348:
325:
247:
222:
354:
253:
31:
2031:(or IRP) of human Prolactin for Immunoassay was established in 1978 (75/504 1st IRP for human prolactin) at a time when purified human prolactin was in short supply. Previous standards relied on prolactin from animal sources. Purified human prolactin was scarce, heterogeneous, unstable, and difficult to characterize. A preparation labeled 81/541 was distributed by the
1703:, high circulating concentrations of estrogen and progesterone increase prolactin levels by 10- to 20-fold. Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the stimulatory effects of prolactin on milk production. The abrupt drop of estrogen and progesterone levels following delivery allow prolactin—which temporarily remains high—to induce lactation.
1477:, i.e., controlling the movement of water and salts between the tissues of the fish and the surrounding water. Like mammals, however, prolactin in fish also has reproductive functions, including promoting sexual maturation and inducing breeding cycles, as well as brooding and parental care. In the South American
1395:
secretion. The exact mechanism by which it inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone is poorly understood. Although expression of prolactin receptors have been demonstrated in rat hypothalamus, the same has not been observed in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Physiologic levels of prolactin in
2042:
Three different human pituitary extracts containing prolactin were subsequently obtained as candidates for an IS. These were distributed into ampoules coded 83/562, 83/573, and 84/500. Collaborative studies involving 20 different laboratories found little difference between these three preparations.
1535:
can occur when a female is mated with a sterile male. This mating can cause bi-daily surges of prolactin which would normally occur in rodent pregnancy. Prolactin surges initiate the secretion of progesterone which maintains pregnancy and hence can initiate pseudopregnancy. The false maintenance of
2023:
human prolactin and have been assigned an activity of .053 International Units. Measurements that are calibrated against the current international standard can be converted into mass units using this ratio of grams to IUs; prolactin concentrations expressed in mIU/L can be converted to ÎĽg/L by
1723:, which triggers milk let-down: Prolactin controls milk production (lactogenesis) but not the milk-ejection reflex; the rise in prolactin fills the breast with milk in preparation for the next feed. The posterior pituitary produces a yet-unidentified hormone that causes prolactin production.
2271:
The following table illustrates variability in reference ranges of serum prolactin between some commonly used assay methods (as of 2008), using a control group of healthy health care professionals (53 males, age 20–64 years, median 28 years; 97 females, age 19–59 years, median 29 years) in
1364:
It has been shown in rats and sheep that prolactin affects lipid synthesis differentially in mammary and adipose cells. Prolactin deficiency induced by bromocriptine increased lipogenesis and insulin responsiveness in adipocytes while decreasing them in the mammary gland.
57:
5292:
5872:
Gaines Das RE, Cotes PM (January 1979). "International
Reference Preparation of human prolactin for immunoassay: definition of the International Unit, report of a collaborative study and comparison of estimates of human prolactin made in various laboratories".
1745:. In a study on female volunteers under hypnosis, prolactin surges resulted from the evocation, with rage, of humiliating experiences, but not from the fantasy of nursing. Stress-induced PRL changes are not linked to the posterior pituitary in rodents.
1504:
in the prolactin gene cause increased hair length in cattle and mice. Conversely, mutations in the prolactin receptor can cause reduced hair growth, resulting in the "slick" phenotype in cattle. Additionally, prolactin delays hair regrowth in mice.
1390:
although in humans it has only a weak luteotropic effect while the effect of suppressing classical gonadotropic hormones is more important. Prolactin within the normal reference ranges can act as a weak gonadotropin, but at the same time suppresses
1625:
does not play a large role. Mice without a posterior pituitary do not raise their prolactin levels even with suckling and oxytocin injection, but scientists have yet to identify which specific hormone produced by this region is responsible.
4372:
Porto-Neto LR, Bickhart DM, Landaeta-Hernandez AJ, Utsunomiya YT, Pagan M, Jimenez E, Hansen PJ, Dikmen S, Schroeder SG, Kim ES, Sun J, Crespo E, Amati N, Cole JB, Null DJ, Garcia JF, Reverter A, Barendse W, Sonstegard TS (February 2018).
1706:
Sucking on the nipple offsets the fall in prolactin as the internal stimulus for them is removed. The sucking activates mechanoreceptors in and around the nipple. These signals are carried by nerve fibers through the spinal cord to the
5009:
Kulick RS, Chaiseha Y, Kang SW, Rozenboim I, El
Halawani ME (July 2005). "The relative importance of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine as physiological regulators of prolactin in the domestic turkey".
2047:
of prolactin. On the basis of these investigations, 83/562 was established as the Second IS for human prolactin. Once stocks of these ampoules were depleted, 84/500 was established as the Third IS for human prolactin.
5453:
Garnier PE, Aubert ML, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM (December 1978). "Heterogeneity of pituitary and plasma prolactin in man: decreased affinity of "Big" prolactin in a radioreceptor assay and evidence for its secretion".
1598:, which binds to the gene at several sites including a proximal promoter. This promoter is inhibited by dopamine and stimulated by estrogens, neuropeptides, and growth factors. Estrogens can also suppress dopamine.
2075:
The following chart illustrates the variations seen in normal prolactin measurements across different populations. Prolactin values were obtained from specific control groups of varying sizes using the IMMULITE
361:
260:
1641:
Extrapituitary prolactin is controlled by a superdistal promoter, located 5.8 kb upstream of the pituitary start site. The promoter does not react to dopamine, estrogens, or TRH. Instead, it is stimulated by
2064:) are defined as prolactin levels below 3 ÎĽg/L in women and 5 ÎĽg/L in men. However, different assays and methods for measuring prolactin are employed by different laboratories and as such the
1461:, it is conjectured that prolactin may play a role in the pleasurable perception of sad music, as the levels of the hormone increase when a person feels sad, producing a consoling psychological effect.
1205:
in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation and nursing. It is secreted heavily in pulses in between these events. Prolactin plays an essential role in metabolism, regulation of the
2613:
An example of the use of the above table is, if using the
Centaur assay to estimate prolactin values in μg/L for females, the mean is 7.92 μg/L and the reference range is 3.35–16.4 μg/L.
2072:
stage and pregnancy. The circumstances surrounding a given prolactin measurement (assay, patient condition, etc.) must therefore be considered before the measurement can be accurately interpreted.
1676:
purposes. It has been hypothesized that in vertebrates such as mice a similar tissue-specific effect is achieved by a large family of prolactin-like proteins controlled by at least 26 paralogous
6292:
6351:
Melmed S, Kleinberg D 2008 Anterior pituitary. 1n: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Willams textbook of endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders
Elsevier; 185–261
3884:
Shingo T, Gregg C, Enwere E, Fujikawa H, Hassam R, Geary C, Cross JC, Weiss S (January 2003). "Pregnancy-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult female forebrain mediated by prolactin".
2035:
without official status and given the assigned value of 50 mIU/ampoule based on an earlier collaborative study. It was determined that this preparation behaved anomalously in certain
3448:
Evans AM, Petersen JW, Sekhon GS, DeMars R (May 1989). "Mapping of prolactin and tumor necrosis factor-beta genes on human chromosome 6p using lymphoblastoid cell deletion mutants".
6183:
Ufearo CS, Orisakwe OE (September 1995). "Restoration of normal sperm characteristics in hypoprolactinemic infertile men treated with metoclopramide and exogenous human prolactin".
6242:"Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms"
8169:
4731:
Demirel MA, Suntar I, Ceribaşı S, Zengin G, Ceribaşı AO (1 August 2018). "Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of
Artemisia absinthium L. on pseudopregnancy model in rats".
6107:, Lotti F, Ricca V, Monami M, Boddi V, Bandini E, Balercia G, Forti G, Maggi M (May 2009). "Hypoprolactinemia: a new clinical syndrome in patients with sexual dysfunction".
5834:
Canadian
Society of Clinical Chemists (December 1992). "Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists position paper: standardization of selected polypeptide hormone measurements".
4265:"Human scalp hair follicles are both a target and a source of prolactin, which serves as an autocrine and/or paracrine promoter of apoptosis-driven hair follicle regression"
4315:
Littlejohn MD, Henty KM, Tiplady K, Johnson T, Harland C, Lopdell T, Sherlock RG, Li W, Lukefahr SD, Shanks BC, Garrick DJ, Snell RG, Spelman RJ, Davis SR (December 2014).
2019:(typically mIU/L). The current IU is calibrated against the third International Standard for Prolactin, IS 84/500. Reference ampoules of IS 84/500 contain 2.5 ÎĽg of
4094:
Khong HK, Kuah MK, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC (May 2009). "Prolactin receptor mRNA is upregulated in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) skin during parental phase".
7942:
6342:
in
Beltran 2008, like the other values, but it uses a different conversion factor of 27.0 mIU/L per ÎĽg/L, taken from the second international standard, IS 83/562).
3580:
Ros M, Lobato MF, GarcĂa-RuĂz JP, Moreno FJ (March 1990). "Integration of lipid metabolism in the mammary gland and adipose tissue by prolactin during lactation".
7937:
7866:
5489:
Leite V, Cosby H, Sobrinho LG, Fresnoza MA, Santos MA, Friesen HG (October 1992). "Characterization of big, big prolactin in patients with hyperprolactinaemia".
1234:
In mammals, prolactin is associated with milk production; in fish it is thought to be related to the control of water and salt balance. Prolactin also acts in a
2060:) define the upper threshold of normal prolactin at 25 ÎĽg/L for women and 20 ÎĽg/L for men. Similarly, guidelines for diagnosing prolactin deficiency (
1850:
Big prolactin—approximately 48 kDa. It may be the product of interaction of several prolactin molecules. It appears to have little, if any, biological activity.
2898:
5532:
Kamel MA, Neulen J, Sayed GH, Salem HT, Breckwoldt M (September 1993). "Heterogeneity of human prolactin levels in serum during the early postpartum period".
5418:
Kiefer KA, Malarkey WB (January 1978). "Size heterogeneity of human prolactin in CSF and serum: experimental conditions that alter gel filtration patterns".
2893:
6289:
5719:
Schulster D, Gaines Das RE, Jeffcoate SL (April 1989). "International
Standards for human prolactin: calibration by international collaborative study".
903:
2032:
1238:-like manner and as an important regulator of the immune system. It has important cell cycle-related functions as a growth-, differentiating- and anti-
884:
183:
2068:
for prolactin is often determined by the laboratory performing the measurement. Furthermore, prolactin levels vary according to factors as age, sex,
1383:
in men. The effects of mildly elevated levels of prolactin are much more variable, in women, substantially increasing or decreasing estrogen levels.
1956:
workup, as elevated prolactin secretion can suppress the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone, leading to
4688:
Ladyman SR, Hackwell EC, Brown RS (May 2020). "The role of prolactin in co-ordinating fertility and metabolic adaptations during reproduction".
2028:
1748:
Hypersecretion is more common than hyposecretion. Hyperprolactinemia is the most frequent abnormality of the anterior pituitary tumors, termed
4224:"Prolactin Signaling Influences the Timing Mechanism of the Hair Follicle: Analysis of Hair Growth Cycles in Prolactin Receptor Knockout Mice"
3008:
in men. In one study, normal sperm characteristics were restored when prolactin levels were raised to normal values in hypoprolactinemic men.
3229:
3119:
3211:
1756:
as prolactin tends to suppress the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and in turn decreases the secretion of
7952:
7914:
7469:
1555:
counterparts. Prolactin and prolactin receptor signaling are also essential for maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy in mice.
7947:
7859:
6844:
6816:
6713:
4926:
Ben-Jonathan N. (2001) Hypothalamic control of prolactin synthesis and secretion . In: Horseman ND, ed. Prolactin. Boston: Kluwer; 1 –24
5613:"Human prolactin receptors are insensitive to mouse prolactin: implications for xenotransplant modeling of human breast cancer in mice"
4172:"Prolactin and Its Receptor Are Expressed in Murine Hair Follicle Epithelium, Show Hair Cycle-Dependent Expression, and Induce Catagen"
1126:
1119:
6335:
6231:
5368:"Prolactin synthesized and secreted by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: an autocrine growth factor for lymphoproliferation"
8174:
4053:
3046:
Prolactin is available commercially for use in other animals, but not in humans. It is used to stimulate lactation in animals. The
7650:
6672:
1328:. Most vertebrates, including humans, also have the closely related somatolactin. In humans, 14, 16, and 22 kDa variants exist.
8184:
8110:
7852:
3252:"Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice"
4561:
Wang Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Zhang J, Lin Y, Wu J, Zeng B, Liu L, Yan P, Liang J, Guo H, Jin L, Tang Q, Long K, Li M (8 June 2023).
7347:
6914:
6456:
6429:
6402:
6375:
6145:
Gonzales GF, Velasquez G, Garcia-Hjarles M (1989). "Hypoprolactinemia as related to seminal quality and serum testosterone".
5791:
5158:
3721:
3517:
1646:. Responsiveness to cAMP is mediated by an imperfect cAMP–responsive element and two CAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP).
3194:
1668:
Extrapituitary production of prolactin is thought to be special to humans and primates and may serve mostly tissue-specific
1201:. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans. Prolactin is secreted from the
8154:
8149:
7454:
6596:
54:
3658:
Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G (October 2000). "Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion".
3173:
1753:
6557:
6529:
1972:
347:
6021:
Kauppila A, Martikainen H, Puistola U, Reinilä M, Rönnberg L (March 1988). "Hypoprolactinemia and ovarian function".
5366:
Sabharwal P, Glaser R, Lafuse W, Varma S, Liu Q, Arkins S, Kooijman R, Kutz L, Kelley KW, Malarkey WB (August 1992).
1934:
7017:
2065:
1696:
cycles. Prolactin levels peak during REM sleep and in the early morning. Many mammals experience a seasonal cycle.
324:
4475:
Dawson A (July 2006). "Control of molt in birds: association with prolactin and gonadal regression in starlings".
3755:"Prolactin regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons to suppress luteinizing hormone secretion in mice"
1496:
are expressed in the skin, specifically in the hair follicles, where they regulate hair growth and moulting in an
6591:
4563:"Spatio-temporal transcriptome dynamics coordinate rapid transition of core crop functions in 'lactating' pigeon"
3198:
3177:
4787:
Ormandy CJ, Binart N, Kelly PA (October 1997). "Mammary gland development in prolactin receptor knockout mice".
3291:
Ben-Jonathan N, Hugo ER, Brandebourg TD, LaPensee CR (April 2006). "Focus on prolactin as a metabolic hormone".
7123:
6746:
6682:
6576:
5248:
Sobrinho LG (2003). "Prolactin, psychological stress and environment in humans: adaptation and maladaptation".
1984:
1643:
1412:
1392:
948:
1820:, as well as degradation. The non-glycosylated form of prolactin is the dominant form that is secreted by the
1353:
cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of
8124:
8106:
7777:
7556:
7138:
6606:
6581:
5146:
1610:
1606:
1306:
929:
7464:
7195:
7190:
6932:
6647:
1757:
1630:
246:
221:
163:
4510:
Derks MF, Herrero-Medrano JM, Crooijmans RP, Vereijken A, Long JA, Megens HJ, Groenen MA (February 2018).
7818:
7643:
7515:
7510:
7494:
6677:
6657:
3497:
3139:
3104:
1614:
1602:
4131:"Association of polymorphisms for prolactin and prolactin receptor genes with broody traits in chickens"
7667:
7538:
7418:
7303:
7185:
3020:
2940:
1278:
1357:
fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present. Prolactin plays an important role in
360:
259:
8189:
7814:
7479:
7398:
7340:
7308:
5320:"Prolactin Biology and Laboratory Measurement: An Update on Physiology and Current Analytical Issues"
4375:"Convergent Evolution of Slick Coat in Cattle through Truncation Mutations in the Prolactin Receptor"
4317:"Functionally reciprocal mutations of the prolactin signalling pathway define hairy and slick cattle"
1720:
6866:
3054:
receptor is involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion, and agonists of the receptor such as
353:
252:
150:
7904:
7899:
7810:
7772:
7684:
7584:
7459:
6937:
6061:"Prolactin gene expression and prolactin protein in premenopausal and postmenopausal human ovaries"
3740:
2881:
1098:
1077:
1043:
1022:
171:
1250:
and is involved in the regulation of blood clotting through several pathways. The hormone acts in
8179:
7166:
3339:"Morbid Obesity Due to Prolactinoma and Significant Weight Loss After Dopamine Agonist Treatment"
1508:
Analogous to its effects on hair growth and shedding in mammals, prolactin in birds controls the
3979:
3796:"Prolactin receptor expression in human testis and accessory tissues: localization and function"
1102:
1073:
1047:
1018:
8164:
8159:
8076:
7804:
7636:
7520:
7012:
6989:
6741:
6522:
1914:
1742:
1481:, prolactin may also regulate the production of a skin secretion that provides food for larval
1428:
6446:
6365:
5223:
7800:
7767:
6758:
6419:
6392:
4982:
4424:
Craven AJ, Nixon AJ, Ashby MG, Ormandy CJ, Blazek K, Wilkins RJ, Pearson AJ (November 2006).
4222:
Craven AJ, Ormandy CJ, Robertson FG, Wilkins RJ, Kelly PA, Nixon AJ, Pearson AJ (June 2001).
2989:
6721:
6059:
Schwärzler P, Untergasser G, Hermann M, Dirnhofer S, Abendstein B, Berger P (October 1997).
5149:. In Jameson JN, Kasper DL, Harrison TR, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL (eds.).
4017:
Sakamoto T, McCormick SD (May 2006). "Prolactin and growth hormone in fish osmoregulation".
3710:
1661:
Breast and other tissues may express the Pit-1 promoter in addition to the distal promoter.
7384:
7333:
6104:
5379:
4740:
4636:
4328:
3893:
3047:
2985:
2657:
1961:
1773:
1595:
1536:
pregnancy exhibits the outward physical symptoms of pregnancy, in the absence of a foetus.
1435:
1259:
1255:
235:
5576:
Mancini T, Casanueva FF, Giustina A (March 2008). "Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas".
5047:"Prolactin expression and secretion by human breast glandular and adipose tissue explants"
3935:
Larsen CM, Grattan DR (February 2012). "Prolactin, neurogenesis, and maternal behaviors".
3387:
8:
8057:
7973:
7962:
7929:
7822:
7708:
7389:
7298:
6904:
6899:
6871:
6834:
6667:
6652:
6616:
6332:
6228:
5088:"Lactational Amenorrhea: Neuroendocrine Pathways Controlling Fertility and Bone Turnover"
4995:
3736:
3410:
3129:
3114:
2732:
2626:
2004:
1761:
1737:
Levels can rise after exercise, high-protein meals, minor surgical procedures, following
1397:
191:
5792:"WHO International Standard, Prolactin, Human. NIBSC code: 84/500, Instructions for use"
5383:
4744:
4640:
4597:
4562:
4332:
3897:
3692:
1665:
appears able to substitute for Pit-1 in activating the promoter in breast cancer cells.
8042:
8027:
7878:
7875:
7699:
6639:
6208:
5995:
5978:
5611:
Utama FE, LeBaron MJ, Neilson LM, Sultan AS, Parlow AF, Wagner KU, Rui H (March 2006).
5514:
5502:
5336:
5319:
5273:
5200:
5175:
5122:
5087:
5086:
Calik-Ksepka A, Stradczuk M, Czarnecka K, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R (31 January 2022).
4965:
4904:
4879:
4812:
4764:
4713:
4665:
4624:
4538:
4511:
4401:
4374:
4349:
4316:
4289:
4264:
4196:
4171:
3999:
3960:
3917:
3861:
3836:
3605:
3509:
3473:
3363:
3338:
3316:
3134:
3090:
to increase prolactin secretion in the pituitary gland and induce lactation in humans.
2762:
2757:
2057:
2043:
83/562 appeared to be the most stable. This preparation was largely free of dimers and
2016:
1876:
1793:
1738:
1493:
1314:
1263:
195:
6077:
6060:
6034:
4187:
2981:, or serum prolactin deficiency, is associated with ovarian dysfunction in women, and
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
672:
667:
662:
657:
641:
636:
631:
6826:
6515:
6496:
6487:
6452:
6425:
6398:
6371:
6263:
6200:
6196:
6162:
6124:
6120:
6082:
6038:
6000:
5890:
5851:
5847:
5736:
5694:
5661:
5634:
5593:
5549:
5506:
5471:
5435:
5407:
5402:
5367:
5341:
5265:
5205:
5154:
5127:
5109:
5068:
5027:
4970:
4909:
4853:
4832:"Extrapituitary prolactin: distribution, regulation, functions, and clinical aspects"
4804:
4756:
4717:
4705:
4701:
4670:
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4602:
4584:
4543:
4492:
4457:
4406:
4354:
4294:
4245:
4201:
4152:
4111:
4076:
4034:
3952:
3909:
3866:
3817:
3776:
3717:
3675:
3640:
3597:
3562:
3541:"Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces a defect in maternal behavior"
3513:
3465:
3430:
3368:
3308:
3273:
3109:
2978:
2973:
2935:
2835:
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2727:
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1918:
1864:
1512:
of feathers, as well as the age at onset of feathering in both turkeys and chickens.
1358:
1267:
143:
47:
6299:
at medical.siemens.com—reference ranges as determined from the IMMULITE assay method
5685:
Banerjee S, Paul P, Talib VJ (August 2004). "Serum prolactin in seizure disorders".
5518:
4816:
4512:"Early and late feathering in turkey and chicken: same gene but different mutations"
4003:
3964:
3921:
3609:
3477:
3320:
7571:
6793:
6788:
6253:
6212:
6192:
6154:
6116:
6072:
6030:
5990:
5882:
5843:
5728:
5624:
5585:
5541:
5498:
5463:
5427:
5397:
5387:
5331:
5277:
5257:
5195:
5187:
5117:
5099:
5058:
5019:
4960:
4952:
4899:
4891:
4843:
4796:
4768:
4748:
4697:
4660:
4644:
4592:
4574:
4533:
4523:
4484:
4447:
4437:
4396:
4386:
4344:
4336:
4284:
4276:
4235:
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4183:
4142:
4103:
4068:
4026:
3991:
3944:
3901:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3835:
Gregg C, Shikar V, Larsen P, Mak G, Chojnacki A, Yong VW, Weiss S (February 2007).
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3505:
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3422:
3358:
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3300:
3263:
3001:
2811:
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1832:
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440:
371:
315:
270:
6481:
5798:
4170:
Foitzik K, Krause K, Nixon AJ, Ford CA, Ohnemus U, Pearson AJ, Paus R (May 2003).
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Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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receptor antagonists like domperidone, metoclopramide, and sulpiride are used as
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2641:
2630:
2069:
1926:
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1821:
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increase prolactin secretion. The suckling stimulus also triggers the release of
1712:
1601:
Interaction with neuropeptides is still a matter of active research: no specific
1532:
1521:
1416:
1405:
1282:
1221:
1202:
415:
199:
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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7728:
7675:
7449:
7444:
7270:
7239:
7211:
7156:
6768:
6699:
5945:
5911:
5759:
5653:
5372:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4280:
4107:
3354:
3124:
3099:
3067:
2997:
2982:
2716:
1922:
1853:
1797:
1789:
1524:
feed their young a cheese-like secretion from the upper digestive tract called
1474:
516:
7051:
6158:
5589:
5545:
5261:
4800:
4752:
4528:
4371:
3948:
3304:
1242:
factor. As a growth factor, binding to cytokine-like receptors, it influences
8143:
7992:
7379:
7280:
7056:
6240:
Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008).
5191:
5113:
4760:
4656:
4629:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology
4588:
4391:
3995:
3812:
3795:
3557:
3540:
3055:
3035:
2922:
2916:
2770:
2721:
1902:
1809:
1731:
1548:
1540:
1500:
fashion. Elevated levels of prolactin can inhibit hair growth, and knock-out
1485:. An increase in brooding behaviour caused by prolactin has been reported in
1482:
1478:
1342:
1243:
1217:
1206:
618:
5392:
4240:
4223:
3905:
576:
454:
8100:
7919:
7679:
7659:
7596:
7394:
7063:
6999:
6984:
6947:
6894:
6861:
6601:
6568:
6267:
6128:
6004:
5698:
5665:
5638:
5597:
5467:
5345:
5269:
5209:
5131:
5072:
5063:
5046:
5031:
4974:
4913:
4808:
4709:
4674:
4606:
4547:
4496:
4461:
4410:
4358:
4298:
4249:
4205:
4156:
4115:
4080:
4038:
3956:
3913:
3870:
3821:
3780:
3679:
3372:
3312:
3268:
3251:
3144:
3087:
3016:
2945:
2903:
2887:
2775:
2036:
1957:
1777:
1749:
1727:
1708:
1647:
1447:
1446:
of the fetus by the maternal organism during pregnancy. Prolactin promotes
1401:
1387:
1380:
1354:
1274:
1247:
1213:
433:
212:
6204:
6166:
6086:
6042:
5886:
5855:
5740:
5732:
5553:
5510:
5431:
5411:
4857:
4848:
4831:
4147:
4130:
3644:
3601:
3566:
3469:
3434:
3426:
3277:
1975:. The serum prolactin level usually rises following an epileptic seizure.
1320:
Several variants and forms are known per species. Many fish have variants
1166:
1161:
743:
8096:
8069:
8061:
8050:
8016:
8008:
7996:
7981:
7743:
7723:
7502:
7488:
7356:
7247:
7224:
6726:
6629:
6476:
5894:
5475:
5439:
5104:
4956:
3771:
3754:
3753:
Grattan DR, Jasoni CL, Liu X, Anderson GM, Herbison AE (September 2007).
3696:
3636:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3024:
2824:
2645:
2637:
2634:
1953:
1840:
1805:
1651:
1572:
1310:
1298:
1290:
993:
974:
5629:
5612:
4442:
4425:
4263:
Foitzik K, Krause K, Conrad F, Nakamura M, Funk W, Paus R (March 2006).
3837:"White matter plasticity and enhanced remyelination in the maternal CNS"
1711:, where changes in the electrical activity of neurons that regulate the
1629:
In birds (turkeys), VIP is a powerful prolactin-releasing factor, while
8118:
8114:
8000:
7608:
7548:
7423:
7408:
7275:
7161:
6811:
6763:
6692:
6687:
5085:
4895:
4509:
4340:
3593:
3461:
2873:
2848:
2711:
2020:
2000:
1938:
1844:
1836:
1769:
1655:
1576:
1568:
1273:
Pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by endocrine neurons in the
332:
229:
179:
4452:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
8090:
8080:
8020:
8012:
7748:
7078:
7007:
6889:
6801:
6736:
6058:
5833:
4648:
3539:
Lucas BK, Ormandy CJ, Binart N, Bridges RS, Kelly PA (October 1998).
3079:
2927:
2840:
2806:
2798:
2649:
1988:
1856:—approximately 150 kDa. It appears to have a low biological activity.
1817:
1800:. Significant heterogeneity of the molecule has been described, thus
1700:
1693:
1673:
1669:
1563:
In humans, prolactin is produced at least in the anterior pituitary,
1552:
1525:
1497:
1350:
1346:
1251:
1239:
1198:
848:
399:
386:
298:
285:
187:
5153:(16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division.
4830:
Ben-Jonathan N, Mershon JL, Allen DL, Steinmetz RW (December 1996).
3062:
decrease prolactin levels while antagonists of the receptor such as
8086:
8031:
8004:
7833:
7603:
7229:
7128:
7110:
7068:
7046:
6969:
6961:
6942:
6924:
6853:
6731:
6624:
6586:
3623:
Ben-Jonathan N (1985). "Dopamine: a prolactin-inhibiting hormone".
3290:
2752:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1921:
with another prolactin receptor. This results in the activation of
1801:
1716:
1622:
1580:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1376:
1369:
1286:
1235:
1150:
739:
positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II
6239:
6020:
3250:
Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA (June 1998).
7988:
7886:
7579:
7365:
7133:
7100:
7095:
7087:
6974:
6909:
6780:
6538:
6501:
6491:
4829:
3149:
3031:
2044:
1968:
1564:
1544:
1486:
1375:
Elevated levels of prolactin decrease the levels of sex hormones—
1194:
960:
915:
833:
829:
7628:
6367:
Polysaccharides Peptides and Proteins: Pharmaceutical Monographs
1730:, lactation ceases within one or two weeks following the end of
167:
30:
7530:
7403:
7257:
7219:
7038:
6979:
6144:
2780:
2679:
2653:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1863:
The levels of larger ones are somewhat higher during the early
1859:
Other variants with the molecular masses of 14, 16, and 22 kDa.
1551:
have much smaller and less developed mammary glands than their
1513:
1420:
1134:
870:
7325:
1944:
Human prolactin receptors are insensitive to mouse prolactin.
714:
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT
7428:
7290:
7265:
7176:
7148:
6881:
4314:
4221:
3980:"Why is sad music pleasurable? A possible role for prolactin"
2273:
2077:
1992:
1886:
1662:
1592:
1451:
1372:
inhibits prolactin but this process has feedback mechanisms.
6486:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
5718:
5293:"Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of secondary amenorrhea"
4943:
Ben-Jonathan N, LaPensee CR, LaPensee EW (February 2008). .
4942:
3249:
1847:
and is apparently the result of removal of some amino acids.
1313:
effect on prolactin release, although prolactin is the only
6507:
5452:
5044:
5008:
4730:
4262:
1621:, but whether they deserve their name has been questioned.
1470:
1439:
1424:
1341:
Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the
1228:
6102:
5488:
5365:
5147:"333 Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus"
4093:
3657:
3579:
5976:
5610:
3883:
3716:. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 605.
3538:
3447:
1689:
1605:
has been identified. It is known that mice react to both
5797:. NIBSC / Health Protection Agency. 1989. Archived from
5575:
5176:"The approach to patients with "non-epileptic seizures""
4878:
Gerlo S, Davis JR, Mager DL, Kooijman R (October 2006).
3793:
3752:
3411:"The biosynthesis of human growth hormone and prolactin"
1917:. When prolactin binds to the receptor, it causes it to
423:
6397:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 13–.
5754:
5752:
5750:
5045:
Zinger M, McFarland M, Ben-Jonathan N (February 2003).
4877:
4423:
3794:
Hair WM, Gubbay O, Jabbour HN, Lincoln GA (July 2002).
2024:
dividing by 21.2. Previous standards use other ratios.
1780:) is another important clinical sign of prolactinomas.
5651:
4169:
1967:
Prolactin levels may be of some use in distinguishing
1796:. The molecule is folded due to the activity of three
1764:
from the anterior pituitary, therefore disrupting the
1539:
Prolactin receptor activation is essential for normal
1404:, resulting in testosterone secretion, which leads to
1349:): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during
699:
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT
8170:
Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis
6556:
5578:
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
5531:
3392:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
3050:
of prolactin in humans is around 15–20 minutes. The D
1983:
The serum concentration of prolactin can be given in
1277:. The most important of these are the neurosecretory
729:
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
588:
5946:"WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization"
5912:"WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization"
5760:"WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization"
5747:
5456:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5420:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5051:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
4687:
3834:
3415:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2056:
General guidelines for diagnosing prolactin excess (
1289:(a.k.a. Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone) to act on the
804:
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
759:
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
5290:
6359:
6357:
6054:
6052:
5953:Thirty-seventh Report, WHO Technical Report Series
5867:
5865:
5784:
5317:
4786:
3709:
3245:
3243:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3169:
3167:
3165:
2033:WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization
1613:, but humans seem to only react to TRH. There are
7905:Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)
7874:
6417:
5979:"The Second International Standard for Prolactin"
5779:86.1520, WHO/BS documents: 86.1520 Add 1, 88.1596
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5684:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
4823:
4051:
4016:
3701:
3408:
1788:The structure of prolactin is similar to that of
370:
269:
8141:
6451:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 468–.
6140:
6138:
6016:
6014:
5919:Thirty-fifth Report, WHO Technical Report Series
5767:Thirty-ninth Report, WHO Technical Report Series
5243:
5241:
4560:
4128:
2629:, or excess serum prolactin, is associated with
1831:Little prolactin—the predominant form. It has a
1547:in mice. Adult virgin female prolactin receptor
6394:Prolactin: Physiology and Clinical Significance
6354:
6224:
6222:
6049:
5977:Bangham DR, Mussett MV, Stack-Dunne MP (1963).
5871:
5862:
5660:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4625:"Seasonality of prolactin in birds and mammals"
4622:
4310:
4308:
4217:
4215:
4129:Jiang RS, Xu GY, Zhang XQ, Yang N (June 2005).
3240:
3183:
3162:
1933:. Activation also results in the activation of
1317:hormone whose principal control is inhibitory.
1212:Discovered in non-human animals around 1930 by
1197:best known for its role in enabling mammals to
6327:
6325:
6182:
6178:
6176:
6098:
6096:
5705:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5417:
5352:
5318:Saleem M, Martin H, Coates P (February 2018).
3195:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021342
1528:, whose production is regulated by prolactin.
7860:
7644:
7341:
6523:
6390:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6135:
6011:
5906:
5904:
5238:
5144:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
3934:
3495:
3409:Friesen H, Guyda H, Hardy J (December 1970).
1978:
1952:Prolactin levels may be checked as part of a
1419:, the cells responsible for the formation of
6384:
6219:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5604:
4929:
4775:
4503:
4468:
4417:
4365:
4305:
4256:
4212:
4163:
4122:
4087:
4054:"The role of prolactin in fish reproduction"
4052:Whittington CM, Wilson AB (September 2013).
4045:
4010:
3928:
3877:
3828:
3746:
3622:
1827:The three different sizes of prolactin are:
1808:can give different results due to differing
6444:
6438:
6411:
6363:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6173:
6093:
5560:
5525:
5482:
5446:
5216:
5092:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
5038:
4880:"Prolactin in man: a tale of two promoters"
3707:
3616:
3573:
3532:
3441:
3402:
3385:
3174:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172179
2266:
1411:Prolactin also stimulates proliferation of
789:multicellular organismal response to stress
719:regulation of multicellular organism growth
7867:
7853:
7651:
7637:
7348:
7334:
6530:
6516:
6302:
5972:
5970:
5901:
5652:Al-Chalabi M, Bass AN, Alsalman I (2023),
5151:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
4864:
3379:
1726:In usual circumstances, in the absence of
6257:
6076:
5994:
5983:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
5933:
5816:
5628:
5401:
5391:
5335:
5291:Welt CK, Barbieri RL, Geffner ME (2020).
5199:
5121:
5103:
5062:
4964:
4903:
4847:
4664:
4596:
4578:
4537:
4527:
4451:
4441:
4400:
4390:
4348:
4288:
4239:
4195:
4146:
3971:
3860:
3811:
3787:
3770:
3739:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3556:
3362:
3267:
2281:
1783:
1591:Pituitary prolactin is controlled by the
724:regulation of signaling receptor activity
6274:
5247:
4426:"Prolactin delays hair regrowth in mice"
3336:
2181:women, pregnant, 3rd trimester (n = 54)
2167:women, pregnant, 2nd trimester (n = 52)
2153:women, pregnant, 1st trimester (n = 39)
1768:. Such hormonal changes may manifest as
6424:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 40–.
5967:
5173:
5167:
3651:
3502:Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences
1881:Prolactin receptors are present in the
1650:upregulates prolactin synthesis in the
1464:
1386:Prolactin is sometimes classified as a
694:cell surface receptor signaling pathway
8142:
6418:Martin H. Johnson (14 December 2012).
6185:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
4474:
3496:Mizutani K, Takai Y (1 January 2018),
3332:
3330:
3293:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
1772:and infertility in females as well as
1434:Other actions include contributing to
7848:
7632:
7516:ACys+ABri/Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
7470:ATTR/Transthyretin-related hereditary
7329:
6511:
5012:General and Comparative Endocrinology
4618:
4616:
4477:General and Comparative Endocrinology
4061:General and Comparative Endocrinology
4019:General and Comparative Endocrinology
3977:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3120:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
1870:
1469:The primary function of prolactin in
784:cellular response to hormone stimulus
375:
336:
331:
274:
233:
228:
7721:Antiemetics/gastroprokinetic agents:
3730:
2853:Suprasellar pituitary mass extension
2795:Hypothalamic-pituitary stalk damage
2668:
6364:Coutts RT, Smail GA (12 May 2014).
6331:The AIA essay values are also from
3582:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
3450:Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics
3386:Bates R, Riddle O (November 1935).
3327:
2967:
2664:Causes of Elevated Prolactin Levels
2051:
2029:International Reference Preparation
1776:in males. Inappropriate lactation (
1754:hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
1216:and confirmed in humans in 1970 by
764:response to organic cyclic compound
734:negative regulation of angiogenesis
13:
5503:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02340.x
4613:
3510:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.98018-8
3484:
3011:Hypoprolactinemia can result from
2913:Chest-neurologic chest wall trauma
2621:
2097:women, follicular phase (n = 803)
1973:psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
547:central gray substance of midbrain
14:
8201:
7658:
6469:
6448:Breastfeeding and Human Lactation
6391:D.F. Horrobin (6 December 2012).
5955:. World Health Organization. 1987
5921:. World Health Organization. 1985
5769:. World Health Organization. 1989
4269:The American Journal of Pathology
4176:The American Journal of Pathology
1947:
1935:mitogen-activated protein kinases
1889:, pituitary glands, heart, lung,
1636:
1415:. These cells differentiate into
7018:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
6121:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01206.x
5324:The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews
4702:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107911
1752:. Prolactinomas may disrupt the
1741:or due to physical or emotional
1442:at the end of the pregnancy and
819:positive regulation of lactation
535:pars distalis of adenohypophysis
359:
352:
346:
323:
258:
251:
245:
220:
29:
8175:Hormones of the pregnant female
7539:AApoA1+AFib+ALys/Familial renal
7465:AA/Familial Mediterranean fever
7355:
6345:
5678:
5645:
5311:
5284:
5138:
5079:
5002:
4920:
4724:
4681:
4623:Stewart C, Marshall CJ (2022).
4554:
3686:
2783:and opioid receptor antagonists
2039:and was not suitable as an IS.
1680:genes not present in primates.
1413:oligodendrocyte precursor cells
6109:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
4789:J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia
3853:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4441-06.2007
3712:Human Anatomy & Physiology
3672:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1523
3388:"The preparation of prolactin"
3284:
3222:
3204:
3041:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2139:women, whole cycle (n = 1555)
2111:women, luteal phase (n = 699)
1393:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
779:response to lipopolysaccharide
577:More reference expression data
489:right hemisphere of cerebellum
1:
8185:Human female endocrine system
8125:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
8107:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
7778:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
7585:ACal/Medullary thyroid cancer
7557:Primary cutaneous amyloidosis
7455:Aβ2M/Haemodialysis-associated
6078:10.1016/S0015-0282(97)00320-8
6035:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59769-6
5145:Melmed S, Jameson JL (2005).
4188:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64295-2
3937:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
3337:Ali M, Mirza L (1 May 2021).
3155:
2616:
1658:and breast glandular tissue.
1558:
1307:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
709:cell population proliferation
344:
243:
7798:Breast development inducers:
6537:
6445:Jan Riordan (January 2005).
6259:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312
6197:10.1016/0009-9236(95)90253-8
5875:The Journal of Endocrinology
5848:10.1016/0009-9120(92)90030-V
5721:The Journal of Endocrinology
5617:The Journal of Endocrinology
5180:Postgraduate Medical Journal
4580:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010746
4516:Genetics Selection Evolution
4430:The Journal of Endocrinology
3800:Molecular Human Reproduction
3082:increase prolactin levels. D
2749:Dopamine synthesis inhibitor
1758:follicle-stimulating hormone
1631:peptide histidine isoleucine
1615:prolactin-releasing peptides
1586:
1336:
1209:and pancreatic development.
551:Epithelium of choroid plexus
7:
8155:Anterior pituitary hormones
8150:Genes on human chromosome 6
7819:medroxyprogesterone acetate
7668:Prolactin receptor agonists
7511:Familial amyloid neuropathy
6370:. Elsevier. pp. 153–.
5534:Gynecological Endocrinology
5024:10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.12.024
4489:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.02.001
4073:10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.027
4031:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.008
3841:The Journal of Neuroscience
3708:Hoehn K, Marieb EN (2007).
3140:Prolactin-releasing hormone
3105:Breastfeeding and fertility
3093:
2737:Drug-induced hypersecretion
2660:and loss of libido in men.
1603:prolactin-releasing hormone
1331:
814:response to nutrient levels
539:nucleus of stria terminalis
485:stromal cell of endometrium
10:
8206:
7186:Insulin-like growth factor
5174:Mellers JD (August 2005).
4281:10.2353/ajpath.2006.050468
4108:10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.005
3355:10.1016/j.aace.2021.01.004
3343:AACE Clinical Case Reports
3021:tuberoinfundibular pathway
2971:
2941:Polycystic ovarian disease
2468:
2325:
2125:women, mid-cycle (n = 53)
1979:Units and unit conversions
1874:
1683:
769:regulation of ossification
632:prolactin receptor binding
16:Protein family and hormone
8041:
7972:
7961:
7928:
7885:
7790:
7760:
7707:
7698:
7666:
7570:
7547:
7529:
7501:
7487:
7480:Organ-limited amyloidosis
7478:
7437:
7363:
7289:
7256:
7238:
7210:
7175:
7147:
7109:
7086:
7077:
7037:
7030:
6998:
6960:
6923:
6880:
6852:
6843:
6825:
6779:
6712:
6638:
6615:
6567:
6545:
6159:10.3109/01485018908986849
5590:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.013
5546:10.3109/09513599309152499
4753:10.1007/s11101-018-9571-3
4529:10.1186/s12711-018-0380-3
3949:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.233
3305:10.1016/j.tem.2006.02.005
3230:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
3212:"Human PubMed Reference:"
2821:Pituitary stalk resection
2296:
2289:
2284:
2250:
2236:
2222:
2208:
2194:
2180:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:Typical prolactin values
1721:posterior pituitary gland
1165:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1133:
1114:
1095:
1091:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1040:
1036:
1015:
1011:
1004:
991:
987:
972:
968:
959:
946:
942:
927:
923:
914:
901:
897:
882:
878:
869:
854:
847:
843:
827:
809:mammary gland development
617:
613:
601:
596:
587:
574:
523:
514:
461:
452:
422:
414:
410:
393:
380:
343:
322:
313:
309:
292:
279:
242:
219:
210:
206:
161:
158:
148:
141:
136:
73:
68:
51:
46:
41:
37:
28:
23:
7900:Human placental lactogen
7685:Human placental lactogen
6477:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
5192:10.1136/pgmj.2004.029785
4392:10.3389/fgene.2018.00057
3996:10.1177/1029864911401171
3978:Huron D (13 July 2011).
3741:Medical Subject Headings
3558:10.1210/endo.139.10.6243
2882:Lymphocytic hypophysitis
2267:Inter-method variability
2092:Prolactin, ÎĽg/L (ng/mL)
1913:, skin and areas of the
1305:of prolactin secretion.
1127:Chr 13: 27.24 – 27.25 Mb
377:13 A3.1|13 12.25 cM
8077:antidopaminergic agents
6338:9 November 2011 at the
6234:9 November 2011 at the
6065:Fertility and Sterility
6023:Fertility and Sterility
5654:"Physiology, Prolactin"
5393:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7713
5262:10.1023/A:1026229810876
4801:10.1023/a:1026395229025
4241:10.1210/endo.142.6.8179
3906:10.1126/science.1076647
2845:Hypothalamic metastases
1839:. It is a single-chain
1438:synthesis of the fetal
7831:Milk letdown inducers:
7521:Aβ/Alzheimer's disease
7013:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
6990:Pancreatic polypeptide
6421:Essential Reproduction
6103:Corona G, Mannucci E,
5491:Clinical Endocrinology
5468:10.1210/jcem-47-6-1273
5064:10.1210/jc.2002-021255
4733:Phytochemistry Reviews
3813:10.1093/molehr/8.7.606
3269:10.1210/edrv.19.3.0334
2950:Chronic low levels of
2740:Catecholamine depletor
1960:and sometimes causing
1915:central nervous system
1784:Structure and isoforms
1633:has almost no effect.
1429:central nervous system
1281:(TIDA) neurons of the
1120:Chr 6: 22.29 – 22.3 Mb
555:superior frontal gyrus
6147:Archives of Andrology
5887:10.1677/joe.0.0800157
5836:Clinical Biochemistry
5733:10.1677/joe.0.1210157
5432:10.1210/jcem-46-1-119
4849:10.1210/edrv-17-6-639
4379:Frontiers in Genetics
4321:Nature Communications
3660:Physiological Reviews
3427:10.1210/jcem-31-6-611
2990:premature ejaculation
2066:serum reference range
774:response to estradiol
338:Chromosome 13 (mouse)
7713:receptor antagonists
7495:AANF/Isolated atrial
7438:Systemic amyloidosis
6295:28 July 2011 at the
5105:10.3390/ijms23031633
4957:10.1210/er.2007-0017
3772:10.1210/en.2007-0403
3637:10.1210/edrv-6-4-564
3048:biological half-life
2986:erectile dysfunction
2899:Plurihumoral adenoma
2658:erectile dysfunction
2251:Men, 61–70 (n = 50)
2237:Men, 51–60 (n = 50)
2223:Men, 41–50 (n = 50)
2209:Men, 31–40 (n = 50)
2195:Men, 21–30 (n = 50)
1962:erectile dysfunction
1835:of approximately 23-
1774:erectile dysfunction
1654:but decreases it in
1596:transcription factor
1465:In other vertebrates
1436:pulmonary surfactant
1262:manners through the
749:response to nutrient
658:extracellular region
236:Chromosome 6 (human)
69:List of PDB id codes
42:Available structures
8028:dopaminergic agents
7823:cyproterone acetate
7700:Prolactin releasers
7299:Natriuretic peptide
6617:Posterior pituitary
6602:Somatostatin (GHIH)
6500:(Prolactin) at the
5630:10.1677/joe.1.06560
5384:1992PNAS...89.7713S
4745:2018PChRv..17..937D
4641:2022JEZA..337..919S
4443:10.1677/joe.1.06685
4333:2014NatCo...5.5861L
4148:10.1093/ps/84.6.839
3898:2003Sci...299..117S
3130:Prolactin modulator
3115:Hyperprolactinaemia
2910:Systemic disorders
2758:Oral contraceptives
2733:Cholinergic agonist
2627:Hyperprolactinaemia
2085:
2017:international units
2005:molar concentration
1929:that initiates the
1897:, liver, pancreas,
1762:luteinizing hormone
1543:development during
1398:luteinizing hormone
799:response to ethanol
673:extracellular space
7876:Prolactin receptor
6640:Anterior pituitary
6246:Clinical Chemistry
5584:(1): 67–99, viii.
5416:, in turn citing:
4896:10.1002/bies.20468
4341:10.1038/ncomms6861
3594:10.1007/BF00226191
3462:10.1007/BF01534871
3135:Prolactin receptor
3000:, hypofunction of
2936:Epileptic seizures
2894:Macroprolactinemia
2884:or parasellar mass
2763:Oral contraceptive
2083:
2058:hyperprolactinemia
1985:mass concentration
1969:epileptic seizures
1877:Prolactin receptor
1871:Prolactin receptor
1794:placental lactogen
1739:epileptic seizures
1688:Prolactin follows
1315:anterior pituitary
1279:tuberoinfundibulum
1268:cytokine receptors
1264:prolactin receptor
1224:, encoded by the
949:ENSMUSG00000021342
682:Biological process
651:Cellular component
625:Molecular function
531:anterior pituitary
469:anterior pituitary
8137:
8136:
8133:
8132:
7842:
7841:
7786:
7785:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7597:APro/Prolactinoma
7460:AGel/Finnish type
7323:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7206:
7205:
7026:
7025:
6956:
6955:
6708:
6707:
6458:978-0-7637-4585-1
6431:978-1-118-42388-2
6404:978-94-010-9695-9
6377:978-1-4831-9612-1
5804:on 3 October 2011
5687:Indian Pediatrics
5160:978-0-07-140235-4
4945:Endocrine Reviews
4836:Endocrine Reviews
4690:Neuropharmacology
4635:(9–10): 919–938.
3984:Musicae Scientiae
3723:978-0-8053-5909-1
3625:Endocrine Reviews
3519:978-0-12-801238-3
3256:Endocrine Reviews
3110:Epileptic seizure
3023:and ingestion of
2979:Hypoprolactinemia
2974:Hypoprolactinemia
2964:
2963:
2932:Cranial radiation
2836:Craniopharyngioma
2744:Dopamine receptor
2728:Antihypertensives
2611:
2610:
2300:97.5th percentile
2264:
2263:
2062:hypoprolactinemia
1883:mammillary glands
1865:postpartum period
1854:Big big prolactin
1359:maternal behavior
1345:to produce milk (
1220:, prolactin is a
1185:), also known as
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1145:
1144:
1110:
1109:
1085:
1084:
1055:
1054:
1030:
1029:
1000:
999:
981:
980:
955:
954:
936:
935:
910:
909:
891:
890:
839:
838:
668:secretory granule
609:
608:
605:
604:
583:
582:
570:
569:
508:
507:
406:
405:
305:
304:
154:, GHA1, prolactin
132:
131:
128:
127:
52:Ortholog search:
8197:
8190:Peptide hormones
7970:
7969:
7943:Δ1–14-G129R-hPRL
7869:
7862:
7855:
7846:
7845:
7705:
7704:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7630:
7629:
7609:AIAPP/Insulinoma
7485:
7484:
7368:forming proteins
7350:
7343:
7336:
7327:
7326:
7084:
7083:
7079:Digestive system
7035:
7034:
6850:
6849:
6789:Thyroid hormones
6565:
6564:
6554:
6553:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6509:
6508:
6463:
6462:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6361:
6352:
6349:
6343:
6329:
6300:
6287:
6272:
6271:
6261:
6226:
6217:
6216:
6180:
6171:
6170:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6056:
6047:
6046:
6018:
6009:
6008:
5998:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5950:
5942:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5916:
5908:
5899:
5898:
5869:
5860:
5859:
5831:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5796:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5764:
5756:
5745:
5744:
5716:
5703:
5702:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5573:
5558:
5557:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5363:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5245:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5203:
5186:(958): 498–504.
5171:
5165:
5164:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5107:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4978:
4968:
4940:
4927:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4875:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4784:
4773:
4772:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4649:10.1002/jez.2634
4620:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4582:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4541:
4531:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4199:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4058:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3892:(5603): 117–20.
3881:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3750:
3744:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3705:
3699:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3493:
3482:
3481:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3208:
3202:
3192:
3181:
3171:
3002:seminal vesicles
2968:Decreased levels
2669:
2301:
2294:
2293:2.5th percentile
2279:
2278:
2259:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2082:
2052:Reference ranges
1931:JAK-STAT pathway
1833:molecular weight
1522:emperor penguins
1459:music psychology
1450:in maternal and
1444:immune tolerance
1417:oligodendrocytes
1158:
1157:
1129:
1122:
1105:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1064:
1063:
1060:RefSeq (protein)
1050:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1009:
1008:
985:
984:
966:
965:
940:
939:
921:
920:
895:
894:
876:
875:
845:
844:
754:circadian rhythm
689:female pregnancy
642:hormone activity
615:
614:
594:
593:
579:
559:sensory ganglion
519:
517:Top expressed in
512:
511:
497:secondary oocyte
457:
455:Top expressed in
450:
449:
429:
428:
412:
411:
402:
389:
378:
363:
356:
350:
339:
327:
311:
310:
301:
288:
277:
262:
255:
249:
238:
224:
208:
207:
202:
153:
146:
123:
66:
65:
60:
39:
38:
33:
21:
20:
8205:
8204:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8129:
8054:
8037:
7985:
7964:
7957:
7938:Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL
7924:
7881:
7873:
7843:
7838:
7782:
7756:
7736:Antipsychotics:
7712:
7694:
7662:
7657:
7627:
7618:
7614:Type 2 diabetes
7566:
7562:Amyloid purpura
7543:
7525:
7497:
7474:
7433:
7359:
7354:
7324:
7315:
7285:
7252:
7234:
7202:
7171:
7143:
7105:
7073:
7022:
6994:
6952:
6919:
6876:
6839:
6821:
6805:
6797:
6775:
6759:Adrenal medulla
6752:Androstenedione
6704:
6634:
6611:
6559:
6548:
6541:
6536:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6443:
6439:
6432:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6389:
6385:
6378:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6340:Wayback Machine
6330:
6303:
6297:Wayback Machine
6288:
6275:
6252:(10): 1673–81.
6236:Wayback Machine
6227:
6220:
6181:
6174:
6143:
6136:
6101:
6094:
6057:
6050:
6019:
6012:
5975:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5870:
5863:
5832:
5817:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5772:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5748:
5717:
5706:
5683:
5679:
5670:
5668:
5650:
5646:
5609:
5605:
5574:
5561:
5530:
5526:
5487:
5483:
5451:
5447:
5364:
5353:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5289:
5285:
5246:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5143:
5139:
5084:
5080:
5043:
5039:
5007:
5003:
4991:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4941:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4876:
4865:
4828:
4824:
4785:
4776:
4729:
4725:
4686:
4682:
4621:
4614:
4573:(6): e1010746.
4559:
4555:
4508:
4504:
4473:
4469:
4422:
4418:
4370:
4366:
4313:
4306:
4261:
4257:
4220:
4213:
4168:
4164:
4135:Poultry Science
4127:
4123:
4092:
4088:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4015:
4011:
3976:
3972:
3933:
3929:
3882:
3878:
3833:
3829:
3792:
3788:
3751:
3747:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3706:
3702:
3691:
3687:
3666:(4): 1523–631.
3656:
3652:
3621:
3617:
3578:
3574:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3494:
3485:
3446:
3442:
3407:
3403:
3384:
3380:
3335:
3328:
3289:
3285:
3248:
3241:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3193:
3184:
3172:
3163:
3158:
3096:
3085:
3053:
3044:
3028:
3013:hypopituitarism
3006:hypoandrogenism
2994:oligozoospermia
2976:
2970:
2965:
2952:thyroid hormone
2706:Pharmacological
2642:oligomenorrhoea
2631:hypoestrogenism
2624:
2622:Elevated levels
2619:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2070:menstrual cycle
2054:
1981:
1950:
1927:tyrosine kinase
1911:skeletal muscle
1879:
1873:
1822:pituitary gland
1814:phosphorylation
1798:disulfide bonds
1786:
1766:ovulatory cycle
1713:pituitary gland
1686:
1639:
1589:
1561:
1533:pseudopregnancy
1467:
1406:spermatogenesis
1339:
1334:
1294:
1283:arcuate nucleus
1222:peptide hormone
1203:pituitary gland
1167:View/Edit Mouse
1162:View/Edit Human
1125:
1118:
1115:Location (UCSC)
1101:
1097:
1076:
1072:
1046:
1042:
1021:
1017:
930:ENSG00000172179
823:
794:ovulation cycle
677:
646:
637:protein binding
575:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
543:cingulate gyrus
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:pituitary gland
515:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
465:pituitary gland
453:
397:
384:
376:
366:
365:
364:
357:
337:
314:Gene location (
296:
283:
275:
265:
264:
263:
256:
234:
211:Gene location (
200:PRL - orthologs
162:
149:
142:
75:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8203:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8180:Human hormones
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8104:
8094:
8084:
8073:
8066:metoclopramide
8052:
8047:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8024:
7983:
7978:
7976:
7967:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7934:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7895:Growth hormone
7891:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7872:
7871:
7864:
7857:
7849:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7827:
7826:
7808:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7739:Chlorpromazine
7732:
7731:
7729:Metoclopramide
7726:
7717:
7715:
7710:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7676:Growth hormone
7672:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7656:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7633:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7576:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7553:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7491:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7450:AA amyloidosis
7447:
7445:AL amyloidosis
7441:
7439:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7371:
7369:
7361:
7360:
7353:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7330:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7295:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7244:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7212:Adipose tissue
7208:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7182:
7180:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7157:Enteroglucagon
7153:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7115:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7057:Beta thymosins
7054:
7043:
7041:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6929:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6858:
6856:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6785:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6769:Norepinephrine
6766:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6722:Adrenal cortex
6718:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6562:
6551:
6543:
6542:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6484:
6471:
6470:External links
6468:
6465:
6464:
6457:
6437:
6430:
6410:
6403:
6383:
6376:
6353:
6344:
6301:
6273:
6218:
6172:
6134:
6115:(5): 1457–66.
6092:
6071:(4): 696–701.
6048:
6010:
5966:
5932:
5900:
5861:
5815:
5783:
5746:
5704:
5677:
5644:
5623:(3): 589–601.
5603:
5559:
5524:
5481:
5462:(6): 1273–81.
5445:
5378:(16): 7713–6.
5351:
5310:
5283:
5237:
5226:. MedLine plus
5215:
5166:
5159:
5137:
5078:
5037:
5001:
4928:
4919:
4890:(10): 1051–5.
4863:
4822:
4774:
4739:(4): 937–946.
4723:
4680:
4612:
4553:
4502:
4467:
4416:
4364:
4304:
4255:
4211:
4182:(5): 1611–21.
4162:
4141:(6): 839–845.
4121:
4086:
4044:
4009:
3990:(2): 146–158.
3970:
3927:
3876:
3847:(8): 1812–23.
3827:
3786:
3765:(9): 4344–51.
3745:
3729:
3722:
3700:
3685:
3650:
3615:
3572:
3551:(10): 4102–7.
3531:
3518:
3483:
3440:
3401:
3378:
3349:(3): 204–206.
3326:
3299:(3): 110–116.
3283:
3239:
3221:
3203:
3182:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Male lactation
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:Breast-feeding
3095:
3092:
3083:
3068:metoclopramide
3051:
3043:
3040:
3026:
3019:action in the
2998:asthenospermia
2972:Main article:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2771:Antipsychotics
2768:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2722:Antihistamines
2719:
2717:Anticonvulsant
2714:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2667:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2053:
2050:
1980:
1977:
1949:
1948:Diagnostic use
1946:
1923:Janus kinase 2
1875:Main article:
1872:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1790:growth hormone
1785:
1782:
1685:
1682:
1638:
1637:Extrapituitary
1635:
1588:
1585:
1560:
1557:
1492:Prolactin and
1475:osmoregulation
1466:
1463:
1400:-receptors in
1396:males enhance
1343:mammary glands
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1292:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
989:
988:
982:
979:
978:
970:
969:
963:
957:
956:
953:
952:
944:
943:
937:
934:
933:
925:
924:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
899:
898:
892:
889:
888:
880:
879:
873:
867:
866:
861:
856:
852:
851:
841:
840:
837:
836:
825:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
685:
683:
679:
678:
676:
675:
670:
665:
663:endosome lumen
660:
654:
652:
648:
647:
645:
644:
639:
634:
628:
626:
622:
621:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
591:
585:
584:
581:
580:
572:
571:
568:
567:
565:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
520:
509:
506:
505:
503:
502:
501:body of uterus
498:
494:
493:gastric mucosa
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
458:
446:
445:
437:
426:
420:
419:
416:RNA expression
408:
407:
404:
403:
395:
391:
390:
382:
379:
374:
368:
367:
358:
351:
345:
341:
340:
335:
329:
328:
320:
319:
307:
306:
303:
302:
294:
290:
289:
281:
278:
273:
267:
266:
257:
250:
244:
240:
239:
232:
226:
225:
217:
216:
204:
203:
160:
156:
155:
147:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
71:
70:
62:
61:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8202:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8165:Galactagogues
8163:
8161:
8160:Breastfeeding
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8126:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7993:bromocriptine
7990:
7987:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7877:
7870:
7865:
7863:
7858:
7856:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7660:Galactagogues
7654:
7649:
7647:
7642:
7640:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7362:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7281:Prostaglandin
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:Hypothalamic–
6555:
6552:
6550:
6544:
6540:
6533:
6528:
6526:
6521:
6519:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6460:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6441:
6433:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6414:
6406:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6387:
6379:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6360:
6358:
6348:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6269:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6225:
6223:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6177:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6153:(3): 259–65.
6152:
6148:
6141:
6139:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6097:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6053:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6029:(3): 437–41.
6028:
6024:
6017:
6015:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5971:
5954:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5920:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5881:(1): 157–68.
5880:
5876:
5868:
5866:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5842:(6): 415–24.
5841:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5800:
5793:
5787:
5780:
5768:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5727:(1): 157–66.
5726:
5722:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5700:
5696:
5693:(8): 827–31.
5692:
5688:
5681:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5497:(4): 365–72.
5496:
5492:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5426:(1): 119–24.
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5299:. Waltham, MA
5298:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5242:
5225:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5057:(2): 689–96.
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5018:(3): 267–73.
5017:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4923:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4842:(6): 639–69.
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:(4): 355–64.
4794:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4617:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:PLOS Genetics
4564:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4483:(3): 314–22.
4482:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4436:(2): 415–25.
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4275:(3): 748–56.
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4234:(6): 2533–9.
4233:
4229:
4228:Endocrinology
4225:
4218:
4216:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3806:(7): 606–11.
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:Endocrinology
3756:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3737:Gonadotropins
3733:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3631:(4): 564–89.
3630:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:(2): 185–94.
3587:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:Endocrinology
3542:
3535:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:(3): 203–13.
3455:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3421:(6): 611–24.
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3398:(3): 365–371.
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3262:(3): 225–68.
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3088:galactogogues
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3056:bromocriptine
3049:
3039:
3037:
3036:bromocriptine
3033:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:renal failure
2920:
2918:
2917:Herpes Zoster
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:(compressive)
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:Rathke's cyst
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:Infiltrations
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Neuropeptides
2774:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:Physiological
2671:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2656:in women and
2655:
2651:
2648:, unexpected
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:adrenal gland
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:glycosylation
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1778:galactorrhoea
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:prolactinomas
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:breastfeeding
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:knockout mice
1546:
1542:
1541:mammary gland
1537:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1379:in women and
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1285:that secrete
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1266:and numerous
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:hematopoiesis
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:Henry Friesen
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:immune system
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:RefSeq (mRNA)
1003:
996:
995:
990:
986:
983:
977:
976:
971:
967:
964:
962:
958:
951:
950:
945:
941:
938:
932:
931:
926:
922:
919:
917:
913:
906:
905:
900:
896:
893:
887:
886:
881:
877:
874:
872:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
835:
831:
826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
681:
680:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:Gene ontology
616:
612:
600:
595:
592:
590:
586:
578:
573:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
522:
518:
513:
510:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
460:
456:
451:
448:
447:
444:
442:
438:
436:
435:
431:
430:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
396:
392:
388:
383:
373:
369:
362:
355:
349:
342:
334:
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
308:
300:
295:
291:
287:
282:
272:
268:
261:
254:
248:
241:
237:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
152:
145:
140:
135:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
49:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
8101:progesterone
8097:Progestogens
7920:Somatotropin
7909:
7830:
7815:progesterone
7811:Progestogens
7797:
7773:Progestogens
7735:
7720:
7689:
7680:somatotropin
7413:
7064:Thymopoietin
7000:Pineal gland
6985:Somatostatin
6948:Progesterone
6895:Progesterone
6862:Testosterone
6845:Gonadal axis
6817:Thyroid axis
6714:Adrenal axis
6662:
6569:Hypothalamus
6495:
6475:
6447:
6440:
6420:
6413:
6393:
6386:
6366:
6347:
6249:
6245:
6191:(3): 354–9.
6188:
6184:
6150:
6146:
6112:
6108:
6068:
6064:
6026:
6022:
5989:(6): 721–8.
5986:
5982:
5957:. Retrieved
5952:
5923:. Retrieved
5918:
5878:
5874:
5839:
5835:
5806:. Retrieved
5799:the original
5786:
5778:
5771:. Retrieved
5766:
5724:
5720:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5669:, retrieved
5657:
5647:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5581:
5577:
5540:(3): 173–7.
5537:
5533:
5527:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5423:
5419:
5375:
5371:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5301:. Retrieved
5296:
5286:
5253:
5249:
5228:. Retrieved
5218:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5150:
5140:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4983:cite journal
4948:
4944:
4922:
4887:
4883:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4792:
4788:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4632:
4628:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4382:
4378:
4367:
4324:
4320:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4231:
4227:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4102:(1): 18–28.
4099:
4095:
4089:
4064:
4060:
4047:
4025:(1): 24–30.
4022:
4018:
4012:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3943:(2): 201–9.
3940:
3936:
3930:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3732:
3711:
3703:
3693:Prolactinoma
3688:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3523:, retrieved
3504:, Elsevier,
3501:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3346:
3342:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3259:
3255:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3145:Prolactinoma
3045:
3017:dopaminergic
3015:, excessive
3010:
2983:arteriogenic
2977:
2958:
2946:Pseudocyesis
2904:Prolactinoma
2888:Macroadenoma
2790:Pathological
2789:
2788:
2705:
2704:
2673:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2652:and loss of
2625:
2612:
2297:Upper limit
2290:Lower limit
2282:Assay method
2270:
2074:
2055:
2041:
2037:immunoassays
2026:
1982:
1966:
1958:hypogonadism
1951:
1943:
1880:
1862:
1826:
1806:immunoassays
1787:
1747:
1736:
1728:galactorrhea
1725:
1709:hypothalamus
1705:
1698:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1660:
1648:Progesterone
1640:
1628:
1618:
1600:
1590:
1562:
1538:
1531:In rodents,
1530:
1507:
1494:its receptor
1491:
1468:
1456:
1448:neurogenesis
1433:
1423:coatings on
1410:
1402:Leydig cells
1388:gonadotropin
1385:
1381:testosterone
1374:
1368:In general,
1367:
1363:
1355:progesterone
1340:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1275:hypothalamus
1272:
1248:angiogenesis
1233:
1225:
1214:Oscar Riddle
1211:
1199:produce milk
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1099:NP_001157002
1096:
1078:NP_001157030
1071:
1044:NM_001163530
1041:
1023:NM_001163558
1016:
992:
973:
947:
928:
902:
883:
863:
858:
439:
432:
159:External IDs
74:
18:
8070:risperidone
8062:domperidone
8058:antagonists
8017:quinagolide
8009:metergoline
7997:cabergoline
7930:Antagonists
7744:Risperidone
7724:Domperidone
7357:Amyloidosis
7248:Osteocalcin
7225:Adiponectin
7052:Thymosin α1
6827:Parathyroid
6727:Aldosterone
6630:Vasopressin
5330:(1): 3–16.
5256:(1): 35–9.
5224:"Prolactin"
5098:(3): 1633.
4951:(1): 1–41.
3697:Mayo Clinic
3498:"Prolactin"
3076:risperidone
3072:haloperidol
3064:domperidone
3060:cabergoline
3042:In medicine
2825:Suprasellar
2712:Anesthetics
2646:amenorrhoea
2638:infertility
2635:anovulatory
2276:, England:
2021:lyophilized
1954:sex hormone
1845:amino acids
1841:polypeptide
1652:endometrium
1573:lymphocytes
1326:prolactin B
1322:prolactin A
1311:stimulatory
1299:lactotrophs
1191:mammotropin
1187:lactotropin
398:27,249,188
385:27,241,553
297:22,302,826
284:22,287,244
137:Identifiers
8144:Categories
8119:taltirelin
8115:protirelin
8001:lergotrile
7974:Inhibitors
7965:modulators
7953:G129R-hPRL
7915:S179D-hPRL
7879:modulators
7276:Calcitriol
7162:Peptide YY
6812:Calcitonin
6764:Adrenaline
6693:Lipotropin
6688:Endorphins
6105:Jannini EA
5671:10 January
5658:StatPearls
5303:7 November
5230:24 October
4992:|url=
4696:: 107911.
4453:10289/1353
4067:: 123–36.
3525:10 January
3201:, May 2017
3180:, May 2017
3156:References
2878:Idiopathic
2874:Acromegaly
2870:Pituitary
2849:Meningioma
2799:Granulomas
2765:withdrawal
2699:Depression
2617:Conditions
2027:The first
1939:Src kinase
1770:amenorrhea
1656:myometrium
1617:that work
1577:leukocytes
1571:, breast,
1569:myometrium
1559:Regulation
1303:inhibition
1301:, causing
443:(ortholog)
180:HomoloGene
8111:analogues
8091:estradiol
8087:Estrogens
8081:reserpine
8075:Indirect
8043:Releasers
8026:Indirect
8021:terguride
8013:pergolide
7948:G120K-hGH
7910:Prolactin
7805:estradiol
7801:Estrogens
7768:Estrogens
7749:Sulpiride
7690:Prolactin
7592:Pituitary
7572:Endocrine
7047:Thymosins
7008:Melatonin
6890:Estradiol
6737:Cortisone
6663:Prolactin
6560:pituitary
6547:Endocrine
6482:Prolactin
6290:Prolaktin
5250:Pituitary
5114:1422-0067
4884:BioEssays
4761:1572-980X
4718:208985116
4657:2471-5638
4589:1553-7404
3080:sulpiride
2928:Cirrhosis
2841:Germinoma
2807:Radiation
2753:Estrogens
2690:Pregnancy
2687:Lactation
2650:lactation
2589:Architect
2446:Architect
2287:Prolactin
1818:sulfation
1802:bioassays
1719:from the
1701:pregnancy
1694:ovulatory
1674:autocrine
1670:paracrine
1587:Pituitary
1553:wild-type
1526:crop milk
1520:and male
1518:flamingos
1502:mutations
1498:autocrine
1351:pregnancy
1347:lactation
1337:In humans
1295:receptors
1260:paracrine
1256:autocrine
1252:endocrine
1240:apoptotic
1179:Prolactin
1103:NP_035294
1074:NP_000939
1048:NM_011164
1019:NM_000948
849:Orthologs
704:lactation
188:GeneCards
8055:receptor
8032:levodopa
8005:lisuride
7989:agonists
7986:receptor
7963:Indirect
7887:Agonists
7834:Oxytocin
7604:Pancreas
7240:Skeleton
7230:Resistin
7129:Secretin
7111:Duodenum
7069:Thymulin
6970:Glucagon
6962:Pancreas
6943:Estrogen
6925:Placenta
6732:Cortisol
6625:Oxytocin
6587:Dopamine
6539:Hormones
6336:Archived
6293:Archived
6268:18719199
6232:Archived
6129:19210705
6005:14107744
5959:21 March
5925:21 March
5808:21 March
5699:15347871
5666:29939606
5639:16522738
5598:18226731
5519:42796831
5346:30072818
5297:UpToDate
5270:14674722
5210:16085740
5132:35163554
5073:12574200
5032:15935152
4975:18057139
4914:16998840
4817:24217896
4809:10935023
4710:32058177
4675:35686456
4607:37289658
4598:10249823
4548:29566646
4522:(1): 7.
4497:16530194
4462:17088411
4411:29527221
4359:25519203
4327:: 5861.
4299:16507890
4250:11356702
4206:12707045
4157:15971519
4116:19272315
4081:23791758
4039:16406056
4004:45981792
3965:27182670
3957:21820505
3922:38577726
3914:12511652
3871:17314279
3822:12087074
3781:17569755
3680:11015620
3610:19824793
3478:36302971
3373:34095489
3321:37979194
3313:16517173
3197:–
3176:–
3094:See also
3034:such as
3032:agonists
3029:receptor
2921:Chronic
2746:blockers
2684:Exercise
2520:Immulite
2354:Immulite
2326:Females
2089:Proband
2045:polymers
2015:/L), or
1919:dimerize
1717:oxytocin
1623:Oxytocin
1619:in vitro
1581:prostate
1510:moulting
1454:brains.
1377:estrogen
1370:dopamine
1332:Function
1287:dopamine
1236:cytokine
1151:Wikidata
828:Sources:
481:testicle
8113:(e.g.,
8099:(e.g.,
8089:(e.g.,
8079:(e.g.,
8060:(e.g.,
8030:(e.g.,
7991:(e.g.,
7813:(e.g.,
7803:(e.g.,
7580:Thyroid
7366:amyloid
7364:Common
7134:Motilin
7101:Ghrelin
7096:Gastrin
7088:Stomach
6975:Insulin
6910:Relaxin
6905:Inhibin
6900:Activin
6872:Inhibin
6781:Thyroid
6502:PDBe-KB
6492:UniProt
6333:Table 2
6229:Table 2
6213:1735908
6205:7554710
6167:2619414
6087:9341613
6043:3342895
5996:2555104
5856:1477965
5741:2715755
5554:8291454
5511:1483294
5412:1502189
5380:Bibcode
5337:6069739
5278:1335211
5201:1743326
5123:8835773
4994:value (
4966:2244934
4905:1891148
4858:8969972
4769:4953983
4741:Bibcode
4666:9796654
4637:Bibcode
4539:5863816
4402:5829098
4350:4284646
4329:Bibcode
4290:1606541
4197:1851183
3894:Bibcode
3886:Science
3862:6673564
3645:2866952
3602:2345543
3567:9751488
3470:2567059
3435:5483096
3364:8165126
3278:9626554
3199:Ensembl
3178:Ensembl
3150:Weaning
2858:Surgery
2832:Tumors
2827:surgery
2818:Trauma
2781:Opioids
2566:Elecsys
2497:Centaur
2423:Elecsys
2331:Centaur
1887:ovaries
1843:of 199
1699:During
1690:diurnal
1684:Stimuli
1565:decidua
1545:puberty
1514:Pigeons
1427:in the
1195:protein
1193:, is a
961:UniProt
916:Ensembl
855:Species
834:QuickGO
563:cochlea
473:decidua
418:pattern
144:Aliases
7791:Others
7761:Others
7753:Others
7531:Kidney
7258:Kidney
7220:Leptin
7179:/other
7039:Thymus
6980:Amylin
6854:Testis
6747:DHEA-S
6549:glands
6497:P01236
6455:
6428:
6401:
6374:
6266:
6211:
6203:
6165:
6127:
6085:
6041:
6003:
5993:
5895:429949
5893:
5854:
5773:3 June
5739:
5697:
5664:
5637:
5596:
5552:
5517:
5509:
5476:263349
5474:
5440:752015
5438:
5410:
5400:
5344:
5334:
5276:
5268:
5208:
5198:
5157:
5130:
5120:
5112:
5071:
5030:
4990:Check
4973:
4963:
4912:
4902:
4856:
4815:
4807:
4767:
4759:
4716:
4708:
4673:
4663:
4655:
4605:
4595:
4587:
4546:
4536:
4495:
4460:
4409:
4399:
4385:: 57.
4357:
4347:
4297:
4287:
4248:
4204:
4194:
4155:
4114:
4079:
4037:
4002:
3963:
3955:
3920:
3912:
3869:
3859:
3820:
3779:
3743:(MeSH)
3720:
3678:
3643:
3608:
3600:
3565:
3516:
3476:
3468:
3433:
3371:
3361:
3319:
3311:
3276:
3078:, and
2959:
2865:
2696:Stress
2680:Coitus
2654:libido
2474:Access
2469:Males
2377:Access
2321:mIU/L
2011:/L or
1907:uterus
1899:kidney
1895:spleen
1891:thymus
1743:stress
1479:discus
1421:myelin
1309:has a
1258:, and
1137:search
1135:PubMed
994:P06879
975:P01236
871:Entrez
589:BioGPS
276:6p22.3
168:176760
7503:Brain
7489:Heart
7404:AIAPP
7291:Heart
7266:Renin
7196:IGF-2
7191:IGF-1
7177:Liver
7167:GLP-1
7149:Ileum
7031:Other
6915:GnSAF
6882:Ovary
6209:S2CID
5949:(PDF)
5915:(PDF)
5802:(PDF)
5795:(PDF)
5763:(PDF)
5515:S2CID
5403:49781
5274:S2CID
4813:S2CID
4765:S2CID
4714:S2CID
4057:(PDF)
4000:S2CID
3961:S2CID
3918:S2CID
3606:S2CID
3474:S2CID
3317:S2CID
2693:Sleep
2315:mIU/L
2309:mIU/L
2274:Essex
2078:assay
1971:from
1663:Oct-1
1593:Pit-1
1452:fetal
1440:lungs
1425:axons
904:19109
864:Mouse
859:Human
830:Amigo
744:birth
477:gonad
441:Mouse
434:Human
381:Start
316:Mouse
280:Start
213:Human
176:97762
8109:and
7549:Skin
7429:ABri
7424:ACys
7419:AANF
7414:APro
7409:ACal
7385:Aβ2M
7380:ATTR
6742:DHEA
6678:ACTH
6673:CLIP
6668:POMC
6597:GHRH
6577:GnRH
6490:for
6453:ISBN
6426:ISBN
6399:ISBN
6372:ISBN
6264:PMID
6201:PMID
6163:PMID
6125:PMID
6083:PMID
6039:PMID
6001:PMID
5961:2011
5927:2011
5891:PMID
5852:PMID
5810:2011
5775:2009
5737:PMID
5695:PMID
5673:2024
5662:PMID
5635:PMID
5594:PMID
5550:PMID
5507:PMID
5472:PMID
5436:PMID
5408:PMID
5342:PMID
5305:2013
5266:PMID
5232:2014
5206:PMID
5155:ISBN
5128:PMID
5110:ISSN
5069:PMID
5028:PMID
4996:help
4971:PMID
4910:PMID
4854:PMID
4805:PMID
4757:ISSN
4706:PMID
4671:PMID
4653:ISSN
4603:PMID
4585:ISSN
4544:PMID
4493:PMID
4458:PMID
4407:PMID
4355:PMID
4295:PMID
4246:PMID
4202:PMID
4153:PMID
4112:PMID
4077:PMID
4035:PMID
3953:PMID
3910:PMID
3867:PMID
3818:PMID
3777:PMID
3718:ISBN
3676:PMID
3641:PMID
3598:PMID
3563:PMID
3527:2024
3514:ISBN
3466:PMID
3431:PMID
3369:PMID
3309:PMID
3274:PMID
3058:and
3004:and
2724:(H2)
2607:310
2604:14.6
2598:4.01
2592:8.87
2584:331
2581:15.6
2575:3.40
2569:8.49
2561:365
2558:13.5
2552:3.30
2546:7.81
2538:281
2535:13.3
2529:3.30
2523:7.45
2515:262
2512:12.4
2506:2.97
2500:7.88
2492:277
2489:13.1
2483:2.74
2477:6.89
2464:447
2461:21.1
2455:4.62
2449:10.6
2441:492
2438:23.2
2432:4.15
2426:10.5
2418:548
2415:20.3
2409:3.89
2403:9.52
2395:408
2392:19.3
2386:3.63
2380:9.06
2372:396
2369:18.7
2363:3.54
2357:9.25
2349:348
2346:16.4
2340:3.35
2334:7.92
2318:ÎĽg/L
2312:ÎĽg/L
2306:ÎĽg/L
2285:Mean
2145:13.0
2117:13.9
2103:12.1
2013:pmol
2009:nmol
1937:and
1925:, a
1816:and
1804:and
1792:and
1760:and
1692:and
1672:and
1644:cAMP
1609:and
1579:and
1487:hens
1471:fish
1324:and
1246:and
1229:gene
1189:and
885:5617
424:Bgee
372:Band
333:Chr.
271:Band
230:Chr.
164:OMIM
121:3NPZ
117:3NCF
113:3NCE
109:3NCC
105:3NCB
101:3N0P
97:3N06
93:3MZG
89:3EW3
85:3D48
81:2Q98
77:1RW5
58:RCSB
55:PDBe
7399:APP
7309:BNP
7304:ANP
7271:EPO
7139:VIP
7124:GIP
7119:CCK
6938:HPL
6933:hCG
6867:AMH
6835:PTH
6683:MSH
6658:TSH
6648:FSH
6607:MCH
6592:CRH
6582:TRH
6488:PDB
6254:doi
6238:in
6193:doi
6155:doi
6117:doi
6073:doi
6031:doi
5991:PMC
5883:doi
5844:doi
5729:doi
5725:121
5625:doi
5621:188
5586:doi
5542:doi
5499:doi
5464:doi
5428:doi
5398:PMC
5388:doi
5332:PMC
5258:doi
5196:PMC
5188:doi
5118:PMC
5100:doi
5059:doi
5020:doi
5016:142
4961:PMC
4953:doi
4900:PMC
4892:doi
4844:doi
4797:doi
4749:doi
4698:doi
4694:167
4661:PMC
4645:doi
4633:337
4593:PMC
4575:doi
4534:PMC
4524:doi
4485:doi
4481:147
4448:hdl
4438:doi
4434:191
4397:PMC
4387:doi
4345:PMC
4337:doi
4285:PMC
4277:doi
4273:168
4236:doi
4232:142
4192:PMC
4184:doi
4180:162
4143:doi
4104:doi
4100:153
4069:doi
4065:191
4027:doi
4023:147
3992:doi
3945:doi
3902:doi
3890:299
3857:PMC
3849:doi
3808:doi
3767:doi
3763:148
3668:doi
3633:doi
3590:doi
3553:doi
3549:139
3506:doi
3458:doi
3423:doi
3359:PMC
3351:doi
3301:doi
3264:doi
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