23:
4402:= having flat feet" or "redthroat = with a red throat". This type was much more common in old Indo-European languages; some doubt the existence of determinative compounds in PIE altogether. Compounds consisting of a nominal plus a verb (akin to English "cowherd") were common; those of a verb plus a nominal ("pickpocket"), less so. Other parts of speech also occurred as first part of compounds, such as
3235:
By late PIE, the above system had been already significantly eroded, with one of the root ablaut grades tending to be extended throughout the paradigm. The erosion is much more extensive in all the daughter languages, with only the oldest stages of most languages showing any root ablaut and typically
3180:
For the strong cases of proterokinetic nominals, the accent is placed on the penultimate syllable of the stem. If there is only one suffix, the root will be the penultimate syllable; when there is more than one suffix, the penultimate syllable will be a suffix, and the root will appear unaccented and
456:, while the process of inflecting that stem is known as inflectional morphology. As in other languages, the possible suffixes that can be added to a given root, and the meaning that results, are not entirely predictable, while the process of inflection is largely predictable in both form and meaning.
3581:
In some cases, ablaut would be expected based on the form (given numerous other examples of ablauting nouns of the same form), but a single ablaut variant is found throughout the paradigm. In such cases, it is often assumed that the noun had showed ablaut in early PIE but was generalized to a single
4734:
PIE probably expressed the superlative ("biggest, most beautiful") by adding a genitive plural noun to the adjective. Instead of 'the greatest of the gods', people said 'great of (=among) the gods'. Still, two suffixes have been reconstructed that have superlative meaning in daughter languages: one
4167:
From athematic nouns, derivatives could be created by shifting the accent to the right and thus switching to another accent/ablaut class: acrostatic to proterokinetic or amphikinetic, proterokinetic to amphikinetic or hysterokinetic, and so on. Such derivations signified "possessing, associated
4779:
The following are example declensions of a number of different types of nouns, based on the reconstruction of Ringe (2006). The last two declensions, the o-stems, are thematic, and all others are athematic. Morpheme boundaries (boundaries between root, suffix, and ending) are given only in the
1255:
Some endings are difficult to reconstruct and not all authors reconstruct the same sets of endings. For example, the original form of the genitive plural is a particular thorny issue, because different daughter languages appear to reflect different proto-forms. It is variously reconstructed as
1276:
The following shows three modern mainstream reconstructions. Sihler (1995) remains closest to the data, often reconstructing multiple forms when daughter languages show divergent outcomes. Ringe (2006) is somewhat more speculative, willing to assume analogical changes in some cases to explain
484:, i.e. no vowel) occurred in PIE, in both derivation and inflection and in the root, suffix, and ending. Variation in the position of the accent likewise occurred in both derivation and inflection, and is often considered part of the ablaut system (which is described in more detail
600:
A large number of different patterns of ablaut variation existed; speakers had to both learn the ablaut patterns and memorize which pattern went with which word. There was a certain regularity of which patterns occurred with which suffixes and formations, but with many exceptions.
447:
4463:
Adjectives in PIE generally have the same form as nouns, although when paradigms are gender-specific more than one may be combined to form an adjectival paradigm, which must be declined for gender as well as number and case. The main example of this is the
607:
Far more simplification occurred in the late PIE nominal system than in the verbal system, where the original PIE ablaut variations were maintained essentially intact well into the recorded history of conservative daughter languages such as
1273:, and so on. Meanwhile, the dual endings of cases other than the merged nominative/vocative/accusative are often considered impossible to reconstruct because these endings are attested sparsely and diverge radically in different languages.
2094:
An alternative reconstruction is found in Beekes (1995). This reconstruction does not give separate tables for the thematic and athematic endings, assuming that they were originally the same and only differentiated in daughter languages.
1207:
Grammatical gender correlates only partially with sex, and almost exclusively when it relates to humans and domesticated animals. Even then, those correlations may not be consistent: nouns referring to adult males are usually masculine
311:
The ending carries grammatical information, including case, number, and gender. Gender is an inherent property of a noun but is part of the inflection of an adjective, because it must agree with the gender of the noun it modifies.
3945:
model exists only in the Leiden model and represents an earlier stage of the hysterokinetic and amphikinetic patterns of the
Erlangen model. The reconstruction of the paradigm is not based only on
2296:
There is a general consensus as to which nominal accent-ablaut patterns must be reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European. Given that the foundations for the system were laid by a group of scholars (
3699:'in the evening' was found, which is evidently a genitive; it indicates that early PIE actually had an acrostatic paradigm that was regularized by late PIE but after the separation of Hittite.
325:
4516:, who first formulated part of the system. The cognates derived from these roots in different daughter languages often do not agree in formation, but show certain characteristic properties:
827:. Since all roots end in a consonant, all thematic nominals have suffixes ending in a vowel, and none are root nouns. The accent is fixed on the same syllable throughout the inflection.
3188:-grade of the suffix in the strong cases of polysyllabic amphikinetic nominals. Another unusual property of this class is the locative singular having a stressed e-grade suffix.
1236:
may be neuter regardless of referent, as in both Greek and German. Gender may have also had a grammatical function, a change of gender within a sentence signaling the end of a
802:
The stem of athematic nominals ends in a consonant. They have the original complex system of accent/ablaut alternations described above and are generally held as more archaic.
1080:
is an inherent (lexical) property of each noun; all nouns in a language that has grammatical genders are assigned to one of its classes. There was probably originally only an
8593:
2336:
Early PIE nouns had complex patterns of ablation according to which the root, the stem and the ending all showed ablaut variations. Polysyllabic athematic nominals (type
3192:
The classification of the amphikinetic root nouns is disputed. Since those words have no suffix, they differ from the amphikinetic polysyllables in the strong cases (no
3723:. It states that for earlier PIE, three accent types of inflection of consonant stems are to be reconstructed, and from them, all of the attested types can be derived:
604:
Already by late PIE times, this system was extensively simplified, and daughter languages show a steady trend towards more and more regularization and simplification.
2678:
4230:
Thematic nominals could also be derived by accent or ablaut changes. Leftward shift of the accent could turn an agentive word into a resultative one, for example
8318:
2845:
8393:
3121:
1019:
cases are the nominative and the vocative for all numbers, and the accusative case for singular and dual (and possibly plural as well), and the rest are the
3915:-stems and is suggested to be why thematic nouns show no ablaut or accentual mobility in inflection (for other theories on the origin of thematic vowel see
3219:
types, with the accent fixed on the suffix and the ending, respectively, but their existence in PIE is disputed. The classes can then be grouped into three
2624:
2340:) exhibit four characteristic patterns, which include accent and ablaut alternations throughout the paradigm between the root, the stem and the ending.
1112:
that also gave rise to the neuter collective. The existence of combined collective and abstract grammatical forms can be seen in
English words such as
2924:
1247:
inherited a three-gender PIE system, and subsequently
Hittite and other Anatolian languages eliminated the feminine by merging it with the masculine.
8001:
3942:
3931:
3924:
2737:
2301:
3067:
3014:
7946:
2789:
805:
Thematic nominals, which became more and more common during the times of later PIE and its younger daughter languages, have a stem ending in a
1092:
adjectives which inflect only for two sets of endings: one for masculine and feminine, the other for neuter. Further evidence comes from the
8577:
3412:
The most extensive remains are in Vedic
Sanskrit and Old Avestan (the oldest recorded stages of the oldest Indic and Iranian languages,
8311:
7747:
3511:
had an ablauting paradigm. That is quite possible for
Avestan as well, but that cannot be certain since the nominative is not extant.
7914:
7906:
4771:, composed of the zero grade of the comparative suffix plus an additional syllable. They are generalisations of the ordinal numbers.
3971:, which indicates a historical connection between the two. At the stage of the Leiden model, there was only one phonemic vowel, as {
2416:, 'moveable, mobile', "moving towards the earlier "): The best evidence for the reconstruction of this type comes from
1307:
in the neuter nominative and accusative plural. The vocative singular is also the only case for which the thematic nouns show
8761:
8738:
8609:
8304:
8286:
8265:
8172:
8098:
8038:
7894:
7757:
7483:
3422:
In many cases, a former ablauting paradigm was generalized in the daughter languages but in different ways in each language.
1084:(masculine/feminine) versus an inanimate (neuter) distinction. This view is supported by the existence of certain classes of
972:
PIE nouns and adjectives (as well as pronouns) are subject to the system of PIE nominal inflection with eight or nine cases:
7083:(*) indicates that the form is not directly attested but has been reconstructed on the basis of other linguistic material.
442:{\displaystyle \underbrace {\underbrace {\mathrm {root+suffix} } _{\mathrm {stem} }+\mathrm {ending} } _{\mathrm {word} }}
8585:
3903:
originating from the hysterodynamic genitive singular form of athematic inflection, which had in pre-PIE the function of
2321:
964:-stems. Within each of these, numerous subclasses with their own inflectional peculiarities developed by late PIE times.
44:
8083:
8601:
4382:
PIE had a number of possibilities to compound nouns. Endocentric or determinative compounds denote subclasses of their
8242:
8220:
8198:
8150:
8124:
7985:
7966:
7930:
1027:
cases. This classification is relevant for inflecting the athematic nominals of different accent and ablaut classes.
7148:
1196:-stems still exist as distinct classes comprising largely feminine nouns. Over time, these stem classes merged with
1180:-stems, with fixed ablaut and accent, increasingly idiosyncratic endings and frequent borrowing of endings from the
3967:
The Leiden model has a one-to-one correlation between the presence of the full grade vowel and the position of the
281:'give'), while the stem carries a more specific nominal meaning based on the combination of root and suffix (e.g.
4698:'right (as opposed to left)'. It later attained comparative function. For example, the meaning of Ancient Greek
7545:
8722:
8538:
8335:
2357:
34:
149:; they were more regular and became more common during the history of PIE and its older daughter languages.
8632:
8543:
8533:
8327:
95:
88:
30:
8727:
4637:
The comparative form ("bigger, more beautiful") could be formed by replacing an adjective's suffix with
1039:
were distinguished: singular, dual and plural. Many (possibly all) athematic neuter nouns had a special
8481:
8348:
8343:
3984:
3711:, developed an alternative model on the basis of Pedersen's and Kuiper's works, described in detail in
2317:
2291:
126:
8704:
8548:
107:
8060:
7234:
A comparison of such characteristic properties of derivatives of PIE's *-nt- suffix is available in
4151:
derivational prefixes (including reduplication) and suffixes added to verbal roots or nominal stems,
8627:
8560:
8501:
8368:
3496:. In that case, there is no extant ablauting paradigm in a single language, but Avestan accusative
3200:-grade suffix). Some scholars prefer to call them amphikinetic and the corresponding polysyllables
2309:
249:
76:
8134:
3681:'night'; an acrostatic root paradigm might be expected based on the form, but the consistent stem
597:â i.e. all three components have different ablaut vowels, and the stress position has also moved.
8276:
3946:
2386:, 'coming to a standstill', "stationary on the beginning"): The accent stays on the root.
453:
84:
40:
3964:
The Leiden model describes a stage, Early PIE, that is relatively older than the
Erlangen model.
8363:
8230:
4155:
2348:
8448:
7222:
4123:
PIE had a number of ways to derive nominals from verbs or from other nominals. These included
2091:. In contrast to the other weak cases, it typically has full or lengthened grade of the stem.
8732:
8653:
7592:
Jasanoff, Jay 2017. The
Prehistory of the Balto-Slavic Accent. Leiden: Brill, p. 18 and p. 28
4285:
3665:
in early PIE. It generalized the nominative ablaut in late PIE and switched to the masculine
8437:
3996:
Some athematic noun stems have different final consonants in different cases and are termed
114:(animate and neuter), with the animate later splitting into the masculine and the feminine.
8686:
8659:
8553:
8471:
8403:
8381:
3716:
777:
621:
130:
4512:
A number of adjectival roots form part of the Caland system, named after Dutch
Indologist
1277:
divergent outcomes from a single source form. Fortson (2004) is between Sihler and Ringe.
1163:-stems and root nouns. Already by late PIE times, however, this system was breaking down.
8:
8766:
8691:
8681:
8408:
7882:
2369:
1093:
771:
3916:
235:
The basic structure of Proto-Indo-European nouns and adjectives was the same as that of
8413:
8048:
7995:
7940:
4820:
4425:
4383:
3708:
2583:
1061:
1043:
form instead of the plural, which inflected with singular endings, but with the ending
1036:
617:
299:'gift'). Some stems cannot clearly be broken up into root and suffix altogether, as in
111:
103:
3949:. It is synchronically still attested in the Hittite paradigm of the word for "hand":
2075:
but are of uncertain structure otherwise. They might also have been of post-PIE date.
8676:
8398:
8282:
8261:
8238:
8216:
8194:
8168:
8146:
8138:
8120:
8094:
8069:
8034:
7981:
7962:
7954:
7926:
7910:
7902:
7890:
7753:
4288:, which typically lengthened a vowel, signifying "of, belonging to, descended from".
2324:
on nominal accent-ablaut patterns in PIE, the system is sometimes referred to as the
1459:
1040:
993:
763:
830:
From the perspective of the daughter languages, a distinction is often made between
83:
have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all
8433:
8423:
8418:
8358:
8353:
8208:
8112:
8021:
8009:
3419:); the younger stages of the same languages already show extensive regularization.
2297:
1103:
The feminine ending is thought to have developed from a collective/abstract suffix
1097:
99:
8373:
4313:: unproductive suffix of uncertain function. Only used in a few old nouns such as
3715:. Since the scholars who developed it and generally accept it are mostly from the
3614:, but certain irregularities (the position of the accent, the unexpected feminine
781:, which are formed from existing words (whether primary or secondary themselves).
4399:
3690:
is found throughout the family. With the discovery of
Hittite, however, the form
1408:
1359:
1244:
977:
8117:
The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world
7151:
for further information on spelling and syllabification rules for PIE sonorants.
711:'sit' by adding a local prefix and thus meaning "where sits down" or the like.
8699:
8637:
8506:
8491:
8453:
8443:
8428:
8296:
8084:"The origin of the feminine gender in PIE. An old problem in a new perspective"
7203:
can be reconstructed, but those forms could have developed from regular forms (
3501:
3368:
3240:
2535:
1184:-stems. Nonetheless, clear traces of the earlier system are seen especially in
790:
8755:
8476:
8108:
4513:
4507:
3904:
3508:
3324:
2459:
1599:
1571:
1529:
1387:
1089:
762:'beaver'. This type of derivation is also found in verbs, mainly to form the
716:
671:
655:
613:
7563:
that replaced it. He also argues for an original instrumental plural ending
3578:), with differing ablaut grades among cognate forms in different languages.
1052:
in the direct cases, and an amphikinetic accent/ablaut pattern (see below).
8160:
7889:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
4702:'wiser, the wiser one' developed from 'the wise one (of the two)'. English
4586:
3935:
52:
4446:'not', seen in English "un-", Latin "in-", Greek "a(n)-") and adjectives (
2066:
The dative, instrumental and ablative plural endings probably contained a
1151:
stems, respectively. They originally were the feminine equivalents of the
239:. A lexical word (as would appear in a dictionary) was formed by adding a
8496:
4403:
3439:
3296:
1501:
1237:
989:
720:, uses the first part of the root plus a vowel as a prefix. For example,
452:
The process of forming a lexical stem from a root is known in general as
7547:*-bhi, *-bhis, *-^is: following the trail of the PIE instrumental plural
854:
stems (the rest). However, from the PIE perspective, only the thematic (
636:
which lack a suffix, the ending being directly added to the root (as in
8511:
8182:
7481:
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997). "Proto-Indo-European".
4224:
3968:
3227:(proterokinetic, hysterokinetic, amphikinetic, holokinetic) paradigms.
2523:, 'about, around, on both sides', "moving towards both sides").
2305:
1233:
973:
492:
262:
118:
8033:. Vol. Indo-European Accent and Ablaut. Museum Tusculanum Press.
3897:
The thematic stem type was a recent innovation, with a thematic vowel
3822:
For root nouns, accentuation could have been either static or mobile:
2534:
The patterns called "Narten" are, at least formally, analogous to the
1240:(a head noun and its agreeing adjectives) and the start of a new one.
775:, which are words formed directly from a root as described above, and
191:'to give', but the practice was much more common in PIE. For example,
8071:
Caland
Adjectives and Participles in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European
7122:
4395:
3268:
2484:
122:
80:
68:
8025:
7559:
and believes that it was secondarily added to the adverbial suffix
7080:
4296:
These are some of the nominal affixes found in Proto-Indo-European
4223:'horn, roe'. Many PIE adjectives formed this way were subsequently
1185:
1005:
1001:
997:
985:
981:
609:
541:
236:
4578:-stems, especially in the first part of a compound: Ancient Greek
4359:: forms abstractions. This is probably a reduced form of the noun
2082:
is reconstructed in addition to the ordinary locative singular in
690:
pattern. Some were formed with additional prefixes. An example is
8252:
Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008).
4468:-stem adjectives, which have masculine forms following masculine
1298:
only in word-final position in the vocative singular, and before
1081:
670:
Verbal stems have corresponding morphological features, the root
152:
PIE very frequently derived nominals from verbs. Just as English
72:
48:
7452:
7450:
1176:-stem nouns evolved more and more in the direction of thematic
675:
8193:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
3919:). The general points of departure to the Erlangen model are:
3527:
can also clearly be reconstructed from 'foot', based on Greek
8027:
Indo-European nominal ablaut patterns: The Anatolian evidence
8024:(2013). Olander, Thomas; Widmer, Paul; Keydana, Götz (eds.).
7323:
7321:
4127:
simply adding a nominal ending to a verbal root, for example
3961:. That is therefore one of the most archaic paradigms in PIE.
2447:
2438:
2426:
2417:
1116:= "the young people (collective)" or "young age (abstract)".
1085:
29:
This article contains characters used to write reconstructed
7447:
121:. Most of them had word stems ending in a consonant (called
8594:
Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und PronominalstÀmme
8133:
7853:
7811:
7775:
7637:
7456:
7269:
3467:, which is still reflected directly in Vedic Sanskrit nom.
2518:
2500:
2411:
2399:
2381:
2362:
64:
7318:
3223:(acrostatic, mesostatic, teleutostatic) and three or four
654:'build'). These nouns can also be interpreted as having a
1243:
An alternative hypothesis to the two-gender view is that
8251:
8014:
Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon
7823:
7733:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7278:
2472:
2463:
818:
in almost all grammatical cases, sometimes ablauting to
3601:'cheek'. All except the Latin form suggest a masculine
1100:
which exhibit only the animate and the neuter genders.
459:
Originally, extensive ablaut (vowel variation, between
272:
The root indicates a basic concept, often a verb (e.g.
8077:. (handout) 23rd Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference.
7887:
Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
4394:". Exocentric or possessive compounds, usually called
3938:
patterns are reconstructed only in the Erlangen model.
2531:) show a similar behavior but with only two patterns.
2505:, 'the latter', "moving towards the latter ").
936:
Among the most common athematic stems are root stems,
579:). In this word, the nominative has the ablaut vowels
315:
Thus, the general morphological form of such words is
7834:
7832:
7746:
Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (29 April 2015).
7551:, which reconstructs the original ablative plural as
7352:
7350:
7348:
7275:
4690:, originally expressed contrast, as in Ancient Greek
4066:
are also attested, as in the probably-proterokinetic
3707:
Kuiper's student Beekes, together with his colleague
328:
8482:
8383:
7213:
7204:
7195:
7186:
7135:
7126:
7113:
7104:
7095:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6865:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6758:
6751:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6650:
6643:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6119:
6112:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4682:
4673:
4660:
4647:
4638:
4599:
4590:
4555:
4542:
4533:
4490:
4473:
4447:
4438:
4429:
4416:
4407:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4300:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4215:
4206:
4186:
4169:
4137:
4128:
4107:
4098:
4089:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4010:
4001:
3978:
3972:
3898:
3887:
3880:
3868:
3861:
3849:
3842:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3653:
3644:
3631:
3606:
3570:
3557:
3536:
3515:
3476:
3455:
3454:
reflect different stems of a PIE ablauting paradigm
3446:
3430:
3380:
3353:
3310:
3282:
3254:
3166:
3145:
3119:
3091:
3065:
3039:
3012:
2972:
2950:
2922:
2893:
2871:
2843:
2814:
2787:
2762:
2735:
2703:
2676:
2649:
2622:
2548:
2539:
2478:
2453:
2432:
2275:
2268:
2256:
2249:
2237:
2230:
2218:
2211:
2199:
2192:
2180:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2083:
2067:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2028:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1816:
1807:
1800:
1773:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1450:
1443:
1420:
1413:
1399:
1392:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1312:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1257:
1164:
1119:
Remnants of this period exist in (for instance) the
1104:
1044:
925:
908:
899:
890:
877:
868:
859:
819:
810:
751:
742:
730:
721:
703:
691:
659:
646:
637:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
544:
532:
523:
514:
505:
496:
485:
460:
300:
291:
282:
273:
219:
210:
201:
192:
183:
174:
165:
137:
7923:
The Origins of the Indo-European Nominal Inflection
7849:
7847:
7112:are actually the same sound; technically speaking,
4284:'carry'). A special type of ablaut alternation was
3488:can be reconstructed for 'knee' from Ancient Greek
2512:
2494:
2405:
2393:
2375:
7829:
7771:
7769:
7379:
7377:
7345:
4009:in the nominative and accusative singular, and in
3392:, with the nominative stem preserved in Old Norse
2285:
784:
441:
1135:-stems, which are found in daughter languages as
769:As with PIE verbs, a distinction is made between
8753:
8326:
7859:
7844:
4398:, denote something possessing something, as in "
4148:accent/ablaut alternations of existing nominals,
3983:, was always unaccented. Both were therefore in
3618:-stem form in Latin, the unexpected Gothic stem
8089:. In Bubenik, V.; Hewson, J.; Rose, S. (eds.).
7766:
7374:
7263:
4386:(usually the second part), as in English "small
1172:became generalized as the feminine suffix, and
87:. This article discusses nouns and adjectives;
33:words (for an explanation of the notation, see
8260:] (in German). UniversitÀtsverlag Winter.
7228:
8312:
8091:Grammatical change in Indo-European languages
7881:
7697:
7685:
7532:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7159:
7157:
4162:
1311:, a leftward shift of the accent, denoted by
889:are consonantic (i.e. athematic) because the
8107:
8000:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7480:
7430:
7091:
7089:
3652:) suggest an original ablauting neuter noun
1204:-stems, with frequent crossover of endings.
4501:
3236:only in a small number of irregular nouns:
8578:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
8319:
8305:
8213:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
8165:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
8020:
8008:
7945:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7854:Meier-BrĂŒgger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003
7812:Meier-BrĂŒgger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003
7776:Meier-BrĂŒgger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003
7745:
7721:
7709:
7673:
7638:Meier-BrĂŒgger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003
7580:
7457:Meier-BrĂŒgger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003
7270:Meier-BrĂŒgger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003
7174:
7154:
3507:are attested, which strongly implies that
2538:in verbs, as they alternate between full (
858:)stems are truly vocalic. Stems ending in
789:A fundamental distinction is made between
125:stems) and exhibited a complex pattern of
8181:
7339:
7300:
7086:
4485:-stems and neuter forms following neuter
3196:-grade) and in the locative singular (no
2469:
967:
834:stems (that is, stems ending in a vowel:
588:while the genitive has the ablaut vowels
4520:Adjectives are formed using zero-ablaut
3977:was always accented, and the new vowel,
3582:form by late PIE or shortly afterwards.
110:and plural) and probably originally two
16:Category of words in Proto-Indo-European
8274:
8229:
8145:. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter.
8081:
7975:
7838:
7824:Wodtko, Irslinger & Schneider (2008
7799:
7787:
7734:Wodtko, Irslinger & Schneider (2008
7649:
7625:
7497:
7468:
7442:
7418:
7395:
7383:
7368:
7356:
7327:
7312:
7288:
7257:
4018:in the other cases. An example of such
3230:
658:suffix or one without a phonetic body (
45:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8754:
8207:
7959:Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
7920:
7508:
4646:; the resulting word is amphikinetic:
4574:Adjectives are sometimes formed using
3712:
898:is just the vocalic form of the glide
714:A special kind of prefixation, called
117:Nominals fell into multiple different
8739:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
8610:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
8300:
8258:Nominals in the Indo-European Lexicon
8159:
7865:
7661:
7613:
7601:
7520:
7484:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
7407:
7149:Proto-Indo-European phonology: Vowels
4774:
3991:
3103:
2905:
2826:
1533:
1325:
1220:), nouns referring to adult females (
907:, the full grade of the suffix being
702:'nest', derived from the verbal root
632:PIE also had a class of monosyllabic
8067:
7953:
7487:. Taylor & Francis. p. 465.
7474:
7235:
6860:
6491:
6128:
5810:
5397:
5027:
4333:: marks elemental foodstuff such as
4168:with". An example is proterokinetic
1734:
8586:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
8278:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor
8187:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
3923:Both models share (acro)static and
2827:Hysterokinetic (or hysterodynamic)
2716:Proterokinetic (or proterodynamic)
2374:'at the edge, beginning' +
681:
160:are ultimately related to the verb
13:
8602:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon
8254:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon
8191:Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs
7978:Indo-European Language and Culture
6825:
6772:
6722:
6713:
6456:
6379:
6101:
6063:
6024:
6015:
5782:
5705:
5348:
5295:
5241:
5232:
4978:
4880:
3605:-stem with non-ablauting PIE root
3404:, and the genitive stem in Gothic
2404:, 'the former, earlier' +
1866:
1858:
1791:
1695:
1687:
1645:
1637:
1437:
1429:
433:
430:
427:
424:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
387:
384:
381:
378:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
346:
343:
340:
337:
136:Two declensions ended in a vowel (
14:
8778:
7976:Fortson, Benjamin W., IV (2004).
6358:
5684:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4455:'tear', literally 'bitter-eye').
4154:and combining lexical morphemes (
1928:*-Ćys ~ *-o-mis (?) ~ *-o-mÄ«s (?)
7134:. The same applies to the pairs
7011:
6962:
6913:
6776:
6717:
6659:
6638:
6589:
6428:
6350:
6342:
6333:
6234:
6200:
6166:
6067:
6019:
5961:
5912:
5908:
5754:
5676:
5668:
5548:
5499:
5450:
5299:
5236:
5178:
5129:
5125:
4929:
4827:
4791:Acrostatic lengthened root noun
4022:-stems is the acrostatic neuter
3342:
3331:
3303:
3275:
3247:
2444:
2423:
1953:
1862:
1795:
1759:
1755:
1742:
1691:
1641:
1433:
21:
7961:. University of Chicago Press.
7817:
7805:
7793:
7781:
7739:
7727:
7715:
7703:
7691:
7679:
7667:
7655:
7643:
7631:
7619:
7607:
7595:
7586:
7574:
7538:
7526:
7514:
7502:
7491:
7462:
7436:
7424:
7412:
7401:
7389:
7362:
5610:Amphikinetic collective neuter
3917:Thematic vowel: Origin in nouns
3702:
2906:Amphikinetic (or amphidynamic)
2316:, which discussed the works of
2286:Athematic accent/ablaut classes
1250:
785:Athematic and thematic nominals
686:Not all nominals fit the basic
8281:. Cambridge University Press.
7333:
7306:
7294:
7251:
7073:
6909:
6540:
6366:
6325:
6162:
5859:
5692:
5660:
5652:
5446:
5076:
4709:
4620:
4585:There are often corresponding
4377:
4305:: forms action or agent nouns.
4205:Another ablaut alternation is
3669:-stem in the post-PIE period.
1949:
1738:
1004:, and possibly a directive or
1:
8723:Proto-Indo-European mythology
7061:
4615:
4458:
4291:
4118:
3719:, it is generally dubbed the
3413:
2455:*hârĂ©Ç”-u-ihâ- ~ *hârÇ”-u-yĂ©hâ-
627:
504:'lake' (composed of the root
230:
133:) among the different cases.
35:Proto-Indo-European phonology
8762:Proto-Indo-European language
8633:Proto-Indo-European homeland
8328:Proto-Indo-European language
8237:. Harvard University Press.
7921:Beekes, Robert S.P. (1985).
7544:Compare also Jay Jasanoff's
4481:), feminine forms following
4181:'sacred formulation' (Vedic
3626:, the ablaut found in Greek
3429:'spear' < PIE nominative
2519:
2501:
2412:
2400:
2382:
2363:
2331:
1232:) are usually feminine, but
96:Proto-Indo-European language
89:Proto-Indo-European pronouns
61:Proto-Indo-European nominals
7:
8728:Proto-Indo-European society
8215:. Oxford University Press.
8167:. Oxford University Press.
8119:. Oxford University Press.
7885:; de Vaan, Michiel (2011).
7749:The Indo-European Languages
4706:also contains this suffix.
4185:), from which amphikinetic
4000:. Most of the stems end in
3425:For example, Ancient Greek
2434:*hâĂ©Ç”-u-ihâ- ~ *hâÇ”-u-yĂ©hâ-
531:and the ending in the form
10:
8783:
8483:
8384:
8275:Woodard, Roger D. (2008).
7698:Beekes & de Vaan (2011
7686:Beekes & de Vaan (2011
7533:Beekes & de Vaan (2011
7214:
7205:
7196:
7187:
7136:
7127:
7114:
7105:
7096:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6759:
6752:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6651:
6644:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6120:
6113:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4794:Amphikinetic(?) root noun
4764:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4683:
4674:
4661:
4648:
4639:
4600:
4591:
4556:
4543:
4534:
4505:
4491:
4474:
4448:
4439:
4430:
4417:
4408:
4373:: forms agentives ("-er").
4369:
4361:
4355:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4301:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4216:
4207:
4187:
4170:
4163:Accent/ablaut alternations
4138:
4129:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4011:
4002:
3985:complementary distribution
3979:
3973:
3899:
3888:
3881:
3869:
3862:
3850:
3843:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3654:
3645:
3632:
3607:
3571:
3558:
3537:
3516:
3477:
3456:
3447:
3431:
3381:
3354:
3311:
3283:
3255:
3167:
3146:
3120:
3092:
3066:
3040:
3013:
2973:
2951:
2923:
2894:
2872:
2844:
2815:
2788:
2763:
2736:
2704:
2677:
2650:
2623:
2549:
2540:
2513:
2495:
2479:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2376:
2352:
2292:Proto-Indo-European accent
2289:
2276:
2269:
2257:
2250:
2238:
2231:
2219:
2212:
2200:
2193:
2181:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2084:
2068:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2029:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1817:
1808:
1801:
1774:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1451:
1444:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1393:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1313:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1258:
1165:
1105:
1045:
926:
909:
900:
891:
878:
869:
860:
820:
811:
752:
743:
731:
722:
704:
692:
660:
647:
638:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
533:
524:
515:
506:
497:
461:
301:
292:
283:
274:
220:
211:
202:
193:
184:
175:
166:
138:
8715:
8705:North European hypothesis
8669:
8646:
8620:
8569:
8520:
8464:
8334:
8185:; KĂŒmmel, Martin (2001).
8143:Indo-European Linguistics
7431:Mallory & Adams (2006
6815:
6780:
6766:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6418:
6390:
6383:
6373:
6319:
6271:
6267:
6091:
6057:
5744:
5716:
5709:
5699:
5646:
5600:
5596:
5289:
4874:
4819:
4785:
3445:'tree' < PIE genitive
3127:
3099:
3073:
3047:
3021:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2931:
2901:
2852:
2822:
2795:
2770:
2743:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2684:
2657:
2630:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2547:) and lengthened grades (
2274:
2267:
2255:
2248:
2236:
2229:
2217:
2210:
2198:
2191:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2055:
2039:
1939:
1918:
1892:
1848:
1834:
1815:
1799:
1787:
1749:
1746:
1703:
1677:
1633:
1603:
1540:
1519:
1505:
1491:
1449:
1442:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1391:
1377:
1363:
1355:
1330:
1327:
1055:
1030:
522:, the suffix in the form
51:combining characters and
8628:Indo-European migrations
8082:Luraghi, Silvia (2009).
7980:. Blackwell Publishing.
4582:'with bright lightning'.
4541:(zero grade of the root
4502:Caland-system adjectives
3907:. That is why there are
2078:For athematic nouns, an
200:'foot' was derived from
182:'gift' are derived from
98:(PIE) had eight or nine
8647:Artificial compositions
8231:Whitney, William Dwight
7567:, forming the familiar
4227:in daughter languages.
3947:internal reconstruction
3208:, from holos = whole).
3184:There is an unexpected
2473:
2464:
1064:, traditionally called
454:derivational morphology
91:are treated elsewhere.
85:Indo-European languages
8530:(nouns and adjectives)
8394:Glossary of sound laws
8135:Meier-BrĂŒgger, Michael
8068:Lowe, John J. (2011).
7340:Rix & KĂŒmmel (2001
7301:Rix & KĂŒmmel (2001
5638:Proterokinetic neuter
5603:Proterokinetic neuter
3589:'chin, jaw', Sanskrit
3514:An ablauting paradigm
2594:Polysyllabic nominals
1907:*-bʰis ~ *-mis ~ *-mīs
1466:*-bÊ°i ~ *-mi ~ *-(e)hâ
968:Grammatical categories
645:'house', derived from
443:
129:and/or vowel changes (
8733:Indo-European studies
4788:Acrostatic root noun
4780:nominative singular.
4550:) > Ancient Greek
2452:'fathom' (< ideal
2431:'street' (< ideal
1775:*-eyows ~ *-oyows (?)
444:
265:by adding an ending (
8687:Anatolian hypothesis
8660:The king and the god
7909:(HB) (alk. paper) /
7736::540f, 606ff, 706ff)
7221:, respectively) via
4694:'which (of two)' or
3858:accusative singular
3839:nominative singular
3769:accusative singular
3743:nominative singular
3717:University of Leiden
3585:An example is Greek
3215:(meso = middle) and
1981:*-o-mos (*-o-y-mos?)
778:secondary formations
616:, as well as in the
326:
261:. The word was then
8696:Outdated theories:
8692:Armenian hypothesis
8682:Schleicher theories
8438:Edgerton's converse
8137:; Fritz, Matthias;
7883:Beekes, Robert S.P.
4681:. A second suffix,
4567:> Ancient Greek
3672:Another example is
3417: 1700â1300 BC
2480:*gĂ©n-hâ ~ *gn-Ă©hâ-s
2314:Erlanger Kolloquium
2080:endingless locative
2051:*-oysu (pronominal)
2016:-oysĆm (pronominal)
1564:*-o(hâ)at > *-Ćt
1280:The thematic vowel
1094:Anatolian languages
1060:Late PIE had three
513:in the ablaut form
31:Proto-Indo-European
8654:Schleicher's fable
8139:Mayrhofer, Manfred
8093:. John Benjamins.
7955:Buck, Carl Darling
6839:*dn̄ǔʰwĂ©hâns (-Äs)
4775:Sample declensions
4031:'water', genitive
3998:heteroclitic stems
3992:Heteroclitic stems
3877:genitive singular
3834:Mobile root nouns
3795:genitive singular
3565:) vs. Old English
3181:in the zero grade.
2312:) during the 1964
1673:*-o-hâ ~ *-o-(hâ)e
772:primary formations
618:Germanic languages
439:
438:
420:
392:
374:
8749:
8748:
8677:Kurgan hypothesis
8288:978-0-521-68496-5
8267:978-3-8253-5359-9
8209:Sihler, Andrew L.
8174:978-0-19-955229-0
8100:978-90-272-4821-3
8040:978-87-635-4043-8
8022:Kloekhorst, Alwin
8010:Kloekhorst, Alwin
7915:978 90 272 8500 3
7907:978 90 272 1185 9
7896:978-90-272-1186-6
7759:978-1-134-92187-4
7555:based on Hittite
7059:
7058:
6846:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâns (-Äs)
6477:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâm (-ÄÌm)
6470:*dn̄ǔʰwĂ©hâm (-Äm)
4286:váčddhi derivation
4075:'fire', genitive
3895:
3894:
3831:Static root nouns
3820:
3819:
3475:. Similarly, PIE
3438:'wood, tree' and
3337:, Vedic Sanskrit
3174:
3173:
2527:Root nouns (type
2373:
2361:
2283:
2282:
2064:
2063:
1536:*-s ~ *-os ~ *-es
1309:accent retraction
491:For example, the
335:
333:
331:
329:
145:) and are called
77:grammatical forms
41:rendering support
8774:
8486:
8485:
8387:
8386:
8359:Laryngeal theory
8354:Glottalic theory
8349:Centum and satem
8321:
8314:
8307:
8298:
8297:
8292:
8271:
8248:
8235:Sanskrit Grammar
8226:
8204:
8178:
8156:
8130:
8104:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8064:
8058:
8054:
8052:
8044:
8032:
8017:
8005:
7999:
7991:
7972:
7950:
7944:
7936:
7900:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7842:
7836:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7764:
7763:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7722:Kloekhorst (2013
7719:
7713:
7710:Kloekhorst (2013
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7674:Kloekhorst (2008
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7593:
7590:
7584:
7581:Kloekhorst (2013
7578:
7572:
7571:in the same way.
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7445:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7325:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7298:
7292:
7286:
7273:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7239:
7232:
7226:
7223:Szemerényi's law
7220:
7219:
7211:
7210:
7202:
7201:
7193:
7192:
7183:
7172:
7161:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7133:
7132:
7120:
7119:
7111:
7110:
7102:
7101:
7093:
7084:
7077:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7013:
7006:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6964:
6957:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6915:
6911:
6904:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6862:
6855:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6827:
6820:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6778:
6774:
6762:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6745:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6703:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6661:
6654:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6640:
6633:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6591:
6584:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6542:
6535:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6493:
6486:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6451:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6430:
6423:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6381:
6368:
6360:
6352:
6344:
6335:
6327:
6263:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6236:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6202:
6195:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6130:
6123:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6103:
6096:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6069:
6065:
6053:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6005:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5861:
5854:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5812:
5805:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5777:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5756:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5707:
5694:
5686:
5678:
5670:
5662:
5654:
5592:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5501:
5494:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5392:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5350:
5343:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5285:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5222:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5180:
5173:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5022:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4882:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4783:
4782:
4770:
4769:
4761:
4760:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4689:
4688:
4680:
4679:
4668:'bigger' (Latin
4667:
4666:
4654:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4606:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4571:'white, bright'.
4562:
4561:
4549:
4548:
4540:
4539:
4497:
4496:
4480:
4479:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4437:, zero grade of
4436:
4435:
4424:'three'), other
4423:
4422:
4414:
4413:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4303:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4248:'a slice' (from
4247:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4222:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4198:'priest' (Vedic
4197:
4196:
4180:
4179:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4114:
4113:
4106:'sun', genitive
4105:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4055:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4007:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3726:
3725:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3679:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3613:
3612:
3597:'cheek', Gothic
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3547:
3546:
3526:
3525:
3492:and Old English
3487:
3486:
3466:
3465:
3453:
3452:
3437:
3436:
3418:
3415:
3391:
3390:
3364:
3363:
3352:, both < PIE
3344:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3277:
3265:
3264:
3249:
3170:
3169:
3149:
3148:
3125:
3124:
3104:Amphikinetic(?)
3095:
3094:
3071:
3070:
3050:("Narten" type)
3043:
3042:
3019:
3018:
2976:
2975:
2954:
2953:
2929:
2928:
2897:
2896:
2875:
2874:
2850:
2849:
2818:
2817:
2793:
2792:
2766:
2765:
2741:
2740:
2707:
2706:
2682:
2681:
2660:("Narten" type)
2653:
2652:
2628:
2627:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2339:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1974:*-o-bÊ°os ~ o-mos
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1818:*-o-es > *-Ćs
1813:
1812:
1811:-oy (pronominal)
1804:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1777:
1776:
1761:
1757:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1522:*-o-ey > *-Ćy
1517:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1272:
1271:
1171:
1170:
1131:-stems and bare
1111:
1110:
1051:
1050:
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
905:
897:
896:
888:
887:
875:
874:
866:
865:
826:
825:
817:
816:
761:
760:
749:
748:
740:
739:
728:
727:
710:
709:
701:
700:
689:
682:Complex nominals
666:
665:
653:
652:
644:
643:
620:(in the form of
596:
595:
587:
586:
578:
577:
569:
568:
560:
559:
551:
550:
539:
538:
530:
529:
521:
520:
512:
511:
503:
502:
479:
478:
448:
446:
445:
440:
437:
436:
421:
416:
415:
391:
390:
375:
370:
318:
307:
306:
298:
297:
289:
288:
280:
279:
268:
256:
246:
226:
225:
217:
216:
209:'to tread', and
208:
207:
199:
198:
190:
189:
181:
180:
172:
171:
144:
143:
47: instead of
25:
24:
8782:
8781:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8711:
8665:
8642:
8616:
8565:
8521:Parts of speech
8516:
8460:
8330:
8325:
8295:
8289:
8268:
8245:
8223:
8201:
8175:
8153:
8127:
8101:
8086:
8074:
8056:
8055:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8030:
8016:, Leiden: Brill
7993:
7992:
7988:
7969:
7938:
7937:
7933:
7897:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7852:
7845:
7837:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7798:
7794:
7786:
7782:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7744:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7720:
7716:
7708:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7636:
7632:
7624:
7620:
7612:
7608:
7600:
7596:
7591:
7587:
7579:
7575:
7543:
7539:
7531:
7527:
7519:
7515:
7507:
7503:
7496:
7492:
7479:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7437:
7429:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7406:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7355:
7346:
7338:
7334:
7326:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7299:
7295:
7287:
7276:
7268:
7264:
7256:
7252:
7243:
7242:
7233:
7229:
7185:Actually, only
7184:
7175:
7167:; ">" means
7162:
7155:
7121:is the vocalic
7094:
7087:
7078:
7074:
7064:
6769:
6720:
6710:
6376:
6337:(> "queen")
6288:Hysterokinetic
6281:Proterokinetic
6060:
6022:
6012:
5702:
5631:Proterokinetic
5624:Proterokinetic
5292:
5239:
5229:
4877:
4811:Hysterokinetic
4797:Hysterokinetic
4777:
4712:
4623:
4618:
4510:
4504:
4461:
4380:
4294:
4275:'burden' (from
4266:'carrier', but
4202:) was derived.
4165:
4121:
4084:or similar. An
4040:. The suffixes
3994:
3705:
3643:'jawbone' <
3630:'jaw' < PIE
3416:
3371:reconstructed *
3365:'sky, day, god'
3233:
3211:Some also list
3049:
2927:< *léy-mon-s
2848:< *phâ-tĂ©r-s
2771:old acrostatic
2659:
2536:Narten presents
2528:
2337:
2334:
2294:
2288:
2050:
2015:
1895:*-e-hâ > *-Ä
1810:
1680:*-o-hâ > *-Ć
1494:*-o-hâ > *-Ć
1487:*-o-hâ ~ *-e-hâ
1253:
1245:Proto-Anatolian
1058:
1033:
970:
787:
687:
684:
630:
423:
422:
396:
377:
376:
336:
334:
332:
330:
327:
324:
323:
316:
269:) to the stem.
266:
254:
244:
233:
58:
57:
56:
39:Without proper
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8780:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8743:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8719:
8717:
8713:
8712:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8700:Beech argument
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8673:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8656:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8638:Salmon problem
8635:
8630:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8606:
8598:
8590:
8582:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8507:Thematic vowel
8504:
8499:
8494:
8492:Narten present
8489:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8379:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8340:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8324:
8323:
8316:
8309:
8301:
8294:
8293:
8287:
8272:
8266:
8249:
8243:
8227:
8221:
8205:
8199:
8179:
8173:
8157:
8151:
8131:
8125:
8105:
8099:
8079:
8065:
8057:|journal=
8039:
8018:
8006:
7986:
7973:
7967:
7951:
7931:
7918:
7895:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7871:
7870:
7858:
7843:
7828:
7816:
7804:
7802::91, 121, 123)
7792:
7780:
7765:
7758:
7738:
7726:
7714:
7702:
7690:
7678:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7630:
7618:
7606:
7594:
7585:
7573:
7537:
7525:
7513:
7501:
7498:Woodard (2008)
7490:
7473:
7461:
7446:
7443:Luraghi (2009)
7435:
7423:
7411:
7400:
7388:
7373:
7361:
7344:
7332:
7317:
7305:
7293:
7274:
7262:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7227:
7173:
7153:
7085:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6906:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6519:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâ(e)hâ
6515:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6329:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6159:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5672:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4776:
4773:
4732:
4731:
4711:
4708:
4672:), weak cases
4635:
4634:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4583:
4572:
4506:Main article:
4503:
4500:
4460:
4457:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4366:
4352:
4326:
4306:
4293:
4290:
4214:'horned' from
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4120:
4117:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3965:
3962:
3943:hysterodynamic
3939:
3932:hysterokinetic
3928:
3925:proterodynamic
3911:-stems but no
3893:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:Proterodynamic
3733:
3732:Hysterodynamic
3730:
3704:
3701:
3502:Modern Persian
3410:
3409:
3400:, Old English
3375:'tooth' gen. *
3369:Proto-Germanic
3366:
3322:
3294:
3266:
3241:Vedic Sanskrit
3232:
3229:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2525:
2524:
2506:
2491:Hysterokinetic
2488:
2477:'woman' (<
2390:Proterokinetic
2387:
2333:
2330:
2326:Erlangen model
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2232:*-(o)s, *-(e)t
2228:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1620:(**-e â) *-e-y
1616:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1252:
1249:
1057:
1054:
1032:
1029:
1011:The so-called
969:
966:
807:thematic vowel
786:
783:
750:'brown' gives
683:
680:
629:
626:
450:
449:
435:
432:
429:
426:
419:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
395:
389:
386:
383:
380:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
232:
229:
43:, you may see
27:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8779:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8714:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8661:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8619:
8613:
8611:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8568:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8480:
8478:
8477:Caland system
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8404:Bartholomae's
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8322:
8317:
8315:
8310:
8308:
8303:
8302:
8299:
8290:
8284:
8280:
8279:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8244:0-486-43136-3
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8222:0-19-508345-8
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8200:3-89500-219-4
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8152:3-11-017433-2
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8126:0-19-929668-5
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8109:Mallory, J.P.
8106:
8102:
8096:
8092:
8085:
8080:
8073:
8072:
8066:
8062:
8050:
8042:
8036:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7997:
7989:
7987:1-4051-0316-7
7983:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7968:0-226-07931-7
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7934:
7932:3-85124-578-4
7928:
7925:. Innsbruck.
7924:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7873:
7867:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7848:
7840:
7839:Fortson (2004
7835:
7833:
7825:
7820:
7813:
7808:
7801:
7800:Fortson (2004
7796:
7789:
7788:Fortson (2004
7784:
7777:
7772:
7770:
7761:
7755:
7752:. Routledge.
7751:
7750:
7742:
7735:
7730:
7723:
7718:
7711:
7706:
7699:
7694:
7687:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7663:
7658:
7651:
7650:Fortson (2004
7646:
7639:
7634:
7627:
7626:Fortson (2004
7622:
7615:
7610:
7603:
7598:
7589:
7582:
7577:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7541:
7534:
7529:
7522:
7517:
7510:
7505:
7499:
7494:
7486:
7485:
7477:
7470:
7469:Fortson (2004
7465:
7458:
7453:
7451:
7444:
7439:
7432:
7427:
7420:
7419:Fortson (2004
7415:
7409:
7404:
7397:
7396:Fortson (2004
7392:
7385:
7384:Fortson (2004
7380:
7378:
7370:
7369:Fortson (2004
7365:
7358:
7357:Fortson (2004
7353:
7351:
7349:
7341:
7336:
7329:
7328:Fortson (2004
7324:
7322:
7314:
7313:Fortson (2004
7309:
7302:
7297:
7290:
7289:Fortson (2004
7285:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7271:
7266:
7259:
7258:Fortson (2004
7254:
7250:
7245:
7244:
7237:
7231:
7224:
7218:
7209:
7200:
7191:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7170:
7166:
7163:"<" means
7160:
7158:
7150:
7144:
7140:
7131:
7124:
7118:
7109:
7100:
7092:
7090:
7082:
7076:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7010:
7009:
7001:
6994:
6990:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâoHom
6987:
6983:*dn̄ǔʰuhâĂłHom
6980:
6973:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6917:
6908:
6907:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6771:
6765:
6757:
6750:
6747:
6743:*dn̄ǔʰwĂ©hâhâe
6740:
6733:
6726:
6712:
6707:
6706:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6680:*dn̄ǔʰwĂ©hâ(i)
6677:
6670:
6663:
6658:
6657:
6649:
6642:
6637:
6636:
6628:
6621:
6588:
6587:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6539:
6538:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6161:
6160:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6118:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6084:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6062:
6056:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6000:
5993:
5989:*mnÌ„tĂ©y (-Äy)
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5907:
5906:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5617:Amphikinetic
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5041:*mĂ©hânÌ„s(e)hâ
5038:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4977:
4976:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4804:Amphikinetic
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4750:
4741:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4655:'big' (Latin
4652:
4643:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4610:
4604:
4595:
4588:
4587:stative verbs
4584:
4581:
4580:argi-kéraunos
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4553:
4547:
4538:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:Willem Caland
4509:
4508:Caland system
4499:
4495:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4471:
4467:
4456:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4427:
4421:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4367:
4353:
4327:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4239:'sharp', but
4236:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4211:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4136:'house' from
4133:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4115:or the like.
4112:
4103:
4094:
4087:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4021:
4015:
4006:
3999:
3986:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3713:Beekes (1985)
3710:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3649:
3642:
3639:, Lithuanian
3636:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3593:'jaw', Latin
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3510:
3509:Proto-Iranian
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3471:'wood', gen.
3470:
3464:
3460:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3325:Ancient Greek
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3217:teleutostatic
3214:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2521:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2475:
2466:
2461:
2460:Ancient Greek
2414:
2402:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2349:Ancient Greek
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2244:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2206:
2189:Instrumental
2188:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1960:*-bÊ°os ~ -mos
1957:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1925:
1911:
1904:
1902:instrumental
1901:
1900:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1857:
1856:
1841:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1806:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1613:*-o-y ~ *-e-y
1610:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1484:
1477:
1473:*-Ă©-hâ ~ *-hâ
1470:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1428:
1427:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Ancient Greek
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
930:
924:was actually
923:
917:
915:
904:
895:
886:
884:
873:
864:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
815:
808:
803:
800:
798:
797:
793:
782:
780:
779:
774:
773:
767:
765:
759:
757:
747:
741:'wheel', and
738:
736:
729:'turn' gives
726:
719:
718:
717:reduplication
712:
708:
699:
697:
679:
677:
674:and the root
673:
668:
664:
657:
651:
642:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
614:Ancient Greek
611:
605:
602:
598:
594:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
543:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
494:
489:
487:
483:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
455:
417:
393:
371:
349:
322:
321:
320:
313:
309:
305:
296:
287:
278:
270:
264:
260:
252:
251:
242:
238:
228:
224:
218:'house' from
215:
206:
197:
188:
179:
170:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
142:
134:
132:
128:
127:accent shifts
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
36:
32:
8737:
8658:
8608:
8600:
8592:
8584:
8576:
8570:Main sources
8527:
8487:-conjugation
8449:Szemerényi's
8409:Fortunatov's
8382:
8374:
8277:
8257:
8253:
8234:
8212:
8190:
8186:
8164:
8142:
8116:
8090:
8070:
8026:
8013:
7977:
7958:
7922:
7886:
7875:Bibliography
7861:
7819:
7807:
7795:
7783:
7778:, W 207â211)
7748:
7741:
7729:
7717:
7705:
7693:
7681:
7669:
7657:
7645:
7633:
7621:
7609:
7597:
7588:
7576:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7528:
7516:
7509:Sihler (1995
7504:
7493:
7482:
7476:
7464:
7438:
7426:
7414:
7408:Ringe (2006)
7403:
7391:
7364:
7335:
7308:
7296:
7265:
7253:
7230:
7216:
7207:
7198:
7189:
7168:
7164:
7142:
7138:
7129:
7116:
7107:
7098:
7075:
6955:*wérǔo(y)mos
6948:*nisdĂł(y)mos
6941:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâmos
6934:*dn̄ǔʰuhâmĂłs
6888:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâbÊ°i
6881:*dn̄ǔʰuhâbÊ°Ă
6797:*dn̄ǔʰwĂ©hâes
6687:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâ(i)
6512:*dn̄ǔʰuhâĂ©hâ
6505:*gÊ·nĂ©hâ(e)hâ
6498:*nĂ©bÊ°es(e)hâ
6400:*dn̄ǔʰwĂ©hâ-s
6365:
6357:
6349:
6341:
6332:
6324:
6312:
6305:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6282:
6275:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5513:*mĂ©hânÌ„soHom
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4778:
4766:
4757:
4753:, the other
4748:
4739:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4703:
4699:
4696:deksi-terĂł-s
4695:
4691:
4685:
4676:
4670:maior, maius
4669:
4663:
4656:
4650:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4608:
4602:
4593:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4551:
4545:
4536:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4493:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4450:
4441:
4432:
4419:
4410:
4406:, numerals (
4404:prepositions
4391:
4387:
4381:
4345:(wheat) and
4295:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4229:
4218:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:bʰl̄ǔʰ-mn-es
4193:
4190:bÊ°lĂ©Ç”Ê°-mĆ(n)
4189:
4182:
4177:bÊ°l̄ǔʰ-mĂ©n-s
4176:
4172:
4166:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4085:
4079:
4070:
4061:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4019:
4013:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3936:amphikinetic
3912:
3908:
3896:
3821:
3721:Leiden model
3720:
3706:
3703:Leiden model
3694:
3685:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3548:) vs. Latin
3543:
3539:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3396:, Old Saxon
3393:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3234:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3175:
2895:*phâ-tĂ©r-(i)
2705:*mĂ©hâ-nÌ„s-os
2551:
2542:
2533:
2526:
2509:Amphikinetic
2508:
2490:
2389:
2344:
2335:
2325:
2313:
2295:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2065:
1652:*-hâe ~ *-hâ
1460:instrumental
1315:
1308:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:Case endings
1242:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1077:
1076:. Gender or
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1047:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
994:instrumental
971:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
935:
928:
921:
913:
911:
902:
893:
882:
880:
871:
862:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
822:
813:
806:
804:
801:
795:
791:
788:
776:
770:
768:
755:
754:
745:
737:-kÊ·l(hâ)-Ăł-s
734:
733:
724:
715:
713:
706:
695:
694:
685:
669:
662:
649:
640:
633:
631:
622:strong verbs
606:
603:
599:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
451:
314:
310:
303:
294:
285:
276:
271:
258:
257:) to form a
248:
240:
234:
227:'to build'.
222:
213:
204:
195:
186:
177:
173:'giver' and
168:
161:
157:
153:
151:
146:
140:
135:
116:
93:
60:
59:
28:
8497:Nasal infix
8414:Grassmann's
8399:Brugmann's
8183:Rix, Helmut
8113:Adams, D.Q.
7866:Ringe (2006
7662:Ringe (2006
7614:Ringe (2006
7602:Ringe (2006
7521:Ringe (2006
7236:Lowe (2011)
7147:, etc. See
7039:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâsu
7032:*dn̄ǔʰuhâsĂș
6976:*gÊ·nĂ©hâoHom
6969:*nĂ©bÊ°esoHom
6804:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâes
6760:*wĂ©rÇ”oy(hâ)
6610:*dn̄ǔʰuhâĂ©s
6568:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâey
6561:*dn̄ǔʰuhâĂ©y
6220:*ǔustéwoHom
6213:*mnÌ„tĂ©yoHom
5982:*ǔʰdÊ°sĂ©m(i)
5527:*phâtrÌ„ĂłHom
5464:*mĂ©hânÌ„smos
5411:*mĂ©hânÌ„sbÊ°i
5362:*mážhânÌ„snÌ„s
5255:*mážhânÌ„shâe
5192:*mĂ©hânÌ„s(i)
5034:*nĂ©kÊ·t(e)hâ
4710:Superlative
4621:Comparative
4607:> Latin
4603:hârudÊ°-ehâ-
4390:" or "black
4378:Compounding
4319:(knee) and
4257:'to cut');
4225:nominalized
4156:compounding
3440:Old English
3297:Old Avestan
3206:holodynamic
3202:holokinetic
3168:*wrĂ©hâd-(i)
3017:< *dĂłm-s
2994:Acrostatic
2985:Root nouns
2974:*li-mén-(i)
2603:Acrostatic
2170:Accusative
2125:Nominative
1825:accusative
1585:*-o-syo (?)
1578:*-Ä«, *-osyo
1289:ablauts to
1238:noun phrase
1234:diminutives
1200:-stems and
1192:-stems and
960:-stems and
920:. Post-PIE
852:consonantic
850:stems) and
570:and ending
552:(root form
119:declensions
106:(singular,
55:characters.
8767:Declension
8756:Categories
8561:Vocabulary
8465:Morphology
8385:*kÊ·etwĂłres
8369:Sound laws
8161:Ringe, Don
7169:turns into
7165:comes from
7062:References
7004:*wérǔooHom
6997:*nisdĂłoHom
6927:*gÊ·nĂ©hâmos
6920:*nĂ©bÊ°esmos
6874:*gÊ·nĂ©hâbÊ°i
6867:*nĂ©bÊ°esbÊ°i
6832:*gÊ·Ă©nhânÌ„s
6736:*gÊ·Ă©nhâhâe
6729:*nĂ©bÊ°esihâ
6673:*gÊ·nĂ©hâ(i)
6666:*nĂ©bÊ°es(i)
6617:*dÊ°oHnĂ©hâs
6435:*dĆ̄ǔʰwehâ
6407:*dÊ°oHn-Ă©hâ
6087:*ǔéwstewes
5996:*ǔustéw(i)
5541:*uksnÌ„ĂłHom
5534:*limnÌ„ĂłHom
5506:*nĂ©kÊ·toHom
5478:*phâtrÌ„mĂłs
5457:*nĂ©kÊ·tmÌ„os
5425:*phâtrÌ„bÊ°Ă
5383:*lĂ©ymonnÌ„s
5376:*phâtĂ©rnÌ„s
5313:*mážhânÌ„ses
5276:*lĂ©ymonhâe
5269:*phâtĂ©rhâe
5206:*phâtĂ©r(i)
5143:*mĂ©hânÌ„sos
5090:*mĂ©hânÌ„sey
5055:*phâtrÌ„Ă©hâ
4992:*mážhânÌ„smÌ„
4908:*phât-Ă©r-s
4700:sopháčteros
4616:Comparison
4537:hârudÊ°-ro-
4528:-stems or
4459:Adjectives
4396:bahuvrihis
4348:*hâĂ©lbÊ°-it
4292:Affixation
4173:bÊ°lĂ©Ç”Ê°-mnÌ„
4119:Derivation
3870:*CĂ©/ĂłC(-m)
3863:*CĂ©/ĂłC(-m)
3851:*CĂ©/ĂłC(-s)
3844:*CĂ©/ĂłC(-s)
3788:*CĂ©C-C(-m)
3781:*CĂ©C-C(-m)
3762:*CĂ©C-C(-s)
3755:*CĂ©C-C(-s)
3748:*CĂ©C-C(-s)
3341:'heaven',
3302:'winter',
3231:"Late PIE"
3213:mesostatic
3147:*wrÌ„hâd-Ă©s
3048:lengthened
2873:*phâ-tr-Ă©s
2764:*mnÌ„-tĂ©y-s
2679:*mážhâ-nÌ„-s
2658:lengthened
2345:Acrostatic
2290:See also:
1881:*-hâ ~ *-Ă
1767:*-ows (?)
1550:*-Ćt, *-Ät
1409:accusative
1360:nominative
1078:noun class
1041:collective
978:accusative
974:nominative
799:nominals.
634:root nouns
628:Root nouns
540:) had the
493:nominative
231:Morphology
69:adjectives
8539:Particles
8434:Sievers's
8424:Pinault's
8419:Osthoff's
8336:Phonology
8059:ignored (
8049:cite book
7996:cite book
7941:cite book
7359::110â113)
7330::116â118)
7246:Citations
7123:allophone
7053:*wérǔoysu
7046:*nisdĂłysu
7025:*gÊ·nĂ©hâsu
6790:*gÊ·Ă©nhâes
6652:*wérǔosyo
6645:*nisdĂłsyo
6596:*nĂ©bÊ°esos
6554:*gÊ·nĂ©hâey
6547:*nĂ©bÊ°esey
6463:*gÊ·Ă©nhâmÌ„
6421:*wérǔ-o-m
6414:*nisd-Ăł-s
6227:*dréwoHom
6186:*Ç”ustĂșmos
6179:*mnÌ„tĂmos
6148:*Ç”ustĂșbÊ°i
6141:*mnÌ„tĂbÊ°i
6121:*ǔéwstuns
6080:*ménteyes
6044:*ǔéwstuhâ
5894:*ǔustéwey
5887:*mnÌ„tĂ©yey
5740:*ǔéwstu-s
5733:*mént-i-s
5726:*dÊ°Ă©Ç”Ê°Ć-m
5576:*phâtrÌ„sĂș
5562:*mĂ©hânÌ„su
5492:*uksnÌ„mĂłs
5485:*limnÌ„mĂłs
5439:*uksnÌ„bÊ°Ă
5432:*limnÌ„bÊ°Ă
5404:*nĂ©kÊ·tbÊ°i
5390:*uksĂ©nnÌ„s
5355:*nĂłkÊ·tnÌ„s
5334:*léymones
5327:*phâtĂ©res
5283:*uksĂ©nhâe
5248:*nĂłkÊ·thâe
5220:*uksén(i)
5213:*limén(i)
5185:*nĂ©kÊ·t(i)
5157:*phâtrÌ„Ă©s
5104:*phâtrÌ„Ă©y
5069:*uksnÌ„Ă©hâ
5013:*lĂ©ymonmÌ„
5006:*phâtĂ©rmÌ„
4894:*mážhânÌ„-s
4865:bull, ox
4729:*-isthâo-
4715:Suffixes
4692:pĂł-tero-s
4626:Suffixes
4611:'be red'.
4451:dráž±-hâáž±ru
4426:particles
4351:(barley).
4339:(honey),
4111:shâ-wĂ©n-s
4088:-stem is
4080:phâ-wĂ©n-s
3927:patterns.
3709:Kortlandt
3648:ǔonHdʰ-os
3388:Hd-nÌ„t-Ă©s
3379:< PIE
3309:< PIE
3290:gÊ·n-Ă©hâ-s
3281:< PIE
3274:'woman',
3269:Old Irish
3253:< PIE
3165:loc. sg.
3154:loc. sg.
3144:gen. sg.
3122:*wrĂ©hâd-s
3118:nom. sg.
3093:*méms-os?
3090:gen. sg.
3064:nom. sg.
3038:gen. sg.
3011:nom. sg.
2971:loc. sg.
2959:loc. sg.
2952:*li-mn-Ă©s
2949:gen. sg.
2921:nom. sg.
2892:loc. sg.
2880:loc. sg.
2870:gen. sg.
2842:nom. sg.
2813:gen. sg.
2786:nom. sg.
2761:gen. sg.
2738:*mén-ti-s
2734:nom. sg.
2702:gen. sg.
2675:nom. sg.
2651:*nĂ©kÊ·-t-s
2648:gen. sg.
2625:*nĂłkÊ·-t-s
2621:nom. sg.
2485:Old Irish
2413:kinetikĂłs
2407:ÎșÎčΜηÏÎčÎșÏÏ
2358:romanized
2332:Early PIE
2298:Schindler
2265:Locative
2246:Genitive
2227:Ablative
2158:Vocative
2151:*-hâ, *-Ă
2103:Singular
2049:(*-o-su?)
2037:locative
1988:genitive
1942:*-o(i)bÊ°-
1720:*-o-y(hâ)
1592:*-o-s (?)
1366:*-s ~ *-Ă
1331:Thematic
1328:Athematic
1230:priestess
1066:masculine
796:athematic
561:, suffix
418:⏟
372:⏟
290:'giver',
286:dĂ©hâ-tor-
263:inflected
247:) onto a
237:PIE verbs
123:athematic
8716:See also
8670:Theories
8544:Pronouns
8534:Numerals
8528:Nominals
8375:boukĂłlos
8364:s-mobile
8233:(1889).
8211:(1995).
8163:(2006).
8141:(2003).
8115:(2006).
8012:(2008),
7957:(1933).
7856:, F 325)
7814:, W 206)
7459:, F 315)
7272:, F 323)
7081:asterisk
7018:*nĂ©bÊ°esu
6902:*wĂ©rÇ”Ćys
6895:*nisdáčys
6853:*nisdĂłns
6818:*wĂ©rÇ”ehâ
6811:*nisdĂłes
6753:*nisdĂłhâ
6631:*wérǔead
6624:*nisdéad
6603:*gÊ·nĂ©hâs
6582:*wérǔoey
6575:*nisdĂłey
6533:*wĂ©rÇ”ohâ
6526:*nisdĂłhâ
6386:*nĂ©bÊ°o-s
6375:Singular
6254:*Ç”ustĂșsu
6247:*mnÌ„tĂsu
6114:*méntins
6051:*dĂłrwihâ
6037:*mĂ©ntihâ
6003:*dréw(i)
5975:*udén(i)
5968:*udén(i)
5947:*ǔustéws
5940:*mnÌ„tĂ©ys
5845:*Ç”ustĂșhâ
5838:*mnÌ„tĂhâ
5803:*ǔéwstum
5789:*dÊ°Ă©Ç”Ê°Ćm
5761:*dÊ°Ă©Ç”Ê°om
5701:Singular
5674:thought
5590:*uksnÌ„sĂș
5583:*limnÌ„sĂș
5555:*nĂ©kÊ·tsu
5520:*pedĂłHom
5341:*uksénes
5306:*nĂłkÊ·tes
5171:*uksnÌ„Ă©s
5118:*uksnÌ„Ă©y
5083:*nĂ©kÊ·tey
5062:*limnĂ©hâ
5020:*uksĂ©nmÌ„
4985:*nĂłkÊ·tmÌ„
4943:*mážhânÌ„s
4887:*nĂłkÊ·t-s
4876:Singular
4767:-isthâo-
4721:*-mÌ„hâo-
4704:far-ther
4664:méǔ-yos-
4559:hârÇ”-ro-
4552:eruthrĂłs
4546:hârewdÊ°-
4532:-stems:
4524:-stems,
4489:-stems (
4472:-stems (
4400:Flatfoot
4200:brahmĂĄáč-
4183:brĂĄhmaáč-
4145:'build',
4102:sehâ-wĆl
4093:sĂ©hâ-wlÌ„
4071:pĂ©hâ-wrÌ„
4036:wĂ©d-nÌ„-s
3955:kiĆĄĆĄeran
3905:ergative
3882:*CĂ©/ĂłC-s
3814:*CĂ©C-C-s
3807:*CC-Ă©C-s
3800:*CC-C-Ă©s
3774:*CC-Ă©C-m
3384:Hd-Ăłnt-s
3339:d(i)yÄĂșáž„
3330:'Zeus',
3286:gÊ·Ă©n-ehâ
3246:'wood',
2846:*phâ-tážr
2816:*dr-Ă©w-s
2744:thought
2502:hĂœsteros
2470:gen. sg.
2401:prĂłteros
2395:ÏÏÏÏΔÏÎżÏ
2383:statikĂłs
2377:ÏÏαÏÎčÎșÏÏ
2318:Pedersen
2310:Hoffmann
2270:*-i, *-Ă
2137:*-m, *-Ă
2130:*-s, *-Ă
2117:animate
2111:animate
2058:*-o-y-su
2023:*-o-oHom
1993:*-om (?)
1606:*-i, *-Ă
1600:locative
1572:genitive
1530:ablative
1388:vocative
1356:Singular
1351:Fortson
1342:Fortson
1188:, where
1186:Sanskrit
1159:-stems,
1155:-stems,
1127:-stems,
1123:-stems,
1096:such as
1070:feminine
1006:allative
1002:locative
998:ablative
986:genitive
982:vocative
956:-stems,
952:-stems,
948:-stems,
944:-stems,
940:-stems,
933:in PIE.
876:such as
792:thematic
610:Sanskrit
542:genitive
308:'bear'.
304:hârÌ„táž±o-
169:dĂ©hâtors
147:thematic
102:, three
81:meanings
75:. Their
73:pronouns
63:include
8621:Origins
8454:Weise's
8444:Stang's
8429:Siebs's
7901:(PB) /
7868::47â50)
7826::468ff)
7640::F 315)
7208:phâtĂ©rs
6783:*nĂ©bÊ°Ćs
6701:*wérǔey
6694:*nisdéy
6484:*nisdĂłm
6340:tongue
6311:Neuter
6302:-stem)
6298:-stem (
6274:Neuter
6193:*drĂșmos
6155:*drĂșbÊ°i
6094:*dĂłruhâ
5901:*dréwey
5866:*udéney
5831:*ǔʰmĂ©hâ
5824:*udnĂ©hâ
5817:*udĂ©nhâ
5796:*méntim
5775:*ǔéwstu
5658:waters
5471:*pedmĂłs
5418:*pedbÊ°Ă
5369:*pĂłdnÌ„s
5262:*pĂłdhâe
5199:*péd(i)
5164:*limnés
5136:*nĂ©kÊ·ts
5111:*limnéy
5048:*pedĂ©hâ
4964:*léymon
4957:*phâtĂ©r
4849:father
4749:-mÌ„hâo-
4725:*-isto-
4717:*-m̄mo-
4677:meÇ”-is-
4651:meÇ”-no-
4632:*-tero-
4554:'red';
4365:(mind).
4342:*sép-it
4336:*mél-it
4325:(wood).
4062:-wer/n-
4053:-ter/n-
4049:-ser/n-
4045:-mer/n-
3738:Static
3628:gnĂĄthos
3373:tan(ĂŸ)s
3335:Di(w)Ăłs
3318:ǔʰim-Ăłs
3314:ǔʰyem-s
3262:dr-Ă©u-s
3176:Notes:
3107:strong
3053:strong
3000:strong
2997:normal
2925:*lĂ©y-mĆ
2909:strong
2853:father
2830:strong
2774:strong
2722:strong
2719:Normal
2663:strong
2609:strong
2606:normal
2580:Example
2565:Subtype
2496:áœÏÏΔÏÎżÏ
2449:áœÏÎłÏ
ÎŻáŸ±Ï
2372:
2360::
2302:Eichner
2208:Dative
2194:*-(e)hâ
2120:neuter
2114:neuter
2106:Plural
1869:neuter
1698:neuter
1440:neuter
1214:brother
1098:Hittite
1082:animate
1062:genders
1037:numbers
1025:oblique
764:perfect
758:-bÊ°ru-s
725:kÊ·elhâ-
698:-sd-Ăł-s
672:present
663:dĂłm-Ă-s
641:dĂłmhâ-s
500:léymons
295:dĂ©hâ-o-
178:dĂ©hânom
112:genders
104:numbers
49:Unicode
8612:(IEED)
8596:(LIPP)
8554:copula
8512:Váčddhi
8472:Ablaut
8344:Accent
8285:
8264:
8241:
8219:
8197:
8171:
8149:
8123:
8097:
8037:
7984:
7965:
7929:
7913:
7905:
7893:
7841::121f)
7790::122f)
7756:
7628::109f)
7569:*-bhis
7549:(2009)
7342::386f)
7291::108f)
7217:dĂłmhâs
7190:phâtážr
6768:Plural
6449:*nisdé
6442:*dÊ°oHn
6348:grain
6331:woman
6323:cloud
6320:Gloss
6315:-stem
6308:-stem
6292:-stem
6285:-stem
6278:-stem
6261:*drĂșsu
6059:Plural
5954:*dréws
5933:*ǔʰmĂ©s
5926:*udnés
5919:*udéns
5880:*ǔʰmĂ©y
5873:*udnéy
5852:*drĂșhâ
5768:*ménti
5719:*wĂ©dĆr
5712:*wĂłdrÌ„
5682:taste
5666:earth
5650:water
5647:Gloss
5642:-stem
5635:-stem
5628:-stem
5621:-stem
5614:-stem
5607:-stem
5569:*pedsĂș
5320:*pĂłdes
5291:Plural
5150:*pedés
5097:*pedéy
4999:*pĂłdmÌ„
4971:*Ășksen
4936:*nĂłkÊ·t
4922:*uksážn
4915:*lĂ©ymĆ
4901:*páčd-s
4825:night
4815:-stem
4808:-stem
4801:-stem
4758:-isto-
4740:-m̄mo-
4686:-tero-
4657:magnus
4628:*-yos-
4565:argrĂłs
4563:> *
4420:tréyes
4362:*men-s
4322:*dĂłr-u
4316:*gĂłn-u
4271:bÊ°Ăłros
4262:bÊ°orĂłs
4219:áž±ernos
4210:áž±ernes
4141:demhâ-
4132:dĂłmhâs
4027:wĂłd-rÌ„
3969:accent
3959:kiĆĄraĆĄ
3951:keĆĄĆĄar
3889:*CC-Ăłs
3695:nekÊ·ts
3686:nokÊ·t-
3677:nokÊ·ts
3641:ĆŸĂĄndas
3635:ǔnHdʰ-
3599:kinnus
3569:(<
3556:(<
3540:pĆ(d)s
3535:(<
3450:dreu-s
3406:tundus
3377:tundiz
3361:diw-Ăłs
3357:dyÄu-s
3225:mobile
3221:static
3041:*dém-s
3022:house
2790:*dĂłr-u
2631:night
2511:(<
2493:(<
2440:áœÏÎłÏ
Îč៰
2437:) and
2428:áŒÎłÏ
Îč៶Ï
2392:(<
2347:(<
2322:Kuiper
2308:, and
2251:*-(o)s
2213:*-(e)i
2000:*-oHom
1851:*-o-ns
1844:*-o-ms
1788:Plural
1727:*-oyhâ
1713:*-oyhâ
1557:*-o-ad
1502:dative
1345:Sihler
1336:Sihler
1226:sister
1222:mother
1218:priest
1210:father
1074:neuter
1056:Gender
1035:Three
1031:Number
1017:direct
1013:strong
990:dative
746:bÊ°rew-
676:aorist
650:demhâ-
548:limnés
241:suffix
223:demhâ-
214:dĂłmhâs
131:ablaut
71:, and
8741:(EIE)
8604:(NIL)
8588:(LIV)
8580:(IEW)
8549:Verbs
8256:[
8189:[
8087:(PDF)
8075:(PDF)
8031:(PDF)
7724::119)
7712::124)
7700::216)
7688::215)
7676::103)
7664::280)
7652::107)
7583::108)
7561:-*bÊ°i
7535::186)
7511::248)
7471::118)
7421::103)
7398::102)
7386::113)
7371::77f)
7303::115)
7260::76f)
7067:Notes
6861:inst.
6492:inst.
6393:*gÊ·ážn
6364:work
6356:nest
6129:inst.
5811:inst.
5747:*dĂłru
5690:tree
5398:inst.
5028:inst.
4857:lake
4841:foot
4833:moon
4821:Gloss
4642:-yos-
4609:rubeĆ
4569:argĂłs
4466:o/ehâ
4415:from
4280:bÊ°er-
4244:tĂłmos
4235:tomĂłs
3661:ǔnéus
3624:ǔenw-
3622:<
3620:kinn-
3591:hĂĄnus
3587:génus
3554:pedis
3552:gen.
3533:podĂłs
3531:gen.
3484:ǔnéus
3469:dÄÌru
3463:dreus
3346:divĂĄáž„
3328:ZdeĂșs
3258:dĂłr-u
3244:dÄÌru
3133:weak
3128:root
3079:weak
3074:meat
3068:*mážms
3027:weak
2937:weak
2932:lake
2858:weak
2801:weak
2796:tree
2749:weak
2690:weak
2685:moon
2636:weak
2584:Gloss
2520:amphĂ
2483:) in
2458:) in
2419:áŒÎłÏ
Îč៰
2364:ĂĄkros
2353:áŒÎșÏÎżÏ
2338:R+S+E
2239:*-ios
2220:*-mus
2201:*-bÊ°i
1967:*-mos
1935:*-Ćys
1921:*-bÊ°-
1914:*-bÊ°Ă
1809:*-Ćs
1735:inst.
1706:*-ihâ
1659:*-hâe
1627:*-o-y
1452:*-o-m
1422:*-o-m
1380:*-o-s
1348:Ringe
1339:Ringe
1269:-oHom
1114:youth
1086:Latin
881:men-t
848:(y)o-
844:(y)Ä-
832:vowel
688:R+S+E
593:ĂâĂâĂ©
584:Ă©âoâĂ
527:-mon-
495:form
486:below
317:R+S+E
277:dehâ-
187:dehâ-
154:giver
141:-o/e-
100:cases
65:nouns
53:Latin
8502:Root
8389:rule
8377:rule
8283:ISBN
8262:ISBN
8239:ISBN
8217:ISBN
8195:ISBN
8169:ISBN
8147:ISBN
8121:ISBN
8095:ISBN
8061:help
8035:ISBN
8002:link
7982:ISBN
7963:ISBN
7947:link
7927:ISBN
7917:(EB)
7911:ISBN
7903:ISBN
7891:ISBN
7754:ISBN
7616::45)
7604::47)
7565:*-is
7553:*-os
7523::41)
7433::59)
7315::55)
7212:and
7194:and
7143:m̄/m
7103:and
7079:The
7012:loc.
6963:gen.
6914:abl.
6910:dat.
6826:acc.
6777:voc.
6773:nom.
6723:acc.
6718:voc.
6714:nom.
6709:Dual
6660:loc.
6639:gen.
6590:abl.
6541:dat.
6457:acc.
6429:voc.
6380:nom.
6235:loc.
6201:gen.
6167:abl.
6163:dat.
6102:acc.
6068:voc.
6064:nom.
6025:acc.
6020:voc.
6016:nom.
6011:Dual
5962:loc.
5913:gen.
5909:abl.
5860:dat.
5783:acc.
5755:voc.
5706:nom.
5549:loc.
5500:gen.
5451:abl.
5447:dat.
5349:acc.
5300:voc.
5296:nom.
5242:acc.
5237:voc.
5233:nom.
5228:Dual
5179:loc.
5130:gen.
5126:abl.
5077:dat.
4979:acc.
4950:*pĂłd
4930:voc.
4881:nom.
4723:and
4659:) â
4630:and
4594:-ehâ
4411:tri-
4392:bird
4388:talk
4384:head
4370:-ter
4356:-men
4253:tem-
4057:and
3941:The
3934:and
3930:The
3900:*-o-
3828:Case
3729:Case
3657:ǔénu
3610:ǔen-
3595:gena
3574:pĆd-
3561:ped-
3544:pod-
3529:pous
3523:ped-
3519:pĆds
3505:zÄnĆ«
3500:and
3498:ĆŸnĆ«m
3494:cnÄo
3490:gĂłnu
3480:ǔónu
3473:dráčs
3459:dĂłru
3443:trÄo
3434:dĂłru
3427:dĂłru
3398:tand
3394:tǫnn
3350:dyĆáž„
3343:gen.
3332:gen.
3307:zimĆ
3304:gen.
3300:zyÄÌ
3276:gen.
3251:dráčs
3248:gen.
3204:(or
3015:*dáčm
2568:Case
2562:Type
2514:áŒÎŒÏÎŻ
2462:and
2445:gen.
2424:gen.
2370:lit.
2320:and
2277:*-su
2258:*-om
2182:*-ns
2144:*-es
2042:*-su
2030:*-Ćm
2014:*-Ćm
2007:*-Ćm
1954:abl.
1950:dat.
1888:*-hâ
1874:*-hâ
1867:acc.
1863:voc.
1859:nom.
1837:*-ns
1830:*-ms
1802:*-es
1796:voc.
1792:nom.
1760:loc.
1756:gen.
1743:abl.
1739:dat.
1696:acc.
1692:voc.
1688:nom.
1666:*-hâ
1646:acc.
1642:voc.
1638:nom.
1634:Dual
1515:*-Ćy
1508:*-ey
1480:*-hâ
1438:acc.
1434:voc.
1430:nom.
1168:-ehâ
1147:and
1088:and
1072:and
1021:weak
794:and
707:sed-
656:zero
612:and
566:-mn-
518:léy-
509:ley-
480:and
259:stem
250:root
205:ped-
196:páčds
162:give
158:gift
156:and
108:dual
94:The
79:and
8484:hâe
7557:-aĆĄ
7199:dáčm
7141:, *
7139:u/w
7125:of
6296:ehâ
5612:r/n
5605:r/n
4762:or
4744:or
4735:is
4589:in
4498:).
4494:-om
4483:ehâ
4477:-os
4433:n̄-
4330:-it
4192:, *
4175:, *
4097:or
4086:l/n
4051:, *
4047:, *
4020:r/n
4014:-n-
4005:-r-
3659:, *
3567:fĆt
3550:pÄs
3542:, *
3521:, *
3482:, *
3461:, *
3402:tĆĂŸ
3386:, *
3359:, *
3316:, *
3288:, *
3279:mnĂĄ
3272:ben
3260:, *
2556:).
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2474:mnĂĄ
2306:Rix
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2163:*-Ă
1543:*-s
1445:*-Ă
1415:*-m
1401:*-Ä
1394:*-Ă
1373:*-s
1294:-e-
1285:-o-
1267:, *
1265:-om
1263:, *
1261:-Ćm
1174:ehâ
1129:uhâ
1125:ihâ
1121:ehâ
1108:-hâ
1048:-hâ
1023:or
1015:or
946:ehâ
929:ehâ
912:-te
867:or
823:-e-
814:-o-
756:bÊ°Ă©
735:kÊ·e
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624:).
575:-Ă©s
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470:, *
466:, *
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6367:n.
6359:m.
6351:f.
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2804:Ă
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2780:Ă
2777:Ăł
2758:Ă
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