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Tacrolimus

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1619: 1614: 1609: 51: 682: 659: 1494:(SNP) rs776746 (also known as CYP3A5 *3/*3) have a non-functional CYP3A5 protein. The frequency of the G allele varies worldwide, from 4% in some African populations to 80–90% in Caucasian populations. Across a large number of studies, individuals homozygous for the G allele have been shown to have higher concentrations of tacrolimus and require lower doses of the drug, as compared to individuals who are not homozygous for the G allele. Achieving target concentrations of tacrolimus is important – if levels are too low, then there is a risk of 1637:
allylmalonyl-CoA as elongation units. However, two molecules of malonyl-CoA are able to be replaced by two molecules of methoxymalonyl CoA. Once two malonyl-CoA molecules are replaced, post-synthase tailoring steps are no longer required where two methoxymalonyl CoA molecules are substituted. The biosynthesis of methoxymalonyl CoA to Acyl Carrier protein is proceeded by five enzymes (fkbG, fkbH, fkbI, fkbJ, and fkbK). Allylmalonyl-CoA is also able to be replaced by propionylmalonyl-CoA.
748: 955:, but is much more potent. Immunosuppression with tacrolimus was associated with a significantly lower rate of acute rejection compared with ciclosporin-based immunosuppression (30.7% vs 46.4%) in one study. Clinical outcome is better with tacrolimus than with ciclosporin during the first year of liver transplantation. Long-term outcome has not been improved to the same extent. Tacrolimus is normally prescribed as part of a post-transplant cocktail including 42: 1355: 7268: 3532: 3493: 1565:
rejection resistant to treatment with other immunosuppressive medicinal products in adults. In 2009, the indications were expanded to include the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in adult and paediatric, kidney, liver or heart allograft recipients and the treatment of allograft rejection resistant to treatment with other immunosuppressive medicinal products in adults and children.
986: 1297:) were suspected of carrying a cancer risk, though the matter is still a subject of controversy. The FDA issued a health warning in March 2005 for the drug, based on animal models and a small number of patients. Until further human studies yield more conclusive results, the FDA recommends that users be advised of the potential risks. However, current practice by 790:
InChI=1S/C44H69NO12/c1-10-13-31-19-25(2)18-26(3)20-37(54-8)40-38(55-9)22-28(5)44(52,57-40)41(49)42(50)45-17-12-11-14-32(45)43(51)56-39(29(6)34(47)24-35(31)48)27(4)21-30-15-16-33(46)36(23-30)53-7/h10,19,21,26,28-34,36-40,46-47,52H,1,11-18,20,22-24H2,2-9H3/b25-19+,27-21+/t26-,28+,29+,30-,31+,32-,33+,34-,36+,37-,38-,39+,40+,44+/m0/s1
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propionylmalonyl-CoA at C21, which it is an unusual step of general PKS 1. As mentioned, if two methoxymalonyl CoA molecules are substituted for two malonyl-CoA molecules, they will take place in module 7 and 8 (C13 and C15), and fkbA enzyme will enforce this process. After the last step (module 10) of PKS 1, one molecule of
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can result in faster and more frequent achievement of target tacrolimus levels. However, there is a lack of consistent evidence as to whether dosing based on rs776746 genotype results in improved clinical outcomes (such as a decreased risk for transplant rejection or drug toxicities), likely because
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signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Although this activity is similar to that of cyclosporin, the incidence of acute rejection is reduced by tacrolimus use over cyclosporin use. Although short-term immunosuppression concerning patient and graft survival is found to be similar between the two
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syntheses (NRPS). The research shows the hybrid synthesis consists of ten modules of type 1 polyketide synthase and one module of nonribosomal peptide synthase. The synthetic enzymes for tacrolimus are found in 19 gene clusters named fkb. The 19 genes are fkbQ, fkbN, fkbM, fkbD, fkbA, fkbP, fkbO,
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Tacrolimus was approved for medical use in the European Union in 2002, for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. In 2007, the indications were expanded to include the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in adult kidney or liver allograft recipients and the treatment of allograft
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is formed by fkbO enzyme and loaded onto CoA-ligase domain (CoL). Then, it proceeds to NADPH dependent reduction(ER). Three enzymes, fkbA,B,C enforce processes from the loading module to the module 10, the last step of PKS 1. fkbB enzyme is responsible of allylmalonyl-CoA synthesis or possibly
1672:. Particularly fkbM enzyme is responsible of alcohol methylation targeting the alcohol of DHCHC starter unit (Carbon number 31 depicted in brown), and fkbD enzyme is responsible of C9 (depicted in green). After these tailoring steps, the tacrolimus molecule becomes biologically active. 1636:
There are several possible ways of biosynthesis of tacrolimus. The fundamental units for biosynthesis are following: one molecule of 4,5-dihydroxycyclohex-1-enecarboxylic acid (DHCHC) as a starter unit, four molecules of malonyl-CoA, five molecules of methylmalonyl-CoA, one molecule of
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It is applied on the active lesions until they heal off, but may also be used continuously in low doses (twice a week), and applied to the thinner skin over the face and eyelids. Clinical trials of up to one year have been conducted. Recently it has also been used to treat segmental
1709:. Although almost exclusively used in trial cases only, tacrolimus has shown to be significantly effective in the suppression of flares of UC. A 2022 updated Cochrane systematic review found that tacrolimus may be superior to placebo in achieving remission and improvement in UC. 1274:
The most common adverse events associated with the use of topical tacrolimus ointments, especially if used over a wide area, include a burning or itching sensation on the initial applications, with increased sensitivity to sunlight and heat on the affected areas. Less common are
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which increases tacrolimus plasma concentrations. As infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the post-transplant patient, the most commonly reported interactions include interactions with anti-microbial drugs. Macrolide antibiotics including
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Lv X, Qi J, Zhou M, Shi B, Cai C, Tang Y, et al. (June 2020). "Comparative efficacy of 20 graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis therapies for patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: A multiple-treatments network meta-analysis".
1665:-pipecolic acid synthesis is NRPS enforced by fkbP enzyme. After synthesizing the entire subunits, the molecule is cyclized. After the cyclization, the pre-tacrolimus molecule goes through the post-synthase tailoring steps such as oxidation and 2895:
Abou-Jaoude MM, Najm R, Shaheen J, Nawfal N, Abboud S, Alhabash M, et al. (September 2005). "Tacrolimus (FK506) versus cyclosporine microemulsion (neoral) as maintenance immunosuppression therapy in kidney transplant recipients".
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Devasenapathy N, Chu A, Wong M, Srivastava A, Ceccacci R, Lin C, et al. (January 2023). "Cancer risk with topical calcineurin inhibitors, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Devasenapathy N, Chu A, Wong M, Srivastava A, Ceccacci R, Lin C, et al. (January 2023). "Cancer risk with topical calcineurin inhibitors, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Fukatsu S, Fukudo M, Masuda S, Yano I, Katsura T, Ogura Y, et al. (April 2006). "Delayed effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in a living-donor liver transplant recipient".
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Baumgart DC, Pintoffl JP, Sturm A, Wiedenmann B, Dignass AU (May 2006). "Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease--a long-term follow-up".
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Benkali K, Prémaud A, Picard N, Rérolle JP, Toupance O, Hoizey G, et al. (1 January 2009). "Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic analysis and Bayesian estimation in renal transplant recipients".
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Hanifin JM, Paller AS, Eichenfield L, Clark RA, Korman N, Weinstein G, et al. (August 2005). "Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment treatment for up to 4 years in patients with atopic dermatitis".
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The early development (investigational new drug phase) of tacrolimus, called at the time by the development code FK-506, happened in the next several years. A firsthand account of that process is given in
1428:) reached after one to three hours. Taking the drug together with a meal, especially one rich in fat, slows down resorption and reduces bioavailability. In the blood, tacrolimus is mainly bound to 2363:
Silverberg NB, Lin P, Travis L, Farley-Li J, Mancini AJ, Wagner AM, et al. (November 2004). "Tacrolimus ointment promotes repigmentation of vitiligo in children: a review of 57 cases".
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dermatologists is not to consider this a significant real concern and they are increasingly recommending the use of these new drugs. A 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis published in
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varies widely and seems to be higher for healthy persons (43 hours on average) than for patients with liver transplants (12 hours) or kidney transplants (16 hours), due to differences in
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Staatz CE, Goodman LK, Tett SE (April 2010). "Effect of CYP3A and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of calcineurin inhibitors: Part II".
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Staatz CE, Goodman LK, Tett SE (March 2010). "Effect of CYP3A and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of calcineurin inhibitors: Part I".
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O'Grady JG, Burroughs A, Hardy P, Elbourne D, Truesdale A (October 2002). "Tacrolimus versus microemulsified ciclosporin in liver transplantation: the TMC randomised controlled trial".
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Miwa Y, Isozaki T, Wakabayashi K, Odai T, Matsunawa M, Yajima N, et al. (2008). "Tacrolimus-induced lung injury in a rheumatoid arthritis patient with interstitial pneumonitis".
6257: 1577:, and is sold under the brand name Prograf, given twice daily. A number of other manufacturers hold marketing authorisation for alternative brands of the twice-daily formulation. 7202: 1388:(NF-AT), which moves to the nucleus of the T-cell and increases the activity of genes coding for IL-2 and related cytokines. Tacrolimus prevents the dephosphorylation of NF-AT. 1258:
In people receiving immunosuppressants to reduce transplant graft rejection, an increased risk of malignancy (cancer) is a recognised complication. The most common cancers are
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drugs, tacrolimus results in a more favorable lipid profile, and this may have important long-term implications given the prognostic influence of rejection on graft survival.
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Liu J, Farmer JD, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman I, Schreiber SL (August 1991). "Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes".
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that result in changes to the activity of the CYP3A5 protein can affect concentrations of tacrolimus within the body. In particular, individuals who are
1009:, and is equally as effective as a mid-potency steroid. An important advantage of tacrolimus is that, unlike steroids, it does not cause skin thinning ( 4048: 806: 7132: 6243: 4078: 3250:"FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. I. Fermentation, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological characteristics" 3770:"Risk of serious infections with immunosuppressive drugs and glucocorticoids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 6333: 2960: 6503: 6308: 3821:"Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 1997:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
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system of liver enzymes, and there are many substances that interact with this system and induce or inhibit the system's metabolic activity.
81: 7152: 6114: 5972: 4815: 4202: 1399:(FK506 binding protein), creating a new complex. This FKBP12–FK506 complex interacts with and inhibits calcineurin, thus inhibiting both T- 1212: 762: 6644: 6523: 6403: 6124: 5810: 5251: 7127: 6824: 6764: 4071: 1580:
Once-daily formulations with marketing authorisation include Advagraf (Astellas Pharma) and Envarsus (marketed as Envarsus XR in US by
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O'Donnell MM, Williams JP, Weinrieb R, Denysenko L (2007). "Catatonic mutism after liver transplant rapidly reversed with lorazepam".
6912: 6518: 6433: 3442: 3398: 3369: 6574: 5731: 1498:, if levels are too high, there is a risk of drug toxicities. There is evidence to suggest that dosing patients based on rs776746 3672:"FK506 maturation involves a cytochrome p450 protein-catalyzed four-electron C-9 oxidation in parallel with a C-31 O-methylation" 1810:"Prograf- tacrolimus capsule, gelatin coated Prograf- tacrolimus injection, solution Prograf- tacrolimus granule, for suspension" 1302: 1809: 1522:
Tacrolimus was discovered in 1987; it was among the first macrolide immunosuppressants discovered, preceded by the discovery of
1561:; the indications were extended to include kidney transplants. Generic versions of tacrolimus were approved in the US in 2017. 1588:). These formulations are intended to reduce pharmacokinetic variation in blood levels and facilitate compliance with dosing. 3353: 2943: 2836: 2028: 935: 938:. In 2021, it was the 296th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 500,000 prescriptions. 2985:
Staatz CE, Tett SE (2004). "Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation".
3721:"Enhanced FK506 production in Streptomyces clavuligerus CKD1119 by engineering the supply of methylmalonyl-CoA precursor" 1385: 813: 132: 5674: 5044: 1305:
concluded with moderate-certainty evidence that the two drugs were not associated with any increased risk of cancer.
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Pritchard DI (May 2005). "Sourcing a chemical succession for cyclosporin from parasites and human pathogens".
1005:, if topical corticosteroids and moisturisers fail in helping. It suppresses inflammation in a similar way to 7244: 4880: 4054: 3448: 3404: 3375: 1554: 677: 523: 1242:
In addition, it may potentially increase the severity of existing fungal or infectious conditions such as
7333: 7303: 6779: 6473: 6266: 4989: 4801: 1753:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)" 1504: 638: 599: 770:
O(C)12(O(O)((C)C1)C(=O)C(=O)N3(C(=O)O(\C(=C\4C(OC)(O)CC4)\C)(C)(O)CC(=O)(CC=C)/C=C(\C)/C(C)C2OC)(CCCC3))
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Also like cyclosporin, it has a wide range of interactions. Tacrolimus is primarily metabolised by the
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is moderate. To lower the risk of organ rejection, tacrolimus is given. The drug can also be sold as a
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Haddad EM, McAlister VC, Renouf E, Malthaner R, Kjaer MS, Gluud LL (October 2006). McAlister V (ed.).
5537: 4793: 4766: 4621: 3554: 3515: 3476: 1992: 1752: 1259: 7037: 6584: 6423: 4544: 4437: 2459:"Long-term outcomes of 0.1% tacrolimus eye drops in eyes with severe allergic conjunctival diseases" 7328: 7288: 7162: 7077: 5917: 4500: 4041: 1661:
and catalyzed through fkbL enzyme synthesizes with the molecule from the module 10. The process of
1456: 930: 905: 654: 2202:"Improved pharmacokinetic monitoring of tacrolimus exposure after pediatric renal transplantation" 1510:
Studies have shown that genetic polymorphisms of genes other than CYP3A5, such as NR1I2 (encoding
5912: 4697: 4428: 1581: 1143: 971:. Dosages are titrated to target blood levels at specific times after medication administration. 878: 169: 63: 17: 6724: 6353: 5717: 5143: 4824: 4692: 3916:"Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in corticosteroid-refractory ulcerative colitis" 3248:
Kino T, Hatanaka H, Hashimoto M, Nishiyama M, Goto T, Okuhara M, et al. (September 1987).
1413: 1243: 866: 831: 620: 301: 176: 579: 7318: 7313: 5904: 4535: 4281: 4222: 3549: 3510: 3471: 1860: 1834: 1666: 1558: 1376:, activation of the T-cell receptor normally increases intracellular calcium, which acts via 1369: 6569: 6559: 512: 447: 6907: 6879: 6869: 6488: 4757: 4458: 4389: 4290: 1686: 1629: 1625: 1495: 1452: 1030: 842: 532: 330: 6564: 4063: 1207:
also causes lung damage), and various neuropsychiatric problems such as loss of appetite,
8: 7308: 6709: 6609: 6533: 6235: 5125: 4574: 4477: 4376: 4157: 4128: 2938:(in German). Vol. 9 (18 ed.). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. 1685:
Tacrolimus has been shown to reduce the risk of serious infections while also increasing
1511: 1421: 1333:, as well as several of the newer classes of antifungals, especially of the azole class ( 870: 835: 438: 413:)-8-allyl-5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-hexadecahydro-5,19-dihydroxy-3-{( 184: 180: 6903: 681: 658: 7182: 6937: 6738: 6269: 6074: 5175: 4197: 4167: 3994: 3940: 3915: 3896: 3847: 3820: 3796: 3769: 3750: 3696: 3671: 3647: 3612: 3189: 3140: 3115: 3096: 3053: 3010: 2909: 2877: 2809: 2671: 2640: 2485: 2458: 2327: 2275: 2250: 2231: 2182: 2134: 2109: 1969: 1942: 1782:"Drug and medical device highlights 2019: Helping you maintain and improve your health" 1702: 897: 846: 143: 50: 4037: 3302: 2797: 2315: 2170: 6887: 6594: 6079: 6069: 4870: 4828: 4727: 4707: 4642: 4301: 4296: 4192: 4026: 4014: 3998: 3986: 3982: 3945: 3888: 3884: 3852: 3801: 3742: 3701: 3652: 3349: 3306: 3271: 3230: 3181: 3177: 3145: 3088: 3084: 3045: 3041: 3002: 2998: 2939: 2913: 2869: 2865: 2832: 2813: 2801: 2736: 2675: 2632: 2597: 2556: 2490: 2380: 2331: 2319: 2280: 2223: 2218: 2201: 2174: 2139: 1974: 1909: 1904: 1887: 1475: 1276: 1216: 1196: 1002: 850: 610: 246: 105: 3900: 3754: 3193: 3100: 3057: 3014: 2881: 2644: 2235: 2186: 1459:. Tacrolimus is predominantly eliminated via the faeces in form of its metabolites. 7172: 6892: 6774: 6704: 6589: 6579: 6493: 6343: 5875: 5778: 5441: 5337: 4667: 4657: 3978: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3880: 3842: 3832: 3791: 3781: 3732: 3691: 3683: 3642: 3632: 3341: 3298: 3261: 3220: 3173: 3135: 3127: 3080: 3037: 2994: 2905: 2861: 2793: 2728: 2667: 2624: 2587: 2548: 2480: 2470: 2372: 2311: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2213: 2166: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2000: 1964: 1954: 1899: 838: 694: 472: 283: 215: 204: 3428: 2435: 2050: 2020: 1726: 1618: 91: 7272: 6849: 6744: 6624: 6174: 6059: 4752: 4702: 4627: 4412: 4309: 4207: 4108: 3131: 1690: 1613: 1608: 1574: 1417: 1314: 956: 311: 291: 3266: 3249: 7197: 7117: 6987: 6844: 6699: 6664: 6323: 6064: 5932: 5580: 5414: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5013: 4850: 4584: 4487: 4417: 4325: 4314: 4267: 4138: 4095: 3637: 3114:
Barbarino JM, Staatz CE, Venkataramanan R, Klein TE, Altman RB (October 2013).
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Cury Martins J, Martins C, Aoki V, Gois AF, Ishii HA, da Silva EM (July 2015).
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Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Akobeng AK, Pana M, Gasiea R, Moran GW (April 2022).
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When applied locally on eczema, tacrolimus has little to no bioavailability.
1266:. The risk appears to be related to the intensity and duration of treatment. 1192: 964: 960: 889: 670: 258: 1029:
Tacrolimus solution, as drops, is sometimes prescribed by veterinarians for
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fkbB, fkbC, fkbL, fkbK, fkbJ, fkbI, fkbH, fkbG, allD, allR, allK and allA.
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Chen D, Zhang L, Pang B, Chen J, Xu Z, Abe I, et al. (May 2013).
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Tacrolimus has been used to suppress the inflammation associated with
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Yazu H, Fukagawa K, Shimizu E, Sato Y, Fujishima H (February 2021).
1514:), also significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. 918:
that was first discovered in 1987, from the fermentation broth of a
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The predominant enzyme responsible for metabolism of tacrolimus is
1341:), increase tacrolimus levels by competing for cytochrome enzymes. 1208: 1114: 1098: 1018: 994: 893: 874: 559: 552: 483: 127: 3113: 1940: 1624:
The biosynthesis of tacrolimus is hybrid synthesis of both type 1
747: 626: 41: 7227: 7212: 7142: 6604: 6328: 5627: 3613:"Unraveling Nutritional Regulation of Tacrolimus Biosynthesis in 3610: 3535:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Baldo A, Cafiero M, Di Caterino P, Di Costanzo L (January 2009).
1373: 1228: 1061: 1034: 1010: 1006: 915: 858: 2352:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Protopic. 5942: 5773: 4272: 3869: 3207:
Choi Y, Jiang F, An H, Park HJ, Choi JH, Lee H (January 2017).
2527:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Prograf. 2110:"Cyclosporin versus tacrolimus for liver transplanted patients" 1658: 1487: 1471: 1396: 1358: 1354: 1232: 1176: 1070: 901: 590: 323: 319: 3247: 2782: 2300: 2107: 5641: 5494: 3282: 2717: 1530:(Easter Island) in 1975. It is produced by a soil bacterium, 1444: 1384:. Calcineurin then dephosphorylates the transcription factor 1220: 1046: 919: 738: 570: 316: 2894: 2362: 1943:"Tacrolimus ointment in the management of atopic dermatitis" 643: 5613: 5561: 5522: 5508: 5062: 4936: 4277: 4093: 3913: 3162: 2248: 2084:
Slide Set Series on Analyses of Immunosuppressive Therapies
1200: 985: 922: 543: 6265: 2614: 2080:"Long-Term Graft Survival In Kidney Transplant Recipients" 1885: 5470: 3611:
Ordóñez-Robles M, Santos-Beneit F, Martín JF (May 2018).
1991: 1760: 1042: 1038: 6278: 3819:
Singh JA, Hossain A, Kotb A, Wells GA (September 2016).
3719:
Mo S, Ban YH, Park JW, Yoo YJ, Yoon YJ (December 2009).
3116:"PharmGKB summary: cyclosporine and tacrolimus pathways" 2073: 2071: 3768:
Singh JA, Hossain A, Kotb A, Wells G (September 2016).
3334:
Starzl TE (1992). "Chapter 25: The drug with no name".
2765:. British Association of Dermatologists. Archived from 2537: 2456: 2436:"Treatment of Dry Eye Using 0.03% Tacrolimus Eye Drops" 1118: 936:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
3725:
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
3606: 3604: 3602: 2933: 2580:
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1443:
The substance is metabolized in the liver, mainly via
857:. For example, it is prescribed for severe refractory 7256: 3818: 3767: 3582: 2851: 2068: 1420:
of 20 to 25% (but with variations from 5 to 67%) and
849:
in the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases such as
3340:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 288–308. 2573: 1052: 3599: 3327: 2831:(22nd ed.). Lange medical books. p. 530. 1745: 3337:The Puzzle People: Memoirs Of A Transplant Surgeon 3315:Supports source organism, but not team information 3241: 1947:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 1719: 3669: 3070: 3027: 2711: 2574:Naesens M, Kuypers DR, Sarwal M (February 2009). 2531: 1253: 338:11.3 h for transplant patients (range 3.5–40.6 h) 7280: 2756:"Advice to dermatologists re topical tacrolimus" 2433: 1802: 471: 3206: 951:It has similar immunosuppressive properties to 446: 296:24% (5–67%), less after eating food rich in fat 2721:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2365:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2343: 2341: 1886:Berdoulay A, English RV, Nadelstein B (2005). 1158: 1049:. It has been studied for use in human eyes. 1021:in children, especially in areas on the face. 7324:World Health Organization essential medicines 6251: 4809: 4079: 2929: 2927: 3718: 3587:. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press 3578: 3576: 3574: 2845: 2567: 2522: 2347: 1213:posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome 131: 6534: 3967: 3920:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2338: 2255:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2114:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1057:Contraindications and precautions include: 275:In general: ℞ (Prescription only) 6585:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone) 6258: 6244: 4816: 4802: 4086: 4072: 2984: 2924: 2251:"Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis" 1573:A branded version of the drug is owned by 1503:patients taking tacrolimus are subject to 1412:Oral tacrolimus is slowly absorbed in the 1293:Tacrolimus and a related drug for eczema ( 1013:), or other steroid related side effects. 680: 657: 511: 4040:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 3939: 3846: 3836: 3795: 3785: 3736: 3695: 3663: 3646: 3636: 3571: 3288: 3265: 3224: 3139: 2952: 2786:The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health 2694:"Key Statistics for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma" 2591: 2484: 2474: 2304:The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health 2274: 2217: 2199: 2133: 2004: 1968: 1958: 1903: 997:, tacrolimus is used in the treatment of 888:, which is involved in the production of 531: 6283:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor 3873:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2753: 2463:Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology 2077: 1436:, of which more than 98.8% are bound to 1395:activity by binding to the immunophilin 1353: 1303:The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 984: 946: 421:-pyrido oxaazacyclotricosane-1,7,20,21(4 3971:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 3712: 2934:Dinnendahl, V, Fricke, U, eds. (2003). 2747: 2434:Naves FE, Sakassegawa E (10 May 2013). 1985: 1591:The topical formulation is marketed by 1534:. The name tacrolimus is derived from " 1451:found in the circulation are inactive. 1163:Side effects can be severe and include 981:Medications used in treatment of eczema 653: 491: 104: 14: 7281: 7038:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) 6424:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) 3333: 2826: 2576:"Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity" 1349: 671: 267: 6239: 4797: 4198:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide) 4067: 3585:"British National Formulary (online)" 3427: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 1999:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1696: 1279:, headache, cough, and burning eyes. 619: 598: 578: 252: 122: 90: 2541:Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 2051:"Tacrolimus - Drug Usage Statistics" 2031:from the original on 15 January 2024 1140:Known or suspected malignant lesions 904:, as part of the body's learned (or 625: 214: 203: 2438:. U.S. National Library of Medicine 2406:Plumbs Veterinary Medication Guides 1465: 1422:highest blood plasma concentrations 1407: 1386:nuclear factor of activated T-cells 558: 551: 462: 68:Prograf, Advagraf, Protopic, others 24: 3960: 2910:10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.08.040 2754:Cox NH, Smith CH (December 2002). 2672:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.01.004 2501: 1680: 1568: 1447:, and in the intestinal wall. All 1361:, the target protein of tacrolimus 1037:maladies, in the eyes of domestic 896:that promotes the development and 25: 7345: 4208:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc) 4007: 2958: 1727:"Tacrolimus Use During Pregnancy" 1640:The starter unit, DHCHC from the 1053:Contraindications and precautions 154: 7266: 3983:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102944 3885:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00524.x 3530: 3491: 3443:"Tacrolimus: FDA-Approved Drugs" 3178:10.2165/11318080-000000000-00000 3085:10.2165/11317550-000000000-00000 3042:10.2165/11317350-000000000-00000 2999:10.2165/00003088-200443100-00001 2219:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2006.00618.x 1905:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00390.x 1617: 1612: 1607: 1269: 711: 705: 49: 40: 4168:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox) 3907: 3863: 3812: 3761: 3542: 3503: 3464: 3435: 3420: 3391: 3362: 3318: 3200: 3156: 3107: 3064: 3021: 2978: 2888: 2820: 2776: 2686: 2651: 2608: 2450: 2427: 2391: 2356: 2242: 2193: 2150: 2101: 2043: 2013: 1602: 1344: 1320:Interactions include that with 1308: 1282: 1153: 941: 795:Key:QJJXYPPXXYFBGM-LFZNUXCKSA-N 6590:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) 3932:10.1002/14651858.CD007216.pub2 2267:10.1002/14651858.CD009864.pub2 2200:Lee MN, Butani L (June 2007). 2126:10.1002/14651858.CD005161.pub2 1934: 1928:"Tacrolimus for Dogs and Cats" 1920: 1879: 1853: 1827: 1774: 1538:macrolide immunosuppressant". 1492:single nucleotide polymorphism 1391:In detail, tacrolimus reduces 1254:Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis 1131: 714: 699: 241: 13: 1: 7245:Receptor/signaling modulators 7203:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate 7053:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile 3399:"Prograf: FDA-Approved Drugs" 3370:"Prograf: FDA-Approved Drugs" 3303:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03395-7 3120:Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2798:10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00283-8 2316:10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00283-8 2171:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11196-2 1712: 865:transplant, exacerbations of 4881:dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 4055:Food and Drug Administration 3449:Food and Drug Administration 3432:. Accessed 16 December 2021. 3405:Food and Drug Administration 3376:Food and Drug Administration 3213:The Pharmacogenomics Journal 3132:10.1097/fpc.0b013e328364db84 2866:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90124-H 2829:Review of medical physiology 2763:Therapy Guidelines Committee 1555:Food and Drug Administration 826:, sold under the brand name 7: 6780:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 6539:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor 6267:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor 4860:purine synthesis inhibitors 3583:Joint Formulary Committee. 3267:10.7164/antibiotics.40.1249 2966:. University College London 2898:Transplantation Proceedings 2660:General Hospital Psychiatry 1675: 1505:therapeutic drug monitoring 1432:; only 5% are found in the 1159:By mouth or intravenous use 10: 7350: 3638:10.3390/antibiotics7020039 3254:The Journal of Antibiotics 2827:Ganong WF (8 March 2005). 2733:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.062 2523:Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015). 2476:10.1186/s13223-021-00513-w 2377:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.05.036 2348:Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015). 2078:McCauley J (19 May 2004). 2009:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02. 1707:inflammatory bowel disease 1584:and marketed in Europe by 1557:(FDA) in 1994, for use in 1517: 1286: 978: 925:sample that contained the 877:. It can be used to treat 689:Chemical and physical data 7236: 6532: 6276: 6002: 5930: 5903: 5788: 5431: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5108: 5061: 5045:IL-1 receptor antagonists 5043: 5034: 4988: 4919: 4849: 4840: 4600: 4534: 4501:Potassium channel openers 4427: 4375: 4352: 4324: 4107: 3838:10.1186/s13643-016-0328-z 3787:10.1186/s12916-016-0673-8 3738:10.1007/s10295-009-0635-7 3615:Streptomyces tsukubaensis 3555:European Medicines Agency 3516:European Medicines Agency 3477:European Medicines Agency 3166:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3073:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3030:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2987:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2629:10.1007/s10165-008-0034-3 2206:Pediatric Transplantation 1993:World Health Organization 1865:European Medicines Agency 1839:European Medicines Agency 1289:Eczema § Medications 803: 778: 758: 736: 723: 693: 688: 669: 637: 609: 589: 569: 542: 522: 502: 482: 457: 437: 357: 352: 342: 329: 310: 300: 290: 282: 231: 226: 190: 168: 142: 112: 98: 80: 72: 62: 57: 48: 39: 7163:Testosterone isocaproate 7078:Reverse triiodothyronine 5918:Anti-lymphocyte globulin 4042:Medical Subject Headings 2727:(2 Suppl 2): S186–S194. 2399:"Tacrolimus, Ophthalmic" 1892:Veterinary Ophthalmology 1532:Streptomyces tsukubensis 1393:peptidylprolyl isomerase 1146:or similar skin diseases 1001:(eczema), in particular 989:Tacrolimus 0.1% Ointment 931:Streptomyces tsukubensis 6555:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 6550:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 5913:Anti-thymocyte globulin 4825:Immunosuppressive drugs 4698:Glycopyrronium tosylate 4613:Aminobenzoate potassium 4545:5α-Reductase inhibitors 4493:Topilutamide (fluridil) 4438:5α-Reductase inhibitors 4413:Topical corticosteroids 4310:Topical corticosteroids 3676:Journal of Bacteriology 1582:Veloxis Pharmaceuticals 1215:, confusion, weakness, 1149:Certain skin infections 1024: 974: 5718:Interleukin-6 receptor 5144:Complement component 5 4693:Glycopyrronium bromide 4536:Hair growth inhibitors 4223:Calcineurin inhibitors 4015:"Tacrolimus Injection" 3426:Tacrolimus (Systemic) 2408:. 2017. Archived from 1689:of kidney function in 1414:gastrointestinal tract 1362: 1260:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 990: 867:minimal change disease 832:immunosuppressive drug 27:Immunosuppressive drug 7299:Disulfiram-like drugs 6294:6,7-Dimethylesculetin 4282:urea-containing cream 2021:"The Top 300 of 2021" 1559:liver transplantation 1549:Tacrolimus was first 1370:calcineurin inhibitor 1357: 1287:Further information: 1179:problems (tacrolimus 988: 947:Organ transplantation 6881:Hypericum perforatum 6870:Hetacillin potassium 4758:Pregnenolone acetate 4459:Saw palmetto extract 4059:. 30 September 2021. 4027:"Tacrolimus Topical" 3291:Drug Discovery Today 2772:on 13 December 2013. 2593:10.2215/CJN.04800908 1670:-adenosyl methionine 1630:nonribosomal peptide 1626:polyketide synthases 1496:transplant rejection 1453:Biological half-life 1219:, vivid nightmares, 1144:Netherton's syndrome 1031:keratoconjunctivitis 911:Chemically, it is a 884:Tacrolimus inhibits 841:, the risk of organ 830:among others, is an 6710:Cyproterone acetate 6610:Amlodipine besylate 4575:Cyproterone acetate 4478:Cyproterone acetate 4429:Alopecia treatments 4377:Anti-inflammatories 4158:Cetrimonium bromide 4129:Cyproterone acetate 3688:10.1128/JB.00033-13 3559:. 17 September 2018 3520:. 17 September 2018 3481:. 17 September 2018 3346:10.2307/j.ctt9qh63b 3226:10.1038/tpj.2016.85 2936:Arzneistoff-Profile 2617:Modern Rheumatology 2553:10.2133/dmpk.21.122 2415:on 18 December 2022 2165:(9340): 1119–1125. 1867:. 17 September 2018 1841:. 17 September 2018 1350:Mechanism of action 967:inhibitors such as 908:) immune response. 36: 7334:Alkene derivatives 7304:Immunosuppressants 7183:Thonzonium bromide 6938:Methylprednisolone 6739:prasterone sulfate 6075:Diroximel fumarate 5748:IL-2 receptor/CD25 5176:Certolizumab pegol 4829:Immunosuppressants 3825:Systematic Reviews 1960:10.2147/ccid.s3378 1790:. 18 November 2020 1703:ulcerative colitis 1697:Ulcerative colitis 1476:Genetic variations 1363: 1250:viral infections. 1167:, cardiac damage, 1137:Occlusive dressing 1083:disease, such as: 991: 881:in cats and dogs. 847:topical medication 32: 7294:CYP3A4 inhibitors 7254: 7253: 6888:Indinavir sulfate 6595:Alpha-Lipoic acid 6570:Δ-Androstenedione 6560:Δ-Androstenedione 6233: 6232: 6080:Efgartigimod alfa 6070:Dimethyl fumarate 5998: 5997: 5926: 5925: 5899: 5898: 5104: 5103: 5030: 5029: 4871:Mycophenolic acid 4791: 4790: 4728:Magnesium sulfate 4708:Hydrogen peroxide 4643:Calcium gluconate 4302:Lithium succinate 4297:Lithium gluconate 4193:Piroctone olamine 3731:(12): 1473–1482. 3355:978-0-8229-3714-2 2945:978-3-7741-9846-3 2838:978-0-07-144040-0 1664: 1656: 1648: 1277:flu-like symptoms 1197:diabetes mellitus 1067:Immunosuppression 1003:atopic dermatitis 821: 820: 749:Interactive image 639:CompTox Dashboard 271: 256: 244: 158: 125: 76:FK-506, fujimycin 16:(Redirected from 7341: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7262: 7173:Thiamylal sodium 6908:γ-linolenic acid 6904:α-Linolenic acid 6902:Linolenic acid: 6893:Lasalocid sodium 6883:(St John's wort) 6775:Docusate calcium 6705:Cyclophosphamide 6580:Allopregnanediol 6565:Δ-Androstenediol 6540: 6536: 6494:Ethinylestradiol 6344:Cyclophosphamide 6284: 6280: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6237: 6236: 5876:Telimomab aritox 5779:Zolimomab aritox 5600:CD62L/L-selectin 5338:Immunoglobulin E 5131: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5112: 5041: 5040: 4847: 4846: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4668:Deoxycholic acid 4658:Cromoglicic acid 4109:Anti-seborrheics 4088: 4081: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4034: 4022: 4002: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3879:(5): 1048–1056. 3867: 3861: 3860: 3850: 3840: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3799: 3789: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3740: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3699: 3682:(9): 1931–1939. 3667: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3640: 3608: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3580: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3260:(9): 1249–1255. 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3143: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3025: 3019: 3018: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2904:(7): 3025–3028. 2892: 2886: 2885: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2595: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2478: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2403: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2278: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2221: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2137: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1972: 1962: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1757:nctr-crs.fda.gov 1749: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1733:. 3 October 2019 1723: 1705:(UC), a form of 1662: 1654: 1646: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1546:'s 1992 memoir. 1466:Pharmacogenetics 1408:Pharmacokinetics 1365:Tacrolimus is a 879:dry eye syndrome 871:Kimura's disease 839:organ transplant 817: 816: 809: 751: 731: 716: 713: 707: 701: 684: 673: 662: 661: 647: 645: 629: 623: 602: 582: 562: 555: 535: 515: 495: 475: 465: 464: 450: 334: 269: 266: 261: 254: 251: 243: 240: 218: 207: 156: 153: 135: 124: 121: 108: 94: 53: 44: 37: 35: 31: 21: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7329:Allyl compounds 7289:Astellas Pharma 7279: 7278: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7257: 7255: 7250: 7232: 7133:Suberoylanilide 6850:Fluorometholone 6745:Dibunate sodium 6625:Aurothioglucose 6538: 6528: 6464:3,17β-Estradiol 6282: 6272: 6264: 6234: 6229: 6175:Rozanolixizumab 6060:Deucravacitinib 5994: 5922: 5895: 5784: 5433: 5427: 5135: 5100: 5057: 5036: 5026: 4984: 4924: 4915: 4851:Antimetabolites 4842: 4836: 4822: 4792: 4787: 4753:Povidone-iodine 4703:Hyaluronic acid 4628:Benzoylperoxide 4596: 4530: 4423: 4371: 4348: 4326:Skin lightening 4320: 4103: 4092: 4047: 4025: 4013: 4010: 4005: 3963: 3961:Further reading 3958: 3957: 3926:(4): CD007216. 3912: 3908: 3868: 3864: 3817: 3813: 3766: 3762: 3717: 3713: 3668: 3664: 3609: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3581: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3550:"Modigraf EPAR" 3548: 3547: 3543: 3531: 3523: 3521: 3511:"Advagraf EPAR" 3509: 3508: 3504: 3492: 3484: 3482: 3472:"Protopic EPAR" 3470: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3297:(10): 688–691. 3287: 3283: 3246: 3242: 3205: 3201: 3172:(12): 805–816. 3161: 3157: 3126:(10): 563–585. 3112: 3108: 3069: 3065: 3026: 3022: 2993:(10): 623–653. 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2932: 2925: 2893: 2889: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2825: 2821: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2656: 2652: 2613: 2609: 2572: 2568: 2536: 2532: 2521: 2502: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2361: 2357: 2346: 2339: 2299: 2292: 2261:(7): CD009864. 2247: 2243: 2198: 2194: 2155: 2151: 2120:(4): CD005161. 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2076: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2019: 2018: 2014: 1990: 1986: 1939: 1935: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1861:"Protopic EPAR" 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1835:"Advagraf EPAR" 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1699: 1691:lupus nephritis 1683: 1681:Lupus nephritis 1678: 1605: 1595:under the name 1575:Astellas Pharma 1571: 1569:Available forms 1526:(sirolimus) on 1520: 1468: 1438:plasma proteins 1427: 1418:bioavailability 1416:, with a total 1410: 1352: 1347: 1315:cytochrome P450 1311: 1291: 1285: 1272: 1256: 1203:, lung damage ( 1161: 1156: 1134: 1055: 1027: 983: 977: 949: 944: 934:. It is on the 812: 810: 807:(what is this?) 804: 799: 796: 791: 786: 785: 774: 771: 766: 765: 754: 729: 719: 710: 704: 665: 641: 633: 605: 585: 565: 538: 518: 498: 478: 461: 453: 433: 430: 365: 364: 332: 302:Protein binding 292:Bioavailability 284:Pharmacokinetic 278: 259: 222: 209: 171: 164: 145: 138: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7347: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7276: 7275: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7198:Troleandomycin 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7118:Spironolactone 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6988:Norelgestromin 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6845:Flucloxacillin 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6732: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6700:Corticosterone 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6665:Chlorpromazine 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6543: 6541: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6484:17-Androstanol 6481: 6479:3β-Androstanol 6476: 6474:3α-Androstenol 6471: 6469:3α-Androstanol 6466: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6324:Chlorpromazine 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6287: 6285: 6274: 6273: 6263: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6084:+hyaluronidase 6077: 6072: 6067: 6065:Deuruxolitinib 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5938: 5936: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5538:+hyaluronidase 5531: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5014:PDE4 inhibitor 5010: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4932: 4930: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4585:Spironolactone 4582: 4577: 4572: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4540: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4488:Spironolactone 4485: 4480: 4475: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4433: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4418:hydrocortisone 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4390:Gamolenic acid 4387: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4354:Skin darkening 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4315:hydrocortisone 4306: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4270: 4268:Salicylic acid 4265: 4260: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4219: 4216:Antihistamines 4212: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4155: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4139:Spironolactone 4136: 4131: 4126: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4098:preparations ( 4096:dermatological 4091: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4045: 4035: 4023: 4009: 4008:External links 4006: 4004: 4003: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3906: 3862: 3811: 3760: 3711: 3662: 3598: 3570: 3541: 3502: 3463: 3434: 3419: 3390: 3361: 3354: 3326: 3317: 3281: 3240: 3219:(1): 105–106. 3199: 3155: 3106: 3079:(4): 207–221. 3063: 3036:(3): 141–175. 3020: 2977: 2951: 2944: 2923: 2887: 2860:(4): 807–815. 2844: 2837: 2819: 2775: 2746: 2710: 2698:www.cancer.org 2685: 2666:(3): 280–281. 2650: 2623:(2): 208–211. 2607: 2586:(2): 481–508. 2566: 2547:(2): 122–125. 2530: 2500: 2449: 2426: 2390: 2371:(5): 760–766. 2355: 2337: 2290: 2241: 2212:(4): 388–393. 2192: 2149: 2100: 2067: 2042: 2012: 1984: 1933: 1919: 1898:(4): 225–232. 1878: 1852: 1826: 1801: 1773: 1744: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1698: 1695: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1651:pipecolic acid 1642:chorismic acid 1604: 1601: 1570: 1567: 1519: 1516: 1467: 1464: 1425: 1409: 1406: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1331:clarithromycin 1310: 1307: 1284: 1281: 1271: 1268: 1255: 1252: 1189:hypomagnesemia 1181:nephrotoxicity 1173:blurred vision 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1112: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1054: 1051: 1026: 1023: 976: 973: 948: 945: 943: 940: 819: 818: 801: 800: 798: 797: 794: 792: 789: 781: 780: 779: 776: 775: 773: 772: 769: 761: 760: 759: 756: 755: 753: 752: 744: 742: 734: 733: 727: 721: 720: 717: 708: 702: 697: 691: 690: 686: 685: 675: 667: 666: 664: 663: 650: 648: 635: 634: 632: 631: 615: 613: 607: 606: 604: 603: 595: 593: 587: 586: 584: 583: 575: 573: 567: 566: 564: 563: 556: 548: 546: 540: 539: 537: 536: 528: 526: 520: 519: 517: 516: 508: 506: 500: 499: 497: 496: 488: 486: 480: 479: 477: 476: 468: 466: 455: 454: 452: 451: 443: 441: 435: 434: 432: 431: 368: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 350: 349: 346: 340: 339: 336: 327: 326: 314: 308: 307: 304: 298: 297: 294: 288: 287: 280: 279: 277: 276: 273: 264: 249: 237: 235: 229: 228: 224: 223: 221: 220: 196: 194: 188: 187: 174: 172:administration 166: 165: 163: 162: 160: 150: 148: 140: 139: 137: 136: 118: 116: 110: 109: 102: 96: 95: 88: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 66: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7346: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7274: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7138:Sulfisoxazole 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013:Phenobarbital 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6898:Levothyroxine 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Guggulsterone 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755:Dicloxacillin 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Dexamethasone 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6655:Cephaloridine 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6454:Valproic acid 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414:Phenobarbital 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314:Carbamazepine 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215:Tildrakizumab 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:Pegcetacoplan 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6055:Darvadstrocel 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5962:TNF inhibitor 5959: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5628:CD147/Basigin 5625: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Muromonab-CD3 5446: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322:Interleukin 5 5319: 5318: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5302:Tildrakizumab 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136:(noncellular) 5132: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5109:Extracellular 5107: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Ridaforolimus 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035:Intracellular 5033: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4893:Teriflunomide 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4841:Intracellular 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748:Oxymetazoline 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564:Antiandrogens 4561: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4467:Antiandrogens 4464: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4362:Afamelanotide 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4291:Lithium salts 4288: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4118:Antiandrogens 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3586: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3537:public domain 3519: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3498:public domain 3480: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3452: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3423: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3379: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2526: 2525:Austria-Codex 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2437: 2430: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2351: 2350:Austria-Codex 2344: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2295: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2072: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1929: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1789: 1788: 1787:Health Canada 1783: 1777: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1660: 1652: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1544:Thomas Starzl 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1244:herpes zoster 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:hyperglycemia 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 987: 982: 972: 970: 966: 965:IL-2 receptor 962: 961:mycophenolate 958: 954: 939: 937: 933: 932: 928: 924: 921: 917: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 898:proliferation 895: 891: 890:interleukin-2 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 837: 833: 829: 825: 815: 808: 802: 793: 788: 787: 784: 777: 768: 767: 764: 757: 750: 746: 745: 743: 740: 735: 728: 726: 722: 698: 696: 692: 687: 683: 679: 676: 674: 672:ECHA InfoCard 668: 660: 656: 655:DTXSID5046354 652: 651: 649: 640: 636: 628: 627:RCSB PDB 622: 617: 616: 614: 612: 608: 601: 597: 596: 594: 592: 588: 581: 577: 576: 574: 572: 568: 561: 557: 554: 550: 549: 547: 545: 541: 534: 530: 529: 527: 525: 521: 514: 510: 509: 507: 505: 501: 494: 490: 489: 487: 485: 481: 474: 470: 469: 467: 460: 456: 449: 445: 444: 442: 440: 436: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 366: 363: 356: 351: 347: 345: 341: 337: 335: 328: 325: 321: 318: 315: 313: 309: 305: 303: 299: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 274: 272: Rx-only 265: 262: 250: 248: 239: 238: 236: 234: 230: 225: 217: 212: 206: 201: 198: 197: 195: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 175: 173: 167: 161: 152: 151: 149: 147: 141: 134: 129: 120: 119: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 65: 61: 58:Clinical data 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 30: 19: 7319:Orphan drugs 7314:Nephrotoxins 7243: 7223:Ketoconazole 7220:Antagonists: 7219: 7193:Troglitazone 7168:Tetracycline 7147: 7123:Spiroxatrine 7068:Quingestrone 7063:Progesterone 7048:Pregnenolone 7043:Pregnanolone 7033:Pregnanediol 7028:Prednisolone 6953:Mifepristone 6880: 6855:Griseofulvin 6835:Fenbendazole 6820:Famprofazone 6815:Erythromycin 6810:Epothilone B 6795:Eburnamonine 6690:Clotrimazole 6680:Clofenvinfos 6615:Antimycotics 6546: 6509:Okadaic acid 6461:Antagonists: 6460: 6449:Troglitazone 6384:Mifepristone 6379:Methoxychlor 6374:Griseofulvin 6369:Ellagic acid 6349:Cypermethrin 6339:Clotrimazole 6290: 6225:Upadacitinib 6185:Satralizumab 6170:Ritlecitinib 6165:Risankizumab 5960: 5941: 5881:Teprotumumab 5831:Inebilizumab 5826:Fontolizumab 5806:Atorolimumab 5774:T-lymphocyte 5772: 5746: 5730: 5716: 5697: 5686:Lerdelimumab 5681:Bertilimumab 5673: 5661: 5640: 5626: 5612: 5598: 5579: 5560: 5544:Pascolizumab 5529:Obinutuzumab 5521: 5507: 5493: 5477:Clenoliximab 5469: 5453:Otelixizumab 5440: 5413: 5400:Lebrikizumab 5384: 5368: 5352: 5336: 5320: 5277:Satralizumab 5267:Risankizumab 5199: 5158: 5142: 5134:Serum target 5086:Temsirolimus 5012: 5003:Pomalidomide 4998:Lenalidomide 4960: 4956:Pimecrolimus 4935: 4909:Methotrexate 4901: 4879: 4866:Azathioprine 4858: 4843:(initiation) 4783:Tralokinumab 4767:progesterone 4763:Progestogens 4733:Metandienone 4718:Lebrikizumab 4663:Delgocitinib 4622:testosterone 4592:Eflornithine 4570:Bicalutamide 4562: 4543: 4524:Ritlecitinib 4513: 4499: 4473:Bicalutamide 4465: 4436: 4411: 4404: 4400:Pimecrolimus 4385:Alitretinoin 4367:Melanotan II 4334:Hydroquinone 4308: 4289: 4252:Keratolytics 4250: 4246:Isotretinoin 4238: 4234:Pimecrolimus 4221: 4214: 4183:Ketoconazole 4178:Clotrimazole 4145: 4124:Bicalutamide 4116: 4052: 4030: 4018: 3974: 3970: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3777: 3774:BMC Medicine 3773: 3763: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3591:24 September 3589:. Retrieved 3561:. Retrieved 3553: 3544: 3522:. Retrieved 3514: 3505: 3483:. Retrieved 3475: 3466: 3454:. Retrieved 3446: 3437: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3402: 3393: 3381:. Retrieved 3373: 3364: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3033: 3029: 3023: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2968:. Retrieved 2954: 2935: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2828: 2822: 2792:(1): 13–25. 2789: 2785: 2778: 2767:the original 2762: 2749: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2701:. Retrieved 2697: 2688: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2524: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2440:. Retrieved 2429: 2417:. Retrieved 2410:the original 2393: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2349: 2310:(1): 13–25. 2307: 2303: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2091:. Retrieved 2083: 2058:. Retrieved 2054: 2045: 2033:. Retrieved 2024: 2015: 2006:10665/371090 1996: 1987: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1922: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1869:. Retrieved 1864: 1855: 1843:. Retrieved 1838: 1829: 1817:. Retrieved 1813: 1804: 1792:. Retrieved 1785: 1776: 1764:. Retrieved 1756: 1747: 1735:. Retrieved 1730: 1721: 1700: 1684: 1667: 1653:formed from 1639: 1635: 1628:(PKS 1) and 1623: 1606: 1603:Biosynthesis 1596: 1590: 1579: 1572: 1563: 1548: 1540: 1531: 1521: 1509: 1479: 1469: 1461: 1442: 1430:erythrocytes 1411: 1390: 1380:to activate 1364: 1345:Pharmacology 1339:voriconazole 1327:erythromycin 1319: 1312: 1309:Interactions 1295:pimecrolimus 1292: 1283:Cancer risks 1273: 1264:skin cancers 1257: 1241: 1185:hyperkalemia 1175:, liver and 1169:hypertension 1162: 1154:Side effects 1111:prolongation 1056: 1033:, and other 1028: 1015: 992: 950: 942:Medical uses 929: 910: 883: 827: 823: 822: 811:   805:   600:ChEMBL269732 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 348:Mostly fecal 331:Elimination 233:Legal status 227:Legal status 114:License data 29: 7208:Zafirlukast 7178:Thiothixene 7158:Terconazole 7108:Simvastatin 6983:Nisoldipine 6978:Nilvadipine 6963:Nicardipine 6933:Metacycline 6760:Dimercaprol 6715:Demecolcine 6675:Clindamycin 6670:Ciglitazone 6620:Artemisinin 6600:Ambrisentan 6504:Nigramide J 6439:Telmisartan 6399:Nicardipine 6309:Benfuracarb 6304:Artemisinin 6220:Tofacitinib 6160:Ravulizumab 6150:Pirfenidone 6140:Peficitinib 6040:Canakinumab 6030:Briakinumab 6020:Bimekizumab 6015:Baricitinib 5980:Aflibercept 5891:Vepalimomab 5886:Vapaliximab 5861:Rovelizumab 5851:Pexelizumab 5841:Morolimumab 5816:Cedelizumab 5801:Anifrolumab 5796:Alemtuzumab 5754:Basiliximab 5724:Tocilizumab 5710:Vedolizumab 5705:Natalizumab 5691:Metelimumab 5634:Gavilimomab 5592:Toralizumab 5587:Teneliximab 5573:Lumiliximab 5568:Gomiliximab 5554:Ublituximab 5534:Ocrelizumab 5487:Zanolimumab 5463:Visilizumab 5421:Secukinumab 5405:Ustekinumab 5376:Elsilimomab 5360:Faralimomab 5328:Mepolizumab 5312:Ustekinumab 5307:Tocilizumab 5282:Secukinumab 5232:Canakinumab 5222:Briakinumab 5217:Bimekizumab 5212:Basiliximab 5201:Interleukin 5191:Nerelimomab 5096:Zotarolimus 5037:(reception) 5008:Thalidomide 4966:Voclosporin 4951:Ciclosporin 4945:Calcineurin 4941:Cyclophilin 4888:Leflunomide 4884:inhibitors 4773:Ruxolitinib 4743:Oclacitinib 4738:Nemolizumab 4653:Crisaborole 4633:Brimonidine 4608:Abrocitinib 4556:Finasteride 4551:Dutasteride 4454:Finasteride 4449:Dutasteride 4444:Alfatradiol 4344:Monobenzone 4229:Cyclosporin 4147:Antifungals 4031:MedlinePlus 4019:MedlinePlus 3625:Antibiotics 3621:Approaches" 2703:19 February 1449:metabolites 1382:calcineurin 1335:fluconazole 1270:Topical use 1132:Topical use 1109:QT interval 1092:Lung cancer 1087:Skin cancer 969:basiliximab 953:ciclosporin 886:calcineurin 863:bone marrow 732: g·mol 678:100.155.367 580:CHEBI:61049 448:104987-11-3 353:Identifiers 185:intravenous 100:MedlinePlus 73:Other names 64:Trade names 7309:Macrolides 7283:Categories 7188:Tianeptine 7153:Tenylidone 7148:Tacrolimus 7093:Rimexolone 7083:Rifampicin 7023:Plicamycin 7008:Paclitaxel 6993:Omeprazole 6973:Nifedipine 6948:Mevastatin 6943:Metyrapone 6923:Lovastatin 6918:Loratadine 6875:Hyperforin 6865:Haloprogin 6830:Felodipine 6805:Enzacamene 6785:Dronabinol 6750:Diclazuril 6729:prasterone 6685:Chloroxine 6660:Cephradine 6630:Bile acids 6444:Tolnaftate 6409:Permethrin 6394:Nevirapine 6389:Nefazodone 6358:prasterone 6319:Carvedilol 6299:Amiodarone 6270:modulators 6210:Sutimlimab 6205:Spesolimab 6190:Siltuximab 6130:Olokizumab 6120:Ixekizumab 6115:Itacitinib 6105:Guselkumab 6100:Fingolimod 6095:Filgotinib 6045:Crovalimab 6035:Brodalumab 6025:Blisibimod 5990:Rilonacept 5973:Opinercept 5968:Etanercept 5954:Belatacept 5905:Polyclonal 5866:Siplizumab 5856:Reslizumab 5846:Ofatumumab 5836:Maslimomab 5821:Emapalumab 5764:Inolimomab 5759:Daclizumab 5738:Odulimomab 5653:Ruplizumab 5648:Frexalimab 5606:Aselizumab 5501:Efalizumab 5458:Teplizumab 5354:Interferon 5344:Omalizumab 5297:Spesolimab 5287:Siltuximab 5262:Rilonacept 5257:Olokizumab 5247:Ixekizumab 5242:Guselkumab 5237:Daclizumab 5227:Brodalumab 5186:Infliximab 5171:Afelimomab 5166:Adalimumab 5150:Eculizumab 5126:Monoclonal 5117:Antibodies 5091:Umirolimus 5071:Everolimus 5020:Apremilast 4980:Gusperimus 4961:Tacrolimus 4929:inhibitors 4921:Macrolides 4903:antifolate 4778:Tiratricol 4723:Lokivetmab 4713:Ivermectin 4673:Diclofenac 4519:Nepidermin 4405:Tacrolimus 4263:Resorcinol 4239:Tacrolimus 4203:Xenysalate 4188:Miconazole 4173:Climbazole 4153:Bifonazole 4038:Tacrolimus 3977:: 102944. 3831:(1): 155. 3780:(1): 137. 2959:Bains RK. 2060:14 January 2035:14 January 1766:22 October 1713:References 1593:LEO Pharma 1553:by the US 1486:for the G 1484:homozygous 1401:lymphocyte 1378:calmodulin 1322:grapefruit 1225:neuropathy 1217:depression 1125:Grapefruit 1121:) exposure 1081:Neoplastic 999:dermatitis 979:See also: 824:Tacrolimus 737:3D model ( 725:Molar mass 611:PDB ligand 533:Y5L2157C4J 504:ChemSpider 439:CAS Number 362:IUPAC name 312:Metabolism 133:Tacrolimus 34:Tacrolimus 7113:Sirolimus 7103:Ritonavir 7098:Riodipine 7088:Rifaximin 7073:Reserpine 7058:Proadifen 7003:Oxatomide 6958:Nafcillin 6928:Meclizine 6790:Droxidopa 6770:Docetaxel 6695:Colforsin 6645:Bumecaine 6635:Bithionol 6547:Agonists: 6524:T-0901317 6499:Meclizine 6429:Reserpine 6419:Phenytoin 6404:Octicizer 6364:Efavirenz 6291:Agonists: 6200:Sirukumab 6195:Siponimod 6180:Sarilumab 6155:Ponesimod 6125:Netakimab 6110:Iptacopan 6090:Etrasimod 6050:Danicopan 5985:Alefacept 5949:Abatacept 5871:Talizumab 5811:Begelomab 5667:Belimumab 5620:Galiximab 5549:Rituximab 5515:Erlizumab 5482:Keliximab 5292:Sirukumab 5272:Sarilumab 5252:Netakimab 5181:Golimumab 5081:Sirolimus 4687:estradiol 4683:Estrogens 4678:Dupilumab 4618:Androgens 4580:Flutamide 4507:Minoxidil 4483:Flutamide 4395:Oxaceprol 4162:cetrimide 4134:Flutamide 3999:214794350 3631:(2): 39. 3429:Monograph 2814:253470127 2469:(1): 11. 2332:253470127 1731:Drugs.com 1687:remission 1524:rapamycin 1457:clearance 1367:macrolide 1237:catatonia 1205:sirolimus 1165:infection 1104:Pregnancy 1076:Infection 927:bacterium 913:macrolide 855:psoriasis 843:rejection 836:allogenic 429:)-tetrone 344:Excretion 333:half-life 170:Routes of 144:Pregnancy 92:Monograph 86:Drugs.com 7273:Medicine 7240:See also 7128:SR-12813 7018:Piperine 6998:Orlistat 6968:Nicotine 6840:Fentanyl 6825:Febantel 6800:Ecopipam 6765:Dinaline 6650:Cafestol 6640:Bosentan 6514:PK-11195 6135:Ozanimod 6010:Avacopan 6003:Unsorted 5789:Unsorted 5699:Integrin 5432:Cellular 5207:Anakinra 5053:Anakinra 4975:Abetimus 4827: / 4648:Collagen 4638:Caffeine 4339:Mequinol 4258:Coal tar 3991:32247246 3950:35388476 3901:10233231 3893:16573777 3857:27619512 3806:27623861 3755:32967249 3747:19756799 3706:23435975 3657:29724001 3617:through 3563:29 April 3524:29 April 3485:29 April 3456:29 April 3412:29 April 3383:29 April 3311:15896681 3235:27958377 3194:19900291 3186:19902988 3150:23922006 3101:27047235 3093:20214406 3058:28346861 3050:20170205 3015:33877550 3007:15244495 2918:16213293 2882:22094672 2806:36370744 2741:16021174 2680:17484951 2645:39537409 2637:18306979 2602:19218475 2561:16702731 2495:33522964 2442:5 August 2419:5 August 2385:15523355 2324:36370744 2285:26132597 2236:23530214 2228:17493218 2187:10417106 2179:12387959 2144:17054241 2088:Medscape 2055:ClinCalc 2029:Archived 2025:ClinCalc 1995:(2023). 1979:21436963 1914:16008701 1814:DailyMed 1794:28 March 1737:29 April 1676:Research 1597:Protopic 1551:approved 1528:Rapa Nui 1500:genotype 1229:seizures 1209:insomnia 1115:Sunlight 1099:Oliguria 1019:vitiligo 1007:steroids 995:ointment 957:steroids 920:Japanese 906:adaptive 894:molecule 875:vitiligo 861:after a 834:. 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Index

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Drugs.com
Monograph
MedlinePlus
a601117
License data
DailyMed
Tacrolimus
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
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Topical
by mouth
intravenous
ATC code
D11AH01
WHO
L04AD02
WHO
Legal status
℞-only
WARNING
Pharmacokinetic
Bioavailability
Protein binding
Metabolism
Liver

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