167:
468:
1383:
17:
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98:, cross pollinated each other. While the grape clusters that would arise from the pollination would be considered Chardonnay any vines that sprang from one of the seeds of the grape berries would be considered a distinct variety other than Chardonnay. It is for this reason that grapevines are usually propagated from cuttings while
464:. In clonal selection, an ideal plant within a vineyard or nursery that has exhibited the most desirable traits is selected with all cuttings taken from that single plant. In massal (or "mass") selection, cuttings are taken from several vines of the same variety that have collectively demonstrated desirable traits.
430:
is performed by making three incisions on the edge of the grape vine's rootstock, and removing majority of the bark around each of the cuttings, leaving a small amount of bark at the end of the cut and inserting three of the same scions into the incisions, using the remaining piece of the cut bark to
409:
is performed shortly after the grape vine is planted, giving the rootstock enough time to become active but the bud of the grape vine is still inactive. It is performed by cutting two small slopes in both sides of the rootstock and cutting a small scion into a small bud and placing the scion bud into
487:
Other criticisms of clonal selection involve the increased risk in vineyards lacking genetic diversity among its vines as well as the changing priorities in wine production. While many clones in the mid to late 20th century were isolated, some of the desirable traits exhibited by those clones (such
439:
In established vineyards where only a few vines need to be replaced within a row (such as vine lost to machine damage or disease), a new vine can be propagated by bending a cane from a neighboring vine into the ground and covering it with dirt. This segment of vine will soon begin sprouting its own
402:
Field grafting is performed after the vine has been planted in a vineyard and has aged a few years. The objective of using this method is to avoid replanting and a final product of a grapevine with two diversifications. The procedure of field grafting is performed with the vines still planted, by
381:
This process is typically performed in the beginning of a new year in a greenhouse, taking place during the late winter months, to the early spring months. This process is used on younger and smaller vines before the vines are planted in a vineyard. However, the type of cut made on the grape vine
475:
Historically, massal selection was the primary means of vineyard propagation, particularly in traditional vineyards where vines are only sporadically replaced, often by layering a cane from a neighboring vine. In the 1950s, the isolation and identification of desirable clones in nurseries and
403:
making two inversions in the rootstock of a certain type of grapevines and placing two of the same type of scions that differ from the rootstock into the rootstock. The most common ways to perform field grafting are the Chip Bud method, the T Bud method, the Cleft Graft and the Bark Graft.
89:
as each seed contains unique genetic information from its two parent varieties (the flowering parent and the parent that provided the pollen that fertilized the flower) and would, theoretically, be a different variety than either parent. This would be true even if two
423:
is performed on the branches of a grape vine, when the rootstock is dormant. The method is performed by making a wedge in the rootstock and placing two scions into the wedge. After the Graft starts growing one of the scions is removed, leaving only one to grow.
328:
As commercial winemakers usually want to work with a desired grape variety that dependably produces a particular crop, most grapevines are propagated by clonal or massal selection of plant material. This can be accomplished in one of three ways.
357:
and then adding scionwood that is cut to fit inside the incision made in the rootstock. This involves removing the canopy and most of the trunk of an existing vine and replacing it with a cutting of a new vine that is sealed by a
416:
is performed by making a cutting a T at the bottom of the grapevine that is above the soil. Once the T is cut, the bark surrounding the cut is pulled back and the scion is placed between the two sides that were pulled back.
476:
breeding stations lead to an increase in clonal selection with new vineyard plantings seeking out clones from well established vineyards and wine region. This trend towards clonal selection has seen some criticism from
213:
are well known to have a variety of clones. While there may be slight mutations to differentiate the various clones, all clones are considered genetically part of the same variety (i.e. Sangiovese or Pinot noir).
197:
is a single vine that has been selected from a "mother vine" to which it is identical. This clone may have been selected deliberately from a grapevine that has demonstrated desirable traits (good
758:
729:
787:
58:
exist, most grapevines are between the ages of 10 and 30 years. As vineyard owners seek to replant their vines, a number of techniques are available which may include planting a new
816:
440:
independent root system while still being nourished by the connecting vine. Eventually, the connection between the two vines is severed, allowing each vine to grow independently.
341:
taken from a mother vine and then planted where the shoot will eventually sprout a root system and regenerate itself into a full-fledged vine with trunk and
24:
grapevine in a vineyard with a cane extended. Prior to this cane developing grape clusters it could have been planted in the ground to propagate by layering.
178:
is a grape variety that while genetically similar to the original variety is considered unique enough to merit being considered its own variety. Both
345:. Often new cuttings will be first planted in a nursery where it is allowed to develop for a couple of years before being planted in the vineyard.
99:
456:
Each cutting, taken from a mother vine, is a clone of that vine. The way that a vine grower selects these cuttings can be described as either
597:
295:
of the mid to late 19th century hit Europe, some growers in
European wine regions experimented with using hybrids until a solution involving
766:
737:
1309:
795:
382:
determines the classification of the Bench graft. The two techniques to perform a Bench Graft includes the Omega Graft and the Whip Graft.
824:
260:
vines), is a crossing as any vine that results from the seed being planted will be a different grape variety distinct from either parent.
684:
1247:
631:
452:
One criticism of clonal selection is that the use of only one or two clones greatly diminishes the genetic diversity of a vineyard.
496:
potential) may no longer be as desirable today where other traits (such as low yields and drought resistance) may be more prized.
82:
of an existing vine into the ground next to the vine and severing the connection when the new vine develops its own root system.
987:
863:
584:
307:
varieties was found. Eventually, the use of hybrids in wine production declined with their use formally outlawed by
European
388:
is performed by the rootstock and scion being grafted together by the two pieces being cut into shapes that align together.
267:
is a new grape variety that was produced from a cross pollination of two different grape species. In the early history of
913:
967:
893:
563:
542:
484:
who complain about "mono-clonal" viticulture that has the risk of producing wines that are overly similar and dull.
394:
is performed by making an identical small dip at angle into the rootstock and the scion, so they can be adjoined.
228:
is a new grape variety that was created by the cross pollination of two different varieties of the same species.
1340:
972:
663:
1350:
709:
471:
A vineyard in the Napa Valley showing which particular clone of
Cabernet Sauvignon is planted in this block
221:
is the opposite of cloning, where growers select cuttings from the mass of the vineyard, or a field blend.
710:"An Illustrated Guide to Field Grafting Grapevines « Northwest Berry & Grape Information Network"
1410:
992:
205:
resistance, small berry size, etc.) and propagated as cuttings from that mother vine. Varieties such as
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605:
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to create French-American hybrids that were more resistant to
American grape diseases such as
1281:
1227:
1047:
47:
577:
Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
1405:
1386:
849:
639:
8:
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292:
166:
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There are two main types of grafting in the relation to the propagation of a grapevine.
1257:
1110:
1007:
467:
107:
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170:
Pinot gris (center) and Pinot blanc (right) are color mutations of Pinot noir (left).
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103:
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353:
Grafting is a process in which a new grape vine is produced by making a cut in the
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256:), even if its pollinated by a member of the same grape variety (i.e. such as two
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that include parents of two varieties within the same species (such as
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with a limited life span for individual vines. While some centenarian
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will utilize seedlings to come up with new grape varieties including
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In commercial viticulture, grapevines are rarely propagated from
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or mass (massal) selection. Vines can also be propagated by
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558:
Third
Edition pp. 183-184, Oxford University Press 2006
619:
126:varieties which include parents from two different
443:
252:. Theoretically, every seedling (also known as a
1397:
537:pp. 2-5, Second Revised Edition (2012), London
535:"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"
857:
1310:Effects of climate change on wine production
32:is an important consideration in commercial
275:vines with American vine varieties such as
864:
850:
575:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz
569:
40:. Grapevines, most of which belong to the
579:pp. 316, 528 & 1023, Allen Lane 2012
271:, grape growers would cross the European
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447:
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15:
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46:family, produce one crop of fruit each
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323:
845:
685:"The Sweet Science Behind Grapevines"
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658:
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533:Wine & Spirits Education Trust
506:
13:
914:International Grape Genome Program
598:"Grafting Grape Vines - eXtension"
14:
1422:
894:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
653:
397:
368:
62:that has been selected by either
1382:
1381:
788:"Grafting Types, Cleft Grafting"
410:the cuts made on the rootstock.
319:Young vine cuttings in a nursery
140:, which was propagated from the
871:
817:"Grafting Types, Bark Grafting"
809:
780:
751:
70:a new plant vine upon existing
722:
702:
677:
590:
556:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
444:Clonal versus massal selection
161:
1:
1341:Glossary of viticulture terms
973:Diurnal temperature variation
730:"Budding Types, Chip Budding"
689:Official website Bordeaux.com
499:
431:cover the end of the scions.
1351:Glossary of winemaking terms
664:"Bench Grafting Fruit Trees"
232:is a crossing of two French
7:
434:
348:
332:
110:which is a crossing of the
10:
1427:
1120:Integrated pest management
759:"Budding Types, T-Budding"
632:"Chip Budding - eXtension"
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1333:
1315:Environmental stewardship
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1196:
1153:
1071:
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958:
879:
821:irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu
792:irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu
763:irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu
734:irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu
30:propagation of grapevines
1243:Great French Wine Blight
94:vine varieties, such as
1325:Sustainable agriculture
1106:Frost damage prevention
988:Regional climate levels
1346:Glossary of wine terms
636:articles.extension.org
602:articles.extension.org
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453:
378:
320:
171:
25:
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451:
376:
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19:
132:species such as the
1300:Adaptive management
407:The Chip Bud Method
324:Propagation methods
293:phylloxera epidemic
269:American winemaking
1411:Plant reproduction
1218:Botrytis bunch rot
1038:Grapevine planting
968:Climate categories
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454:
379:
321:
193:In viticulture, a
172:
108:Cabernet Sauvignon
26:
1393:
1392:
1238:Grapevine yellows
585:978-1-846-14446-2
554:J. Robinson (ed)
219:selection massale
1418:
1385:
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1269:Uncinula necator
1258:Pierce's disease
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852:
843:
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823:. Archived from
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794:. Archived from
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765:. Archived from
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736:. Archived from
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638:. Archived from
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604:. Archived from
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482:viticulturalists
462:massal selection
414:The T Bud Method
337:This involves a
246:Mondeuse blanche
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1361:Outline of wine
1329:
1320:Organic farming
1305:Biodynamic wine
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1286:
1277:Red spider mite
1198:
1192:
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1111:Green harvest (
1096:Erosion control
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1048:Row orientation
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899:Grape varieties
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386:The Omega Graft
371:
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190:of Pinot noir.
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120:Sauvignon blanc
56:grape varieties
12:
11:
5:
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490:early ripening
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428:The Bark Graft
421:The Chip Graft
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398:Field Grafting
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392:The Whip Graft
370:
369:Bench Grafting
367:
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285:powdery mildew
277:Vitis labrusca
273:Vitis vinifera
234:Vitis vinifera
176:color mutation
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151:Vitis labrusca
116:Cabernet Franc
112:Vitis vinifera
100:grape breeders
92:hermaphroditic
48:growing season
43:Vitis vinifera
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1233:Downy mildew
1145:Weed control
1135:Millerandage
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983:Microclimate
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909:Hybrid grape
889:Ampelography
882:horticulture
829:. Retrieved
825:the original
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800:. Retrieved
796:the original
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771:. Retrieved
767:the original
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742:. Retrieved
738:the original
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713:. Retrieved
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693:. Retrieved
691:. 2017-06-01
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644:. Retrieved
640:the original
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54:examples of
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1406:Viticulture
1043:Propagation
880:Biology and
873:Viticulture
377:Omega Graft
360:graft union
291:. When the
287:as well as
184:Pinot blanc
162:Terminology
78:one of the
34:viticulture
1400:Categories
1371:Winemaking
1293:and issues
1291:Approaches
1253:Phylloxera
1223:Bot canker
1125:Irrigation
1101:Fertilizer
1074:management
1003:Topography
993:Soil types
831:2019-04-26
802:2019-04-26
773:2019-04-26
744:2019-04-26
715:2019-04-26
695:2019-04-26
646:2019-04-26
612:2019-04-26
500:References
301:rootstocks
289:phylloxera
211:Pinot noir
207:Sangiovese
186:are color
180:Pinot gris
138:Baco blanc
114:varieties
96:Chardonnay
38:winemaking
22:Sangiovese
1282:Vine moth
1248:Nematodes
1213:Black rot
1197:Pests and
1173:Noble rot
1168:Festivals
1013:elevation
961:variation
931:Rootstock
355:rootstock
309:wine laws
299:American
240:from the
236:species,
188:mutations
104:crossings
87:seedlings
72:rootstock
1387:Category
1356:Oenology
1334:See also
1228:Dead arm
1200:diseases
1178:Ripeness
1130:Klopotec
1072:Vineyard
1031:planting
1029:Vineyard
978:Drainage
936:Vineyard
924:Veraison
919:Ripening
671:ptes.org
492:or high
435:Layering
349:Grafting
333:Cuttings
305:vinifera
297:grafting
254:selfling
226:crossing
154:variety
148:and the
142:vinifera
134:Armagnac
76:layering
68:grafting
52:old vine
1188:Weather
1183:Vintage
1155:Harvest
1140:Pruning
1091:Coulure
998:Terroir
242:Ardèche
60:cutting
1081:Canopy
1008:aspect
904:Grapes
583:
562:
541:
458:clonal
343:canopy
265:hybrid
258:Merlot
250:Savoie
238:Dureza
199:yields
144:grape
136:grape
74:or by
64:clonal
1208:Birds
1063:Yield
1018:slope
942:Vitis
667:(PDF)
494:yield
339:shoot
281:downy
248:from
230:Syrah
195:clone
129:Vitis
122:) or
80:canes
1366:Wine
1163:Brix
1086:Clos
581:ISBN
560:ISBN
539:ISBN
480:and
283:and
244:and
209:and
182:and
156:Noah
118:and
36:and
28:The
488:as
460:or
303:to
1402::
819:.
790:.
761:.
732:.
687:.
669:.
655:^
634:.
621:^
600:.
508:^
362:.
263:A
224:A
217:A
201:,
174:A
158:.
20:A
1115:)
927:)
921:(
865:e
858:t
851:v
834:.
805:.
776:.
747:.
718:.
698:.
673:.
649:.
615:.
587:.
566:.
545:.
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