310:
1345:
43:
246:
434:. AII amyloid can be induced in mice by a variety of β-sheet rich amyloid fibrils, and cerebral tauopathy can be induced by brain extracts that are rich in aggregated Aβ. There is also experimental evidence for cross-seeding between prion protein and Aβ. In general, such heterologous seeding is less efficient than is seeding by a corrupted form of the same protein.
1251:
function of affected organs, reducing the formation of the disease-causing proteins, preventing the proteins from misfolding and/or aggregating, or promoting their removal. For example, in
Alzheimer's disease, researchers are seeking ways to reduce the production of the disease-associated protein Aβ by inhibiting the
2525:
Nelson PT, Alafuzoff I, Bigio EH, Bouras C, Braak H, Cairns NJ, Castellani RJ, Crain BJ, Davies P, Del
Tredici K, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Haroutunian V, Hof PR, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Iwatsubo T, Jellinger KA, Jicha GA, Kövari E, Kukull WA, Leverenz JB, Love S, Mackenzie IR, Mann DM, Masliah E, McKee
1250:
The development of effective treatments for many proteopathies has been challenging. Because the proteopathies often involve different proteins arising from different sources, treatment strategies must be customized to each disorder; however, general therapeutic approaches include maintaining the
238:. However, some proteinaceous lesions lack birefringence and contain few or no classical amyloid fibrils, such as the diffuse deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. Furthermore, evidence has emerged that small, non-fibrillar protein aggregates known as
415:
In all of these instances, an aberrant form of the protein itself appears to be the pathogenic agent. In some cases, the deposition of one type of protein can be experimentally induced by aggregated assemblies of other proteins that are rich in β-sheet structure, possibly because of structural
285:
backbone, all proteins have the potential to misfold under some circumstances. However, only a relatively small number of proteins are linked to proteopathic disorders, possibly due to structural idiosyncrasies of the vulnerable proteins. For example, proteins that are normally unfolded or
297:
The abnormal proteins in some proteopathies have been shown to fold into multiple 3-dimensional shapes; these variant, proteinaceous structures are defined by their different pathogenic, biochemical, and conformational properties. They have been most thoroughly studied with regard to
384:
Some proteins can be induced to form abnormal assemblies by exposure to the same (or similar) protein that has folded into a disease-causing conformation, a process called 'seeding' or 'permissive templating'. In this way, the disease state can be brought about in a susceptible
1344:
278:(CFTR) protein, and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), certain gene-regulating proteins inappropriately aggregate in the cytoplasm, and thus are unable to perform their normal tasks within the nucleus.
353:, an increase in production of a protein, or a decrease in its clearance. Advancing age is a strong risk factor, as is traumatic brain injury. In the aging brain, multiple proteopathies can overlap. For example, in addition to
2763:
Hardy J (August 2005). "Expression of normal sequence pathogenic proteins for neurodegenerative disease contributes to disease risk: 'permissive templating' as a general mechanism underlying neurodegeneration".
2996:
Meyer-Luehmann M, Coomaraswamy J, Bolmont T, Kaeser S, Schaefer C, Kilger E, Neuenschwander A, Abramowski D, Frey P, Jaton AL, Vigouret JM, Paganetti P, Walsh DM, Mathews PM, Ghiso J, Staufenbiel M, Walker LC,
253:
that has been stained with the dye Congo red and viewed with crossed polarizing filters, yielding a typical orange-greenish birefringence. 20X microscope objective; the scale bar is 100 microns (0.1mm).
290:(that is, as single, unbound protein molecules) are more likely to misfold into an abnormal conformation. In nearly all instances, the disease-causing molecular configuration involves an increase in
215:
demonstrated that, rather than consisting of cellulose, "amyloid" actually is rich in protein. Subsequent research has shown that many different proteins can form amyloid, and that all amyloids show
309:
1350:
Micrograph of tauopathy (brown) in a neuronal cell body (arrow) and process (arrowhead) in the cerebral cortex of a patient with
Alzheimer's disease. Bar = 25 microns (0.025mm).
1233:
4530:
Askanas V, Engel WK (January 2006). "Inclusion-body myositis: a myodegenerative conformational disorder associated with Abeta, protein misfolding, and proteasome inhibition".
3777:
Revesz T, Ghiso J, Lashley T, Plant G, Rostagno A, Frangione B, Holton JL (September 2003). "Cerebral amyloid angiopathies: a pathologic, biochemical, and genetic view".
1629:
Westermark P, Benson MD, Buxbaum JN, Cohen AS, Frangione B, Ikeda S, Masters CL, Merlini G, Saraiva MJ, Sipe JD (September 2007). "A primer of amyloid nomenclature".
270:
and can interfere with the normal capacity of the affected organs. In some cases, misfolding of the protein results in a loss of its usual function. For example,
4399:"Amyloid fibril proteins and amyloidosis: chemical identification and clinical classification International Society of Amyloidosis 2016 Nomenclature Guidelines"
3258:
Kordower JH, Chu Y, Hauser RA, Freeman TB, Olanow CW (May 2008). "Lewy body-like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in
Parkinson's disease".
3674:"Induction of tau pathology by intracerebral infusion of amyloid-beta -containing brain extract and by amyloid-beta deposition in APP x Tau transgenic mice"
4620:
3511:"A seeding reaction recapitulates intracellular formation of Sarkosyl-insoluble transactivation response element (TAR) DNA-binding protein-43 inclusions"
1191:
275:
3812:
Guo L, Salt TE, Luong V, Wood N, Cheung W, Maass A, Ferrari G, Russo-Marie F, Sillito AM, Cheetham ME, Moss SE, Fitzke FW, Cordeiro MF (August 2007).
4041:
Grad LI, Fernando SM, Cashman NR (May 2015). "From molecule to molecule and cell to cell: prion-like mechanisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
3303:"Superoxide dismutase 1 and tgSOD1 mouse spinal cord seed fibrils, suggesting a propagative cell death mechanism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
3619:
Fu X, Korenaga T, Fu L, Xing Y, Guo Z, Matsushita T, Hosokawa M, Naiki H, Baba S, Kawata Y, Ikeda S, Ishihara T, Mori M, Higuchi K (April 2004).
1894:
Gadad BS, Britton GB, Rao KS (2011). "Targeting oligomers in neurodegenerative disorders: lessons from α-synuclein, tau, and amyloid-β peptide".
357:
and Aβ-amyloidosis (which coexist as key pathologic features of
Alzheimer's disease), many Alzheimer patients have concomitant synucleinopathy (
2526:
AC, Montine TJ, Morris JC, Schneider JA, Sonnen JA, Thal DR, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Wisniewski T, Woltjer RL, Beach TG (May 2012).
5161:
Klein WL (2013). "Synaptotoxic amyloid-β oligomers: a molecular basis for the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of
Alzheimer's disease?".
3160:
Hansen C, Angot E, Bergström AL, Steiner JA, Pieri L, Paul G, Outeiro TF, Melki R, Kallunki P, Fog K, Li JY, Brundin P (February 2011).
5484:
Nuvolone M, Merlini G (2017). "Emerging therapeutic targets currently under investigation for the treatment of systemic amyloidosis".
2665:
Brehme M, Voisine C, Rolland T, Wachi S, Soper JH, Zhu Y, Orton K, Villella A, Garza D, Vidal M, Ge H, Morimoto RI (November 2014).
2243:"Label-free vibrational imaging of different Aβ plaque types in Alzheimer's disease reveals sequential events in plaque development"
212:
3209:
Kordower JH, Dodiya HB, Kordower AM, Terpstra B, Paumier K, Madhavan L, Sortwell C, Steece-Collier K, Collier TJ (September 2011).
4727:
Janig E, Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Denk H, Zatloukal K (March 2005). "Interaction of stress proteins with misfolded keratins".
1282:
can be used to lower the number of the blood cells that make the light chain protein that forms amyloid in various bodily organs.
1381:
1088:
5339:"Survival After Transplantation in Patients With Mutations Other Than Val30Met: Extracts From the FAP World Transplant Registry"
1286:(TTR) amyloidosis (ATTR) results from the deposition of misfolded TTR in multiple organs. Because TTR is mainly produced in the
242:
are toxic to the cells of an affected organ, and that amyloidogenic proteins in their fibrillar form may be relatively benign.
1998:
1453:
Walker LC, LeVine H (2000). "The cerebral proteopathies: neurodegenerative disorders of protein conformation and assembly".
1499:
Luheshi LM, Crowther DC, Dobson CM (February 2008). "Protein misfolding and disease: from the test tube to the organism".
1306:
bound together). Stabilization prevents individual TTR molecules from escaping, misfolding, and aggregating into amyloid.
2441:
DeKosky ST, Ikonomovic MD, Gandy S (September 2010). "Traumatic brain injury--football, warfare, and long-term effects".
393:, which can be transmitted by exposure of a host organism to purified prion protein in a disease-causing conformation.
389:
by the introduction of diseased tissue extract from an affected donor. The best known forms of inducible proteopathy are
4684:
Huilgol SC, Ramnarain N, Carrington P, Leigh IM, Black MM (May 1998). "Cytokeratins in primary cutaneous amyloidosis".
3162:"α-Synuclein propagates from mouse brain to grafted dopaminergic neurons and seeds aggregation in cultured human cells"
17:
3052:
Clavaguera F, Bolmont T, Crowther RA, Abramowski D, Frank S, Probst A, Fraser G, Stalder AK, Beibel M, Staufenbiel M,
266:
increases the tendency of a specific protein to bind to itself. In this aggregated form, the protein is resistant to
3880:
557:
3562:"Protein fibrils in nature can enhance amyloid protein A amyloidosis in mice: Cross-seeding as a disease mechanism"
342:
5602:
3669:
3053:
2998:
2803:
2189:
2077:
695:
416:
complementarity of the protein molecules. For example, AA amyloidosis can be stimulated in mice by such diverse
4574:
1812:"Diffuse, lake-like amyloid-beta deposits in the parvopyramidal layer of the presubiculum in Alzheimer disease"
1075:
622:
588:
153:
148:
into their normal configuration; in this misfolded state, the proteins can become toxic in some way (a toxic
2528:"Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic changes with cognitive status: a review of the literature"
3668:
Bolmont T, Clavaguera F, Meyer-Luehmann M, Herzig MC, Radde R, Staufenbiel M, Lewis J, Hutton M, Tolnay M,
3109:
Desplats P, Lee HJ, Bae EJ, Patrick C, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Spencer B, Masliah E, Lee SJ (August 2009).
703:
2618:"Molecular chaperones antagonize proteotoxicity by differentially modulating protein aggregation pathways"
404:(AA) amyloidosis, and apolipoprotein AII amyloidosis, tauopathy, synucleinopathy, and the aggregation of
74:
3001:(September 2006). "Exogenous induction of cerebral beta-amyloidogenesis is governed by agent and host".
5437:"Single-stranded RNAs use RNAi to potently and allele-selectively inhibit mutant huntingtin expression"
3721:
Morales R, Estrada LD, Diaz-Espinoza R, Morales-Scheihing D, Jara MC, Castilla J, Soto C (March 2010).
1275:
1228:
263:
3946:, Tolnay M (February 2015). "Invited review: Prion-like transmission and spreading of tau pathology".
3111:"Inclusion formation and neuronal cell death through neuron-to-neuron transmission of alpha-synuclein"
2577:"Dementia with Lewy bodies: Definition, diagnosis, and pathogenic relationship to Alzheimer's disease"
1851:
Glabe CG (April 2006). "Common mechanisms of amyloid oligomer pathogenesis in degenerative disease".
1000:
806:
3723:"Molecular cross talk between misfolded proteins in animal models of Alzheimer's and prion diseases"
5597:
5388:"Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application of Tafamidis in Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis"
2341:
Collinge J, Clarke AR (November 2007). "A general model of prion strains and their pathogenicity".
321:(large clumps) and Lewy neurites (thread-like structures) in the cerebral cortex of a patient with
1298:. TTR amyloidosis also can be treated by stabilizing the normal assemblies of the protein (called
396:
There is now evidence that other proteinopathies can be induced by a similar mechanism, including
42:
3413:"Cytoplasmic penetration and persistent infection of mammalian cells by polyglutamine aggregates"
1366:
1263:. In some proteopathies, inhibiting the toxic effects of protein oligomers might be beneficial.
935:
618:
337:
that promote the self-assembly of a protein. These include destabilizing changes in the primary
177:
4764:"Pharmaceutical amyloidosis associated with subcutaneous insulin and enfuvirtide administration"
1931:"Conjoint pathologic cascades mediated by ALS/FTLD-U linked RNA-binding proteins TDP-43 and FUS"
4397:
Sipe JD, Benson MD, Buxbaum JN, Ikeda SI, Merlini G, Saraiva MJ, Westermark P (December 2016).
1211:
525:
457:
169:
165:
58:
1547:
1318:
1295:
1054:
494:
4084:
Ludolph AC, Brettschneider J, Weishaupt JH (October 2012). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
372:) may antagonize proteotoxicity during aging and in protein misfolding-diseases to maintain
5612:
4641:
Surguchev A, Surguchov A (January 2010). "Conformational diseases: looking into the eyes".
4132:
3825:
3632:
3573:
3365:
3010:
2716:"Model systems of protein-misfolding diseases reveal chaperone modifiers of proteotoxicity"
2350:
2146:
2093:
1224:
1080:
965:
928:
594:
405:
346:
3301:
Chia R, Tattum MH, Jones S, Collinge J, Fisher EM, Jackson GS (May 2010). Feany MB (ed.).
8:
4970:
1981:, Apicco D (2015). "RNA Binding Proteins and the Genesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases".
1864:
1199:
708:
660:
365:
235:
191:
The concept of proteopathy can trace its origins to the mid-19th century, when, in 1854,
4599:
4438:
Lomas DA, Carrell RW (October 2002). "Serpinopathies and the conformational dementias".
3899:, Spillantini MG, Del Tredici K, Braak H (January 2013). "100 years of Lewy pathology".
3829:
3636:
3577:
3369:
3014:
2832:
2807:
2354:
2309:
2150:
2097:
1740:
1534:
Chiti F, Dobson CM (2006). "Protein misfolding, functional amyloid, and human disease".
152:) or they can lose their normal function. The proteinopathies include such diseases as
5607:
5552:
5527:
Joseph NS, Kaufman JL (2018). "Novel
Approaches for the Management of AL Amyloidosis".
5509:
5461:
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3110:
3086:
3061:
3034:
2973:
2946:
2845:
2740:
2715:
2691:
2667:"A chaperome subnetwork safeguards proteostasis in aging and neurodegenerative disease"
2666:
2642:
2617:
2593:
2576:
2552:
2527:
2502:
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2009:
1955:
1930:
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1700:
1673:
1654:
1611:
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1432:
1333:. In some cases, multiple therapeutic agents may be combined to improve effectiveness.
1309:
Several other treatment strategies for proteopathies are being investigated, including
480:
5203:"Recent advances in understanding and treating immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis"
4873:
4231:
4206:
3994:"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Pathogenesis, pathology and pathways to phenotype"
3645:
3620:
3354:"Prion-like propagation of mutant superoxide dismutase-1 misfolding in neuronal cells"
2052:
1599:
1420:
245:
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5501:
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5316:
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4974:
4934:
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4793:
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4701:
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4604:
4547:
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3853:
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3442:
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2507:
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2014:
1994:
1960:
1911:
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1828:
1811:
1810:
Wisniewski HM, Sadowski M, Jakubowska-Sadowska K, Tarnawski M, Wegiel J (July 1998).
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1603:
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690:
529:
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126:
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5513:
4713:
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3975:
3928:
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1880:
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1436:
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4594:
4586:
4539:
4502:
4494:
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4316:
4275:
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4013:
4005:
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3742:
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3734:
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3532:
3522:
3481:
3473:
3432:
3424:
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Ren PH, Lauckner JE, Kachirskaia I, Heuser JE, Melki R, Kopito RR (February 2009).
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2727:
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2539:
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2413:
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2313:
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2109:
2101:
2048:
2004:
1986:
1978:
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1903:
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1823:
1784:
1744:
1736:
1695:
1685:
1638:
1595:
1543:
1508:
1462:
1416:
1371:
801:
430:
303:
200:
149:
134:
5497:
4813:"The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and its stability"
4415:
4398:
5582:
5012:
4920:
4779:
4097:
3319:
2963:
2682:
2543:
2082:"Self-propagation of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases"
1946:
1310:
1186:
1100:
920:
535:
369:
314:
271:
220:
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145:
138:
70:
54:
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4498:
4271:
3477:
2881:
2864:
1990:
1690:
1466:
5452:
5093:
Walker LC, LeVine H 3rd (2002). "Proteopathy: the next therapeutic frontier?".
4740:
3943:
3896:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3358:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3115:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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2823:
2259:
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1809:
1674:"Noncerebral Amyloidoses: Aspects on Seeding, Cross-Seeding, and Transmission"
1642:
5591:
5572:
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3211:"Transfer of host-derived α synuclein to grafted dopaminergic neurons in rat"
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state that increases the amount of the protein in the blood (referred to as
758:
5548:
5505:
5470:
5421:
5372:
5320:
5279:
5254:"Liver transplantation in transthyretin amyloidosis: issues and challenges"
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5147:
5106:
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4846:
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3546:
3495:
3446:
3397:
3338:
3279:
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3146:
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2018:
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1267:
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373:
334:
66:
4705:
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1034:
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958:
923:
908:
893:
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819:
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774:
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731:
664:
549:
542:
471:
467:
358:
318:
282:
185:
173:
2409:
2158:
2105:
1775:
Sipe JD, Cohen AS (June 2000). "Review: history of the amyloid fibril".
4305:"Seipinopathy: a novel endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated disease"
2995:
2777:
2731:
1291:
1266:
For example, Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis can be reduced by treating the
1256:
1204:
987:
913:
905:
727:
670:
602:
578:
338:
333:
The likelihood that proteinopathy will develop is increased by certain
291:
208:
50:
5138:
5121:
4009:
3959:
2493:
5270:
5253:
3667:
3177:
1303:
1299:
1013:
1007:
982:
971:
953:
629:
401:
354:
267:
239:
228:
224:
204:
4905:"Exfoliation syndrome: A disease of autophagy and LOXL1 proteopathy"
4222:
3428:
3077:
1672:
Westermark GT, Fändrich M, Lundmark K, Westermark P (January 2018).
1671:
4451:
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3509:
Furukawa Y, Kaneko K, Watanabe S, Yamanaka K, Nukina N (May 2011).
3271:
3062:"Transmission and spreading of tauopathy in transgenic mouse brain"
3051:
1326:
1158:
1039:
939:
898:
890:
883:
649:
638:
498:
287:
122:
118:
84:
62:
4207:"CADASIL: Notch signaling defect or protein accumulation problem?"
3895:
4119:
Orr HT, Zoghbi HY (July 2007). "Trinucleotide repeat disorders".
3559:
3462:"Prion-Like Characteristics of Polyglutamine-Containing Proteins"
2906:"From microbes to prions the final proof of the prion hypothesis"
1255:
that free it from its parent protein. Another strategy is to use
1252:
1155:
Galectin-7 amyloidosis (primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis)
1148:
1051:
979:
793:
746:
677:
606:
196:
5337:
Suhr OB, Larsson M, Ericzon BG, Wilczek HE, et al. (2016).
5295:"Liver transplantation for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis"
281:
Because proteins share a common structural feature known as the
5046:"Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of systemic amyloidosis"
4683:
3560:
Lundmark K, Westermark GT, Olsén A, Westermark P (April 2005).
810:
719:
610:
598:
567:
409:
4726:
4083:
3508:
3208:
5122:"Vaccination strategies in tauopathies and synucleinopathies"
2137:
Selkoe DJ (December 2003). "Folding proteins in fatal ways".
1376:
1287:
1237:
1026:
833:
421:
250:
161:
4253:
3941:
3410:
2947:"The role of cofactors in prion propagation and infectivity"
1628:
1586:
Carrell RW, Lomas DA (July 1997). "Conformational disease".
945:
504:
486:
463:
397:
4811:
Meng X, Clews J, Kargas V, Wang X, Ford RC (January 2017).
4154:
Almeida B, Fernandes S, Abreu IA, Macedo-Ribeiro S (2013).
3159:
574:
561:
5292:
4997:"Alzheimer's disease: the challenge of the second century"
4761:
4254:
Quinlan RA, Brenner M, Goldman JE, Messing A (June 2007).
3351:
2524:
1725:"Biology and genetics of prions causing neurodegeneration"
1407:
Walker LC, LeVine H (2000). "The cerebral proteopathies".
408:-1 (SOD1), polyglutamine, and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (
5336:
2865:"Shattuck lecture--neurodegenerative diseases and prions"
2801:
2664:
2181:
2072:
2070:
3257:
2478:"The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy"
2475:
3935:
3776:
3300:
2476:
McKee AC, Stein TD, Kiernan PT, Alvarez VE (May 2015).
350:
5086:
4396:
2440:
2067:
203:
that exhibited a chemical reaction resembling that of
4902:
3108:
2518:
1498:
1259:
to neutralize specific proteins by active or passive
262:
In most, if not all proteinopathies, a change in the
5200:
5119:
4762:
D'Souza A, Theis JD, Vrana JA, Dogan A (June 2014).
3987:
3985:
3779:
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
2532:
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
1816:
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
199:("starch-like") to describe a substance in cerebral
5293:Suhr OB, Herlenius G, Friman S, Ericzon BG (2000).
5251:
4994:
4860:Stuart MJ, Nagel RL (2004). "Sickle-cell disease".
4810:
4483:"Prion-Like Protein Aggregates and Type 2 Diabetes"
4040:
1192:
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
276:
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
4640:
3864:
2469:
4896:
4156:"Trinucleotide repeats: a structural perspective"
3982:
3453:
2615:
2194:"The amyloid state of proteins in human diseases"
5589:
4990:
4988:
4755:
3811:
3618:
180:, and a wide range of other disorders. The term
69:(brown), a protein fragment that accumulates in
5483:
5113:
4903:Bernstein AM, Ritch R, Wolosin JM (July 2018).
3889:
3352:Münch C, O'Brien J, Bertolotti A (March 2011).
2187:
1893:
4474:
3814:"Targeting amyloid-beta in glaucoma treatment"
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
2340:
2285:
129:abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of
5526:
5477:
5245:
5196:
5194:
5192:
4985:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4480:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
2713:
2391:
1977:
27:Diseases caused by abnormal protein structure
5332:
5330:
5092:
4677:
4572:
4529:
4523:
4437:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4147:
4077:
3459:
2234:
2076:
1971:
1716:
1585:
1452:
1406:
5520:
5379:
4859:
4804:
4566:
4487:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
3991:
3763:
3466:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
2903:
2574:
1678:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
1533:
5189:
5154:
5120:Braczynski AK, Schulz JB, Bach JP (2017).
5037:
4945:
4720:
4431:
3045:
2797:
2795:
1803:
437:
41:
5460:
5428:
5411:
5362:
5327:
5310:
5286:
5269:
5228:
5218:
5137:
5069:
5020:
4995:Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM (2011).
4928:
4836:
4787:
4634:
4598:
4575:"Crystallin proteins and amyloid fibrils"
4506:
4414:
4337:
4320:
4302:
4279:
4230:
4181:
4171:
4118:
4034:
4017:
3847:
3837:
3746:
3697:
3644:
3595:
3585:
3536:
3526:
3485:
3436:
3387:
3377:
3328:
3318:
3251:
3234:
3202:
3185:
3136:
3126:
3085:
2972:
2962:
2938:
2921:
2880:
2831:
2739:
2690:
2641:
2592:
2551:
2501:
2417:
2317:
2268:
2258:
2217:
2113:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2008:
1954:
1928:
1922:
1827:
1774:
1748:
1699:
1689:
1622:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1494:
1492:
1448:
1446:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1094:Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein
4256:"GFAP and its role in Alexander disease"
4112:
3870:
3553:
3502:
3102:
2862:
2856:
2392:Colby DW, Prusiner SB (September 2011).
2334:
2240:
1722:
1548:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.101304.123901
1290:, TTR amyloidosis can be slowed in some
368:and co-chaperones (proteins that assist
308:
244:
4686:The Australasian Journal of Dermatology
4247:
4204:
4198:
3948:Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
3714:
3661:
2792:
2616:Douglas PM, Summers DW, Cyr DM (2009).
2434:
1382:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
1140:Leukocyte chemotactic factor-2 (Lect2)
14:
5590:
5385:
5252:Carvalho A, Rocha A, Lobato L (2015).
4853:
4133:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113042
3460:Pearce MM, Kopito RR (February 2018).
3153:
2658:
2581:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
2291:
2136:
2130:
2038:
2025:
1770:
1768:
1570:
1489:
1443:
1393:
294:secondary structure of the protein.
249:Micrograph of amyloid in a section of
5160:
5043:
4956:
4211:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
3992:Mann DM, Snowden JS (November 2017).
3345:
3166:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2989:
2762:
2756:
2394:"De novo generation of prion strains"
2385:
1887:
1850:
1844:
4971:10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131243
4817:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
4579:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
4573:Ecroyd H, Carver JA (January 2009).
3294:
2568:
2247:Acta Neuropathologica Communications
1865:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.04.017
1527:
1336:
1089:Odontogenic (Pindborg) tumor amyloid
548:Microtubule-associated protein tau (
5201:Badar T, D'Souza A, Hari P (2018).
4296:
3805:
3515:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3404:
2897:
2869:The New England Journal of Medicine
2714:Brehme M, Voisine C (August 2016).
2443:The New England Journal of Medicine
2310:10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-034943
1765:
1741:10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155524
1501:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
379:
24:
5434:
4698:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1998.tb01253.x
4655:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.015
4544:10.1212/01.wnl.0000192128.13875.1e
3612:
2944:
264:3-dimensional folding conformation
257:
25:
5624:
5566:
3678:The American Journal of Pathology
2904:Zou WQ, Gambetti P (April 2005).
2802:Walker LC, Levine H, Mattson MP,
2241:Röhr D, Boon BD (December 2020).
1302:because they consist of four TTR
558:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
302:, and are referred to as protein
5583:Protein Misfolding Diseases Book
4957:Pepys MB (2006). "Amyloidosis".
4729:European Journal of Cell Biology
4481:Mukherjee A, Soto C (May 2017).
4303:Ito D, Suzuki N (January 2009).
2766:Biochemical Society Transactions
1929:Ito D, Suzuki N (October 2011).
1829:10.1097/00005072-199807000-00004
1343:
343:post-translational modifications
4623:from the original on 2018-07-23
2720:Disease Models & Mechanisms
2707:
2609:
696:Glial fibrillary acidic protein
583:Fused in sarcoma (FUS) protein
156:(and a variant associated with
111:protein conformational disorder
5386:Coelho T, et al. (2016).
5220:10.12688/f1000research.15353.1
3739:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5924-09.2010
2080:, Walker LC (September 2013).
2041:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1896:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1665:
1278:amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis),
1124:Apolipoprotein C3 amyloidosis
1113:Apolipoprotein C2 amyloidosis
1076:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
623:trinucleotide repeat disorders
184:was first proposed in 2000 by
13:
1:
5498:10.1080/14728222.2017.1398235
4874:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17192-4
4416:10.1080/13506129.2016.1257986
4121:Annual Review of Neuroscience
3646:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00295-9
2053:10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01445-0
1777:Journal of Structural Biology
1600:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02073-4
1536:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1421:10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00160-3
1387:
1245:
1234:aggregated fibrillar material
589:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
349:), changes in temperature or
5013:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002369
4921:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000919
4780:10.3109/13506129.2013.876984
4098:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328356d328
4086:Current Opinion in Neurology
3320:10.1371/journal.pone.0010627
2964:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002589
2683:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.042
2575:Mrak RE, Griffin WS (2007).
2544:10.1097/NEN.0b013e31825018f7
2398:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1947:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182343365
759:primary systemic amyloidosis
704:Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
313:Micrograph of immunostained
223:after staining with the dye
7:
5355:10.1097/TP.0000000000001021
4499:10.1101/cshperspect.a024315
4272:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.004
3727:The Journal of Neuroscience
3478:10.1101/cshperspect.a024257
2882:10.1056/NEJM200105173442006
2292:Walker LC (November 2016).
1991:10.1007/978-3-319-08927-0_3
1691:10.1101/cshperspect.a024323
1355:
1166:Corneodesmosin amyloidosis
441:
329:. 40X microscope objective.
144:Often the proteins fail to
77:. 10X microscope objective.
75:cerebral amyloid angiopathy
10:
5629:
5453:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.002
5435:Yu D, et al. (2012).
4741:10.1016/j.ejcb.2004.12.018
4260:Experimental Cell Research
3873:Prion Biology and Diseases
3690:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070403
2923:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.002
2824:10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.010
2260:10.1186/s40478-020-01091-5
2210:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.022
1513:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.02.011
1323:antisense oligonucleotides
1276:immunoglobulin light chain
1229:pseudoexfoliation syndrome
1214:(monoclonal gammopathies)
880:of the Finnish type (FAF)
743:Serpinopathies (multiple)
115:protein misfolding disease
5541:10.1007/s11899-018-0450-1
5404:10.1007/s40120-016-0040-x
4915:(Supplement 1): S44–S53.
4829:10.1007/s00018-016-2386-8
4591:10.1007/s00018-008-8327-4
4205:Spinner NB (March 2000).
4055:10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.009
3913:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.242
3901:Nature Reviews. Neurology
3227:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.05.001
2808:"Inducible proteopathies"
2298:Annual Review of Genetics
1729:Annual Review of Genetics
1643:10.1080/13506120701460923
1001:Atrial natriuretic factor
968:with rhodopsin mutations
807:Islet amyloid polypeptide
451:Major aggregating protein
341:sequence of the protein,
274:is caused by a defective
154:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
49:
40:
35:
5486:Expert Opin Ther Targets
5095:Curr Opin Investig Drugs
4173:10.3389/fneur.2013.00076
3060:, Tolnay M (July 2009).
2863:Prusiner SB (May 2001).
1176:Enfuvirtide amyloidosis
364:It is hypothesized that
61:, immunostained with an
5175:10.3233/JAD-2012-129039
5050:Phil Trans R Soc Lond B
4643:Brain Research Bulletin
4440:Nature Reviews Genetics
4043:Neurobiology of Disease
3942:Clavaguera F, Hench J,
3839:10.1073/pnas.0703707104
3587:10.1073/pnas.0501814102
3528:10.1074/jbc.M111.231209
3379:10.1073/pnas.1017275108
3215:Neurobiology of Disease
3128:10.1073/pnas.0903691106
3023:10.1126/science.1131864
2812:Trends in Neurosciences
2363:10.1126/science.1138718
1908:10.3233/JAD-2011-110182
1367:Neurofibrillary tangles
1274:amyloid A, or SAA). In
936:Inclusion body myositis
438:List of proteinopathies
286:relatively unstable as
178:multiple system atrophy
5603:Neurological disorders
5578:Prion-Related Diseases
5529:Curr Hematol Malig Rep
5062:10.1098/rstb.2000.0766
4160:Frontiers in Neurology
1789:10.1006/jsbi.2000.4221
1455:Molecular Neurobiology
1319:small interfering RNAs
1212:Plasma cell dyscrasias
667:(Icelandic) (HCHWA-I)
330:
254:
4538:(2 Suppl 1): S39-48.
3871:Prusiner, SB (2004).
3791:10.1093/jnen/62.9.885
1853:Neurobiology of Aging
1467:10.1385/MN:21:1-2:083
1409:Neurobiology of Aging
1055:intermediate filament
726:Familial amyloidotic
628:Proteins with tandem
495:Retinal ganglion cell
312:
248:
5312:10.1053/lv.2000.6145
4322:10.1093/brain/awn216
2634:10.4161/pri.3.2.8587
2455:10.1056/NEJMp1007051
1723:Prusiner SB (2013).
1225:Exfoliation syndrome
1145:Insulin amyloidosis
1081:Surfactant protein C
1062:Corneal lactoferrin
966:Retinitis pigmentosa
929:Beta-2 microglobulin
619:Huntington's disease
595:Superoxide dismutase
406:superoxide dismutase
347:hyperphosphorylation
234:when viewed with an
53:of a section of the
5169:(Suppl 1): S49-65.
4909:Journal of Glaucoma
3830:2007PNAS..10413444G
3637:2004FEBSL.563..179F
3578:2005PNAS..102.6098L
3417:Nature Cell Biology
3370:2011PNAS..108.3548M
3066:Nature Cell Biology
3015:2006Sci...313.1781M
2410:10.1038/nrmicro2650
2355:2007Sci...318..930C
2159:10.1038/nature02264
2151:2003Natur.426..900S
2106:10.1038/nature12481
2098:2013Natur.501...45J
1902:(Suppl 2): 223–32.
1200:Sickle cell disease
1020:Hereditary lattice
944:Amyloid β peptide (
709:proteolipid protein
661:cerebral hemorrhage
526:Parkinson's disease
503:Amyloid β peptide (
485:Amyloid β peptide (
462:Amyloid β peptide (
458:Alzheimer's disease
428:from the bacterium
424:amyloid Sup35, and
236:electron microscope
170:Parkinson's disease
166:Alzheimer's disease
59:Alzheimer's disease
57:from a person with
2778:10.1042/BST0330578
2732:10.1242/dmm.024703
1317:medicines such as
730:, Senile systemic
481:amyloid angiopathy
331:
255:
188:and Harry LeVine.
18:Protein misfolding
5492:(12): 1095–1110.
5139:10.1111/jnc.14207
5056:(1406): 203–211.
5044:Pepys MB (2001).
4868:(9442): 1343–60.
4010:10.1111/bpa.12486
3960:10.1111/nan.12197
3672:(December 2007).
2494:10.1111/bpa.12248
2000:978-3-319-08926-3
1337:Additional images
1329:, and engineered
1243:
1242:
1136:Lect2 amyloidosis
1128:Apolipoprotein C3
1117:Apolipoprotein C2
1033:Cutaneous lichen
1022:corneal dystrophy
842:Apolipoprotein AI
773:AH (heavy chain)
753:AL (light chain)
691:Alexander disease
637:Familial British
530:synucleinopathies
323:Lewy body disease
121:in which certain
81:
80:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5620:
5561:
5560:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5415:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5366:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5271:10.1002/lt.24058
5249:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5222:
5198:
5187:
5186:
5163:J Alzheimers Dis
5158:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5024:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4954:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4602:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4394:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4021:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3841:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3774:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3572:(17): 6098–102.
3557:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3530:
3521:(21): 18664–72.
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3178:10.1172/JCI43366
3157:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3009:(5794): 1781–4.
2993:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2835:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2772:(Pt 4): 578–81.
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1404:
1372:Protein toxicity
1347:
802:Type II diabetes
648:Familial Danish
497:degeneration in
442:
431:Escherichia coli
380:Seeded induction
361:) in the brain.
201:corpora amylacea
195:coined the term
150:gain-of-function
117:, is a class of
45:
33:
32:
21:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5598:Protein folding
5588:
5587:
5569:
5564:
5525:
5521:
5482:
5478:
5433:
5429:
5384:
5380:
5343:Transplantation
5335:
5328:
5291:
5287:
5250:
5246:
5199:
5190:
5159:
5155:
5118:
5114:
5091:
5087:
5042:
5038:
4993:
4986:
4955:
4946:
4901:
4897:
4858:
4854:
4809:
4805:
4760:
4756:
4735:(2–3): 329–39.
4725:
4721:
4682:
4678:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4624:
4571:
4567:
4528:
4524:
4479:
4475:
4436:
4432:
4395:
4338:
4301:
4297:
4266:(10): 2077–87.
4252:
4248:
4223:10.1172/JCI9511
4203:
4199:
4152:
4148:
4117:
4113:
4082:
4078:
4039:
4035:
3998:Brain Pathology
3990:
3983:
3940:
3936:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3869:
3865:
3824:(33): 13444–9.
3810:
3806:
3775:
3764:
3733:(13): 4528–35.
3719:
3715:
3666:
3662:
3631:(1–3): 179–84.
3617:
3613:
3558:
3554:
3507:
3503:
3458:
3454:
3429:10.1038/ncb1830
3409:
3405:
3350:
3346:
3299:
3295:
3260:Nature Medicine
3256:
3252:
3207:
3203:
3158:
3154:
3121:(31): 13010–5.
3107:
3103:
3078:10.1038/ncb1901
3050:
3046:
2994:
2990:
2957:(4): e1002589.
2943:
2939:
2902:
2898:
2875:(20): 1516–26.
2861:
2857:
2806:(August 2006).
2800:
2793:
2761:
2757:
2712:
2708:
2663:
2659:
2614:
2610:
2573:
2569:
2523:
2519:
2482:Brain Pathology
2474:
2470:
2439:
2435:
2390:
2386:
2349:(5852): 930–6.
2339:
2335:
2290:
2286:
2239:
2235:
2204:(6): 1188–203.
2186:
2182:
2145:(6968): 900–4.
2135:
2131:
2092:(7465): 45–51.
2075:
2068:
2037:
2026:
2001:
1976:
1972:
1941:(17): 1636–43.
1927:
1923:
1892:
1888:
1849:
1845:
1808:
1804:
1773:
1766:
1721:
1717:
1670:
1666:
1627:
1623:
1594:(9071): 134–8.
1584:
1571:
1532:
1528:
1497:
1490:
1451:
1444:
1405:
1394:
1390:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1339:
1311:small molecules
1296:transplantation
1294:cases by liver
1248:
1194:(CFTR) protein
1187:Cystic fibrosis
1101:Seminal vesicle
1027:Keratoepithelin
994:Cardiac atrial
787:AA (secondary)
716:Seipinopathies
609:, ubiquilin-2 (
564:) (Ubi+, Tau-)
440:
382:
370:protein folding
327:synucleinopathy
272:cystic fibrosis
260:
258:Pathophysiology
227:, as well as a
221:polarized light
158:mad cow disease
141:of the body.
93:proteinopathies
71:amyloid plaques
55:cerebral cortex
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5626:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5568:
5567:External links
5565:
5563:
5562:
5535:(3): 212–219.
5519:
5476:
5447:(5): 895–908.
5427:
5378:
5349:(2): 373–381.
5326:
5305:(3): 263–276.
5285:
5264:(3): 282–292.
5244:
5188:
5153:
5132:(5): 467–488.
5112:
5085:
5036:
5001:Sci Transl Med
4984:
4944:
4895:
4852:
4803:
4754:
4719:
4676:
4633:
4565:
4522:
4493:(5): a024315.
4473:
4452:10.1038/nrg907
4446:(10): 759–68.
4430:
4409:(4): 209–213.
4336:
4315:(Pt 1): 8–15.
4295:
4246:
4197:
4146:
4127:(1): 575–621.
4111:
4076:
4033:
4004:(6): 723–736.
3981:
3934:
3888:
3881:
3863:
3804:
3762:
3713:
3684:(6): 2012–20.
3660:
3611:
3552:
3501:
3472:(2): a024257.
3452:
3403:
3364:(9): 3548–53.
3344:
3293:
3272:10.1038/nm1747
3250:
3201:
3152:
3101:
3044:
2988:
2951:PLOS Pathogens
2937:
2896:
2855:
2791:
2755:
2706:
2677:(3): 1135–50.
2657:
2608:
2567:
2517:
2468:
2449:(14): 1293–6.
2433:
2384:
2333:
2284:
2233:
2192:(March 2012).
2180:
2129:
2066:
2024:
1999:
1970:
1921:
1886:
1843:
1802:
1783:(2–3): 88–98.
1764:
1715:
1684:(1): a024323.
1664:
1621:
1569:
1526:
1488:
1461:(1–2): 83–95.
1442:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1218:gamma globulin
1215:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1170:Corneodesmosin
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1047:Mallory bodies
1043:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1003:
998:
991:
990:
985:
975:
974:
969:
962:
961:
956:
950:
949:
942:
932:
931:
926:
917:
916:
911:
902:
901:
896:
887:
886:
881:
873:
872:
869:Apolipoprotein
866:
859:
858:
855:Apolipoprotein
852:
845:
844:
839:
830:
829:
822:
818:Aortic medial
815:
814:
804:
798:
797:
791:
784:
783:
780:Immunoglobulin
777:
770:
769:
766:immunoglobulin
762:
750:
749:
744:
740:
739:
734:
723:
722:
717:
713:
712:
706:
700:
699:
693:
687:
686:
680:
674:
673:
668:
656:
655:
652:
645:
644:
641:
634:
633:
626:
615:
614:
592:
585:
584:
581:
571:
570:
565:
554:
553:
546:
539:
538:
533:
522:
521:
516:
513:Prion diseases
509:
508:
501:
491:
490:
483:
476:
475:
460:
454:
453:
448:
439:
436:
418:macromolecules
391:prion diseases
381:
378:
259:
256:
232:ultrastructure
193:Rudolf Virchow
162:prion diseases
100:proteinopathic
79:
78:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5625:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5331:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5299:Liver Transpl
5296:
5289:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5258:Liver Transpl
5255:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5007:(77): 77sr1.
5006:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3884:
3882:0-87969-693-1
3878:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:(9): 885–98.
3784:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:(2): 219–25.
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3313:(5): e10627.
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:(2): 715–25.
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:(7): 909–13.
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:Ma J (2012).
2941:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:(8): 438–43.
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:(8): 823–38.
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2587:(5): 619–25.
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:(5): 362–81.
2537:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:(3): 350–64.
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:(11): 771–7.
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:Eisenberg D,
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:(9): 329–32.
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1822:(7): 674–83.
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:(3): 179–83.
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:(1): 333–66.
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:(4): 559–61.
1414:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Transthyretin
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:Semenogelin I
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:prolactinoma
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
992:
989:
986:
984:
981:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
947:
943:
941:
937:
934:
933:
930:
927:
925:
922:
919:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
870:
867:
865:
861:
860:
856:
853:
851:
847:
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
832:
831:
827:
823:
821:
817:
816:
812:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
790:
786:
785:
782:heavy chains
781:
778:
776:
772:
771:
768:light chains
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:Transthyretin
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
662:
658:
657:
653:
651:
647:
646:
642:
640:
636:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
582:
580:
576:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
559:
556:
555:
551:
547:
544:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:Prion protein
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
493:
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
446:Proteinopathy
444:
443:
435:
433:
432:
427:
426:curli fibrils
423:
420:as silk, the
419:
413:
411:
407:
403:
400:amyloidosis,
399:
394:
392:
388:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
307:
305:
301:
300:prion disease
295:
293:
289:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
252:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:birefringence
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
89:proteinopathy
86:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
36:Proteinopathy
34:
19:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5444:
5440:
5430:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5346:
5342:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5210:
5206:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5101:(5): 782–7.
5098:
5094:
5088:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5004:
5000:
4962:
4959:Annu Rev Med
4958:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4823:(1): 23–38.
4820:
4816:
4806:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4649:(1): 12–24.
4646:
4642:
4636:
4625:. Retrieved
4585:(1): 62–81.
4582:
4578:
4568:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4406:
4402:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4217:(5): 561–2.
4214:
4210:
4200:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4092:(5): 530–5.
4089:
4085:
4079:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4001:
3997:
3954:(1): 47–58.
3951:
3947:
3937:
3907:(1): 13–24.
3904:
3900:
3891:
3872:
3866:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3782:
3778:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3681:
3677:
3663:
3628:
3625:FEBS Letters
3624:
3614:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3266:(5): 504–6.
3263:
3259:
3253:
3221:(3): 552–7.
3218:
3214:
3204:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3069:
3065:
3047:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2916:(2): 155–7.
2913:
2909:
2899:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2815:
2811:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2674:
2671:Cell Reports
2670:
2660:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2535:
2531:
2520:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2201:
2197:
2183:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2089:
2085:
2044:
2040:
1983:GeNeDis 2014
1982:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1859:(4): 570–5.
1856:
1852:
1846:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1780:
1776:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1507:(1): 25–31.
1504:
1500:
1458:
1454:
1412:
1408:
1331:immune cells
1308:
1280:chemotherapy
1268:inflammatory
1265:
1261:immunization
1249:
450:
445:
429:
414:
395:
383:
374:proteostasis
363:
335:risk factors
332:
296:
280:
261:
207:. In 1859,
190:
181:
160:) and other
143:
127:structurally
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
91:(; -pathy ;
88:
82:
67:amyloid beta
5613:Amyloidosis
5573:Amyloidosis
5398:(1): 1–25.
5392:Neurol Ther
5126:J Neurochem
4965:: 223–241.
4774:(2): 71–5.
4692:(2): 81–5.
2628:(2): 51–8.
2304:: 329–346.
1362:Amyloidosis
1180:Enfuvirtide
1069:Lactoferrin
1064:amyloidosis
1035:amyloidosis
996:amyloidosis
959:Crystallins
924:amyloidosis
909:amyloidosis
894:amyloidosis
878:amyloidosis
864:amyloidosis
850:amyloidosis
837:amyloidosis
826:lactadherin
820:amyloidosis
789:amyloidosis
775:amyloidosis
764:Monoclonal
755:amyloidosis
732:amyloidosis
665:amyloidosis
659:Hereditary
632:expansions
625:(multiple)
550:Tau protein
545:(multiple)
543:Tauopathies
536:α-Synuclein
532:(multiple)
515:(multiple)
479:Cerebral β-
472:tauopathies
468:Tau protein
359:Lewy bodies
319:Lewy bodies
317:(brown) in
315:α-synuclein
283:polypeptide
186:Lary Walker
182:proteopathy
174:amyloidosis
107:proteopathy
5592:Categories
4627:2021-09-15
4049:: 257–65.
2253:(1): 222.
1735:: 601–23.
1388:References
1292:hereditary
1257:antibodies
1246:Management
1205:Hemoglobin
1161:-7 (Gal7)
988:Calcitonin
978:Medullary
914:Fibrinogen
906:Fibrinogen
796:A protein
728:neuropathy
671:Cystatin C
621:and other
528:and other
366:chaperones
339:amino acid
292:beta-sheet
209:Friedreich
51:Micrograph
5608:Pathology
4532:Neurology
3944:Goedert M
3897:Goedert M
3058:Goedert M
1979:Wolozin B
1935:Neurology
1304:molecules
1300:tetramers
1057:proteins
1014:Prolactin
1008:Pituitary
983:carcinoma
972:rhodopsin
954:Cataracts
876:Familial
630:glutamine
402:amyloid A
355:tauopathy
345:(such as
268:clearance
240:oligomers
229:fibrillar
225:Congo red
219:in cross-
205:cellulose
5557:49475930
5549:29951831
5514:46766370
5506:29076382
5471:22939619
5422:26894299
5373:26656838
5321:10827225
5280:25482846
5239:30228867
5213:: 1348.
5207:F1000Res
5183:22785404
5148:28869766
5107:12090553
5080:11260801
5031:21471435
4979:16409147
4939:29547474
4882:15474138
4847:27734094
4798:24446896
4749:15819411
4714:25820489
4671:38832894
4663:19808079
4621:Archived
4609:18810322
4600:11131532
4560:24365234
4552:16432144
4517:28159831
4468:21633779
4460:12360234
4425:27884064
4331:18790819
4290:17498694
4241:10712425
4192:23801983
4141:17417937
4106:22918486
4071:18510138
4063:25701498
4028:28100023
3976:45101893
3968:25399729
3929:12590215
3921:23183883
3858:17684098
3799:14533778
3757:20357103
3708:18055549
3670:Jucker M
3655:15063745
3606:15829582
3547:21454603
3496:28096245
3447:19151706
3398:21321227
3339:20498711
3307:PLOS ONE
3288:11991816
3280:18391962
3245:21600984
3196:21245577
3147:19651612
3096:19503072
3054:Jucker M
3039:27127208
3031:16990547
2999:Jucker M
2983:22511864
2932:15851020
2891:11357156
2850:46630402
2842:16806508
2833:10725716
2804:Jucker M
2786:16042548
2750:27491084
2701:25437566
2652:19421006
2603:19300591
2562:22487856
2512:25904048
2463:20879875
2428:21947062
2371:17991853
2328:27893962
2279:33308303
2228:22424229
2190:Jucker M
2167:14685251
2124:24005412
2078:Jucker M
2061:10470028
2019:25416971
1965:21956718
1916:21460436
1881:32899741
1873:16481071
1797:10940217
1759:24274755
1710:28108533
1659:12480248
1651:17701465
1616:39124185
1564:23797549
1556:16756495
1521:18295611
1483:32618330
1475:11327151
1437:54314137
1429:10924770
1356:See also
1327:peptides
1315:biologic
1159:Galectin
1130:(ApoC3)
1119:(ApoC2)
1103:amyloid
1040:Keratins
940:myopathy
921:Dialysis
899:Lysozyme
891:Lysozyme
884:Gelsolin
650:dementia
639:dementia
499:glaucoma
288:monomers
123:proteins
119:diseases
85:medicine
63:antibody
5462:3444165
5413:4919130
5364:4732012
5230:6117860
5071:1088426
5022:3130546
4930:6028293
4890:8139305
4838:5209436
4789:4021035
4768:Amyloid
4706:9611375
4617:6580402
4508:5411686
4403:Amyloid
4281:2702672
4183:3687200
4019:8029341
3849:1940230
3826:Bibcode
3748:2859074
3699:2111123
3633:Bibcode
3597:1087940
3574:Bibcode
3538:3099683
3487:5793740
3438:2757079
3389:3048161
3366:Bibcode
3330:2869360
3236:3430516
3187:3026723
3138:2722313
3087:2726961
3011:Bibcode
3003:Science
2974:3325206
2741:5007983
2692:4255334
2643:2712599
2594:2656298
2553:3560290
2503:4526170
2419:3924856
2379:8993435
2351:Bibcode
2343:Science
2319:6690197
2270:7733282
2219:3353745
2175:6451881
2147:Bibcode
2115:3963807
2094:Bibcode
2010:4694570
1956:3198978
1838:9690671
1750:4010318
1701:5749146
1631:Amyloid
1608:9228977
1253:enzymes
1149:Insulin
1083:(SP-C)
1052:Keratin
980:thyroid
862:ApoAIV
848:ApoAII
824:Medin (
809:(IAPP;
794:Amyloid
747:Serpins
698:(GFAP)
678:CADASIL
607:C9ORF72
304:strains
197:amyloid
135:tissues
125:become
5555:
5547:
5512:
5504:
5469:
5459:
5420:
5410:
5371:
5361:
5319:
5278:
5237:
5227:
5181:
5146:
5105:
5078:
5068:
5029:
5019:
4977:
4937:
4927:
4888:
4880:
4862:Lancet
4845:
4835:
4796:
4786:
4747:
4712:
4704:
4669:
4661:
4615:
4607:
4597:
4558:
4550:
4515:
4505:
4466:
4458:
4423:
4329:
4288:
4278:
4239:
4232:292459
4229:
4190:
4180:
4166:: 76.
4139:
4104:
4069:
4061:
4026:
4016:
3974:
3966:
3927:
3919:
3879:
3856:
3846:
3797:
3755:
3745:
3706:
3696:
3653:
3604:
3594:
3545:
3535:
3494:
3484:
3445:
3435:
3396:
3386:
3337:
3327:
3286:
3278:
3243:
3233:
3194:
3184:
3145:
3135:
3094:
3084:
3037:
3029:
2981:
2971:
2930:
2889:
2848:
2840:
2830:
2784:
2748:
2738:
2699:
2689:
2650:
2640:
2601:
2591:
2560:
2550:
2510:
2500:
2461:
2426:
2416:
2377:
2369:
2326:
2316:
2277:
2267:
2226:
2216:
2173:
2165:
2139:Nature
2122:
2112:
2086:Nature
2059:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1963:
1953:
1914:
1879:
1871:
1836:
1795:
1757:
1747:
1708:
1698:
1657:
1649:
1614:
1606:
1588:Lancet
1562:
1554:
1519:
1481:
1473:
1435:
1427:
811:amylin
720:Seipin
711:(PLP)
611:UBQLN2
599:TDP-43
591:(ALS)
568:TDP-43
410:TDP-43
213:Kekulé
139:organs
105:), or
5553:S2CID
5510:S2CID
4886:S2CID
4710:S2CID
4667:S2CID
4613:S2CID
4556:S2CID
4464:S2CID
4309:Brain
4067:S2CID
3972:S2CID
3925:S2CID
3284:S2CID
3035:S2CID
2846:S2CID
2622:Prion
2375:S2CID
2171:S2CID
1877:S2CID
1655:S2CID
1612:S2CID
1560:S2CID
1479:S2CID
1433:S2CID
1377:Prion
1288:liver
1272:serum
1238:LOXL1
1236:esp.
834:ApoAI
683:Notch
663:with
654:ADan
643:ABri
470:(see
422:yeast
251:liver
131:cells
113:, or
5545:PMID
5502:PMID
5467:PMID
5441:Cell
5418:PMID
5369:PMID
5317:PMID
5276:PMID
5235:PMID
5179:PMID
5144:PMID
5103:PMID
5076:PMID
5027:PMID
4975:PMID
4935:PMID
4878:PMID
4843:PMID
4794:PMID
4745:PMID
4702:PMID
4659:PMID
4605:PMID
4548:PMID
4513:PMID
4456:PMID
4421:PMID
4327:PMID
4286:PMID
4237:PMID
4188:PMID
4137:PMID
4102:PMID
4059:PMID
4024:PMID
3964:PMID
3917:PMID
3877:ISBN
3854:PMID
3795:PMID
3753:PMID
3704:PMID
3651:PMID
3602:PMID
3543:PMID
3492:PMID
3443:PMID
3394:PMID
3335:PMID
3276:PMID
3241:PMID
3192:PMID
3143:PMID
3092:PMID
3027:PMID
2979:PMID
2928:PMID
2910:Cell
2887:PMID
2838:PMID
2782:PMID
2746:PMID
2697:PMID
2648:PMID
2599:PMID
2558:PMID
2508:PMID
2459:PMID
2424:PMID
2367:PMID
2324:PMID
2275:PMID
2224:PMID
2198:Cell
2163:PMID
2120:PMID
2057:PMID
2015:PMID
1995:ISBN
1961:PMID
1912:PMID
1869:PMID
1834:PMID
1793:PMID
1755:PMID
1706:PMID
1647:PMID
1604:PMID
1552:PMID
1517:PMID
1471:PMID
1425:PMID
1313:and
1227:aka
871:AIV
857:AII
575:FTLD
562:FTLD
387:host
325:, a
211:and
146:fold
137:and
73:and
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