2270:
2243:(8): 859–867.
2223:
2209:
2190:(3): 277–302.
2164:
2112:
2077:
2062:
2021:
2000:(7): 550–563.
1980:
1945:
1926:
1905:(3): 216–223.
1878:
1863:
1844:(4): 195–200.
1828:
1784:
1763:(7): 550–563.
1743:
1694:
1673:(9): 557–565.
1653:
1644:
1629:
1611:
1562:
1533:(2): 106–113.
1513:
1478:(2): 191–201.
1462:
1443:(2): 165–174.
1427:
1378:
1358:
1333:
1321:www.unesco.org
1307:
1300:
1277:
1258:(3): 297–310.
1239:
1201:
1181:978-1933371078
1180:
1162:
1156:978-1579220372
1155:
1133:
1126:
1104:
1068:
1044:
1025:(4): 529–552.
1006:
979:(8): 792–806.
958:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
872:
867:
860:
857:
791:
788:
778:
775:
752:
751:Research tools
749:
719:
716:
714:
711:
705:
702:
692:
689:
675:
674:Other outcomes
672:
650:
647:
608:
605:
581:
578:
576:
573:
545:
542:
526:
525:
522:
519:
511:
495:
494:Constructivism
492:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
440:
437:
424:cognitive load
408:cognitive load
403:
402:Cognitive load
400:
394:
391:
385:
382:
376:
373:
367:
366:Time-consuming
364:
353:
350:
344:
341:
335:
332:
326:
323:
314:
311:
305:
302:
296:
293:
287:
284:
278:
275:
269:
266:
260:
257:
226:
223:
204:social studies
163:medical school
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
88:
85:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6526:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6479:
6471:
6469:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6429:
6424:
6422:
6421:French Guiana
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6284:New Caledonia
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Easter Island
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6127:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6008:
6002:
6001:United States
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Faroe Islands
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5795:South Ossetia
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:Liechtenstein
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:South Ossetia
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Guinea-Bissau
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4715:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4653:Undergraduate
4651:
4650:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4578:Middle school
4576:
4575:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4530:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Project-based
4341:
4339:
4338:Problem-based
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Demonstration
4296:
4294:
4293:Contemplative
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:Homeschooling
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:Environmental
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:Instructional
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Psychometrics
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3624:(5): 422–32.
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2965:
2964:www.rp.edu.sg
2961:
2955:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:(2): 99–107.
2853:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:(7): 732–41.
2732:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:(2): 371–95.
2654:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2453:
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2441:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:1959.17/41430
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1347:
1346:www.en.aau.dk
1343:
1337:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1301:87-7307-911-1
1297:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1228:on 2013-10-29
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
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1147:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
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1077:
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1073:
1058:
1054:
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1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
965:
963:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
906:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
835:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
783:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
748:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
710:
701:
697:
688:
684:
680:
671:
669:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
590:SEAMEO RECSAM
587:
572:
569:
564:
562:
557:
553:
551:
550:inquiry-based
541:
535:
530:
523:
520:
517:
512:
509:
508:
507:
505:
501:
491:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
444:
436:
432:
428:
425:
420:
418:
414:
409:
399:
390:
381:
372:
363:
360:
352:Disadvantages
349:
340:
331:
322:
320:
310:
301:
292:
283:
274:
265:
256:
254:
250:
245:
236:
231:
222:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
127:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
92:
84:
81:
79:
73:
69:
67:
61:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
28:
22:
6448:
6404:Dependencies
6240:Dependencies
6226:Cook Islands
6106:Sint Maarten
6086:Saint Martin
5800:Transnistria
5432:Dependencies
5362:Turkmenistan
5327:Saudi Arabia
5098:Saint Helena
5069:
4973:South Africa
4963:Sierra Leone
4768:Burkina Faso
4660:Postgraduate
4476:Kindergarten
4337:
4328:Personalized
4308:Experiential
4268:Teacher look
3977:Agricultural
3833:Anthropology
3672:
3668:
3621:
3617:
3599:(7): 41–46.
3596:
3592:
3562:(2): 75–86.
3559:
3555:
3537:(6): 12–26.
3534:
3528:
3508:24 September
3506:. Retrieved
3502:
3489:
3479:23 September
3477:. Retrieved
3472:
3468:
3455:
3442:
3429:
3416:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3072:
3068:Daly, Herman
3057:
3046:. Retrieved
3044:. 2013-09-10
3036:
3014:(2): 212–8.
3011:
3005:
2999:
2988:. Retrieved
2978:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:
2928:
2896:(1): 34–41.
2893:
2889:
2851:
2847:
2802:(2): 55–60.
2799:
2795:
2789:
2770:
2763:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2589:10.1142/7044
2579:
2572:
2539:
2535:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2459:
2452:
2425:
2421:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2317:
2313:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2187:
2183:
2132:
2128:
2093:(1): 85–92.
2090:
2086:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2041:(1): 52–81.
2038:
2034:
2024:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1902:
1898:
1872:
1866:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1807:(1): 52–81.
1804:
1800:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1614:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1372:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1287:
1280:
1255:
1251:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1221:
1217:
1171:
1165:
1144:
1136:
1117:
1107:
1093:(68): 3–12.
1090:
1086:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1047:
1022:
1018:
976:
972:
926:
922:
853:
849:
836:
827:PBL approach
826:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
793:
790:PBL approach
784:
780:
754:
745:
721:
707:
698:
694:
685:
681:
677:
659:Jon Erickson
652:
632:
621:
610:
594:
583:
565:
558:
554:
547:
538:
497:
488:
442:
433:
429:
421:
405:
396:
387:
378:
369:
355:
346:
337:
328:
316:
307:
298:
289:
280:
271:
262:
241:
212:
176:
156:
125:
90:
82:
74:
70:
62:
54:
41:
37:
36:
6478:WikiProject
6173:New Zealand
6076:Puerto Rico
5986:Saint Lucia
5936:El Salvador
5838:Isle of Man
5773:recognition
5747:Switzerland
5682:Netherlands
5491:Asia portal
5392:States with
5312:Philippines
5252:South Korea
5247:North Korea
5142:Afghanistan
5025:recognition
4978:South Sudan
4868:Ivory Coast
4584:High school
4381:Definitions
4258:Lesson plan
4147:Alternative
4052:Mathematics
4022:Engineering
3675:(1): 11–6.
3329:: 132–141.
3206:: 132–141.
2944:17 November
2620:(2): 91–7.
1232:16 November
810:roduct and
741:itslearning
663:Herman Daly
626:opened its
516:scaffolding
417:scaffolding
208:engineering
165:program at
6493:Categories
6071:Montserrat
6066:Martinique
6061:Guadeloupe
5916:Costa Rica
5717:San Marino
5677:Montenegro
5657:Luxembourg
5637:Kazakhstan
5540:Azerbaijan
5372:Uzbekistan
5347:Tajikistan
5262:Kyrgyzstan
5242:Kazakhstan
5162:Bangladesh
5152:Azerbaijan
5080:(Portugal)
5038:Somaliland
4958:Seychelles
4923:Mozambique
4908:Mauritania
4893:Madagascar
4848:The Gambia
4783:Cape Verde
4636:Continuing
4626:Vocational
4231:Curriculum
4165:Democratic
4137:Vocational
4127:Technology
4087:Philosophy
3969:By subject
3947:Technology
3927:Psychology
3912:Philosophy
3902:Leadership
3843:Evaluation
3838:Assessment
3576:1874/16899
3184:1765/14377
3048:2014-01-29
2990:2012-11-16
2969:2019-09-19
2670:1765/25513
2428:(1): 1–9.
1062:2022-04-14
902:References
264:learning.
225:Advantages
6393:Venezuela
6338:Argentina
6143:Australia
6056:Greenland
5971:Nicaragua
5946:Guatemala
5828:Gibraltar
5652:Lithuania
5458:Hong Kong
5412:Palestine
5337:Sri Lanka
5332:Singapore
5212:Indonesia
4913:Mauritius
4469:Preschool
4369:Wikimedia
4107:Religious
4032:Euthenics
4017:Economics
3997:Chemistry
3987:Bilingual
3942:Sociology
3897:Inclusion
3877:Economics
3775:Education
3724:at Purdue
3690:1765/2745
3639:1765/2709
3247:144172235
3167:: 59–69.
3109:204321566
2824:143531903
2564:207430403
2479:cite book
2204:143729873
1858:146414741
1457:146757519
1351:1 January
1272:122671305
1190:cite book
822:earning.
737:Schoology
633:In 2002,
622:In 1998,
597:Singapore
561:physician
213:In 1974,
196:economics
192:education
66:reasoning
6509:Pedagogy
6468:Category
6383:Suriname
6373:Paraguay
6358:Colombia
6158:Kiribati
6021:Anguilla
5956:Honduras
5926:Dominica
5901:Barbados
5848:Svalbard
5833:Guernsey
5780:Abkhazia
5732:Slovenia
5727:Slovakia
5702:Portugal
5560:Bulgaria
5481:Category
5402:Abkhazia
5352:Thailand
5307:Pakistan
5287:Mongolia
5282:Maldives
5277:Malaysia
5177:Cambodia
5104: /
5100: /
5093:(France)
5087: /
5065: /
5061: /
5013:Zimbabwe
4988:Tanzania
4838:Ethiopia
4833:Eswatini
4813:Djibouti
4778:Cameroon
4763:Botswana
4353:Socratic
4313:Feedback
4199:Concepts
4092:Physical
4062:Military
4042:Language
3992:Business
3932:Research
3922:Politics
3907:Pedagogy
3802:Glossary
3787:Overview
3707:12088195
3584:17067829
3475:(5): 663
3288:31361148
3070:(2005).
3028:18723806
2920:18166729
2816:27558988
2755:40227753
2747:15960794
2679:49580575
2634:11864555
2556:21942480
2444:19060483
2400:15702585
2265:41365104
2257:15271047
2159:12574050
2107:15203477
2035:Acad Med
1975:17687088
1942:: 61–64.
1801:Acad Med
1738:12574050
1606:10231266
1557:25233365
1549:10211260
1508:27625284
1500:19929163
1422:12574050
1315:UNESCO.
1039:62666403
1001:34880575
993:21752076
953:12574050
859:See also
806:rocess,
802:roblem,
586:Malaysia
568:Slovenia
200:business
171:Hamilton
80:-based.
6388:Uruguay
6363:Ecuador
6343:Bolivia
6304:Tokelau
6208:Vanuatu
6051:Curaçao
6036:Bonaire
6031:Bermuda
5961:Jamaica
5941:Grenada
5896:Bahamas
5757:Ukraine
5707:Romania
5667:Moldova
5625:Ireland
5620:Iceland
5615:Hungary
5605:Germany
5600:Georgia
5590:Finland
5585:Estonia
5580:Denmark
5565:Croatia
5550:Belgium
5545:Belarus
5535:Austria
5530:Armenia
5525:Andorra
5520:Albania
5377:Vietnam
5292:Myanmar
5272:Lebanon
5202:Georgia
5157:Bahrain
5147:Armenia
5089:Réunion
5085:Mayotte
5076:Madeira
5071:(Spain)
5067:Melilla
4998:Tunisia
4968:Somalia
4953:Senegal
4938:Nigeria
4928:Namibia
4918:Morocco
4883:Liberia
4878:Lesotho
4828:Eritrea
4798:Comoros
4773:Burundi
4748:Algeria
4656:→
4631:Further
4586:→
4581:→
4563:→
4527:→
4522:→
4506:→
4479:→
4472:→
4318:Passive
4241:Studies
4122:Teacher
4112:Science
4102:Reading
4097:Physics
4072:Nursing
4057:Medical
3892:History
3812:Outline
3794:General
3699:6823214
3648:8208146
3520:Sources
3089:Futures
2911:2151117
2868:1360735
2150:1125189
2057:8447896
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