788:
528:
505:
929:
52:
43:
1468:
1453:
906:
1 per 500,000 injections. About one in 3000 white North
Americans is homozygous (i.e. has two copies of the abnormal gene) for the most common atypical form of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase, and do not hydrolyze ester anesthetics such as procaine. This results in a prolonged period of high levels of the anesthetic in the blood and increased toxicity.
905:
Procaine can also cause allergic reactions causing individuals to have problems with breathing, rashes, and swelling. Allergic reactions to procaine are usually not in response to procaine itself, but to its metabolite PABA. Allergic reactions are in fact quite rare, estimated to have an incidence of
868:
A 1% procaine injection has been recommended for the treatment of extravasation complications associated with venipuncture, steroids, and antibiotics. It has likewise been recommended for treatment of inadvertent intra-arterial injections (10 ml of 1% procaine), as it helps relieve pain and
884:
Application of procaine leads to the depression of neuronal activity. The depression causes the nervous system to become hypersensitive, producing restlessness and shaking, leading to minor to severe convulsions. Studies on animals have shown the use of procaine led to the increase of
893:
levels in the brain. Other issues may occur because of varying individual tolerance to procaine dosage. Nervousness and dizziness can arise from the excitation of the central nervous system, which may lead to respiratory failure if overdosed. Procaine may also induce weakening of the
822:. Vasoconstriction helps to reduce bleeding, increases the duration and quality of anesthesia, prevents the drug from reaching systemic circulation in large amounts, and overall reduces the amount of anesthetic required. As a
187:
787:
5324:
5275:
4040:
3885:
2836:
122:
2707:
5157:
5152:
5142:
956:, the resulting acid chloride is then esterified with 2-diethylaminoethanol to give Nitrocaine. Finally, the nitro group is reduced by hydrogenation over
5092:
4381:
2765:
2760:
655:
2831:
2717:
2427:
2367:
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2412:
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64:
4027:
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2987:
2977:
2567:
2557:
2527:
2522:
2487:
2442:
2387:
2377:
2372:
876:
manufacturers also use procaine as an additive at ratios ranging from 1:1 up to 10% MDMA with 90% procaine, which can be life-threatening.
775:
was a commonly used local anesthetic. Einhorn wished his new discovery to be used for amputations, but for this surgeons preferred general
611:
4910:
4032:
4012:
3997:
3967:
3385:
3295:
2727:
2632:
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2582:
2562:
2085:
1889:
4946:
4703:
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4683:
3987:
2901:
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1120:
3435:
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2811:
2791:
1523:
4728:
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3699:
2796:
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2919:
2816:
2742:
5261:
3751:
2216:
2182:
1360:
4191:
4169:
2265:
597:
20:
4064:
4993:
2298:
1103:
631:
1463:, "Verfahren zur Darstellung von p-Aminobenzoësäureaalkaminestern ", published 1908-01-28, assigned to
1448:, "Verfahren zur Darstellung von p-Aminobenzoësäureaalkaminestern ", published 1906-12-11, assigned to
662:
5369:
3263:
2233:
1159:
Ruetsch YA, Böni T, Borgeat A (August 2001). "From cocaine to ropivacaine: the history of local anesthetic drugs".
5374:
5364:
3954:
3774:
2258:
1882:
262:
172:
1867:
333:
4521:
4251:
2091:
1516:
798:
Aside from its use as a dental anesthetic, procaine is used less frequently today, since more effective (and
5320:
523:
384:
5354:
5300:
484:
5359:
5349:
1875:
27:
453:
5344:
5286:
4860:
4183:
4081:
3765:
3277:
1755:
1460:
1445:
5379:
5188:
5106:
5007:
4924:
4793:
4216:
4113:
3945:
3714:
1509:
826:, for example, more novocaine is needed for root canal treatment than for a simple filling. Unlike
500:
1286:"Some correlations between procaine-induced convulsions and monoamines in the spinal cord of rats"
473:
5134:
5070:
4406:
2312:
2221:
1740:
854:
688:
108:
4938:
4874:
4265:
3231:
3222:
2786:
2773:
2755:
2697:
2321:
1903:
1595:
715:
1095:
4902:
4803:
2187:
938:
846:
433:
324:
4496:
3027:
2962:
2942:
2192:
1750:
1722:
1127:
639:
InChI=1S/C13H20N2O2/c1-3-15(4-2)9-10-17-13(16)11-5-7-12(14)8-6-11/h5-8H,3-4,9-10,14H2,1-2H3
393:
229:
1488:
Hahn-Godeffroy JD (2007). "Wirkungen und
Nebenwirkungen von Procain: Was ist gesichert?".
373:
8:
5147:
3285:
2689:
1928:
279:
1266:
527:
504:
288:
3557:
3552:
3455:
3162:
2932:
1778:
1352:
1243:
1226:
1195:
82:
937:
The first consists of the direct reaction of the 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester with
5206:
4817:
4491:
4135:
4007:
3254:
3147:
2281:
1356:
1307:
1248:
1207:
1176:
1099:
1088:
1082:
980:
922:
823:
723:
707:
1121:"The Preparation of the Local Anesthetic, Benzocaine, by an Esterification Reaction"
1047:[Procaine reset: A therapy concept for the treatment of chronic diseases.].
4984:
4481:
4396:
4196:
3915:
3704:
3042:
1898:
1611:
1417:
1348:
1297:
1238:
1168:
1060:
1003:
953:
819:
676:
540:
198:
155:
145:
135:
5236:
5231:
5201:
5030:
5025:
4628:
4593:
4583:
4548:
4155:
4130:
3597:
3290:
3172:
2327:
2289:
2122:
2044:
1981:
1976:
1580:
942:
313:
216:
206:
1909:
1897:
115:
74:
5211:
5167:
4758:
4658:
4568:
4242:
4098:
4041:
3886:
3842:
3797:
3542:
3532:
3152:
3072:
2669:
2572:
2227:
2006:
1956:
1712:
1556:
1532:
970:
949:
899:
799:
761:
742:
2702:
2297:
5338:
5221:
5114:
5060:
5045:
4831:
4768:
4501:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4386:
4206:
4140:
3992:
3802:
3787:
3632:
3325:
3207:
3047:
2927:
2906:
2881:
2801:
2422:
2417:
2131:
2049:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1439:
1421:
1172:
975:
872:
Procaine is an occasional additive in illicit street drugs, such as cocaine.
731:
719:
516:
1045:"Procain-Reset: Ein Therapiekonzept zur Behandlung chronischer Erkrankungen"
5093:
4841:
4753:
4743:
4653:
4588:
4486:
4416:
4351:
4341:
4296:
3920:
3905:
3852:
3807:
3662:
3617:
3602:
3592:
3577:
3517:
3157:
3137:
3077:
2627:
2482:
2342:
2026:
1996:
1961:
1682:
1600:
1570:
1536:
1211:
1180:
957:
842:
680:
464:
150:
140:
130:
1325:
1311:
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3812:
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3647:
3642:
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3587:
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3562:
3547:
3512:
3497:
3460:
3395:
3355:
3345:
3202:
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3107:
2972:
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2856:
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2732:
2679:
2674:
2659:
2502:
2477:
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2447:
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2352:
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2250:
2197:
2156:
2141:
2126:
2118:
2069:
1971:
1941:
1847:
1814:
1745:
1668:
1635:
815:
807:
34:
1501:
353:
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5119:
5055:
5050:
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5015:
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4539:
4529:
4511:
4506:
4476:
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4426:
4391:
4346:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4311:
4276:
4201:
4145:
4122:
4090:
4017:
3977:
3935:
3925:
3900:
3872:
3832:
3817:
3737:
3732:
3672:
3652:
3637:
3627:
3492:
3482:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3350:
3305:
3300:
3212:
3192:
3132:
3122:
3052:
3032:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2982:
2967:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2861:
2841:
2821:
2747:
2737:
2722:
2712:
2664:
2612:
2547:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2432:
2407:
2402:
2382:
2362:
2332:
2202:
2166:
2161:
2146:
2064:
2059:
2034:
2016:
1991:
1986:
1936:
1852:
1824:
1707:
1697:
1650:
1645:
1630:
1625:
1545:
1464:
1449:
1435:
1302:
1285:
1025:
910:
895:
850:
811:
776:
768:
738:
696:
692:
687:
to numb the area around a tooth and is also used to reduce the pain of
573:
364:
221:
1065:
1044:
5216:
5162:
5078:
4961:
4951:
4882:
4811:
4773:
4748:
4738:
4663:
4613:
4558:
4534:
4461:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4291:
4150:
4022:
4002:
3982:
3972:
3930:
3910:
3827:
3622:
3537:
3527:
3507:
3445:
3430:
3420:
3380:
3365:
3335:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3236:
3177:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3097:
3087:
3067:
3057:
3037:
3012:
2642:
2607:
2587:
2552:
2542:
2507:
2492:
2151:
2136:
2113:
2011:
1946:
1829:
1800:
1620:
928:
890:
803:
727:
684:
299:
242:
68:
1405:
1145:
Introduction to
Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach
4887:
4693:
4688:
4563:
4411:
4286:
4224:
3607:
3572:
3477:
3092:
3022:
2992:
2952:
2846:
2637:
2597:
2577:
1951:
1565:
1379:
886:
831:
760:
used as anesthetics. It was introduced into medical use by surgeon
757:
413:
344:
51:
596:
4956:
4778:
4578:
4103:
3502:
3440:
3102:
3082:
2778:
2649:
2054:
2039:
1966:
1819:
1717:
1693:
827:
814:), procaine is a vasodilator, thus is often coadministered with
772:
718:. Today, it is used therapeutically in some countries due to its
4782:
4046:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3895:
3891:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3567:
3487:
3370:
3360:
3142:
2911:
1760:
858:
444:
247:
1403:
1090:
5262:
3752:
3522:
3375:
2105:
1918:
1809:
862:
838:
746:
587:
424:
4170:
489:
5098:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
5020:
4065:
3723:
3685:
3468:
873:
404:
42:
4994:
2299:
806:(Xylocaine) exist. Like other local anesthetics (such as
745:
who gave the chemical the trade name
Novocaine, from the
3264:
1347:(3rd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 83–115.
3955:
3775:
1343:
Ombregt L (2013). "Procaine: Principles of
Treatment".
834:
and addictive qualities that put it at risk for abuse.
952:
to 4-nitrobenzoic acid, which is further reacted with
909:
However, certain populations in the world such as the
791:
Procaine application before removal of a decayed tooth
737:
Procaine was first synthesized in 1905, shortly after
4252:
1404:
Einhorn A, Fiedler K, Ladisch C, Uhlfelder E (1909).
1227:"Vasoconstrictors in local anesthesia for dentistry"
913:
in India commonly have a deficiency of this enzyme.
19:"Allocaine" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1086:. In Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P (eds.).
795:The primary use for procaine is as an anaesthetic.
332:
1158:
1094:(8th ed.). New York: Pergamon Press. p.
1087:
1081:
5287:
4861:
5336:
4925:
1004:"How long does numbness last after the dentist?"
998:
996:
830:, a vasoconstrictor, procaine does not have the
312:
26:"Novocaine" redirects here. For other uses, see
5325:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1283:
1049:Schweizerische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Ganzheitsmedizin
287:
1487:
1042:
5267:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
3757:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
2266:
1883:
1517:
1079:
993:
4175:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
472:
4073:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
1374:
1372:
1277:
1152:
779:. Dentists, however, found it very useful.
706:, in some regions, procaine is referred to
4999:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
3291:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
2304:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
2280:
2273:
2259:
1890:
1876:
1524:
1510:
1218:
526:
503:
372:
50:
41:
1531:
1301:
1242:
1147:, Pavia, Lampman, Kriz & Engel, 1989.
1064:
392:
3269:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
1369:
927:
786:
3963:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
3783:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1342:
1284:Sawaki K, Kawaguchi M (November 1989).
1193:
499:
352:
5337:
1406:"Ueber p-Aminobenzoësäurealkaminester"
1118:
857:(PABA), which is then excreted by the
517:
4257:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
2254:
1871:
1733:sclerosing agents for local injection
1505:
1161:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
1053:Swiss Journal of Integrative Medicine
452:
432:
270:2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-aminobenzoate
73:
4192:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1224:
154:
144:
134:
3286:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
1326:"Novocain Official FDA information"
683:group. It is most commonly used in
412:
303:
13:
1480:
1410:Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie
1353:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3145-8.00005-3
1006:. Medical News Today. May 22, 2018
879:
841:anesthetic, is metabolized in the
14:
5391:
5292:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
4866:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
181:
93:
4930:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
1345:A System of Orthopaedic Medicine
1290:Japanese Journal of Pharmacology
741:. It was created by the chemist
557:
551:
1428:
1397:
1336:
1318:
782:
695:. Owing to the ubiquity of the
644:Key:MFDFERRIHVXMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2748:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
1259:
1196:"The discipline of innovation"
1187:
1112:
1080:Ritchie JM, Greene NM (1990).
1073:
1036:
1018:
563:
545:
1:
5321:Receptor/signaling modulators
2723:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
2092:3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane
2079:ArCO2- (not para-amino or Ph)
986:
1792:Capillary stabilising agents
1119:Minard R (18 October 2006).
916:
7:
1473:, addendendum to DE 179627.
964:
948:The second is by oxidizing
10:
5396:
4284:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
2183:Anesthetic/vasoconstrictor
1043:Hahn-Godeffroy JD (2011).
767:Prior to the discovery of
619:O=C(OCCN(CC)CC)c1ccc(N)cc1
535:Chemical and physical data
28:Novocaine (disambiguation)
25:
18:
5314:
5285:
5260:
5253:
5187:
5180:
5133:
5105:
5091:
5069:
5006:
4992:
4983:
4937:
4923:
4901:
4873:
4859:
4802:
4794:Tricyclic antidepressants
4264:
4250:
4241:
4215:
4182:
4168:
4112:
4080:
4063:
3944:
3803:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
3764:
3750:
3713:
3276:
3262:
3253:
3221:
2311:
2288:
2211:
2175:
2104:
2088:(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl)
2078:
2025:
1927:
1917:
1838:
1798:
1791:
1769:
1756:Sodium tetradecyl sulfate
1731:
1691:
1681:
1659:
1609:
1554:
1544:
652:
627:
607:
585:
572:
539:
534:
515:
483:
463:
443:
423:
403:
383:
363:
343:
323:
298:
278:
258:
253:
241:
228:
215:
205:
197:
171:
166:
121:
107:
81:
63:
58:
49:
40:
1422:10.1002/jlac.19093710204
1173:10.2174/1568026013395335
5370:Sodium channel blockers
4407:Eslicarbazepine acetate
2142:Cinchocaine (Dibucaine)
1904:sodium channel blockers
1741:Monoethanolamine oleate
1380:"Butyrylcholinesterase"
1200:Harvard Business Review
855:para-amino benzoic acid
802:) alternatives such as
689:intramuscular injection
5375:Diethylamino compounds
5365:4-Aminobenzoate esters
4151:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
2282:Ion channel modulators
1596:Fluocinolone acetonide
1490:Komplement Integr. Med
1194:Drucker P (May 1985).
933:
792:
756:, a common ending for
716:sodium channel blocker
714:. It acts mainly as a
2508:Ryodipine (riodipine)
2188:Bupivacaine/meloxicam
939:2-diethylaminoethanol
931:
790:
16:Local anesthetic drug
4497:Valproate semisodium
3028:Carboxyamidotriazole
2963:Gabapentin enacarbil
2943:Arbaclofen placarbil
2193:Lidocaine/prilocaine
2002:Procaine (Novocaine)
1751:Inverted sugar syrup
1723:Pentosan polysulfate
1026:"Procaine (DB00721)"
847:pseudocholinesterase
752:(meaning "new") and
5148:1,10-Phenanthroline
3705:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
2690:Tetrahydropalmatine
1440:U.S. patent 812,554
1231:Anesthesia Progress
1083:"Local Anesthetics"
1055:] (in German).
941:in the presence of
818:for the purpose of
224:by plasma esterases
190:(Prescription only)
37:
5355:1905 introductions
5158:7,8-Benzoquinoline
5153:4,7-Phenanthroline
5143:1,7-Phenanthroline
4519:Local anesthetics:
4051:ML-297 (VU0456810)
3558:Diallyl trisulfide
3553:Dextropropoxyphene
3456:Tetraethylammonium
3163:Pinaverium bromide
2933:4-Methylpregabalin
2238:Never to phase III
1779:Calcium dobesilate
1303:10.1254/jjp.51.369
934:
932:Procaine synthesis
793:
33:
5360:German inventions
5350:Local anesthetics
5332:
5331:
5310:
5309:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5207:Meclofenamic acid
5176:
5175:
5087:
5086:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4919:
4918:
4855:
4854:
4729:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
4492:Valproate pivoxil
4382:Acetylpheneturide
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4164:
4163:
4136:Meclofenamic acid
4099:Ethanol (alcohol)
4059:
4058:
4008:Minoxidil sulfate
3746:
3745:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3148:Otilonium bromide
3073:Ethanol (alcohol)
2837:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
2573:Phenylalkylamines
2248:
2247:
2100:
2099:
1899:Local anesthetics
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1787:
1786:
1708:Organo-heparinoid
1677:
1676:
1612:local anesthetics
1546:Antihemorrhoidals
1362:978-0-7020-3145-8
1066:10.1159/000332021
981:Procaine blockade
824:dental anesthesic
724:anti-inflammatory
685:dental procedures
670:
669:
598:Interactive image
485:CompTox Dashboard
185:
97:
5387:
5345:Dental equipment
5293:
5289:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5185:
5184:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4482:Sodium valproate
4397:Chlorphenacemide
4379:Anticonvulsants:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4197:Arachidonic acid
4180:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4047:
4043:
3964:
3960:
3916:Dextromethorphan
3892:
3888:
3784:
3780:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3232:L-type-selective
3043:Dimeditiapramine
3005:Others/unsorted:
2787:T-type-selective
2774:R-type-selective
2756:P-type-selective
2708:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
2698:N-type-selective
2328:Dihydropyridines
2322:L-type-selective
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2251:
1925:
1924:
1907:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1796:
1795:
1689:
1688:
1552:
1551:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1225:Sisk AL (1992).
1222:
1216:
1215:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1126:. Archived from
1125:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1000:
954:thionyl chloride
921:Procaine can be
869:vascular spasm.
820:vasoconstriction
730:-enhancing, and
677:local anesthetic
666:
665:
658:
600:
580:
565:
559:
553:
547:
530:
519:
508:
507:
493:
491:
476:
456:
436:
416:
396:
376:
356:
336:
316:
306:
305:
291:
233:
183:
180:
158:
148:
138:
95:
92:
77:
54:
45:
38:
36:
32:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5380:Withdrawn drugs
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5306:
5291:
5281:
5266:
5241:
5237:Trifluoperazine
5232:Tolfenamic acid
5202:Flufenamic acid
5172:
5129:
5097:
5083:
5065:
5031:Flufenamic acid
5026:Ethacrynic acid
4998:
4971:
4929:
4915:
4897:
4865:
4851:
4798:
4629:Metabutoxycaine
4594:Diphenhydramine
4584:Cyclomethycaine
4549:Levobupivacaine
4256:
4229:
4211:
4174:
4160:
4156:Tolfenamic acid
4131:Flufenamic acid
4126:
4108:
4094:
4072:
4069:
4055:
4045:
3962:
3959:
3940:
3890:
3782:
3779:
3756:
3742:
3727:
3709:
3689:
3598:Norpropoxyphene
3475:11.1)-specific:
3474:
3268:
3241:
3217:
3173:Rhynchophylline
2923:
2303:
2284:
2279:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2228:Clinical trials
2207:
2171:
2123:Levobupivacaine
2096:
2074:
2045:Cyclomethycaine
2021:
1982:Metabutoxycaine
1977:Metabutethamine
1913:
1901:
1896:
1866:
1857:
1834:
1783:
1765:
1727:
1700:for topical use
1673:
1655:
1605:
1581:Fluorometholone
1557:corticosteroids
1548:for topical use
1540:
1533:Vasoprotectives
1530:
1500:
1483:
1481:Further reading
1478:
1477:
1469:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1341:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1282:
1278:
1271:ecstasydata.org
1265:
1264:
1260:
1223:
1219:
1192:
1188:
1157:
1153:
1136:
1134:
1133:on 20 July 2011
1130:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1078:
1074:
1041:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
994:
989:
967:
943:sodium ethoxide
919:
911:Vysya community
882:
880:Adverse effects
785:
661:
659:
656:(what is this?)
653:
648:
645:
640:
635:
634:
623:
620:
615:
614:
603:
578:
568:
562:
556:
550:
511:
487:
479:
459:
439:
419:
399:
379:
359:
339:
319:
302:
294:
274:
271:
266:
265:
231:
207:Bioavailability
199:Pharmacokinetic
193:
162:
110:
103:
84:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5393:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5330:
5329:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5296:
5294:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5271:
5269:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5212:Mefenamic acid
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5168:Phenanthridine
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5100:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5001:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4868:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4816:Atracotoxins (
4814:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4776:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4759:Zetekitoxin AB
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4659:Proxymetacaine
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:Chloroprocaine
4566:
4561:
4556:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4259:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4177:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3843:Glyclopyramide
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3798:Chlorpropamide
3795:
3790:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3759:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:Clarithromycin
3540:
3535:
3533:Chlorpromazine
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Paramethadione
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2928:gabapentinoids
2921:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:Non-selective:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2768:
2766:ω-Agatoxin IVB
2763:
2761:ω-Agatoxin IVA
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Huwentoxin XVI
2715:
2710:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Cyproheptadine
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Levniguldipine
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2368:Dexniguldipine
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Proxymetacaine
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Chloroprocaine
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Sodium apolate
1710:
1704:
1702:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1566:Hydrocortisone
1562:
1560:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1427:
1416:(2): 142–161.
1396:
1368:
1361:
1335:
1332:. August 2007.
1317:
1276:
1258:
1217:
1186:
1151:
1111:
1104:
1072:
1035:
1017:
991:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
978:
973:
971:Chloroprocaine
966:
963:
962:
961:
950:4-nitrotoluene
946:
925:in two ways.
918:
915:
900:cardiac arrest
881:
878:
845:by the enzyme
800:hypoallergenic
784:
781:
771:and procaine,
762:Heinrich Braun
743:Alfred Einhorn
732:mood-enhancing
668:
667:
650:
649:
647:
646:
643:
641:
638:
630:
629:
628:
625:
624:
622:
621:
618:
610:
609:
608:
605:
604:
602:
601:
593:
591:
583:
582:
576:
570:
569:
566:
560:
554:
548:
543:
537:
536:
532:
531:
521:
513:
512:
510:
509:
496:
494:
481:
480:
478:
477:
469:
467:
461:
460:
458:
457:
449:
447:
441:
440:
438:
437:
429:
427:
421:
420:
418:
417:
409:
407:
401:
400:
398:
397:
389:
387:
381:
380:
378:
377:
369:
367:
361:
360:
358:
357:
349:
347:
341:
340:
338:
337:
329:
327:
321:
320:
318:
317:
309:
307:
296:
295:
293:
292:
284:
282:
276:
275:
273:
272:
269:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
245:
239:
238:
235:
226:
225:
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
195:
194:
192:
191:
177:
175:
169:
168:
164:
163:
161:
160:
127:
125:
119:
118:
113:
111:administration
105:
104:
102:
101:
99:
89:
87:
79:
78:
71:
61:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5392:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5313:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:Niflumic acid
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:Glibenclamide
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5061:Niflumic acid
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Glibenclamide
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:Grayanotoxins
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Batrachotoxin
4830:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:ω-Atracotoxin
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Buprenorphine
4767:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:Valproic acid
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Oxitriptyline
4445:
4443:
4442:Oxcarbazepine
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Licarbazepine
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Carbamazepine
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:Antianginals:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4207:Norfluoxetine
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Niflumic acid
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4062:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Levcromakalim
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Acetohexamide
3786:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Roxithromycin
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Charybdotoxin
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Trimethadione
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Diproteverine
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Ruthenium red
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Levetiracetam
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:ω-Agatoxin TK
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Niflumic acid
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Levamlodipine
2421:
2419:
2418:Lercanidipine
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Butanilicaine
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:bioflavonoids
1797:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Dexamethasone
1589:
1587:
1586:Fluocortolone
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Betamethasone
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1466:
1462:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1296:(3): 369–76.
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1237:(6): 187–93.
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:(3): 175–82.
1166:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1143:Adapted from
1129:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1105:0-08-040296-8
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1032:. 2009-06-23.
1031:
1027:
1021:
1005:
999:
997:
992:
982:
979:
977:
976:Peter DeMarco
974:
972:
969:
968:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
924:
914:
912:
907:
903:
901:
897:
892:
888:
877:
875:
870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:Procaine, an
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
789:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:sympatholytic
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
664:
657:
651:
642:
637:
636:
633:
626:
617:
616:
613:
606:
599:
595:
594:
592:
589:
584:
577:
575:
571:
544:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
522:
520:
518:ECHA InfoCard
514:
506:
502:
501:DTXSID7045021
498:
497:
495:
486:
482:
475:
471:
470:
468:
466:
462:
455:
451:
450:
448:
446:
442:
435:
431:
430:
428:
426:
422:
415:
411:
410:
408:
406:
402:
395:
391:
390:
388:
386:
382:
375:
371:
370:
368:
366:
362:
355:
351:
350:
348:
346:
342:
335:
331:
330:
328:
326:
322:
315:
311:
310:
308:
301:
297:
290:
286:
285:
283:
281:
277:
268:
267:
264:
257:
252:
249:
246:
244:
240:
237:40–84 seconds
236:
234:
227:
223:
220:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
189:
179:
178:
176:
174:
170:
165:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
129:
128:
126:
124:
120:
117:
114:
112:
106:
100:
91:
90:
88:
86:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
59:Clinical data
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
29:
22:
5317:
5316:
5227:Talniflumate
4765:
4754:Tetrodotoxin
4744:Neosaxitoxin
4735:
4680:
4654:Propoxycaine
4648:
4589:Dimethocaine
4522:
4518:
4487:Valnoctamide
4417:Fosphenytoin
4378:
4352:Procainamide
4342:Pilsicainide
4297:Disopyramide
4283:
4273:
4121:
4089:
4039:
3953:
3921:Ethosuximide
3906:Cloperastine
3884:
3853:Metahexamide
3848:Glycyclamide
3808:Glibornuride
3773:
3722:
3684:
3663:Thioridazine
3618:Promethazine
3603:Orphenadrine
3593:Ketoconazole
3578:Erythromycin
3467:
3230:
3158:Phensuximide
3138:Ochratoxin A
3078:Ethosuximide
3004:
2926:-selective (
2918:
2828:
2785:
2772:
2754:
2703:ω-Conotoxins
2696:
2646:
2628:Norverapamil
2593:Dexverapamil
2571:
2545:derivatives:
2541:
2538:Vatanidipine
2533:Trombodipine
2498:Palonidipine
2483:Nitrendipine
2438:Mepirodipine
2343:Azelnidipine
2326:
2320:
2176:Combinations
2001:
1997:Propoxycaine
1962:Dimethocaine
1929:Aminobenzoic
1839:
1799:
1770:
1732:
1692:
1683:Antivaricose
1660:
1640:
1610:
1601:Fluocinonide
1571:Prednisolone
1555:
1493:
1489:
1430:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1344:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1135:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1114:
1089:
1075:
1059:(5): 291–6.
1056:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
958:Raney nickel
920:
908:
904:
883:
871:
867:
836:
797:
794:
783:Pharmacology
766:
753:
749:
736:
711:
703:
699:
679:drug of the
672:
671:
660:
654:
465:NIAID ChemDB
230:Elimination
173:Legal status
167:Legal status
4893:Triamterene
4847:Poneratoxin
4837:Ciguatoxins
4724:Raxatrigine
4719:Ralfinamide
4714:PF-05089771
4709:PF-04531083
4681:Analgesics:
4639:Piperocaine
4624:Meprylcaine
4619:Mepivacaine
4574:Cinchocaine
4553:Ropivacaine
4545:Bupivacaine
4472:Sipatrigine
4457:Pheneturide
4452:Phenacemide
4437:Mephenytoin
4422:Lamotrigine
4402:Elpetrigine
4357:Propafenone
4302:Dronedarone
3878:Tolbutamide
3868:Repaglinide
3863:Nateglinide
3858:Mitiglinide
3838:Glisoxepide
3823:Glimepiride
3813:Glicaramide
3793:Carbutamide
3695:Linopirdine
3678:Vernakalant
3668:Tolterodine
3658:Terfenadine
3648:Tamulotoxin
3643:Solifenacin
3613:PNU-282,987
3588:Haloperidol
3583:Gigactonine
3563:Domperidone
3548:Darifenacin
3513:Bedaquiline
3498:Azaspiracid
3461:Vernakalant
3396:Linopirdine
3356:Dronedarone
3346:Dendrotoxin
3331:Clamikalant
3203:Tolperisone
3198:Tetrandrine
3188:Sipatrigine
3183:Silperisone
3168:Prenylamine
3108:Lidoflazine
3063:Elpetrigine
2973:Mirogabalin
2877:Lamotrigine
2872:Flunarizine
2867:Efonidipine
2857:Cinnarizine
2852:Cilnidipine
2807:NNC 55-0396
2733:Ralfinamide
2680:Fantofarone
2675:Dronedarone
2660:Budiodarone
2655:Brinazarone
2618:Levemopamil
2518:Sornidipine
2513:Sagandipine
2503:Pranidipine
2478:Nisoldipine
2468:Nilvadipine
2458:Niguldipine
2448:Nicardipine
2413:Lemildipine
2398:Iganidipine
2393:Furnidipine
2358:Cronidipine
2353:Clevidipine
2348:Barnidipine
2338:Aranidipine
2224:from market
2157:Mepivacaine
2127:Ropivacaine
2119:Bupivacaine
2070:Piperocaine
1972:Meprylcaine
1942:Benzonatate
1902:(primarily
1848:Tribenoside
1815:Monoxerutin
1746:Polidocanol
1698:heparinoids
1669:Tribenoside
1465:Höchst A.M.
1450:Höchst A.M.
1389:4 September
923:synthesized
898:leading to
816:epinephrine
808:mepivacaine
708:generically
681:amino ester
581: g·mol
524:100.000.388
254:Identifiers
21:Allococaine
5339:Categories
5197:Bumetanide
5135:Activators
5125:Piretanide
5120:Lonidamine
5071:Activators
5056:Mibefradil
5051:Mefloquine
5041:Furosemide
5036:Fluoxetine
5016:Crofelemer
4903:Activators
4826:Versutoxin
4822:Robustoxin
4804:Activators
4789:Safinamide
4739:Conotoxins
4674:Trimecaine
4669:Tetracaine
4644:Prilocaine
4634:Orthocaine
4609:Iontocaine
4604:Hexylcaine
4599:Etidocaine
4540:Benzocaine
4530:Amylocaine
4512:Zonisamide
4507:Valpromide
4477:Topiramate
4467:Rufinamide
4427:Lacosamide
4392:Cenobamate
4347:Prajmaline
4337:Moricizine
4332:Mexiletine
4327:Lorcainide
4312:Flecainide
4277:Ranolazine
4217:Activators
4202:Fluoxetine
4146:Nimesulide
4128:-specific:
4114:Activators
4096:-specific:
4048:-specific:
4028:Rilmakalim
4018:Nicorandil
3978:Cromakalim
3965:-specific:
3946:Activators
3936:Tipepidine
3926:Ifenprodil
3901:Caramiphen
3893:-specific:
3873:Tolazamide
3833:Gliquidone
3818:Gliclazide
3785:-specific:
3738:Retigabine
3733:Flupirtine
3730:-specific:
3715:Activators
3692:-specific:
3673:Vanoxerine
3653:Terodiline
3638:Sertindole
3628:Ranolazine
3493:Astemizole
3483:Amiodarone
3451:Terikalant
3426:Pinokalant
3411:Nifekalant
3406:Maurotoxin
3401:Lolitrem B
3391:Kaliotoxin
3351:Dofetilide
3341:Dalazatide
3336:Conotoxins
3306:Amiodarone
3301:Almokalant
3223:Activators
3213:Valperinol
3193:Terodiline
3133:Naftopidil
3123:Mesuximide
3053:Enpiperate
3033:Cycleanine
3018:Bevantolol
3008:Bencyclane
2998:Pregabalin
2988:PD-299,685
2983:PD-217,014
2978:PD-200,347
2968:Imagabalin
2958:Gabapentin
2948:Atagabalin
2938:Arbaclofen
2897:Mibefradil
2892:Loperamide
2887:Lomerizine
2862:Dotarizine
2842:Benidipine
2822:Zonisamide
2738:Safinamide
2713:Caroverine
2665:Celivarone
2613:Gallopamil
2568:Siratiazem
2558:Iprotiazem
2548:Clentiazem
2528:Tiamdipine
2523:Teludipine
2488:Olradipine
2473:Nimodipine
2463:Niludipine
2453:Nifedipine
2443:Mesudipine
2433:Manidipine
2408:Lacidipine
2403:Isradipine
2388:Flordipine
2383:Felodipine
2378:Elnadipine
2373:Elgodipine
2363:Darodipine
2333:Amlodipine
2203:Iontocaine
2167:Trimecaine
2162:Prilocaine
2147:Etidocaine
2137:Carticaine
2065:Isobucaine
2060:Hexylcaine
2035:Amylocaine
2017:Tetracaine
1992:Orthocaine
1987:Nitracaine
1937:Benzocaine
1853:Etamsylate
1825:Troxerutin
1651:Pramocaine
1646:Oxetacaine
1631:Benzocaine
1626:Tetracaine
1434:Einhorn A
1267:"Procaine"
987:References
896:myocardium
851:hydrolysis
812:prilocaine
777:anesthesia
769:amylocaine
739:amylocaine
697:trade name
693:penicillin
586:3D model (
574:Molar mass
434:CHEBI:8430
394:4Z8Y51M438
365:ChemSpider
325:IUPHAR/BPS
280:CAS Number
263:IUPAC name
222:Hydrolysis
217:Metabolism
116:Parenteral
5318:See also:
5217:Mepacrine
5163:Ivacaftor
5079:Carbachol
4962:Ibuprofen
4952:Amiloride
4911:Solnatide
4883:Amiloride
4812:Aconitine
4774:Evenamide
4749:Saxitoxin
4664:Risocaine
4614:Lidocaine
4559:Butacaine
4535:Articaine
4462:Phenytoin
4372:Tocainide
4367:Sparteine
4362:Quinidine
4322:Lorajmine
4317:Lidocaine
4307:Encainide
4292:Aprindine
4033:Sarakalim
4023:Pinacidil
4013:Naminidil
4003:Minoxidil
3998:Mazokalim
3983:Diazoxide
3973:Bimakalim
3968:Aprikalim
3931:Tertiapin
3911:Clozapine
3828:Glipizide
3623:Quinidine
3573:Ergtoxins
3538:Cisapride
3528:BRL-32872
3508:Azimilide
3471:(KCNH2, K
3446:Tedisamil
3431:Quinidine
3421:Paxilline
3386:Inakalant
3381:Ibutilide
3366:Hanatoxin
3321:Bunaftine
3316:Bretylium
3311:Azimilide
3296:Adekalant
3255:Potassium
3237:Bay K8644
3178:Sesamodil
3128:Monatepil
3118:Manoalide
3113:Magnesium
3098:Imepitoin
3088:Fendiline
3068:Ethadione
3058:Eperisone
3038:Dauricine
3013:Berbamine
2924:δ subunit
2728:PD-173212
2643:Verapamil
2633:Ronipamil
2623:Nexopamil
2608:Falipamil
2603:Etripamil
2588:Devapamil
2583:Dagapamil
2563:Nictiazem
2553:Diltiazem
2543:Diltiazem
2493:Oxodipine
2234:Phase III
2222:Withdrawn
2152:Lidocaine
2114:Articaine
2086:Amoproxan
2055:β-Eucaine
2050:α-Eucaine
2012:Risocaine
1947:Butacaine
1830:Hidrosmin
1636:Dibucaine
1621:Lidocaine
1461:DE 194748
1446:DE 179627
1436:Höchst Ag
1330:drugs.com
1206:(3): 68.
960:catalyst.
917:Synthesis
891:serotonin
861:into the
804:lidocaine
758:alkaloids
734:effects.
728:perfusion
712:novocaine
704:Novocaine
454:ChEMBL569
243:Excretion
232:half-life
109:Routes of
83:Pregnancy
75:Monograph
69:Drugs.com
5303:instead.
5278:instead.
5189:Blockers
5181:Unsorted
5107:Blockers
5008:Blockers
4985:Chloride
4947:A-317567
4939:Blockers
4888:Benzamil
4875:Blockers
4704:NKTR-171
4699:GDC-0276
4694:Funapide
4689:DSP-2230
4684:AZD-3161
4649:Procaine
4564:Butamben
4412:Ethotoin
4287:Ajmaline
4266:Blockers
4225:Riluzole
4184:Blockers
4082:Blockers
3988:Emakalim
3766:Blockers
3608:Pimozide
3478:Ajmaline
3278:Blockers
3093:Fostedil
3023:Canadine
2993:Phenibut
2953:Baclofen
2902:NP078585
2847:Bepridil
2685:SR-33805
2638:Tiapamil
2598:Emopamil
2578:Anipamil
2313:Blockers
1952:Butamben
1810:Rutoside
1694:heparins
1641:Procaine
1212:10272260
1181:11895133
1137:10 March
1030:DrugBank
1010:July 14,
965:See also
887:dopamine
849:through
832:euphoric
700:Novocain
673:Procaine
663:(verify)
345:DrugBank
123:ATC code
98: B2
85:category
35:Procaine
4957:Aspirin
4779:Menthol
4766:Others:
4736:Toxins:
4579:Cocaine
4104:GAL-021
3724:KCNQ (K
3686:KCNQ (K
3503:AZD1305
3441:Sotalol
3436:ShK-186
3416:Notoxin
3103:JTV-519
3083:Fasudil
2812:ProTx I
2792:ABT-639
2779:SNX-482
2650:AH-1058
2647:Others:
2290:Calcium
2040:Cocaine
2027:Benzoic
1967:Lucaine
1921:by acid
1820:Diosmin
1718:Heparin
1685:therapy
1496:: 32–4.
1312:2622091
1253:8250339
1244:2148619
859:kidneys
828:cocaine
773:cocaine
579:236.315
541:Formula
354:DB00721
300:PubChem
289:59-46-1
153: (
151:S01HA05
143: (
141:C05AD05
139:)
133: (
131:N01BA02
5254:Others
4243:Sodium
3896:Barium
3700:XE-991
3568:E-4031
3518:BeKm-1
3488:AmmTX3
3371:HgeTx1
3361:E-4031
3143:Osthol
2912:TROX-1
2797:ML-218
2217:WHO-EM
2106:Amides
1919:Esters
1761:Phenol
1470:
1455:
1359:
1310:
1251:
1241:
1210:
1179:
1102:
843:plasma
810:, and
754:-caine
612:SMILES
474:019136
445:ChEMBL
414:D08422
186:
5288:LGICs
4995:CaCCs
4967:PcTX1
4926:ASICs
4253:VGSCs
3523:BmTx3
3376:HsTx1
3265:VGKCs
2300:VDCCs
1840:other
1771:other
1661:other
1131:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
1051:[
863:urine
853:into
839:ester
747:Latin
675:is a
632:InChI
588:JSmol
425:ChEBI
248:Renal
5301:here
5299:See
5276:here
5274:See
5263:TRPs
5094:CFTR
5021:DIDS
4862:ENaC
4783:mint
4171:K2Ps
4042:GIRK
3887:GIRK
3753:IRKs
3469:hERG
2817:Z944
2743:Z160
1910:N01B
1391:2015
1384:OMIM
1357:ISBN
1308:PMID
1249:PMID
1208:PMID
1177:PMID
1139:2011
1100:ISBN
1012:2020
889:and
874:MDMA
750:nov-
405:KEGG
385:UNII
374:4745
334:4291
314:4914
201:data
65:AHFS
4525:FBT
3958:ATP
3778:ATP
2198:TAC
1696:or
1537:C05
1418:doi
1414:371
1349:doi
1298:doi
1239:PMC
1169:doi
1096:311
1061:doi
710:as
702:or
691:of
490:EPA
304:CID
211:N/A
156:WHO
146:WHO
136:WHO
5341::
5323:•
4824:,
4820:,
4551:,
4125:Ca
4123:BK
4093:Ca
4091:BK
4068:Ca
3728:7)
3690:7)
2930:):
2645:;
2570:;
2540:;
2230::
1492:.
1458:;
1443:;
1412:.
1408:.
1382:.
1371:^
1355:.
1328:.
1306:.
1294:51
1292:.
1288:.
1269:.
1247:.
1235:39
1233:.
1229:.
1202:.
1198:.
1175:.
1163:.
1141:.
1098:.
1057:23
1028:.
995:^
902:.
865:.
764:.
726:,
722:,
555:20
549:13
188:S4
182:AU
149:)
94:AU
4828:)
4785:)
4781:(
4555:)
4547:(
4523:p
4066:K
3956:K
3776:K
3726:v
3688:v
3473:v
3234::
2922:2
2920:α
2789::
2776::
2758::
2700::
2575::
2330::
2324::
2274:e
2267:t
2260:v
2125:/
2121:/
1912:)
1908:(
1906:)
1891:e
1884:t
1877:v
1539:)
1535:(
1525:e
1518:t
1511:v
1494:2
1424:.
1420::
1393:.
1365:.
1351::
1314:.
1300::
1273:.
1255:.
1214:.
1204:3
1183:.
1171::
1165:1
1108:.
1069:.
1063::
1014:.
945:.
590:)
567:2
564:O
561:2
558:N
552:H
546:C
492:)
488:(
184::
159:)
96::
67:/
30:.
23:.
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