3063:
3077:
1194:
265:, recognizing that one can be said to "know" something only if one has firsthand experience with it, in a strict sense proof, while one can infer that something is true and therefore "believe" it without knowing, via evidence or supposition. This speaks to one way of separating proof from evidence:
165:
provides the main exception, where the criteria for proofhood are ironclad and it is impermissible to defend any step in the reasoning as "obvious" (except for the necessary ability of the one proving and the one being proven to, to correctly identify any symbol used in the proof.); for a
295:(I think, therefore I am). While Descartes was attempting to "prove" logically that the world exists, his legacy in doing so is to have shown that one cannot have such proof, because all of one's perceptions could be false (such as under the
303:
hypotheses). But one at least has proof of one's own thoughts existing, and strong evidence that the world exists, enough to be considered "proof" by practical standards, though always indirect and impossible to objectively confirm.
156:
Exactly what evidence is sufficient to prove something is also strongly area-dependent, usually with no absolute threshold of sufficiency at which evidence becomes proof. In law, the same evidence that may convince one
236:
in a document can serve as proof that the document's author had access to that information; such access might in turn establish the location of the author at certain time, which might then provide the author with an
506:
Alfred Tarski, Introduction to Logic and to the
Methodology of the Deductive Sciences (ed. Jan Tarski). 4th Edition. Oxford Logic Guides, No. 24. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, xxiv + 229 pp.
52:
The concept applies in a variety of disciplines, with both the nature of the evidence or justification and the criteria for sufficiency being area-dependent. In the area of oral and written
268:
If one cannot find their chocolate bar, and sees chocolate on their napping roommate's face, this evidence can cause one to believe their roommate ate the chocolate bar. But they do not
272:
their roommate ate it. It may turn out that the roommate put the candy away when straightening up, but was thus inspired to go eat their own chocolate. Only if one directly experiences
153:, and so on. A notable exception is mathematics, whose proofs are drawn from a mathematical world begun with axioms and further developed and enriched by theorems proved earlier.
220:
may serve as proof of the identity of the perpetrator. Conversely, a verbal entity need not assert a proposition to constitute a proof of that proposition. For example, a
1856:
283:
In an absolute sense, one can be argued not to "know" anything, except for the existence of one's own thoughts, as 17th-century philosopher
394:
by Imre
Lakatos, John Worrall, Gregory Currie, ISBN Philosophical Papers, Volume 2 by Imre Lakatos, John Worrall, Gregory Currie 1980
3122:
3044:
624:
452:
588:
Simon, Rita James & Mahan, Linda. (1971). "Quantifying
Burdens of Proof—A View from the Bench, the Jury, and the Classroom".
137:
In most disciplines, evidence is required to prove something. Evidence is drawn from the experience of the world around us, with
1251:
1218:
1866:
850:
3117:
1675:
979:
3127:
2470:
2028:
1927:
1646:
1523:
1128:
670:
512:
482:
2584:
2453:
1212:
170:
to qualify as part of a formal proof, it must be the result of applying a rule of the deductive apparatus of some
3039:
2386:
2287:
804:
2546:
2180:
1786:
1133:
752:
723:
703:
439:
419:
399:
379:
186:
1899:
559:
2706:
2185:
1725:
2701:
1720:
1626:
1536:
1208:
469:
127:
2676:
2175:
1244:
1159:
3137:
2759:
1861:
1662:
1654:
1551:
1396:
1138:
1063:
845:
31:
3147:
2554:
2536:
1823:
1735:
1631:
1596:
1356:
1036:
474:
2888:
3142:
2929:
2716:
2205:
2190:
1803:
1636:
1512:
1446:
1268:
1120:
194:
115:
107:
3152:
2984:
2969:
1750:
1670:
20:
3162:
3088:
2681:
2359:
2170:
1851:
1828:
1808:
1690:
1561:
1501:
1237:
1174:
131:
2809:
2155:
1760:
1745:
1093:
939:
464:
229:
94:
starting from those axioms and from other previously established theorems. The subject of
1376:
181:
used the observation that patterns of nature never display the machine-like uniformity of
8:
3157:
2964:
2104:
2021:
1838:
1833:
1813:
1715:
1700:
1695:
1496:
1048:
1031:
1011:
974:
923:
918:
860:
797:
524:
494:
167:
631:
2779:
2438:
2292:
2277:
2255:
1999:
1979:
1932:
1922:
1491:
1281:
984:
913:
870:
605:
571:
313:
91:
72:
3132:
2764:
2686:
2524:
2267:
2262:
2215:
2140:
2134:
1974:
1892:
1740:
1198:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1088:
1016:
901:
748:
719:
699:
666:
508:
478:
435:
415:
395:
375:
349:
328:
300:
1321:
2769:
2736:
2235:
2099:
2094:
2059:
1818:
1770:
1705:
1456:
1431:
1391:
1306:
1103:
829:
824:
625:"Distributions of Interest for Quantifying Reasonable Doubt and Their Applications"
597:
344:
323:
213:
142:
111:
1591:
3018:
2991:
2979:
2959:
2893:
2871:
2851:
2846:
2826:
2691:
2671:
2666:
2569:
2529:
2240:
2165:
2089:
2074:
1994:
1710:
1576:
1571:
1466:
1421:
1301:
949:
891:
654:
339:
336:, information which tends to determine or demonstrate the truth of a proposition
3095:
2903:
2821:
2410:
2376:
2327:
2312:
2084:
1989:
1969:
1959:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1381:
1346:
1336:
1311:
1286:
1276:
1203:
896:
875:
790:
190:
123:
3111:
2949:
2908:
2794:
2774:
2746:
2696:
2661:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2574:
2514:
2354:
2344:
2302:
2225:
2220:
2150:
2109:
2033:
1601:
1541:
1506:
1441:
1416:
1411:
1371:
1341:
1053:
994:
171:
119:
53:
276:
of the roommate eating it, perhaps by walking in on them doing so, does one
3081:
2831:
2799:
2754:
2492:
2487:
2458:
2371:
2349:
2317:
2250:
2230:
2124:
2064:
2054:
2006:
1964:
1942:
1885:
1685:
1616:
1461:
1331:
1316:
1260:
1043:
865:
764:
318:
162:
103:
99:
57:
684:
Metalogic: An
Introduction to the Metatheory of Standard First-Order Logic
542:
3003:
2944:
2934:
2731:
2726:
2564:
2465:
2381:
2340:
2307:
2272:
2195:
2119:
2069:
1984:
1765:
1621:
1611:
1556:
1531:
1476:
1451:
1436:
1406:
1386:
1361:
1291:
1078:
1073:
1026:
371:
182:
79:
46:
3067:
2996:
2876:
2814:
2559:
2480:
2475:
2433:
2415:
2403:
2364:
2210:
2200:
2160:
2145:
2129:
2079:
2016:
2011:
1775:
1755:
1606:
1581:
1546:
1401:
1366:
1351:
1326:
1296:
1021:
989:
954:
609:
296:
284:
250:
225:
205:
75:
69:
2974:
2939:
2881:
2856:
2721:
2618:
2606:
2591:
2579:
2507:
2425:
2398:
2282:
1730:
1083:
944:
855:
288:
262:
254:
221:
178:
150:
3062:
601:
3023:
3008:
2711:
2596:
2393:
1937:
1586:
1004:
622:
333:
65:
61:
38:
34:
2913:
2861:
2841:
2789:
2601:
2519:
2335:
2297:
2245:
1566:
1068:
999:
146:
138:
87:
775:
78:, which demonstrates the truth of a proposition. In any area of
3013:
2866:
2611:
2502:
2497:
2443:
2114:
1680:
1229:
906:
258:
233:
83:
587:
576:
A Treatise on the System of
Evidence in Trials at Common Law,
2954:
2898:
2804:
2645:
2448:
1947:
1780:
1426:
1098:
813:
497:. The Nuts and Bolts of Proofs. Academic Press, 2001. Page 3.
238:
217:
95:
42:
174:
to the previous well-formed formulae in the proof sequence.
2836:
2784:
2640:
2038:
1954:
1058:
158:
216:. Suitably incriminating evidence left at the scene of a
1908:
209:
782:
718:, 1–13, by Saint Thomas Aquinas, Brian J. Shanley, 2006
232:
may be submitted as proof of authorship of a document.
1877:
531:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.
716:
The treatise on the divine nature: Summa theologiae I
525:"Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification"
126:, with "burden of proof" as a concept common to both
368:
Proof and other dilemmas: mathematics and philosophy
735:
Thomas S. Kuhn, The
Copernican Revolution, pp. 5–20
189:is an inherent part of nature. On the other hand,
3109:
663:Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science
118:plays approximately the role of proof, while in
562:, 2nd Ed. (2000), p. 71. Accessed May 13, 2007.
1893:
1245:
798:
623:Katie Evans; David Osthus; Ryan G. Spurrier.
578:2nd ed., Little, Brown, and Co., Boston, 1915
412:Evidence, proof, and facts: a book of sources
177:Proofs have been presented since antiquity.
543:"Definition of proof | Dictionary.com"
1900:
1886:
1252:
1238:
805:
791:
208:, people took the apparent motion of the
193:used the observation of the existence of
3045:History of the American legal profession
86:, a proof is an argument establishing a
560:Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence
529:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
102:, formalizes and studies the notion of
3110:
776:Locke: Knowledge of the External World
686:, University of California Press, 1971
473:. Cambridge (Mass.) 1962 – Paperback:
16:Sufficient evidence/argument for truth
1881:
1233:
786:
745:Trial tactics by Stephen A. Saltzburg
432:Logic in Theology – And Other Essays
244:
980:Analytic and synthetic propositions
851:Formal semantics (natural language)
696:Aristotle's Physics: a Guided Study
204:Proofs need not be verbal. Before
13:
249:18th-century Scottish philosopher
145:, law obtaining its evidence from
14:
3174:
2029:Restitution and unjust enrichment
3076:
3075:
3061:
1259:
1192:
3123:Computational complexity theory
3040:History of the legal profession
769:
758:
738:
729:
709:
689:
676:
648:
616:
581:
565:
553:
535:
1676:Analytic–synthetic distinction
665:, Cambridge University Press,
517:
500:
488:
458:
445:
425:
405:
392:Philosophical Papers, Volume 2
385:
361:
82:defined by its assumptions or
1:
355:
212:across the sky as proof that
657:, H. Schwichtenberg (1996).
224:constitutes direct proof of
214:the Sun went round the Earth
141:obtaining its evidence from
7:
1721:Internalism and externalism
470:How to Do Things With Words
307:
287:pointed out. Even earlier,
161:may not persuade another.
10:
3179:
2707:International legal theory
2186:International slavery laws
2181:International human rights
2176:International criminal law
122:the corresponding term is
90:of that area via accepted
18:
3118:Automated theorem proving
3055:
3032:
2922:
2760:Administration of justice
2745:
2654:
2545:
2424:
2326:
2047:
1915:
1847:
1796:
1645:
1552:Evolutionary epistemology
1522:
1267:
1187:
1147:
1119:
1112:
1064:Necessity and sufficiency
967:
932:
884:
838:
820:
812:
3128:Concepts in epistemology
2537:Basic structure doctrine
2387:Natural and legal rights
2268:Public international law
1824:Philosophy of perception
1627:Representational realism
1597:Naturalized epistemology
475:Harvard University Press
197:as proof that nature is
2717:Principle of typicality
2191:International trade law
1907:
1804:Outline of epistemology
1637:Transcendental idealism
374:, Roger A. Simons 2008
195:rich patterns in nature
1751:Problem of other minds
590:Law and Society Review
455:: "Prove all things ."
291:addressed when saying
234:Privileged information
151:forensic investigation
2712:Principle of legality
2471:Delegated legislation
2171:Intellectual property
1829:Philosophy of science
1809:Faith and rationality
1691:Descriptive knowledge
1562:Feminist epistemology
1502:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1199:Philosophy portal
477:, 2nd edition, 2005,
434:by Isaac Taylor 2010
414:by Peter Murphy 2003
280:the roommate did it.
68:, etc., a proof is a
2930:Barristers' chambers
2872:Legal representation
2810:Justice of the peace
2156:Financial regulation
1761:Procedural knowledge
1746:Problem of induction
495:Cupillari, Antonella
465:John Langshaw Austin
453:1 Thessalonians 5:21
230:handwriting analysis
106:. In some areas of
19:For other uses, see
2965:Election commission
2677:Expressive function
2206:Landlord–tenant law
2105:Consumer protection
1839:Virtue epistemology
1834:Social epistemology
1814:Formal epistemology
1701:Epistemic injustice
1696:Exploratory thought
1497:Ludwig Wittgenstein
861:Philosophy of logic
168:well-formed formula
2923:Legal institutions
2790:Lawsuit/Litigation
2780:Dispute resolution
2585:Catholic canon law
2293:State of emergency
2256:Will and testament
1980:Law of obligations
1933:Constitutional law
1923:Administrative law
1492:Timothy Williamson
1282:Augustine of Hippo
1160:Rules of inference
1129:Mathematical logic
871:Semantics of logic
698:, Joe Sachs, 1995
682:Hunter, Geoffrey,
659:Basic Proof Theory
572:John Henry Wigmore
547:www.dictionary.com
314:Mathematical proof
92:rules of inference
3105:
3104:
2765:Constitutionalism
2687:Law and economics
2525:Act of parliament
2263:Product liability
2216:Legal archaeology
2141:Environmental law
2135:Entertainment law
1975:International law
1875:
1874:
1741:Privileged access
1377:Søren Kierkegaard
1227:
1226:
1183:
1182:
1017:Deductive closure
963:
962:
902:Critical thinking
350:Standard of proof
329:Provability logic
301:simulated reality
257:'s separation of
245:Proof vs evidence
228:; less directly,
201:ruled by chance.
3170:
3138:Formal languages
3080:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
2889:Question of fact
2770:Criminal justice
2100:Construction law
2095:Conflict of laws
2060:Agricultural law
1902:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1819:Metaepistemology
1797:Related articles
1771:Regress argument
1706:Epistemic virtue
1457:Bertrand Russell
1432:Duncan Pritchard
1392:Hilary Kornblith
1307:Laurence BonJour
1254:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1117:
1116:
882:
881:
846:Computer science
807:
800:
793:
784:
783:
778:
773:
767:
762:
756:
742:
736:
733:
727:
713:
707:
693:
687:
680:
674:
652:
646:
645:
643:
642:
636:
630:. Archived from
629:
620:
614:
613:
585:
579:
569:
563:
557:
551:
550:
539:
533:
532:
521:
515:
504:
498:
492:
486:
462:
456:
449:
443:
429:
423:
409:
403:
389:
383:
365:
345:Proof complexity
324:Proof of concept
293:cogito, ergo sum
114:, the notion of
98:, in particular
37:or a sufficient
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3148:Legal reasoning
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3074:
3060:
3051:
3028:
3019:Political party
2992:Legal education
2980:Law enforcement
2960:Court of equity
2918:
2894:Question of law
2847:Practice of law
2827:Judicial review
2741:
2692:Legal formalism
2672:Comparative law
2667:Contract theory
2650:
2570:Legal pluralism
2541:
2530:Act of Congress
2454:Executive order
2420:
2322:
2241:Nationality law
2166:Immigration law
2090:Competition law
2043:
1911:
1906:
1876:
1871:
1843:
1792:
1711:Gettier problem
1641:
1572:Foundationalism
1518:
1467:Wilfrid Sellars
1422:Alvin Plantinga
1302:George Berkeley
1269:Epistemologists
1263:
1258:
1228:
1223:
1193:
1191:
1179:
1143:
1134:Boolean algebra
1108:
959:
950:Metamathematics
928:
880:
834:
816:
811:
781:
774:
770:
763:
759:
743:
739:
734:
730:
714:
710:
694:
690:
681:
677:
655:A. S. Troelstra
653:
649:
640:
638:
634:
627:
621:
617:
602:10.2307/3052837
586:
582:
570:
566:
558:
554:
541:
540:
536:
523:
522:
518:
505:
501:
493:
489:
463:
459:
450:
446:
430:
426:
410:
406:
390:
386:
366:
362:
358:
340:Proof procedure
310:
247:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:Formal systems
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3071:
3068:Law portal
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Trial advocacy
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2434:Ballot measure
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2411:Legal treatise
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2377:Letters patent
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2328:Sources of law
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2313:Unenforced law
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Commercial law
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Constructivism
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Baruch Spinoza
1484:
1482:P. F. Strawson
1479:
1474:
1472:Susanna Siegel
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:W. V. O. Quine
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Nelson Goodman
1344:
1339:
1337:Edmund Gettier
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:René Descartes
1319:
1314:
1312:Gilles Deleuze
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:William Alston
1284:
1279:
1277:Thomas Aquinas
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
934:
930:
929:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
894:
888:
886:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
821:
818:
817:
810:
809:
802:
795:
787:
780:
779:
768:
757:
737:
728:
708:
688:
675:
647:
615:
596:(3): 319–330.
580:
564:
552:
534:
516:
499:
487:
457:
444:
424:
404:
384:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
331:
326:
321:
316:
309:
306:
246:
243:
191:Thomas Aquinas
185:as proof that
73:perlocutionary
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3175:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Logical truth
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Civil society
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Trier of fact
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Legal opinion
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Court-martial
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2747:Jurisprudence
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Statutory law
2634:
2632:
2631:Socialist law
2629:
2625:
2624:Byzantine law
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:Religious law
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2547:Legal systems
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:Statutory law
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Statutory law
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Transport law
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Legal fiction
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Financial law
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Corporate law
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Statutory law
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:Core subjects
1914:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Justification
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Phenomenalism
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:NaĂŻve realism
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Contextualism
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1507:Vienna Circle
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Hilary Putnam
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Robert Nozick
1415:
1413:
1412:John McDowell
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Immanuel Kant
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Alvin Goldman
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1176:
1175:Logic symbols
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Logical truth
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
995:Contradiction
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
966:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:Argumentation
938:
937:
935:
931:
925:
924:Philosophical
922:
920:
919:Non-classical
917:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
883:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
837:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:
815:
808:
803:
801:
796:
794:
789:
788:
785:
777:
772:
766:
761:
754:
750:
746:
741:
732:
725:
721:
717:
712:
705:
701:
697:
692:
685:
679:
672:
671:0-521-77911-1
668:
664:
661:. In series
660:
656:
651:
637:on 2013-03-17
633:
626:
619:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
577:
573:
568:
561:
556:
548:
544:
538:
530:
526:
520:
514:
513:0-19-504472-X
510:
503:
496:
491:
484:
483:0-674-41152-8
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
461:
454:
448:
441:
437:
433:
428:
421:
417:
413:
408:
401:
397:
393:
388:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
242:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
172:formal system
169:
164:
160:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:jurisprudence
117:
116:justification
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:communication
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
22:
3163:Proof theory
3094:
3087:
3073:
3059:
2832:Jurisdiction
2800:Legal remedy
2755:Adjudication
2655:Legal theory
2493:Ratification
2488:Promulgation
2459:Proclamation
2439:Codification
2372:Human rights
2360:Divine right
2350:Constitution
2318:Women in law
2236:Military law
2231:Marriage law
2226:Maritime law
2125:Election law
2065:Aviation law
2055:Abortion law
2007:Property law
1943:Criminal law
1785:
1686:Common sense
1664:A posteriori
1663:
1655:
1617:Reductionism
1511:
1462:Gilbert Ryle
1332:Fred Dretske
1317:Keith DeRose
1261:Epistemology
1094:Substitution
914:Mathematical
839:Major fields
771:
760:
744:
740:
731:
715:
711:
695:
691:
683:
678:
662:
658:
650:
639:. Retrieved
632:the original
618:
593:
589:
583:
575:
567:
555:
546:
537:
528:
519:
502:
490:
468:
460:
447:
431:
427:
411:
407:
391:
387:
367:
363:
319:Proof theory
292:
282:
277:
273:
269:
267:
248:
203:
198:
176:
163:Formal proof
155:
136:
108:epistemology
104:formal proof
100:proof theory
58:conversation
51:
27:
25:
3004:Legislature
2935:Bureaucracy
2732:Rule of man
2727:Rule of law
2702:Libertarian
2565:Chinese law
2466:Legislation
2416:Regulations
2404:Law reports
2382:Natural law
2278:Reparations
2273:Refugee law
2196:Jurimetrics
2137:(Media law)
2075:Banking law
2070:Amnesty law
2048:Disciplines
1985:Private law
1766:Proposition
1736:Objectivity
1622:Reliabilism
1612:Rationalism
1557:Fallibilism
1532:Coherentism
1477:Ernest Sosa
1452:Thomas Reid
1437:James Pryor
1407:G. E. Moore
1397:David Lewis
1387:Saul Kripke
1382:Peter Klein
1362:Susan Haack
1292:Robert Audi
1209:WikiProject
1079:Proposition
1074:Probability
1027:Description
968:Foundations
402:pages 60–63
382:pages 12–20
372:Bonnie Gold
183:determinism
80:mathematics
47:proposition
3158:Metatheory
3112:Categories
2997:Law school
2877:Prosecutor
2815:Magistrate
2602:Jewish law
2560:Common law
2481:Rulemaking
2476:Regulation
2426:Law making
2365:Divine law
2341:Legal code
2288:Sports law
2211:Law of war
2161:Health law
2146:Family law
2130:Energy law
2080:Bankruptcy
2017:Punishment
2012:Public law
1867:Discussion
1857:Task Force
1776:Simplicity
1756:Perception
1632:Skepticism
1607:Positivism
1582:Infinitism
1547:Empiricism
1402:John Locke
1367:David Hume
1357:Anil Gupta
1352:Paul Grice
1327:John Dewey
1297:A. J. Ayer
1139:Set theory
1037:Linguistic
1032:Entailment
1022:Definition
990:Consequent
985:Antecedent
765:David Hume
753:159031767X
724:0872208052
704:0813521920
641:2007-01-14
442:pages 5–15
440:1445530139
420:0199261954
400:0521280303
380:0883855674
356:References
297:evil demon
285:John Locke
251:David Hume
226:authorship
206:Copernicus
128:philosophy
76:speech act
70:persuasive
32:sufficient
2975:Judiciary
2970:Executive
2945:The bench
2882:Solicitor
2857:Barrister
2737:Sociology
2722:Pseudolaw
2662:Anarchist
2619:Roman law
2607:Parsi law
2592:Hindu law
2580:Canon law
2555:Civil law
2508:Concordat
2399:Precedent
2308:Trust law
2283:Space law
2120:Drugs law
1990:Procedure
1928:Civil law
1731:Knowledge
1716:Induction
1666:knowledge
1658:knowledge
1170:Fallacies
1165:Paradoxes
1155:Logicians
1089:Statement
1084:Reference
1049:Induction
1012:Deduction
975:Abduction
945:Metalogic
892:Classical
856:Inference
422:pages 1–2
289:Descartes
263:knowledge
255:Aristotle
253:built on
222:signature
179:Aristotle
147:witnesses
3133:Evidence
3082:Category
3024:Tribunal
3009:Military
2852:Attorney
2822:Judgment
2682:Feminist
2597:Jain law
2394:Case law
2115:Cyberlaw
2022:Corporal
2000:Criminal
1970:Evidence
1960:Doctrine
1938:Contract
1852:Category
1671:Analysis
1656:A priori
1647:Concepts
1587:Innatism
1524:Theories
1204:Category
1104:Validity
1005:Antinomy
933:Theories
897:Informal
451:Compare
334:Evidence
308:See also
124:evidence
112:theology
66:rhetoric
56:such as
41:for the
39:argument
35:evidence
3096:Outline
3033:History
2940:The bar
2914:Verdict
2862:Counsel
2842:Justice
2697:History
2520:Statute
2336:Charter
2298:Tax law
2246:Probate
1787:more...
1567:Fideism
1513:more...
1219:changes
1211: (
1069:Premise
1000:Paradox
830:History
825:Outline
755:page 47
747:, 2007
610:3052837
139:science
88:theorem
3014:Police
2985:Agency
2867:Lawyer
2612:Sharia
2503:Treaty
2498:Repeal
2444:Decree
2355:Custom
2251:Estate
2201:Labour
1965:Equity
1681:Belief
1577:Holism
1121:topics
907:Reason
885:Logics
876:Syntax
751:
726:p. 198
722:
702:
669:
608:
511:
481:
438:
418:
398:
378:
259:belief
187:chance
143:nature
84:axioms
62:dialog
3089:Index
2955:Court
2899:Trial
2805:Judge
2646:Yassa
2449:Edict
1995:Civil
1948:Crime
1862:Stubs
1781:Truth
1427:Plato
1148:other
1113:Lists
1099:Truth
866:Proof
814:Logic
706:p. 70
635:(PDF)
628:(PDF)
606:JSTOR
274:proof
261:from
239:alibi
218:crime
96:logic
45:of a
43:truth
28:proof
21:Proof
2837:Jury
2785:Fiqh
2641:Xeer
2039:Tort
1955:Deed
1213:talk
1059:Name
1044:Form
749:ISBN
720:ISBN
700:ISBN
667:ISBN
509:ISBN
479:ISBN
436:ISBN
416:ISBN
396:ISBN
376:ISBN
278:know
270:know
159:jury
149:and
130:and
110:and
30:is
1909:Law
955:Set
598:doi
370:by
299:or
210:Sun
199:not
132:law
3114::
2343:/
604:.
592:.
574:,
545:.
527:.
467::
241:.
134:.
64:,
60:,
49:.
26:A
1901:e
1894:t
1887:v
1253:e
1246:t
1239:v
1215:)
806:e
799:t
792:v
673:.
644:.
612:.
600::
594:5
549:.
485:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.