Extended producer responsibility

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environmental standards from suppliers and ensuring that raw materials are extracted or produced in an environmentally conscious way provides a start." A life-cycle perspective is also taken in EPR frameworks: "Producers of products should bear a significant degree of responsibility (physical and/or financial) not only for the environmental impacts of their products downstream from the treatment and disposal of their product, but also for their upstream activities inherent in the selection of materials and in the design of products." "The major impetus for EPR came from northern European countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as they were facing severe landfill shortages. EPR is generally applied to post-consumer wastes which place increasing physical and financial demands on municipal waste management."

378:, because it financially encourages manufacturers to design for recycling and make products last longer. In addition to fighting planned obsolescence, by allocating part of the financial responsibility for paying for and managing waste on the producer, the pressures placed on governments may be alleviated. Currently, many governments bear the weight of disposal and spend millions of dollars on collecting and removing electronic waste. However, these plans usually fail because governments do not have enough money to create and enforce them properly. Placing responsibility on producers to dispose of their products can give governments more freedom to create legislation which benefits sustainability with little cost to both parties, while also raising awareness about the issues EPR seeks to solve. 280:, the President's Council on Sustainable Development suggested EPR in order to target different participants in the cycle of a product's life. This can, however, make the product more expensive since the cost must be taken into consideration before being put on the market, which is why it is not widely used in the United States currently. Instead, there is banning or taxation of plastic bags, which puts the responsibility on the consumers. In the United States, EPR is voluntary. What has been recommended is a comprehensive program which combines taxation, producer responsibility, and recycling to combat pollution. 531:, researchers have attempted for decades to account for both producers and consumers in an economy in a consistent way. Gallego and Lenzen demonstrate and discuss a method of consistently delineating producers' supply chains, into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive responsibilities to be shared by all agents in an economy. Their method is an approach to allocating responsibility across agents in a fully inter-connected circular system. Upstream and downstream environmental impacts are shared between all agents of a supply chain—producers and consumers. 3400: 382:

adopt these policies it restricts other countries from ignoring the issues. For example, when China stopped importing E-waste from the U.S., a build-up of waste was formed at ports. The lack of infrastructure around recycling E-waste in the US has been possible because of the ability to export and the negligence of producers. The pressure of this growing dump of E-waste forces countries to have their own infrastructure and will force more regulations from the government, state and federal, to be placed on producers.

394:. Others worry that such laws could increase the cost of electronics because producers would add recycling costs into the initial price tag. When companies are required to transport their products to a recycling facility, it can be expensive if the product contains hazardous materials and does not have a scrap value, such as with CRT televisions, which can contain up to five pounds of lead. Organizations and researchers against EPR claim that the mandate would slow innovation and impede technological progress. 4707: 4631: 31: 4695: 4642: 3825: 3123: 260:. The purpose of this directive is to prevent the production of waste electronics and also to encourage reuse and recycling of such waste. The directive requires the Member States to encourage design and production methods that take into account the future dismantling and recovery of their products. These take-back programs have been adopted in nearly every OECD country. In the United States, most of these policies have been implemented at the state level. 3815: 3113: 2599: 323:. Lead is found in the screens of phones, TVs and computer monitors and can damage kidneys, nerves, blood, bones, reproductive organs, and muscles. Mercury is found in flat screen TVs, laptop screens, and fluorescent bulbs, and can cause damage to the kidneys and the nervous system. Brominated flame-retardants found in cables and plastic cases can cause cancer, disruption of liver function, and nerve damage. Cadmium is found in 490:

commodities can have a considerable influence on national greenhouse gas balance sheets. Assuming consumer responsibility, exports have to be subtracted from, and imports added to national greenhouse gas inventories. In Denmark, for example, Munksgaard and Pedersen (2001) report that a significant amount of power and other energy-intensive commodities are traded across Danish borders, and that between 1966 and 1994 the Danish

4059: 3835: 3160: 112:. In subsequent reports prepared for the Ministry, the following definition emerged: " is an environmental protection strategy to reach an environmental objective of a decreased total environmental impact of a product, by making the manufacturer of the product responsible for the entire life-cycle of the product and especially for the take-back, recycling and final disposal." 578:, EPR was launched in 2015 but financing of waste management facilities still largely relies on taxes paid by the Russian population. In 2022, all packaging was supposed to be recycled or else products from companies not respecting the regulation would have been withdrawn from shelves. But the country postponed the reform as several ministers found it unfeasible. 233:, or due to the high costs to local governments of providing such collection services. The primary goals of these take-back laws therefore are to partner with the private sector to ensure that all waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment. The goals of take-back laws are to 1531: 581:

In the United Kingdom an extended producer responsibility system is going to be implemented over the coming years. The government has already shared guidance with those most affected. The core issue is with identifying a way to encourage polluters to take on the responsibility rather than pass on the

397:

Other critics are concerned that manufacturers may use takeback programs to take secondhand electronics off the reuse market, by shredding rather than reusing or repairing goods that come in for recycling. Another argument against EPR is that EPR policies are not accelerating environmentally friendly

197:

and recycling schemes. Product stewardship organizations like PRO Europe are intended to relieve industrial companies and commercial enterprises of their individual obligation to take back used products through the operation of an organization which fulfills these obligations on a nationwide basis on

614:

In the United States, EPR is gaining popularity "with 40 such laws enacted since 2008. In 2010 alone, 38 such EPR bills were introduced in state legislatures across the United States, and 12 were signed into law." However, these laws are at the state level: there are no federal laws for EPR. So far,

610:

was reduced from 94.7 kg to 82 kg, resulting in a reduction of 13.4%". Furthermore, due to Germany's influence in EPR, the "European Commission developed one waste directive" for all EU member states (Hanisch 2000). One major goal was to have all member states recycle "25% of all packaging material"

585:

In India, the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 introduced the concept of EPR for the first time, while the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 set more stringent targets for collection of end-of-life products and simplified the process of applying for EPR authorization. In 2016, government

473:

reporting include only impacts that arise out of operations controlled by the reporting company, and not supply-chain impacts According to this world view, "upstream and downstream impacts are ... allocated to their immediate producers. The institutional setting and the different actors' spheres of

381:

One of the advantages of EPR is that it becomes more and more effective as the EPR policy puts pressure on countries that export their E-waste. The regulation of this E-waste forces infrastructure to deal with the waste or implement new ways of creating products from the producers. As more countries

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have enforced legislation or restrictions on a wider range of products and materials under EPR programs. "Nine out of ten provinces have EPR programs or requirements in place... As a result of these new programs or requirements and expansion of existing ones, almost half of the product categories

557:

The Canada-Wide Action Plan for Extended Producer Responsibility (CAP-EPR) was adopted in Canada in 2009 under the guidance of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. The CAP-EPR followed years of waste and recycling efforts in Canada that remained largely ineffective as the diversion

489:

as contributions of producing industries located in a particular country rather than as embodiments in products consumed by a particular population, irrespective of productive origin. However, especially for open economies, taking into account the greenhouse gases embodied in internationally traded

331:

In the United States, 25 states have implemented laws that require the recycling of electronic waste. Of those, 23 have incorporated some form of extended producer responsibility into their laws. According to analysis done by the Product Stewardship Institute, some states have not enacted EPR laws

468:

not to interfere with consumers' preferences that the producer-centric representation is the dominant form of viewing the environmental impacts of industrial production: in statistics on energy, emissions, water, etc., impacts are almost always presented as attributes of industries ("on-site" or

255:

Take-back programs help promote these goals by creating incentives for companies to design products that minimize waste management costs, to design products that contain safer materials (so they do not need to be managed separately), or to design products that are easier to recycle and reuse (so

515:

management system stated in for example ISO 14001, it is insufficient to merely report on the carbon dioxide emissions limited to the judicial borders of the company". 7 "Companies must recognise their wider responsibility and manage the entire life-cycle of their products ... Insisting on high

72:

Extended producer responsibility legislation is a driving force behind the adoption of remanufacturing initiatives because it "focuses on the end-of-use treatment of consumer products and has the primary aim to increase the amount and degree of product recovery and to minimize the environmental

343:

Advocates for EPR also argue that including "high expectations for performance" into the laws, and ensuring that those are only minimum requirements, contribute to making the laws successful. The larger the scope of products that can be collected, the more e-waste will be disposed of properly.

477:

On the other hand, a number of studies have highlighted that final consumption and affluence, especially in the industrialised world, are the main drivers for the level and growth of environmental pressure. Even though these studies provide a clear incentive for complementing producer-focused

405:

argues that EPR is not clear in the way fees are established for the particular recycling processes. Fees are set in place to help incentivize recycling, but this may deter the use of manufacturing with better materials for the different electronic products. There are not set fees for certain

327:

and can cause kidney damage and cancer. Poorer countries are dumping grounds for e-waste as many governments accept money for disposing of this waste on their lands. This causes increased health risks for people in these countries, especially ones who work or live close to these dumps.

498:

developed from a 7 Mt deficit to a 7 Mt surplus, compared to total emissions of approximately 60 Mt. In particular, electricity traded between Norway, Sweden and Denmark is subject to large annual fluctuations due to varying rainfall in Norway and Sweden. In wet years Denmark imports

256:

recycling becomes more profitable). The earliest take-back activity began in Europe, where government-sponsored take-back initiatives arose from concerns about scarce landfill space and potentially hazardous substances in component parts. The European Union adopted a directive on

1525: 183:, obliging producers, importers and/or sellers to internalise waste management costs in their product prices and ensure the safe handling of their products. However, different stakeholders perceive the concept and the role of producers in various ways. 228:

their products from end users at the end of the products' useful life, or partially financing a collection and recycling infrastructure. These policies were adopted due to the lack of collection infrastructure for certain products that contain

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through the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016. In the Indian system, the trading mechanism is similar to the carbon trading mechanism, where EPR certificates are generated and traded further between the producers and brand owners.

834:

Tasaki, Tomohiro; Tojo, Naoko; Lindhqvist, Thomas (2019). "Differences in Perception of Extended Producer Responsibility and Product Stewardship among Stakeholders: An International Questionnaire Survey and Statistical Analysis".

374:, and more easily recyclable electronics. Using fewer materials and designing products to last longer can directly reduce producers' end-of-life costs. Thus, extended producer responsibility is often cited as one way to fight 215:

published a guidance manual about EPR in 2001 after several years of discussion by experts in this field, and updated it in 2016 to include developing countries' perspectives, based on experiences and policy changes.

202:

trademark of which PRO Europe is the general licensor. In twenty-five nations, companies are now using the Green Dot as the financing symbol for the organization of recovery, sorting and recycling of sales packaging.

503:

whereas electricity from coal-fired power plants is exported in dry years. The official Danish emissions inventory includes a correction for electricity trade and thus applies the consumer responsibility principle.

198:

behalf of their member companies. The aim is to ensure the recovery and recycling of packaging waste in the most economically efficient and ecologically sound manner. In many countries, this is done through the

618:

From 2022, if the product is sold in France or Germany, Marketplaces must confirm that the manufacturer complies with the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) rules in the country where it sells the product.

398:

designs because "manufacturers are already starting to moving toward reduced material-use per unit of output, reduced energy use in making and delivering each product, and improved environmental performance."

1661: 1740:

Spangenberg, J. H. and S. Lorek (2002). Environmentally sustainable household consumption: from aggregate environmental pressures to priority fields of action. Ecological Economics, 43, pp. 127-140.

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China banned the import of e-waste in 2000, and adopted EPR in 2012. This has proven to be difficult, however, because illegal smuggling of waste still occurs in the country. In order to dispose of

543:. An advanced recycling fee is charged to those who purchase a new vehicle and is used to fund the recycling of it at the end of its useful life. The PRO was set up to satisfy the European Union's 1587: 1257: 481:

The nexus created by the different views on impacts caused by industrial production is exemplified by several contributions to the discussion about producer or consumer responsibility for

1471: 1410: 351:

has taken steps to address some electronic waste management issues. They have restricted the use of harmful substances in member countries and have made it illegal to export waste.

333: 1162: 1052: 1126: 1500: 725:

Nakajima, N., & Vanderburg, W. H. (2006). A description and analysis of the German packaging take-back system. Bulletin of Science, Technology, & Society, 6:6.

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Gallego, B. and M. Lenzen (2005). A consistent input-output formulation of shared producer and consumer responsibility. Economic Systems Research, 17(4), pp. 365-391.

1436: 2095: 550:

The Swiss Association for Information, Communication and Organisational Technology (SWICO), an ICT industry organisation, became a PRO to address the problem of

491: 370:

When producers face either the financial or physical burden of recycling their electronics after use, they may be incentivized to design more sustainable, less

340:

programs have done so because they have developed a convenient e-waste infrastructure or the state governments have instituted goals for manufacturers to meet.

1653: 4545: 1799:

Cerin, P. (2005) Environmental Strategies in Industry: Turning Business Incentives into Sustainability. Report 5455. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

778: 478:

environmental policy with some consideration for consumption-related aspects, demand-side measures to address environmental problems are rarely exploited.

358:

today, a license is required and plants are held responsible for treating pollution. EPR laws in the U.S. still allow e-waste to be exported to China. The

17: 136:, which shares responsibility across the chain of custody of a product, in that it attempts to relieve local governments of the costs of managing certain 4481: 348: 2057: 1850: 224:

In response to the growing problem of excessive waste, several countries adopted waste management policies in which manufacturers are responsible for

359: 304:, TVs, computers, and printers. Many governments have partnered with corporations in creating the necessary collection and recycling infrastructure. 179:(PRO), which is paid by the producer for used-product management. In this way, EPR shifts the responsibility for waste management from government to 3675: 390:

Some people have concerns about extended producer responsibility programs for complex electronics that can be difficult to safely recycle, such as

1579: 1249: 3725: 3198: 332:

because of a lack of recycling infrastructure and funds for proper e-waste disposal. In contrast, according to a study of EPR legislation by the

1463: 3285: 2150: 1731:

World Business Council on Sustainable Development a World Resources Institute (2001). The Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Conches-Geneva, Switzerland.

186:

A good example of a producer responsibility organization is PRO Europe S.P.R.L. (Packaging Recovery Organisation Europe), founded in 1995, the

4466: 1406: 1224: 969: 469:"direct" allocation) rather than as attributes of the supply chains of products for consumers. On a smaller scale, most existing schemes for 1323: 3845: 2195: 1627: 66: 1790:

Cerin, P. and L. Karlson (2002). Business incentives for sustainability: a property rights approach. Ecological Economics, 40, pp. 13-22.

1608:

Gattuso, Dana, and Joel Schwartz. "Extended Producer Responsibility." Reason Foundation. Reason Foundation, 1 June 2002. Web. 5 May 2015.

699:

Johnson, Michael R.; McCarthy, Ian P. (2014-10-01). "Product recovery decisions within the context of Extended Producer Responsibility".

598:, the polluter-pays principle was introduced on January 1, 2023. Thus, the costs of recycling are paid by the companies that produce it. 4313: 3576: 1771:

Danish Environmental Protection Agency (1998). Denmark's Second National Communication on Climate Change submitted under the UN FCCC.

1194: 3277: 1944:

Hanisch, Carola. "Is Extended Producer Responsibility Effective?" Environmental Science & Technology 34.7 (2000): 170A-75A. Web.

1151: 2425: 940:

Linda Roeder, Hazardous Waste: Advocacy Group Recommendations Promote Manufacturer Responsibility, DAILY ENV"T REP., March 16, 2004

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rates from landfills and incineration persisted. Despite three decades worth of recycling efforts, Canada fell short of many other

1087:

Reagan, Robert (March 15, 2015). "A Comparison of E-Waste Extended Producer Responsibility Laws in the European Union and China".

993: 4575: 3559: 1527:

Extended Producer Responsibility in Cleaner Production: Policy Principle to Promote Environmental Improvements of Product Systems

1355: 1122: 3839: 3399: 3281: 3251: 1556: 1492: 1031: 4732: 4476: 4323: 3539: 3344: 2035: 1296: 4590: 2799: 2769: 1918: 820:

International Survey on Stakeholders' Perception of the Concept of Extended Producer Responsibility and Product Stewardship

109: 1904: 1059: 753: 3191: 2493: 4333: 1432: 1279:

Zhong, Hua; Zhao, Chen (2012-07-30). "E-waste Deposit system under EPR in China: A view from closed-loop supply chain".

4742: 4656: 4651: 3572: 3523: 2243: 539:

Auto Recycling Nederland (ARN) is a producer responsibility organisation (PRO) that organises vehicle recycling in the

2092: 4308: 3911: 3289: 2124: 1875: 916: 683: 2025: 288:

Many governments and companies have adopted extended producer responsibility to help address the growing problem of

3146: 2188: 871:"PRO EUROPE is the umbrella organisation for European packaging and packaging waste recovery and recycling schemes" 175:, or recycling program. The producer may also choose to delegate this responsibility to a third party, a so-called 786: 4373: 4363: 4278: 4128: 3878: 3535: 3531: 3513: 3442: 3259: 2809: 2253: 2248: 297: 292:—used electrical and electronic equipment that contains materials that cannot be safely thrown away with regular 807:

Hanisch, C. (2000). Is Extended Producer Responsibility Effective?. Environ Sci Technol, 34 (7), pp.170 A-175 A.

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The kinds of chemicals found in e-waste that are particularly dangerous to human health and the environment are

4471: 4348: 4303: 3828: 3785: 3780: 3273: 3184: 3136: 2821: 1749:

Princen, T. (1999). Consumption and environment: some conceptual issues. Ecological Economics, 31, pp. 347-363.

949:

Directive 2002/96/EC of 27 January 2003 on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), 203 O.J. (l 37) 46

615:"only a handful of states have imposed five to six EPR laws as well as 32 states having at least one EPR law". 544: 276:. An alternative to these policies would be to increase extended producer responsibility. In the US, under the 34:

Tires are an example the products subject to extended producer responsibility in many industrialized countries.

878: 4368: 4328: 4293: 3775: 3389: 3141: 3131: 3033: 2814: 2384: 1380: 406:

materials, so confusion occurs when companies do not know what design features to include in their devices.

4666: 4661: 4456: 4393: 4383: 3720: 3207: 2842: 2794: 2324: 1839: 524: 734:

Thomas Lindhqvist and Karl Lidgren, "Models for Extended Producer Responsibility" in Sweden, October 1990.

85: 4727: 4580: 4550: 4403: 4298: 4288: 4283: 4133: 3951: 3750: 3643: 3606: 3580: 3483: 3153: 2728: 2268: 2181: 391: 172: 4737: 4685: 4434: 4408: 4398: 4388: 4358: 4338: 4168: 3690: 3634: 3568: 3468: 3447: 3164: 2749: 2652: 2420: 2334: 431: 423: 316: 4451: 4378: 4343: 4318: 3715: 3564: 3428: 2713: 2223: 1683:

Jenkins, Stuart; Kuijper, Margriet; Helferty, Hugh; Girardin, Cécile; Allen, Myles (1 January 2023).

644: 3745: 3653: 3616: 3585: 3498: 3452: 3255: 3211: 2620: 2435: 2344: 2283: 963:"Extended Producer Responsibility An examination of its impact on innovation and greening products" 482: 470: 125: 1216: 962: 430:; in particular, authors suggested the responsibility could be used to establish the financing of 248:

correct market signals to the consumer by incorporating waste management costs into product price;

4493: 3800: 3790: 3740: 3384: 3379: 3058: 2568: 2486: 2450: 2440: 2379: 2374: 2319: 1762:

accounts for open economies: producer or consumer responsibility. Energy Policy, 29, pp. 327-334.

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Nash, Jennifer, and Christopher Bosso. "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States."

1775: 1619: 4203: 3794: 3765: 3527: 3334: 3098: 2942: 2897: 2754: 2662: 2288: 2263: 439: 324: 4003: 3983: 3755: 3554: 3473: 3364: 3329: 2887: 2882: 2789: 2784: 2523: 2510: 2364: 2278: 2109:

Extended producer responsibility policies in the United States and Canada: history and status

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In Germany, since the adoption of EPR, "between 1991 and 1998, the per capita consumption of

528: 520: 450:

EPR has been implemented in many forms, which may be classified into three major approaches:

187: 129: 2117:

Governance of integrated product policy: in search of sustainable production and consumption

4605: 4353: 4198: 4103: 3760: 3695: 3269: 3093: 3083: 2635: 2607: 2430: 2369: 2349: 2298: 2238: 2155: 1986: 1696: 1359: 1186: 1024:"Extending Producer Responsibility: An Evaluation Framework for Product Take-Back Policies" 415: 375: 81: 3176: 8: 4565: 4153: 4073: 4018: 3916: 3903: 3871: 3856: 3730: 3680: 3639: 3374: 3247: 3043: 2907: 2857: 2804: 2774: 2764: 2759: 2723: 2615: 2518: 2339: 567: 512: 133: 46: 27:

Strategy designed to promote the integration of environmental costs associated with goods

1990: 1700: 4711: 4635: 4610: 4555: 4461: 4250: 4220: 3936: 3818: 3590: 3518: 3423: 3369: 3126: 3116: 2987: 2966: 2932: 2877: 2779: 2642: 2528: 2479: 2415: 2399: 2394: 2204: 1302: 1104: 1001: 852: 818: 571:

for Phase 1 are now covered by legislated EPR programs or requirements across Canada."

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products by holding producers responsible for the costs of managing their products at

4514: 4444: 4439: 4424: 4215: 4183: 4178: 4158: 4098: 4023: 3814: 3770: 3508: 3438: 3408: 3354: 3233: 3112: 2927: 2917: 2862: 2687: 2677: 2625: 2563: 2218: 2120: 2107: 2080: 2031: 2012: 2004: 1876:"Progress Report on the Canada-Wide Action Plan for Extender Producer Responsibility" 1714: 1292: 1108: 912: 856: 712: 679: 500: 402: 337: 312: 194: 105: 1552: 1306: 743:

Thomas Lindhqvist, "Towards an - analysis of experiences and proposals", April 1992.

631:, when sellers or manufacturers accept returns of products at the end of their lives 414:

A study suggests that applying the principle of extended producer responsibility to

144:

within the product price. EPR is based on the principle that manufacturers (usually

4498: 4429: 4270: 4240: 4230: 4188: 4163: 4143: 4138: 3978: 3946: 3941: 3921: 3895: 3319: 3088: 3078: 2962: 2937: 2837: 2657: 2630: 2578: 2553: 2543: 2538: 2460: 2314: 2076: 2072: 1994: 1704: 1284: 1096: 1023: 904: 844: 708: 671: 551: 371: 355: 289: 180: 137: 58: 1100: 4600: 4524: 4260: 4255: 4225: 4123: 4108: 4013: 4008: 3968: 3488: 3418: 3324: 3294: 3243: 3238: 3222: 3073: 3038: 2982: 2977: 2957: 2718: 2667: 2588: 2558: 2548: 2445: 2389: 2099: 1779: 901:

Extended Producer Responsibility: Updated Guidance for Efficient Waste Management

419: 269: 191: 1288: 4646: 4519: 4193: 4173: 4083: 4043: 3931: 3864: 3359: 3214: 3018: 2912: 2892: 2682: 2647: 2329: 2151:

Reforming Water Use Rights in Canterbury: A Shared Responsibilities Perspective

1709: 1684: 761: 559: 508: 465: 149: 703:. Engineering and Technology Management for Sustainable Business Development. 4721: 4706: 4630: 4585: 4245: 3993: 3705: 3063: 3053: 2922: 2872: 2733: 2703: 2672: 2583: 2455: 2084: 2008: 1718: 908: 675: 587: 523:, and assigning environmental impacts to producers and consumers can lead to 519:

EPR has rarely been consistently quantified. Moreover, applying conventional

242: 62: 30: 2160: 1654:"Fossil fuel producers must be forced to 'take back' carbon, say scientists" 931:

James Sallzman, Sustainable Consumption and the Law, 27ENVTL. L. 1274 (1997)

4529: 4235: 4113: 4093: 4038: 3685: 3299: 3023: 2992: 2852: 2016: 1649: 1245: 273: 54: 2102:, published by the Grocery Manufacturers Association (US), September 2012. 362:(IEEE) has also proposed a deposit-refund system dealt with by producers. 4560: 4210: 4048: 3963: 3926: 3309: 3264: 2997: 2947: 2847: 2533: 2027:

Extended Producer Responsibility: A Materials Policy for the 21st Century

1053:"Public Policy Approaches for the Reduction of Plastic Bag Marine Debris" 782: 540: 1250:"Eight Million Tons of Illegal E-Waste is Smuggled into China Each Year" 4699: 4615: 3973: 3958: 3649: 3433: 3048: 3002: 2902: 2293: 1493:"Could the Chinese National Sword inspire global recycling innovation?" 1022:

Toffel, Michael W.; Stein, Antoinette; Lee, Katharine L. (2008-01-01).

848: 347:

Similar laws have been passed in other parts of the world as well. The

301: 2145: 1999: 1974: 4595: 4148: 3887: 3735: 3659: 3549: 3544: 3463: 3458: 3339: 2972: 2502: 2273: 2173: 2093:

Evaluation of Extended Producer Responsibility for Consumer Packaging

2041: 1808:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2001, p. 21-22

607: 225: 153: 141: 121: 4694: 4118: 4078: 3998: 3710: 3700: 2708: 2598: 2233: 2058:"Shared producer and consumer responsibility — Theory and practice" 870: 668:

Extended Producer Responsibility: A Guidance Manual for Governments

628: 157: 77: 1384: 272:, and taxation fails to adequately reduce the pollution caused by 4088: 3028: 2258: 595: 320: 293: 4058: 2140: 4033: 3988: 3478: 3349: 2354: 1919:"Packaging waste: prepare for extended producer responsibility" 575: 507:

Similarly, at the company level, "when adopting the concept of

101: 57:

of that product, contemporarily mainly applied in the field of

2055: 1840:"Canada-Wide Action Plan for Extended Producer Responsibility" 1682: 1433:"Annie Leonard interview & "Story of Electronics" release" 1407:"The Light Bulb Conspiracy: The Story of Planned Obsolescence" 4028: 3891: 3626: 3068: 2952: 2573: 2228: 1817:

Environment Protection Authority New South Wales 2003, p. 2-4

238: 168: 145: 2471: 1324:"Basic Information | Product Stewardship | US EPA" 464:

It is perhaps because of the tendency of economic policy in

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Fishbein, Bette; Ehrenfeld, John; Young, John (June 2000).

563: 486: 427: 308: 257: 212: 156:

and have the greatest ability and responsibility to reduce

3886: 1975:"Assessing Extended Producer Responsibility Laws in Japan" 817:

Tasaki, Tomohiro; Tojo, Naoko; Lindhqvist, Thomas (2015).

3611: 1905:"Russia postpones recycling and waste management reform" 2156:

Extended Producer Responsibility (in the EEE industry)

2023: 1972: 140:

by requiring manufacturers to internalize the cost of

84:

but also the most effective means of achieving higher

4683: 1772: 833: 816: 566:

countries. Since the CAP-EPR's 2009 inception, most

2114: 1940: 1938: 1685:"Extended producer responsibility for fossil fuels" 4546:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 1580:"Mayor Calls Electronics Recycling Bill 'Illegal'" 65:to market mechanisms, with a common example being 360:Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers 4719: 2056:Lenzen, M; J Murray; F Sack; T Wiedmann (2007). 1935: 1883:Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment 1847:Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment 1356:"Reason Foundation Commentary: E-Waste Politics" 701:Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 258:Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) 120:Extended producer responsibility uses financial 3726:Environmental, social, and corporate governance 994:"Proceedings - Extended Product Responsibility" 698: 336:(ETBC), states that have seen success in their 1021: 3872: 3192: 2487: 2189: 2165: 2105: 1952: 1950: 1152:"Ten Lessons Learned from State E-Waste Laws" 773: 771: 100:The concept was first formally introduced in 1758:Munksgaard, J. and K. A. Pedersen (2001). CO 45:) is a strategy to add all of the estimated 1973:Ogushi, Yasuhiko; Milind Kandlikar (2007). 251:promote innovation in recycling technology. 237:encourage companies to design products for 3879: 3865: 3199: 3185: 2494: 2480: 2196: 2182: 1947: 1523: 768: 1998: 1834: 1832: 1773:Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy 1708: 1278: 49:associated with a product throughout the 2426:Earth systems engineering and management 1617: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1214: 300:, people threw away 2.5 million tons of 206: 29: 4576:High-level radioactive waste management 3560:Pollutant release and transfer register 148:owners) have the greatest control over 76:Passing responsibility to producers as 14: 4720: 2203: 1979:Environmental Science & Technology 1829: 1648: 1577: 1318: 1316: 1086: 1028:Harvard Business School Working Papers 3860: 3345:Principles for Responsible Investment 3180: 2475: 2177: 2164: 1664:from the original on 17 February 2023 1519: 1517: 1464:"Building capacity for EPR in the US" 1458: 1456: 1454: 1341: 1244: 1146: 1144: 1082: 1080: 957: 955: 485:. Emissions data are reported to the 124:to encourage manufacturers to design 4591:Sewage regulation and administration 3834: 3159: 2115:Scheer, Dirk; Frieder Rubik (2006). 1413:from the original on 30 January 2012 1089:Vermont Journal of Environmental Law 898: 670:. Paris: OECD Publications Service. 665: 661: 659: 611:and the goal has been accomplished. 586:expanded the EPR approach to tackle 177:producer responsibility organization 132:. This policy approach differs from 61:. Such societal costs are typically 18:Producer Responsibility Organisation 1630:from the original on August 4, 2016 1553:"Why do CRT monitors contain lead?" 1404: 1373: 1313: 779:"Producer Responsibility Recycling" 582:cost to suppliers or end consumers 24: 3524:Environmental full-cost accounting 2244:Environmental full-cost accounting 2106:Sheehan, Bill; Spiegelman, Helen, 1966: 1856:from the original on March 6, 2018 1620:"Extended Producer Responsibility" 1590:from the original on 19 April 2012 1514: 1451: 1141: 1125:. Electronics Takeback Coalition. 1077: 952: 754:"Extended Producer Responsibility" 25: 4754: 2134: 1555:. How Stuff Works. 12 July 2001. 1260:from the original on May 21, 2016 1215:Toothman, Jessika (4 June 2008). 656: 445: 4705: 4693: 4641: 4640: 4629: 4571:Extended producer responsibility 4057: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3398: 3305:Extended producer responsibility 3158: 3122: 3121: 3111: 2868:Extended producer responsibility 2597: 2360:Extended producer responsibility 1578:Rivera, Ray (15 February 2008). 1129:from the original on 5 June 2012 1123:"Manufacturer Takeback Programs" 713:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2013.11.002 385: 108:in a 1990 report to the Swedish 39:Extended producer responsibility 4129:Mechanical biological treatment 3514:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme 2254:Environmental management system 2249:Environmental impact assessment 1911: 1897: 1868: 1820: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1765: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1676: 1642: 1618:Schwartz, Joel (June 1, 2002). 1611: 1602: 1571: 1559:from the original on 3 May 2012 1545: 1534:from the original on 2020-03-02 1503:from the original on 2020-03-02 1485: 1474:from the original on 2019-12-08 1439:from the original on 9 May 2013 1425: 1398: 1272: 1238: 1227:from the original on 2016-06-01 1208: 1197:from the original on 2016-06-23 1179: 1168:from the original on 2021-03-23 1115: 1045: 1034:from the original on 2019-02-21 1015: 986: 975:from the original on 2017-08-29 943: 934: 925: 892: 881:from the original on 2021-01-28 863: 827: 409: 298:Environmental Protection Agency 263: 3786:Socially responsible marketing 3781:Socially responsible investing 2077:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.05.018 1689:Environmental Research Letters 1159:Electronics TakeBack Coalition 810: 801: 746: 737: 728: 719: 692: 545:End of Life Vehicles Directive 474:influence are not reflected". 334:Electronics TakeBack Coalition 283: 13: 1: 3776:Socially responsible business 3034:Container-deposit legislation 2501: 2146:Container Recycling Institute 2141:Product Stewardship Institute 1958:Journal of Industrial Ecology 1191:Product Stewardship Institute 1101:10.2307/vermjenvilaw.16.4.662 837:Journal of Industrial Ecology 650: 392:lithium-ion polymer batteries 365: 115: 4733:Products and the environment 3721:Environmental pricing reform 3252:environmental responsibility 296:. In 2007, according to the 219: 73:impact of waste materials". 7: 4581:History of waste management 3751:Market governance mechanism 3607:Global Reporting Initiative 3577:standards and certification 3484:Social return on investment 2729:Materials recovery facility 2269:Integrated chain management 1530:(Thesis). Lund University. 1524:Lindhqvist, Thomas (2000). 1289:10.1109/ICSSSM.2012.6252228 1030:. Harvard Business School. 622: 534: 317:brominated flame-retardants 190:for European packaging and 167:EPR may take the form of a 110:Ministry of the Environment 10: 4759: 4169:fluorescent lamp recycling 3691:Community interest company 3635:Community-based monitoring 3469:Genuine progress indicator 2335:Eco-industrial development 903:. Paris: OECD Publishing. 601: 245:, and materials reduction; 4743:Waste management concepts 4624: 4538: 4507: 4417: 4269: 4066: 4055: 3902: 3809: 3716:Environmental degradation 3668: 3625: 3599: 3565:Sustainability accounting 3497: 3429:Ethical positioning index 3407: 3396: 3221: 3107: 3011: 2830: 2742: 2696: 2606: 2595: 2509: 2408: 2307: 2211: 2171: 2166:Links to related articles 1960:17.2 (2013): 175-85. Web. 1626:. The Reason Foundation. 645:Personal carbon allowance 95: 4551:China's waste import ban 3746:Health impact assessment 3617:Sustainability reporting 3586:Toxics Release Inventory 3380:Transparency (behavioral 3355:Social impact assessment 3244:Corporate accountability 2436:Ecological modernization 2345:Ecological modernization 2284:Life-cycle cost analysis 2119:. Greenleaf Publishing. 1710:10.1088/1748-9326/aca4e8 909:10.1787/9789264256385-en 676:10.1787/9789264189867-en 483:greenhouse gas emissions 471:corporate sustainability 126:environmentally friendly 80:is not only a matter of 3912:Agricultural wastewater 3801:Supply chain management 3741:Global justice movement 3540:profit-and-loss account 3059:Reverse vending machine 2451:Sustainable development 2441:Environmental economics 2380:Precautionary principle 2375:Polluter pays principle 2320:Cradle-to-cradle design 1187:"Map of State EPR Laws" 466:market-driven economies 86:environmental standards 4636:Environment portal 4314:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4204:water recycling shower 3766:SDG Publishers Compact 3528:Environmental conflict 3335:Organizational justice 3099:Water recycling shower 2943:Reuse of human excreta 2913:Recycling (ecological) 2898:Material flow analysis 2421:Design for environment 2289:Material flow analysis 1586:. The New York Times. 1435:. Nourish the Spirit. 440:nature-based solutions 325:rechargeable batteries 35: 4004:Municipal solid waste 3984:Industrial wastewater 3756:Product certification 3555:Life-cycle assessment 3474:Performance indicator 3365:Social responsibility 3330:Organizational ethics 3260:social responsibility 2888:Interchangeable parts 2883:Industrial metabolism 2365:Industrial metabolism 2279:Life-cycle assessment 2224:Cost–benefit analysis 1409:. Eco Walk the Talk. 1248:(February 28, 2014). 1109:vermjenvilaw.16.4.662 640:Environmental justice 635:Life-cycle assessment 529:input-output analysis 521:life cycle assessment 492:foreign trade balance 207:OECD guidance manuals 188:umbrella organization 33: 4199:water heat recycling 4104:Garden waste dumping 3761:Public participation 3696:Conflict of interest 3286:inequality in the UK 3278:in the United States 3270:Environmental racism 3094:Water heat recycling 3084:Waste management law 2431:Ecological economics 2370:Industrial symbiosis 2350:Efficient energy use 2299:Stakeholder analysis 2239:Ecological footprint 2065:Ecological Economics 1283:. pp. 239–243. 511:and the scope of an 376:planned obsolescence 82:environmental policy 4566:Eco-industrial park 4154:appliance recycling 4074:Anaerobic digestion 4019:Post-consumer waste 3917:Biodegradable waste 3731:Ethical consumerism 3681:Benefit corporation 3573:metrics and indices 3375:Sullivan principles 3290:injustice in Europe 3044:Ethical consumerism 2978:Urban lumberjacking 2908:Product stewardship 2858:Eco-industrial park 2340:Eco-industrial park 1991:2007EnST...41.4502O 1907:. 10 December 2021. 1701:2023ERL....18a1005J 1652:(12 January 2023). 1497:recycling.tomra.com 1381:"EPR Working Group" 1217:"How E-waste Works" 231:hazardous materials 134:product stewardship 47:environmental costs 4728:Industrial ecology 4611:Waste minimisation 4556:Cleaner production 4221:Reusable packaging 4134:Mechanical sorting 3937:Construction waste 3819:Environment portal 3591:Triple bottom line 3519:Emission inventory 3424:Double bottom line 3370:Stakeholder theory 3117:Environment portal 2988:Waste minimisation 2933:Reusable packaging 2878:Industrial ecology 2416:Cleaner production 2400:Waste valorization 2395:Waste minimisation 2264:Input–output model 2205:Industrial ecology 2098:2016-08-08 at the 1778:2009-09-08 at the 1405:Prakash, Bhavani. 849:10.1111/jiec.12815 278:Clinton presidency 67:the impact of cars 51:product life cycle 36: 4738:Waste legislation 4681: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4606:Waste legislation 4515:Sanitation worker 4489:London Convention 4425:Bamako Convention 4216:Resource recovery 4184:textile recycling 4179:plastic recycling 4159:battery recycling 4099:Ecological design 4024:Radioactive waste 3854: 3853: 3771:Social enterprise 3676:Bangladesh Accord 3536:management system 3532:impact assessment 3509:Carbon accounting 3439:Impact assessment 3390:UN Global Compact 3282:in Western Europe 3234:Aarhus Convention 3174: 3173: 2928:Resource recovery 2918:Refill (campaign) 2863:Ecological design 2843:Dematerialization 2653:Fluorescent lamps 2469: 2468: 2325:Dematerialization 2219:Agent-based model 2037:978-0-918780-73-7 2000:10.1021/es072561x 1985:(13): 4502–4508. 1624:Reason Foundation 1298:978-1-4577-2025-3 998:clinton2.nara.gov 501:hydro-electricity 426:at an affordable 418:could deconflict 403:Reason Foundation 338:e-waste recycling 138:priority products 106:Thomas Lindhqvist 16:(Redirected from 4750: 4710: 4709: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4644: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4499:OSPAR Convention 4430:Basel Convention 4241:Waste collection 4231:Sewage treatment 4189:timber recycling 4164:bottle recycling 4144:Reclaimed lumber 4139:Photodegradation 4061: 3979:Industrial waste 3947:Electronic waste 3942:Demolition waste 3922:Biomedical waste 3896:waste management 3881: 3874: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3837: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3817: 3402: 3320:Little Eichmanns 3201: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3162: 3161: 3125: 3124: 3115: 3089:Waste management 3079:Waste collection 2938:Reuse of bottles 2838:Circular economy 2815:Northern Ireland 2601: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2473: 2472: 2461:Urban metabolism 2315:Circular economy 2198: 2191: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2162: 2161: 2130: 2112: 2088: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2040:. Archived from 2020: 2002: 1961: 1954: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1880: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1849:. October 2009. 1844: 1836: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1712: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1521: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1460: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1383:. Archived from 1377: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1358:. Archived from 1352: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1326:. Archived from 1320: 1311: 1310: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1156: 1148: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1084: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1065:on June 24, 2016 1064: 1058:. Archived from 1057: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1000:. Archived from 990: 984: 983: 981: 980: 974: 967: 959: 950: 947: 941: 938: 932: 929: 923: 922: 896: 890: 889: 887: 886: 867: 861: 860: 831: 825: 824: 814: 808: 805: 799: 798: 796: 794: 785:. Archived from 775: 766: 765: 760:. Archived from 750: 744: 741: 735: 732: 726: 723: 717: 716: 696: 690: 689: 663: 552:electronic waste 356:e-waste in China 181:private industry 59:waste management 21: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4684: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4647:Category: Waste 4628: 4620: 4601:Waste hierarchy 4534: 4525:Waste collector 4503: 4494:Oslo Convention 4413: 4265: 4261:Waste-to-energy 4256:Waste treatment 4226:Right to repair 4124:Landfill mining 4109:Illegal dumping 4062: 4053: 4014:Packaging waste 4009:Open defecation 3969:Hazardous waste 3898: 3885: 3855: 3850: 3805: 3664: 3621: 3595: 3500: 3493: 3489:Whole-life cost 3419:Corporate crime 3410: 3403: 3394: 3325:Loss and damage 3295:Ethical banking 3239:Climate justice 3226: 3217: 3205: 3175: 3170: 3103: 3074:Waste-to-energy 3039:Dumpster diving 3007: 2983:Waste hierarchy 2958:Right to repair 2826: 2795:The Netherlands 2750:Rate by country 2738: 2692: 2602: 2593: 2505: 2500: 2470: 2465: 2446:Green chemistry 2404: 2390:Waste hierarchy 2303: 2207: 2202: 2167: 2137: 2127: 2100:Wayback Machine 2060: 2047: 2045: 2038: 1969: 1967:Further reading 1964: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1780:Wayback Machine 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1522: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1499:. 6 July 2018. 1491: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1475: 1462: 1461: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1403: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1363: 1354: 1353: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1322: 1321: 1314: 1299: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1243: 1239: 1230: 1228: 1221:How Stuff Works 1213: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1085: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1020: 1016: 1007: 1005: 992: 991: 987: 978: 976: 972: 965: 961: 960: 953: 948: 944: 939: 935: 930: 926: 919: 897: 893: 884: 882: 869: 868: 864: 832: 828: 815: 811: 806: 802: 792: 790: 777: 776: 769: 758:Waste to Wealth 752: 751: 747: 742: 738: 733: 729: 724: 720: 697: 693: 686: 664: 657: 653: 625: 604: 537: 525:double-counting 497: 448: 435: 420:energy security 412: 388: 368: 294:household trash 286: 266: 222: 209: 192:packaging waste 118: 98: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4756: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4715: 4714: 4702: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4638: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4520:Street sweeper 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4404:United Kingdom 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4194:tire recycling 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4174:land recycling 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4084:Biodegradation 4081: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4044:Surface runoff 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3932:Chemical waste 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3831: 3821: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3647: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3612:GxP guidelines 3609: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3445: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3360:Social justice 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3267: 3262: 3256:responsibility 3241: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3215:accountability 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3119: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3019:Bottle cutting 3015: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2893:Land recycling 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2810:United Kingdom 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2623: 2621:Automotive oil 2618: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2409:Related fields 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2385:Rebound effect 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2330:Eco-efficiency 2327: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2305: 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