229:
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243:, known for its accumulation of abnormal, course, densely granulated promyelocytes in the bone marrow. The excessive proliferation of promyelocytes, attributing at least 30% of the myeloid cells in the bone marrow, result in a depletion of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This variation is also called 'hypergranual' APL, as hypergranual promyelocytes are characterized by the dense
31:
273:, or chemotherapy plus ATO. The consolidation phase is intended to keep the patient in remission and destroy any remaining leukemic cells. This phase lasts several months and involves the use of ATRA plus ATO, ATRA plus chemotherapy, or chemotherapy alone. The last stage, the maintenance stage, uses a lower dosage of drugs to decrease the risk of patient relapse, and lasts approximately a year.
378:
310:
Promyelocytes are essential players in the body's immune system, serving as precursors to mature granulocytes involved in host defense and inflammatory responses. Understanding the characteristics, functions, and clinical significance of promyeloctes is crucial for the diagnosis, management, and
279:(MDS) are a group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis or dysplasia changes in some myeloid lineages of the bone marrow. Abnormalities in promyelocyte maturation may contribute to pathogenesis of MDS and its associated complications. These associated complications may include
322:
366:
354:
290:
The assessment of promyelocytes and their derivatives is an essential component of the diagnosis of various hematologic disorders. Laboratory test commonly used to evaluate promyelocyte abnormalities include
262:
in addition to the excessive abnormal promyelocyte concentration. The cells in hypogranual APL have an irregular nucleus with finer granulation than the typical hypergranual APL.
269:
by reducing the number of leukemic cells and lasts approximately two months. This involves the use of all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in combination with arsenic trioxide (ATO),
993:
287:). Treatment of MDS is used to slow the disease, and involves blood transfusions, medications, and bone marrow transplants. There is currently no cure for MDS.
265:
Treatment of APL involves a three phase regiment: induction phase, consolidation phase, and maintenance phase. The induction phase serves to put APL in
169:, and transcription factors, that ensure the balanced production of white blood cells for proper immune function.Promyelocytes play a critical role in
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566:"Myelodysplasia-related acute myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia: concomitant occurrence of two molecularly distinct diseases"
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537:
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Whetton AD, Dexter TM (December 1993). "Influence of growth factors and substrates on differentiation of haemopoietic stem cells".
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177:(Hematopoiesis image below). This process involves a series of steps, including proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.
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Abnormalities in promyelocyte development or function can have significant clinical implications, leading to various
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The function of promyelocytes are closely linked to their differentiation into mature granulocytes, which include
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283:, recurrent infections, excessive bleeding and an increased risk of cancer of the bone marrow/blood cells (
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849:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Other Tests"
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is more coarse and clumped. The cytoplasm is basophilic and contains primary red/purple granules.
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197:. These functions are essential for innate immunity and host defense mechanisms, including
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255:(RARα) gene on chromosome 17 and the promyelocytic leukemia gene on chromosome 15.
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723:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Constellation of Molecular Events around a Single
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777:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Review and Discussion of Variant Translocations"
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In a less common variation of APL, called hypogranual APL, patients present with
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disorders. Some of the notable conditions associated with promyelocytes include
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by serving as an intermediate in the differentiation pathway leading to mature
909: – Histology Learning System at Boston University – "18. Bone Marrow and
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Liquori A, Ibañez M, Sargas C, Sanz MÁ, Barragán E, Cervera J (March 2020).
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of a promyelocyte is approximately the same size as a myeloblast but their
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at the
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center – "Bone marrow smear"
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concentrations in the cytoplasm. APL is often associated with a specific
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Vanegas YA, Azzouqa AM, Menke DM, Foran JM, Vishnu P (September 2018).
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538:"Basophil Granulocyte - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
406:"Promyelocyte – LabCE.com, Laboratory Continuing Education"
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137:. Promyelocytes measure 12–20 microns in diameter. The
871:
Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Reference for findings:
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145:
is much more abundant. They also have less prominent
633:"Acute promyelocytic leukemia: MedlinePlus Genetics"
698:"Promyelocyte - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
239:Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) is a subtype of
1001:
825:"Myelodysplastic syndromes - Symptoms and causes"
801:"Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL)"
307:, including bone marrow biopsies with aspirate.
1562:
662:Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology
335:, showing characteristic abnormal promyelocytes.
951:"White Cell Basics: Maturation" at virginia.edu
891:PEIR Digital Library (Pathology image database)
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987:
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311:treatment of various hematologic disorders.
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488:Jagannathan-Bogdan M, Zon LI (June 2013).
161:The differentiation of promyelocytes from
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964:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
752:
742:
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658:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Summary"
619:A Laboratory Guide to Clinical Hematology
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227:
225:and infections/inflammatory conditions.
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165:is regulated by various growth factors,
1501:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell
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615:"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL)"
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883:Last author update: 1 February 2013
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295:(CBC), morphologic evaluation of
232:Accumulation of Promyelocytes in
613:To M, Villatoro V (2019-06-27).
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101:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
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455:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
129:precursor, developing from the
887:File:Faggot cell in AML-M3.jpg
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1192:Extramedullary hematopoiesis
467:10.1016/0955-0674(93)90090-D
333:acute promyelocytic leukemia
253:retinoic acid receptor alpha
234:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
7:
219:acute promyeloytic leukemia
205:, and immune surveillance.
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149:than myeloblasts and their
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331:smear from a patient with
16:Granulocyte precursor cell
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907:Histology image: 01806loa
383:Neutrophilic promyelocyte
371:Eosinophilic promyelocyte
277:Myelodysplastic Syndromes
249:chromosomal translocation
223:myelodysplastic syndromes
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1446:Nucleated red blood cell
1002:Myeloid blood cells and
966:Medical Subject Headings
434:imagebank.hematology.org
163:hematopoietic stem cells
133:and developing into the
1548:Hematopoietic stem cell
1467:Leukocyte extravasation
1336:Foreign-body giant cell
781:meridian.allenpress.com
744:10.3390/cancers12030624
359:Basophilic promyelocyte
297:peripheral blood smears
37:bone marrow examination
956:Histology image: 75_02
853:emedicine.medscape.com
656:Ryan MM (March 2018).
241:Acute Myeloid Leukemia
236:
702:www.sciencedirect.com
542:www.sciencedirect.com
231:
209:Clinical significance
1543:Hematopoietic system
1331:Langhans giant cells
582:10.4081/hr.2018.7658
305:cytogenetic analysis
293:complete blood count
1306:Alveolar macrophage
875:"APL with PML-RARA"
245:azurophilic granule
1477:Intrinsic immunity
1341:Touton giant cells
570:Hematology Reports
506:10.1242/dev.083147
237:
94:H2.00.04.3.04003
35:Promyelocyte from
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940:Histology at KUMC
929:Histology at KUMC
879:APL with PML-RARA
873:Syed Zaidi, M.D.
500:(12): 2463–2467.
315:Additional images
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1472:Phagocytosis
1441:Reticulocyte
1215:Granulocytes
1166:Reticulocyte
1058:Promyelocyte
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1021:Myelopoiesis
962:Promyelocyte
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919:promyelocyte
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260:leukocytosis
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199:phagocytosis
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175:granulocytes
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119:promyelocyte
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24:Promyelocyte
18:
1571:Blood cells
1326:giant cells
1316:Osteoclasts
1296:Histiocytes
1288:Macrophages
1098:Promonocyte
915:bone marrow
911:Hemopoiesis
829:Mayo Clinic
576:(3): 7658.
494:Development
329:Bone marrow
215:hematologic
191:eosinophils
187:neutrophils
127:granulocyte
83:Identifiers
77:Bone marrow
1576:Leukocytes
1565:Categories
1250:Eosinophil
1233:Neutrophil
1223:Myeloblast
1161:Normoblast
1053:Myeloblast
858:2024-04-12
834:2024-04-12
810:2024-04-12
786:2024-03-10
737:(3): 624.
707:2024-03-10
642:2024-03-06
547:2024-04-13
439:2024-03-06
415:2018-11-21
389:References
131:myeloblast
55:Myeloblast
1533:Phagocyte
1400:Platelets
1379:Monoblast
1311:Microglia
1279:Monocytes
1262:Mast cell
1228:Band cell
1093:Monoblast
1073:Band cell
1063:Myelocyte
267:remission
195:basophils
167:cytokines
151:chromatin
143:cytoplasm
135:myelocyte
67:Myelocyte
50:Precursor
1506:CFU-GEMM
1267:CFU-Mast
1243:CFU-Baso
1238:Basophil
1026:CFU-GEMM
763:32182684
725:PML-RARA
684:30588352
600:30283621
524:23715539
285:leukemia
181:Function
147:nucleoli
73:Location
1408:CFU-Meg
1255:CFU-Eos
1185:General
917:smear,
754:7139833
731:Cancers
675:6303006
591:6151345
515:3666375
475:8129942
139:nucleus
125:) is a
44:Details
1538:Plasma
1496:CFU-GM
1372:CFU-DL
1036:CFU-GM
1004:plasma
968:(MeSH)
761:
751:
682:
672:
598:
588:
522:
512:
473:
303:, and
281:anemia
193:, and
1526:Other
1486:Other
1451:CFU-E
1352:Other
889:from
105:[
921:and
759:PMID
680:PMID
596:PMID
520:PMID
471:PMID
121:(or
1384:MPS
1114:MEP
913::
749:PMC
739:doi
670:PMC
586:PMC
578:doi
510:PMC
502:doi
498:140
463:doi
1567::
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397:^
299:,
221:,
201:,
189:,
117:A
89:TH
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