Proto-Indo-Europeans

2290:, the Indo-European branch that settled parts of the Middle East and South Asia, as only Indic and Iranian languages explicitly affirm the term as a self-designation referring to the entirety of their people, whereas the same Proto-Indo-European root (*aryo-) is the basis for Greek and Germanic word forms which seem only to denote the ruling elite of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) society. In fact, the most accessible evidence available confirms only the existence of a common, but vague, socio-cultural designation of "nobility" associated with PIE society, such that Greek socio-cultural lexicon and Germanic proper names derived from this root remain insufficient to determine whether the concept was limited to the designation of an exclusive, socio-political elite, or whether it could possibly have been applied in the most inclusive sense to an inherent and ancestral "noble" quality which allegedly characterized all ethnic members of PIE society. Only the latter could have served as a true and universal self-designation for the Proto-Indo-European people. 3230:

hunter-gatherers and Caucasus hunter-gatherers) and have paternal lineages that seem to derive from the hunter-gatherers of the Eastern European Steppe rather than the Caucasus, as well as a scarcity in the Yamnaya of the Anatolian Farmer admixture that had become common and substantial in the Caucasus around 5,000 BC. Anthony instead suggests a genetic and linguistic origin of proto-Indo-Europeans (the Yamnaya) in the Eastern European steppe north of the Caucasus, from a mixture of these two groups (EHG and CHG). He suggests that the roots of Proto-Indo-European ("archaic" or proto-proto-Indo-European) were in the steppe rather than the south and that PIE formed mainly from a base of languages spoken by Eastern European hunter-gathers with some influences from languages of Caucasus hunter-gatherers.

2165:, can be reconstructed to the Proto-Indo-European period. This story, found in contemporary Indo-European folktales from Scandinavia to India, describes a blacksmith who offers his soul to a malevolent being (commonly a devil in modern versions of the tale) in exchange for the ability to weld any kind of materials together. The blacksmith then uses his new ability to stick the devil to an immovable object (often a tree), thus avoiding his end of the bargain. According to the authors, the reconstruction of this folktale to PIE implies that the Proto-Indo-Europeans had metallurgy, which in turn "suggests a plausible context for the cultural evolution of a tale about a cunning smith who attains a superhuman level of mastery over his craft". 1991:, "If there was an Indo-European language, it follows that there was a people who spoke it: not a people in the sense of a nation, for they may never have formed a political unity, and not a people in any racial sense, for they may have been as genetically mixed as any modern population defined by language. If our language is a descendant of theirs, that does not make them ‘our ancestors’, any more than the ancient Romans are the ancestors of the French, the Romanians, and the Brazilians. The Indo-Europeans were a people in the sense of a linguistic community. We should probably think of them as a loose network of clans and tribes, inhabiting a coherent territory of limited size." 3187:(2018), noting the presence of some Indo-European languages (such as Hittite) in parts of ancient Anatolia, argues that "the most likely location of the population that first spoke an Indo-European language was south of the Caucasus Mountains, perhaps in present-day Iran or Armenia, because ancient DNA from people who lived there matches what we would expect for a source population both for the Yamnaya and for ancient Anatolians." Yet, Reich also notes that "...the evidence here is circumstantial as no ancient DNA from the Hittites themselves has yet been published." 3977: 4785: 3219:

the most recent genetic evidence supports an expansion of proto-Indo-Europeans through the steppe, noting: "but the latest ancient DNA results from South Asia also lend weight to a spread of Indo-European languages "via the steppe belt. The spread of some or all of the proto-Indo-European branches would have been possible via the North Caucasus and Pontic region and from there, along with pastoralist expansions, to the heart of Europe. This scenario finds support from the well attested and now widely documented '

3036: 2749: 2340: 184: 2675: 5788: 3023:. The researchers found that these Caucasus hunters were probably the source of the farmer-like DNA in the Yamnaya, as the Caucasians were distantly related to the Middle Eastern people who introduced farming in Europe. Their genomes showed that a continued mixture of the Caucasians with Middle Eastern took place up to 25,000 years ago, when the coldest period in the last Ice Age started. 2597:). The culture of the Indo-Europeans as inferred by linguistic reconstruction raises difficulties for this theory, since early neolithic cultures lacked the horse, the wheel, and metal – terms for all of which are securely reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European. Renfrew dismisses this argument, comparing such reconstructions to a theory that the presence of the word " 2793:) would have expanded from the Pontic steppes, along with the Indo-European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages. Studies which analysed ancient human remains in 2228:(tree-ring dating), pre-historians could calibrate radiocarbon dates to a much higher degree of accuracy. And finally, before the 1970s, parts of eastern Europe and central Asia had been off-limits to Western scholars, while non-Western archaeologists did not have access to publication in Western peer-reviewed journals. The pioneering work of 3169:

While we see substantial genetic and archaeological evidence for an Indo-European migration originating in the southern Russian steppes, there is little evidence for a similarly massive Indo-European migration from the Middle East to Europe. One possibility is that, as a much earlier migration (8,000

3218:

Wang et al. (2018) note that the Caucasus served as a corridor for gene flow between the steppe and cultures south of the Caucasus during the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age, stating that this "opens up the possibility of a homeland of PIE south of the Caucasus." However, Wang et al. also comment that

3198:

Recent DNA-research has led to renewed suggestions of a Caucasian homeland for the 'proto-Indo-Europeans'. According to Kroonen et al. (2018) and Damgaard et al. (2018), ancient Anatolia "show no indication of a large-scale intrusion of a steppe population." They further note that this lends support

3069:

The four Corded Ware people could trace an astonishing three-quarters of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, according to the paper. That suggests a massive migration of Yamnaya people from their steppe homeland into Eastern Europe about 4500 years ago when the Corded Ware culture began, perhaps carrying

2910:

The question of where the Yamnaya come from has been something of a mystery up to now we can now answer that, as we've found that their genetic make-up is a mix of Eastern European hunter-gatherers and a population from this pocket of Caucasus hunter-gatherers who weathered much of the last Ice Age

3229:

in a 2019 analysis, criticizes the "southern" or "Armenian" hypothesis (addressing Reich, Kristiansen, and Wang). Among his reasons being: that the Yamnaya lack evidence of genetic influence from the Bronze Age or late neolithic Caucasus (deriving instead from an earlier mixture of Eastern European

3026:

According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), "a population related to the people of the Iran Chalcolithic contributed ~43% of the ancestry of early Bronze Age populations of the steppe." According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), these Iranian Chalcolithic people were a mixture of "the Neolithic people of

5082:

Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael

2390:

Indo-Europeans. This is believed especially by those archaeologists who posit an original homeland of vast extent and immense time depth. However, this belief is not shared by most linguists, because proto-languages, like all languages before modern transport and communication, occupied small

3323:

Watkins: "A large number of kinship terms have been reconstructed. They are agreed in pointing to a society that was patriarchal, patrilocal (the bride leaving her household to join that of her husband’s family), and patrilineal (descent reckoned by the male line). “Father” and “head of the

3136:. There a completely new, mostly pastoral culture developed under the stimulus of an environment unfavourable to standard agriculture, but offering new attractive possibilities. Our hypothesis is, therefore, that Indo-European languages derived from a secondary expansion from the 2930:(2019) suggests that the Proto-Indo-European language formed mainly from a base of languages spoken by Eastern European hunter-gathers with influences from languages of northern Caucasus hunter-gatherers, in addition to a possible later influence from the language of the 2394:

Researchers have put forward a great variety of proposed locations for the first speakers of Proto-Indo-European. Few of these hypotheses have survived scrutiny by academic specialists in Indo-European studies sufficiently well to be included in modern academic debate.

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The Kurgan hypothesis or steppe theory is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and parts of Asia. It postulates that the people of a Kurgan culture in the

5083:

Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; Roth, Christina (2015).

2856:. The historical and prehistoric possible reasons for this are the subject of on-going discussion and attention amongst population geneticists and genetic genealogists, and are considered to be of potential interest to linguists and archaeologists also. 3027:

western Iran, the Levant, and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers." Lazaridis et al. (2016) also note that farming spread at two places in the Near East, namely the Levant and Iran, from where it spread, Iranian people spreading to the steppe and south Asia.

1994:

While 'Proto-Indo-Europeans' is used in scholarship to designate the group of speakers associated with the reconstructed proto-language and culture, the term 'Indo-Europeans' may refer to any historical people that speak an Indo-European language.

2025:, hypothetical features of the Proto-Indo-European language are deduced. Assuming that these linguistic features reflect culture and environment of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the following cultural and environmental traits are widely proposed: 3174:

genetic evidence for migration from the Middle East, as Cavalli-Sforza and his colleagues showed, but the signal is not strong enough for us to trace the distribution of Neolithic languages throughout the entirety of Indo-European-speaking

3309:

Watkins: "Yet, for the Indo-European-speaking society, we can reconstruct with certainty the word for “god,” *deiw-os, and the two-word name of the chief deity of the pantheon, *dyeu-pəter- (Latin Iūpiter, Greek Zeus patēr, Sanskrit

2385:

According to some archaeologists, PIE speakers cannot be assumed to have been a single, identifiable people or tribe, but were a group of loosely-related populations that were ancestral to the later, still partially prehistoric,

2198:). The scholarly opinions became basically divided between a European hypothesis, which positted a migration from Europe to Asia, and an Asian hypothesis, which positted that the migration took place in the opposite direction. 2867:. Its defining mutation (M17) occurred about 10,000 to 14,000 years ago. Pamjav et al. (2012) believe that R1a originated and initially diversified either within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region. 2489:, which dates the migrations to an earlier time (to around 3500 BCE), and puts less insistence upon their violent or quasi-military nature, remains the most widely accepted theory of the Proto-Indo-European expansion. 5270: 2989:. R1b is also the most common Y-DNA haplogroup found among both the Yamnaya and modern-day Western Europeans. R1a is more common in Eastern Europeans and in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. 3165::) states that "there is nothing to contradict this model, although the genetic patterns do not provide clear support either", and instead argues that the evidence is much stronger for Gimbutas' model: 3223:' in European populations, the postulate of increasingly patrilinear societies in the wake of these expansions (exemplified by R1a/R1b), as attested in the latest study on the Bell Beaker phenomenon." 2859:

A large, 2014 study by Underhill et al., using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded there was compelling evidence, that R1a-M420 originated in the vicinity of

3584:

Hans J.J.G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest, 2019,

2608:(such as David Anthony) against Renfrew, points to the fact that ancient Anatolia is known to have been inhabited in the 2nd millennium BC by non-Indo-European-speaking peoples, namely the 3112:

states that "It is clear that, genetically speaking, peoples of the Kurgan steppe descended at least in part from people of the Middle Eastern Neolithic who immigrated there from Turkey."

2243:, which is the most widely held theory as of 2017, depends upon linguistic and archaeological evidence, but is not universally accepted. It posits that the PIEs originated in the 2293:

By the early 1900s, the term "aryan" had come to be widely used in a racial sense, in which it referred to a hypothesized white, blond, and blue-eyed superior race. The dictator

5531: 3053:

studied DNA from 94 skeletons from Europe and Russia aged between 3,000 and 8,000 years old. They concluded that about 4,500 years ago there was a major influx into Europe of

2173:

Researchers have made many attempts to identify particular prehistoric cultures with the Proto-Indo-European-speaking peoples, but all of such theories remain speculative.

113:). Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the Middle Neolithic period (5500 to 4500 BC) or even the Early Neolithic period (7500 to 5500 BC) and suggest 4946: 2970:, Russia, and put under analysis. Three such hunter-gathering individuals of the male sex have had their DNA results published. Each was found to belong to a different 2950:, "Eastern European hunter-gatherers" who inhabited Russia were a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000-year-old Siberian from the 5274: 3344:

Mallory: "The Kurgan solution is attractive and has been accepted by many archaeologists and linguists, in part or total. It is the solution one encounters in the

2773:

were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). The term is derived from the Russian kurgan (курга́н), meaning tumulus or burial mound.

5868: 3377: 3203:

hypothesis, according to which both proto-Anatolian and proto-Indo-European split-off from a common mother language "no later than the 4th millennium BCE."

2816:

is most commonly associated with Indo-European speakers. Data so far collected indicate that there are two widely separated areas of high frequency, one in

2236:, at least partly addressed this problem by organizing expeditions and arranging for more academic collaboration between Western and non-Western scholars. 3170:

years old, as opposed to 4,000), the genetic signals carried by Indo-European-speaking farmers may simply have dispersed over the years. There is clearly

4369:"The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods" 2906:" (CHG). Each of those two populations contributed about half the Yamnaya DNA. According to co-author Dr. Andrea Manica of the University of Cambridge: 2186:), had essentially only linguistic evidence. They attempted a rough localization by reconstructing the names of plants and animals (importantly the 3600:

The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world – J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Oxford University Press, 2006,

4483: 3433: 1969: 5509:

Atkinson, Q. D.; Nicholls, G.; Welch, D.; Gray, R. D. (2005). "From Words to Dates: Water into wine, mathemagic or phylogenetic inference?".

1933: 4755: 1131: 5647:

Holm, Hans J. (2007). "The new Arboretum of Indo-European 'Trees'. Can new Algorithms Reveal the Phylogeny and even Prehistory of IE?"

5578: 5296:

Pamjav (December 2012), "Brief communication: New Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1",

3195:

in May 2018, stated that the Yamnaya culture may have had a predecessor at the Caucasus, where "proto-proto-Indo-European" was spoken.

2660: 3008:, in the Caucasus, from the Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,300 years old) and the Mesolithic (9,700 years old). These two males carried 5761: 2639:

subsequently acknowledged the important role of migrations of populations speaking one or several Indo-European languages from the

5813: 5502: 3456:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 4 and 6 (Afanasevo), 13 and 16 (Anatolia), 243 (Greece), 127–128 (Corded Ware), and 653 (Yamna). 2328: 114: 4945:

Anthony, David (2020), "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split", in Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.),

4021:

Jones-Bley, Karlene (2008). "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, November 3–4, 2006".

3759:

Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1994--Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of "Aryan" in English—Page 66

120:

By the early second millennium BC, descendants of the Proto-Indo-Europeans had reached far and wide across Eurasia, including

5792: 5492: 5345: 5241: 4931: 4912: 4893: 4874: 4855: 4824: 4005: 3683: 3656: 3589: 3529: 3496: 3461: 2391:

geographical areas over a limited time span, and were spoken by a set of close-knit communities– a tribe in the broad sense.

1940: 1912: 4306: 2035:

agriculture and cereal cultivation, including technology commonly ascribed to late-neolithic farming communities, e.g., the

5598: 3188: 791: 1897: 3154:

points to an ancient migration, possibly corresponding to the spread by the Kurgan people in their expansion across the

5937: 2664: 2521:

in its scenario. The phonological peculiarities of PIE proposed in the glottalic theory would be best preserved in the

1962: 1919: 850: 2647:, noting that the DNA evidence from ancient skeletons "had completely rejuvenated Maria Gimbutas' kurgan hypothesis." 5803: 5737: 5423: 5054: 4956: 4774: 3930: 3629: 3605: 3572: 3409: 2718: 183: 2962:(WHG). Remains of the "Eastern European hunter-gatherers" have been found in Mesolithic or early Neolithic sites in 2700: 5865: 1926: 690: 5276:

The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Evolution of Language (EVOLANG6)

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region after the Neolithic farmers, possibly coming from Anatolia and settled there, developing pastoral nomadism.

2194:) as well as the culture and technology (a bronze-age culture that was centered upon animal husbandry and having 201: 2469:), expanded into the area through several waves of migration during the 3rd millennium BCE, coinciding with the 5892: 5395: 4948:

Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European

2685: 2176:

The scholars of the 1800s who first tackled the question of the Indo-Europeans' original homeland (also called

1782: 1557: 961: 5887: 3260: 2268: 1955: 1527: 796: 733: 534: 420: 5484:

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

3402:

The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world

3275: 3270: 2004: 1215: 718: 529: 524: 519: 414: 35: 5907: 5798: 3280: 2951: 2926:

Based on these findings and by equating the people of the Yamnaya culture with the Proto-Indo-Europeans,

2404: 2008: 1532: 1027: 728: 607: 593: 574: 4484:"The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" 2205:", a now-discredited theory that was promoted during the expansion of European empires and the rise of " 5932: 5912: 5744: 2470: 2220:

A series of major advances occurred in the 1970s due to the convergence of several factors. First, the

2195: 870: 828: 428: 49:

Knowledge of them comes chiefly from that linguistic reconstruction, along with material evidence from

2343:

Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the widely held

5922: 5902: 5266: 5016: 3101: 3058: 2935: 2903: 2766: 2656: 2640: 2613: 2585:

from the 1980s onwards, proposes that the Indo-European languages spread peacefully into Europe from

2434: 2356: 2244: 2224:

method (invented in 1949) had become sufficiently inexpensive to be applied on a mass scale. Through

2014: 1572: 1537: 1210: 514: 62: 39: 4522: 5927: 5897: 5324: 5280: 4123:

Pellard, Thomas; Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume (2018). "L'indo-européen n'est pas un mythe".

3184: 2899: 2753: 2625: 2334: 1832: 1722: 1542: 1073: 905: 856: 752: 554: 509: 504: 424: 3771:"Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a" 3093:

but unlike the Minoans also had a 13–18% genetic contribution from Bronze Age steppe populations.

2801:

suggest that R1b was introduced in these places along with autosomal DNA from the Pontic steppes.

5917: 3250: 2959: 2696: 2161: 1727: 1454: 564: 559: 549: 193: 43: 4307:"Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome" 4079:

T. V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov (March 1990) "The Early History of Indo-European Languages",

3355:

Strazny: "The single most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes (see the Kurgan hypothesis)..."

5768: 3567:

The Oxford Companion to Archaeology – Edited by Brian M. Fagan, Oxford University Press, 1996,

3484: 3255: 3043: 1717: 1689: 1473: 1375: 1141: 987: 611: 449: 341: 280: 235: 175: 167: 2692: 2541:

and would date to the 17th century BC, closely associating Greek migration to Greece with the

5866:

R1a and R1b as markers of the Proto-Indo-European expansion: a review of ancient DNA evidence

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as a general term for Indo-Europeans has been largely abandoned by scholars (though the term

1864: 1693: 601: 597: 582: 578: 27: 3451: 2421:(burial mounds) of the Eurasian steppes. The hypothesis suggests that the Indo-Europeans, a 5753: 5680: 5546: 5208: 5169: 5114: 5106: 5032: 4999: 4982: 4710: 4626: 4498: 4321: 4223: 3962: 3831: 3712: 3521: 3265: 3245: 3016: 2986: 2875: 2590: 2578: 2562: 2542: 2482: 2272: 2252: 1810: 1775: 1088: 771: 660: 630: 588: 568: 432: 286: 956: 8: 3120:

if the expansions began at 9,500 years ago from Anatolia and at 6,000 years ago from the

2837: 2644: 2518: 2498: 2474: 2264: 2260: 2109: 1083: 1078: 974: 898: 863: 786: 776: 635: 336: 331: 300: 141: 5821:"The Actual Achievements of Early Indo-Europeans, in Accurate Historical Context (2013)" 5684: 5550: 5459: 5173: 5110: 5036: 4714: 4630: 4502: 4325: 4227: 3835: 3716: 3701:"Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales" 2545:

to India at about the same time (viz., Indo-European expansion at the transition to the

5842: 5709: 5670: 5656: 5636: 5570: 5371: 5233: 5190: 5155: 5137: 5096: 4731: 4698: 4679: 4447: 4422: 4395: 4368: 4344: 4287: 4247: 4140: 3854: 3819: 3795: 3770: 3733: 3700: 3427: 3129: 2553:). The Armenian hypothesis argues for the latest possible date of Proto-Indo-European ( 2526: 2462: 2315: 2221: 2210: 2115: 1789: 1740: 1674: 1658: 1283: 936: 675: 361: 266: 261: 157: 98: 5085:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 5846: 5733: 5714: 5657:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" 5640: 5628: 5562: 5532:"Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin" 5522: 5488: 5419: 5341: 5313: 5237: 5226: 5195: 5142: 5084: 5070: 5065: 5050: 5020: 5004: 4952: 4736: 4683: 4642: 4514: 4452: 4400: 4349: 4239: 4144: 4038: 4001: 3926: 3859: 3800: 3738: 3679: 3652: 3625: 3601: 3585: 3568: 3525: 3492: 3457: 3415: 3405: 3290: 3020: 3005: 2743: 2558: 2522: 2510: 2506: 2344: 2240: 2214: 2206: 2201:

In the early 1900s, the question became associated with the expansion of a supposed "

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suggested, diverging from the time-frame suggested there by a full three millennia.

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Thapar, Romila (1996), "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics",

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Gilroy, Paul. "Against Race," Harvard UP, 2000. Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief

3728: 3720: 3517: 3226: 3085: 2927: 2874:) spread of the R1a1 haplogroup from north of the Black Sea during the time of the 2813: 2502: 2408: 2225: 1797: 1747: 1564: 1370: 1258: 1198: 1175: 1118: 1113: 1050: 1037: 1032: 1022: 695: 308: 256: 248: 241: 133: 4510: 5872: 5807: 5574: 5391: 5329:

Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

5255: 4638: 4385: 3920: 3673: 3646: 3240: 3220: 3155: 3137: 3121: 3080: 3054: 3040: 2916: 2731: 2601:" in all modern Romance languages implies that the ancient Romans had cafés too. 2546: 2458: 2412: 2229: 2183: 1878: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1818: 1754: 1733: 1711: 1296: 1185: 1108: 1017: 950: 891: 757: 489: 474: 464: 459: 375: 347: 149: 110: 94: 54: 5207:

Lazaridis, Iosif (2016), "The genetic structure of the world's first farmers",

5025:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Lazaridis et al: The genetic structure of the world's first farmers (pre-print)

3371:

The genetic structure of the world's first farmers (Lazaridis et al. preprint)

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states that "the Armenian plateau hypothesis gains in plausibility" since the

3089:

concluded that the Mycenaean Greeks were genetically closely related with the

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family) in the later neolithic or Bronze Age involving little genetic impact.

2282:

was used to refer to the Proto-Indo-Europeans and their descendants. However,

5881: 5762:"Early contacts between Indo-European and Uralic speakers (4000 BC – 1000AD)" 5725: 5632: 5411: 5251: 5221: 5008: 4111:

The Oriental Institute lecture series : Marija Gimbutas memorial lecture

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partly descended from a Near Eastern population, which resembles present-day

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argue that Renfrew and Gimbutas reinforce rather than contradict each other.

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tests indicate that the Yamnaya-people were the result of admixture between "

2636: 2582: 2486: 2287: 2233: 2125: 2087: 2082: 1883: 1347: 1263: 980: 838: 700: 454: 106: 5820: 5045: 4983:"The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives" 4334: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 3922:

The Indo-European Controversy: Facts and Fallacies in Historical Linguistics

3844: 3820:"A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios" 670: 5837: 5718: 5566: 5317: 5199: 5146: 4740: 4646: 4518: 4456: 4404: 4353: 4243: 3863: 3804: 3742: 3200: 3062: 2748: 2514: 2363:

4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers

2339: 2294: 2248: 1502: 1340: 814: 685: 484: 479: 469: 145: 5074: 4567:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard" 4423:"The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a" 4034: 3786: 5614: 4438: 4177: 3125: 2632: 2534: 2478: 2426: 2422: 2298: 2278:

In regard to terminology, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term

2148: 2029: 1478: 1464: 1428: 1136: 50: 5692: 5623: 5558: 5128: 4722: 4235: 3724: 3001:(CHG) c.q. Iran Chalcolithic related people with a major CHG-component. 2863:. The mutations that characterize haplogroup R1a occurred ~10,000 years 665: 5700: 5375: 5309: 5181: 3311: 3285: 3124:

region, then a 3,500-year period elapsed during their migration to the

3012: 2974: 2919:

individuals sampled by Haak et al. (2015) belonged to the Y-haplogroup

2849: 2833: 2790: 2789:

R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also very common in

2786: 2533:, implied to be particularly archaic in spite of its late attestation. 2505:, suggests that the Proto-Indo-European language was spoken during the 2466: 2387: 2202: 1441: 1355: 1233: 998: 129: 102: 24: 4775:"More than Myth: Ancient DNA Reveals Roots of 1st Greek Civilizations" 4756:"The Greeks really do have near-mythical origins, ancient DNA reveals" 3147:

suggests in a 2001 study that the origin, distribution and age of the

5810: (archived 22 January 2009) from The American Heritage Dictionary 3212: 3151: 2770: 2734:

has allowed the use of genetic analysis to trace migration patterns.

2319:

is still used to refer to the branch that settled in Southern Asia).

2064: 1644: 1421: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1385: 1253: 5403: 5367: 4900: 4881: 4566: 2997:

The Near East population were most likely hunter-gatherers from the

2703:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2069: 5730:

Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins

5213: 5119: 5101: 4283: 2998: 2895: 2871: 2845: 2810: 2798: 2782: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2586: 2550: 2438: 2256: 2178: 2022: 1587: 1578: 1469: 1270: 1245: 1149: 640: 216: 125: 121: 74: 5675: 5273:. In Cangelosi, Angelo; Smith, Andrew D. M.; Smith, Kenny (eds.). 5156:"Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians" 5772: 3133: 3090: 2963: 2825: 2794: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2053: 1637: 1601: 1594: 1392: 1012: 645: 153: 86: 82: 78: 66: 31: 5860: 5257:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth

5228:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth

2598: 5787: 3083:

study of Mycenaean and Minoan remains published in the journal

2829: 2821: 2417: 2306: 2191: 1360: 1314: 833: 650: 137: 70: 61:

period (6,400–3,500 BC). Mainstream scholars place them in the

5382:

Thapar, Romila (2019), "Multiple Theories about the 'Aryan'",

4617:

Balter, M. (2015). "Indo-European languages tied to herders".

5081: 4194: 3998:

Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins

3204: 3050: 3009: 3004:

Jones et al. (2015) analyzed genomes from males from western

2971: 2947: 2891: 2853: 2841: 2529:, the former assuming the role of the dialect which remained 2477:), they subjugated the supposedly peaceful, egalitarian, and 2430: 2187: 2106: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2018: 1459: 1333: 1327: 1309: 680: 655: 2958:

Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) people from Siberia and to the

2934:

to the south (which is hypothesized to have belonged to the

2878:, which was subsequently magnified by the expansion of the 2355:

3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe,

2209:". The question remains contentious within some flavours of 3915: 3875: 3873: 3148: 2860: 2565:, in spite of the geographical proximity of the respective 2092: 2036: 1851: 5279:. Rome: World Scientific. pp. 255–266. Archived from 4911:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFKroonenBarjamovicPeyrot2018 (

4892:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFKroonenBarjamovicPeyrot2018 (

2403:

The Kurgan (or Steppe) hypothesis was first formulated by

5508: 4588: 4586: 4584: 2982: 2978: 2920: 5505:." Journal of Indo-European Studies 47.3-4 (2019): 1-88. 5402:(4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, archived from 5400:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4814: 4812: 3870: 2557:

Anatolian), a full millennium later than the mainstream

4906: 4887: 5754:

How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics

4662:"European languages linked to migration from the east" 4581: 4061: 4049: 3675:

Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction

3648:

How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics

2473:. Leaving archaeological signs of their presence (see 5271:"Diffusion of Genes and Languages in Human Evolution" 4809: 4598: 4272:"Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe" 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 2159:

of Indo-European folktales posits that one folktale,

5338:

Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics

5264: 4843: 4831: 4797: 4545: 4543: 4158: 4122: 3113: 2941: 4107:

Marija Redivia : DNA and Indo-European origins

3768: 2604:Another argument, made by proponents of the steppe 2398: 2151:

kinship-system based upon relationships between men

57:. The Proto-Indo-Europeans likely lived during the 5225: 4919: 4463: 4113:, Chicago. November 8, 2017, see timestamp 11:14). 3897: 3885: 3817: 3699:da Silva, Sara Graça; Tehrani, Jamshid J. (2016). 3537: 3514:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 4540: 3161:About his old teacher Cavalli-Sforza's proposal, 2032:, including domesticated cattle, horses, and dogs 5879: 4862: 4416: 4414: 3818:Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006). 2631:Following the publication of several studies on 2415:from 1956 onwards. The name originates from the 5530:Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003). 4699:"Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans" 4304: 4125:Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 3959:A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe 3698: 2492: 2128:or song lyrics that used stock phrases such as 5015: 4981:Anthony, David W.; Ringe, Don (January 2015). 4560: 4558: 4366: 4270:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (14 March 2015). 4000:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38. 3948:"An essay on Saami ethnolinguistic prehistory" 3563: 3561: 3179: 3109: 3030: 16:Hypothetical prehistoric ethnolinguistic group 5460:"Europe's fourth ancestral 'tribe' uncovered" 4411: 2870:Ornella Semino et al. propose a postglacial ( 2549:, including the possibility of Indo-European 1963: 109:to the east, both forming part of the larger 5799:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) 5529: 4980: 4772: 4265: 4263: 4261: 3879: 3446: 2561:. In this, it figures as an opposite to the 2351:1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 4854:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDamgaard2018 ( 4753: 4555: 4212:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" 3594: 3558: 3132:region from Anatolia, probably through the 3061:north of the Black Sea and that the DNA of 2737: 2381:– : Armenian, expanding from western steppe 5861:Ancient DNA and the Indo-European Question 4210:Allentoft, Morten E.; et al. (2015). 4020: 3512:Huld, Martin E. (2010), "Indo-Europeans", 3440: 3432:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3350:Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse 2661:Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia 2259:during the neolithic age. Other theories ( 1970: 1956: 1934:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 5836: 5708: 5674: 5654: 5622: 5298:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5212: 5206: 5189: 5136: 5118: 5100: 5064: 5044: 4998: 4823:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrolle2018 ( 4730: 4696: 4673: 4604: 4592: 4446: 4421:Underhill, Peter A.; et al. (2015). 4420: 4394: 4384: 4343: 4333: 4269: 4258: 4209: 3853: 3843: 3794: 3769:Underhill, Peter A.; et al. (2010). 3757:Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary 3732: 3678:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 42. 3096: 2719:Learn how and when to remove this message 2353:2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 2017:from old Indo-European languages such as 5818: 5511:Transactions of the Philological Society 5441: 4849: 4659: 4205: 4203: 3651:. Oxford University Press. p. 173. 3617: 3070:an early form of Indo-European language. 3034: 2747: 2481:European neolithic farmers of Gimbutas' 2367:5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian) 2338: 2275:) have only marginal scholarly support. 5480: 5390: 5335: 5250: 5220: 4944: 4930:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWang2018 ( 4873:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWang2018 ( 4564: 4067: 4055: 3995: 3983: 3644: 3552: 3399: 3065:Europeans matched that of the Yamnaya. 2992: 2572: 2329:Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses 2251:age. A minority of scholars prefer the 5880: 5396:"Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans" 5381: 5353: 5295: 5000:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812 4818: 4697:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2017). 4616: 4481: 4469: 3955:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 3903: 3891: 3671: 3491:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 2411:(1926), and was later systematized by 2322: 2168: 5416:The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey 5410: 5323: 5153: 4907:Kroonen, Barjamovic & Peyrot 2018 4888:Kroonen, Barjamovic & Peyrot 2018 4837: 4803: 4791: 4549: 4305:Lara M. Cassidy; et al. (2016). 4200: 4094:The Prehistory of the Armenian People 3945: 3645:Watkins, Calvert (16 November 1995). 3453:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture 3162: 2890:According to Jones et al. (2015) and 2485:. A modified form of this theory, by 1941:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 1913:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 5757:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5596: 4925: 4868: 4565:Anthony, D.W. (Spring–Summer 2019). 4367:Rui Martiniano; et al. (2017). 3522:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001 3511: 3483: 3074: 2668: 5649:Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 5331:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2537:would be practically equivalent to 1898:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 13: 5503:Proto-Indo-Europeans: The prologue 5474: 4427:European Journal of Human Genetics 3775:European Journal of Human Genetics 3400:Anthony, David W. (26 July 2010). 3114:Piazza & Cavalli-Sforza (2006) 2885: 2665:Genetic history of the Middle East 2371:7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani) 2309:in Europe. Subsequently, the term 1920:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 14: 5949: 5819:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2013). 5780: 2942:Eastern European hunter-gatherers 2902:" from eastern Europe (EHG) and " 2375:(dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic 2305:), and, in its name, led massive 2041:transportation by or across water 5786: 5523:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2005.00151.x 4571:Journal of Indo-European Studies 3919:; Lewis, Martin W. (2015). "1". 2804: 2673: 2437:(which is now part northeastern 2399:Pontic-Caspian steppe hypothesis 2373:7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India) 1927:Journal of Indo-European Studies 691:Bible translations into Armenian 182: 5336:Strazny, Philipp (Ed). (2000), 5021:"Genes, Peoples, and Languages" 4938: 4766: 4747: 4690: 4653: 4610: 4475: 4360: 4298: 4151: 4116: 4099: 4086: 4073: 4014: 3989: 3939: 3909: 3811: 3762: 3749: 3692: 3665: 3638: 3611: 3360: 3335: 3317: 2365:5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware 2361:4A (black): Western Corded Ware 202:List of Indo-European languages 5487:. Princeton University Press. 5418:. Princeton University Press. 5260:. London: Thames & Hudson. 4773:Megan Gannon (3 August 2017). 3925:. Cambridge University Press. 3578: 3505: 3477: 3393: 3303: 2776: 1: 4754:Ann Gibbons (2 August 2017). 4511:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 3672:Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011). 3489:Indo-European Poetry and Myth 3386: 3261:Paleolithic continuity theory 2589:from around 7000 BC with the 2286:more properly applies to the 2269:paleolithic continuity theory 1982: 1528:Proto-Indo-European mythology 797:Paleolithic continuity theory 132:(the linguistic ancestors of 115:alternative origin hypotheses 44:Indo-European language family 5831:. University of California. 4987:Annual Review of Linguistics 4639:10.1126/science.347.6224.814 4386:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006852 3624:. SteinerBooks. p. 89. 3450:; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). 3276:Proto-Indo-European religion 3271:Proto-Indo-European language 3057:people originating from the 2620:(language unknown), and the 2493:Armenian highland hypothesis 2255:, which posits an origin in 2005:Proto-Indo-European religion 1987:In the words of philologist 1216:Northern Black Polished Ware 415:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 4023:Historiographia Linguistica 3516:, Oxford University Press, 3314:, and Luvian Tatis Tiwaz)." 3281:Proto-Indo-European society 3233: 3180:Iranian/Armenian hypothesis 3031:Northern and Central Europe 2699:the claims made and adding 2650: 2517:model does not include the 2449:, and southern and eastern 2009:Proto-Indo-European society 1533:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 85:, and southern and eastern 10: 5954: 5745:The Seven Daughters of Eve 5481:Anthony, David W. (2007). 4968: 3705:Royal Society Open Science 2882:into Europe and eastward. 2741: 2654: 2332: 2326: 2002: 1998: 829:Domestication of the horse 73:extends from northeastern 5938:Nomadic groups in Eurasia 5804:Indo-European Roots Index 5751:Watkins, Calvert. (1995) 5732:. London: Jonathan Cape. 5655:Lazaridis, Iosif (2014). 5340:(1 ed.), Routledge, 4951:, BRILL, pp. 31–42, 4675:10.1038/nature.2015.16919 4137:10.2143/BSL.113.1.3285465 3102:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza 2904:Caucasus hunter-gatherers 2657:Genetic history of Europe 2349:– Center: Steppe cultures 2077:(lit. "sky father"; > 2015:linguistic reconstruction 1538:Historical Vedic religion 815:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 5154:Jones, Eppie R. (2015). 3880:Anthony & Ringe 2015 3621:History in English Words 3297: 2960:Western Hunter-Gatherers 2900:Eastern Hunter-Gatherers 2754:Indo-European migrations 2738:Kurgan/Steppe hypothesis 2335:Indo-European migrations 1543:Ancient Iranian religion 906:Novotitarovskaya culture 753:Indo-European migrations 5871:8 February 2017 at the 5825:Beckwith, Christopher I 5501:Kozintsev, Alexander. " 5384:Which of Us Are Aryans? 5046:10.1073/pnas.94.15.7719 4335:10.1073/pnas.1518445113 4105:Renfrew, Colin (2017) " 3996:Renfrew, Colin (1990). 3845:10.1073/pnas.0507714103 3618:Barfield, Owen (1967). 3346:Encyclopædia Britannica 3328:, with his spouse, the 3251:Comparative linguistics 3191:, in an interview with 2814:R1a1a (R-M17 or R-M198) 2760:and across Central Asia 2593:'s advance of farming ( 2581:, notably advocated by 2162:The Smith and the Devil 1044:Northern/Eastern Steppe 42:common ancestor of the 5838:10.21237/C7clio4119062 5769:University of Helsinki 5748:. London: Corgi Books. 4092:I.M. Diakonoff (1984) 3961:). Helsinki, Finland: 3575:, p 347 – J.P. Mallory 3368:* eurogenes.blogspot, 3256:Historical linguistics 3177: 3142: 3072: 3047: 2913: 2911:in apparent isolation. 2761: 2382: 2369:6 (magenta): Andronovo 2297:called this race the " 2196:domesticated the horse 1515:Religion and mythology 1474:Medieval Scandinavians 765:Alternative and fringe 5893:Indo-European peoples 5742:Sykes, Brian. (2001) 5597:Heyd, Volker (2017). 5267:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 5161:Nature Communications 5017:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 4660:Callaway, E. (2015). 4035:10.1075/hl.35.3.15koe 3787:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194 3167: 3118: 3110:Cavalli-Sforza (2000) 3067: 3059:Pontic–Caspian steppe 3039:Bronze Age spread of 3038: 2952:Mal'ta-Buret' culture 2908: 2751: 2655:Further information: 2641:Pontic–Caspian steppe 2435:Pontic–Caspian steppe 2342: 2245:Pontic–Caspian steppe 2157:phylogenetic analysis 2003:Further information: 1865:Indo-European studies 1228:Peoples and societies 63:Pontic–Caspian steppe 28:ethnolinguistic group 5888:Proto-Indo-Europeans 5795:at Wikimedia Commons 5793:Proto-Indo-Europeans 5615:10.15184/aqy.2017.21 5283:on 10 September 2007 4439:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 3963:Finno-Ugrian Society 3946:Aikio, Ante (2012). 3375:* anthrogenica.com, 3324:household” are one: 3266:Old European culture 3246:Indo-Aryan migration 3189:Kristian Kristiansen 3097:Anatolian hypothesis 2993:Near East population 2876:Late Glacial Maximum 2591:Neolithic Revolution 2579:Anatolian hypothesis 2573:Anatolian hypothesis 2563:Anatolian hypothesis 2543:Indo-Aryan migration 2253:Anatolian hypothesis 772:Anatolian hypothesis 724:Proto-Indo-Europeans 631:Hittite inscriptions 176:Indo-European topics 21:Proto-Indo-Europeans 5693:10.1038/nature13673 5685:2014Natur.513..409L 5559:10.1038/nature02029 5551:2003Natur.426..435G 5466:. 16 November 2015. 5234:Thames & Hudson 5174:2015NatCo...6.8912J 5129:10.1038/nature14317 5111:2015Natur.522..207H 5037:1997PNAS...94.7719C 4723:10.1038/nature23310 4715:2017Natur.548..214L 4631:2015Sci...347..814B 4528:on 25 November 2003 4503:2000Sci...290.1155S 4497:(5494): 1155–1159. 4482:Semino, O. (2000). 4326:2016PNAS..113..368C 4236:10.1038/nature14507 4228:2015Natur.522..167A 4081:Scientific American 3836:2006PNAS..103..843S 3725:10.1098/rsos.150645 3717:2016RSOS....350645D 2840:, which is part of 2838:Indo-Gangetic Plain 2832:, and the other in 2781:According to three 2645:Northwestern Europe 2519:Anatolian languages 2499:Armenian hypothesis 2475:Corded Ware culture 2471:taming of the horse 2379:9 (yellow):Iranians 2323:Urheimat hypotheses 2265:Out of India theory 2261:Armenian hypothesis 2169:History of research 2134:*ḱléwos ń̥dʰgʷʰitom 1028:Multi-cordoned ware 899:Mikhaylovka culture 787:Indigenous Aryanism 777:Armenian hypothesis 636:Hieroglyphic Luwian 142:Corded Ware culture 36:Proto-Indo-European 23:are a hypothetical 5908:Neolithic cultures 5599:"Kossinna's smile" 5310:10.1002/ajpa.22167 5182:10.1038/ncomms9912 4577:(1 & 2): 1–23. 4165:. 24 November 2020 3404:. Princeton, N.J. 3205:Haak et al. (2015) 3051:Haak et al. (2015) 3048: 3044:Steppe pastoralist 2948:Haak et al. (2015) 2892:Haak et al. (2015) 2762: 2684:possibly contains 2527:Germanic languages 2463:lower Volga region 2383: 2222:radiocarbon dating 2211:ethnic nationalism 608:Proto-Indo-Iranian 594:Proto-Balto-Slavic 575:Proto-Italo-Celtic 158:Afanasievo culture 105:, adjacent to the 99:Lower Volga region 5933:Bronze Age Europe 5913:4th millennium BC 5791:Media related to 5669:(7518): 409–413. 5584:on 30 August 2017 5545:(6965): 435–439. 5494:978-0-691-05887-0 5347:978-1-57958-218-0 5269:(15 April 2006). 5265:Piazza, Alberto; 5243:978-0-500-27616-7 5095:(7555): 207–211. 5031:(15): 7719–7724. 4709:(7666): 214–218. 4625:(6224): 814–815. 4222:(7555): 167–172. 4163:en.wiktionary.org 4007:978-0-521-38675-3 3917:Pereltsvaig, Asya 3685:978-90-272-1185-9 3658:978-0-19-802471-2 3590:978-615-5766-30-5 3531:978-0-19-517072-6 3498:978-0-19-928075-9 3463:978-1-884964-98-5 3291:Sintashta culture 3075:Bronze Age Greeks 2744:Kurgan hypothesis 2729: 2728: 2721: 2686:original research 2559:Kurgan hypothesis 2523:Armenian language 2511:Armenian Highland 2507:4th millennium BC 2455:northern Caucasus 2441:and southeastern 2345:Kurgan hypothesis 2273:Balkan hypothesis 2241:Kurgan hypothesis 2215:Indigenous Aryans 2207:scientific racism 2142:*sh₂uens kʷekʷlos 2130:imperishable fame 1980: 1979: 1241:Anatolian peoples 1211:Painted Grey Ware 1099:Nordic Bronze Age 748:Kurgan hypothesis 701:Old Irish glosses 666:Gaulish epigraphy 91:Northern Caucasus 77:and southeastern 5945: 5923:Neolithic Europe 5903:Eurasian history 5850: 5840: 5790: 5776: 5766: 5722: 5712: 5678: 5644: 5626: 5609:(356): 348–359. 5593: 5591: 5589: 5583: 5577:. Archived from 5536: 5526: 5498: 5468: 5467: 5456: 5429: 5407: 5392:Watkins, Calvert 5387: 5378: 5356:Social Scientist 5350: 5332: 5320: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5261: 5247: 5231: 5217: 5216: 5203: 5193: 5150: 5140: 5122: 5104: 5078: 5068: 5048: 5012: 5002: 4962: 4961: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4816: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4760:Science Magazine 4751: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4579: 4578: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4521:. Archived from 4488: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4450: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4388: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4347: 4337: 4311: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4267: 4256: 4255: 4207: 4198: 4195:Haak et al. 2015 4192: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4120: 4114: 4103: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3857: 3847: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3798: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3736: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3615: 3609: 3598: 3592: 3582: 3576: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3535: 3534: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3423: 3397: 3381: 3364: 3358: 3339: 3333: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3227:David W. Anthony 3158:around 3000 BC. 2928:David W. Anthony 2724: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701:inline citations 2677: 2676: 2669: 2616:-speaking), the 2503:glottalic theory 2409:V. Gordon Childe 2226:dendrochronology 2138:wheel of the sun 1972: 1965: 1958: 1813: 1806: 1792: 1785: 1778: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1661: 1647: 1640: 1626: 1604: 1597: 1590: 1581: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1371:Germanic peoples 1361:Hellenic peoples 1350: 1343: 1336: 1259:Mycenaean Greeks 1248: 1176:Thraco-Cimmerian 1074:Globular Amphora 1051:Abashevo culture 990: 983: 953: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 696:Tocharian script 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 317: 303: 296: 289: 275: 251: 244: 225: 186: 163: 162: 152:), and southern 144:), the edges of 136:), the north of 134:Mycenaean Greece 5953: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5928:Bronze Age Asia 5898:Ancient peoples 5878: 5877: 5873:Wayback Machine 5808:Wayback Machine 5783: 5771:, Suomenlinna, 5764: 5760: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5534: 5495: 5477: 5475:Further reading 5472: 5471: 5458: 5457: 5442: 5432: 5426: 5406:on 1 March 2009 5368:10.2307/3520116 5348: 5286: 5284: 5244: 5057: 4974:Printed sources 4971: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4771: 4767: 4752: 4748: 4695: 4691: 4658: 4654: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4582: 4563: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4419: 4412: 4379:(7): e1006852. 4365: 4361: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4268: 4259: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4121: 4117: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3816: 3812: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3616: 3612: 3599: 3595: 3583: 3579: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3538: 3532: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3485:West, Martin L. 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3445: 3441: 3425: 3424: 3412: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3340: 3336: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3241:Archaeogenetics 3236: 3221:steppe ancestry 3182: 3156:Eurasian steppe 3138:Yamnaya culture 3122:Yamnaya culture 3099: 3081:archaeogenetics 3077: 3055:Yamnaya culture 3033: 2995: 2956:closely related 2944: 2936:North Caucasian 2888: 2886:Yamnaya culture 2807: 2779: 2746: 2740: 2732:Archaeogenetics 2725: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2690: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2653: 2612:(perhaps North 2595:wave of advance 2575: 2547:Late Bronze Age 2501:, based on the 2495: 2461:, and into the 2459:southern Russia 2433:culture of the 2413:Marija Gimbutas 2401: 2380: 2378: 2377:8 (grey): Greek 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2230:Marija Gimbutas 2171: 2102: 2091:Ζεύς (πατήρ) / 2073: 2011: 2001: 1985: 1976: 1947: 1946: 1879:Marija Gimbutas 1867: 1857: 1856: 1848:Winter solstice 1838:Horse sacrifice 1809: 1802: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1760: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1685: 1670: 1657: 1643: 1636: 1622: 1613: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1547: 1516: 1508: 1507: 1450: 1437: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1323: 1305: 1292: 1279: 1250: 1244: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1194: 1171: 1158: 1146: 1127: 1069: 1046: 1008: 1001: 995: 986: 979: 970: 968:Northern Europe 949: 945: 932: 919: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 851:Steppe cultures 824: 817: 810: 802: 801: 792:Baltic homeland 766: 762: 758:Eurasian nomads 742: 738: 714: 706: 705: 676:Runic epigraphy 671:Latin epigraphy 626: 618: 617: 555:Proto-Anatolian 539: 494: 490:Thraco-Illyrian 475:Graeco-Phrygian 465:Graeco-Armenian 460:Graeco-Albanian 439: 417: 404: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 313: 299: 292: 285: 271: 247: 240: 221: 206: 198: 196: 150:Yamnaya culture 111:Eurasian Steppe 97:, and into the 95:southern Russia 55:archaeogenetics 17: 12: 11: 5: 5951: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918:Neolithic Asia 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5876: 5875: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5816: 5814:Kurgan culture 5811: 5801: 5796: 5782: 5781:External links 5779: 5778: 5777: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5726:Renfrew, Colin 5723: 5652: 5645: 5594: 5527: 5517:(2): 193–219. 5506: 5499: 5493: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5412:Wells, Spencer 5408: 5388: 5379: 5351: 5346: 5333: 5321: 5304:(4): 611–615, 5293: 5262: 5252:Mallory, J. P. 5248: 5242: 5222:Mallory, J. P. 5218: 5214:10.1101/059311 5204: 5151: 5120:10.1101/013433 5079: 5055: 5013: 4993:(1): 199–219. 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4957: 4937: 4918: 4899: 4880: 4861: 4842: 4840:, p. 177. 4830: 4821:, p. 108. 4808: 4806:, p. 120. 4796: 4784: 4765: 4746: 4689: 4652: 4609: 4605:Lazaridis 2016 4597: 4593:Lazaridis 2016 4580: 4554: 4539: 4474: 4462: 4433:(1): 124–131. 4410: 4359: 4320:(2): 368–373. 4297: 4284:10.1101/016477 4257: 4199: 4176: 4150: 4115: 4098: 4085: 4072: 4070:, p. 163. 4060: 4058:, p. 185. 4048: 4029:(3): 465–467. 4013: 4006: 3988: 3976: 3938: 3931: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3869: 3810: 3761: 3748: 3691: 3684: 3664: 3657: 3637: 3630: 3610: 3593: 3577: 3557: 3536: 3530: 3504: 3497: 3476: 3462: 3448:Mallory, J. P. 3439: 3410: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3334: 3316: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3181: 3178: 3106:Alberto Piazza 3098: 3095: 3076: 3073: 3032: 3029: 2994: 2991: 2943: 2940: 2932:Maikop culture 2887: 2884: 2880:Kurgan culture 2818:Eastern Europe 2806: 2803: 2778: 2775: 2758:Pontic steppes 2742:Main article: 2739: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2681: 2679: 2672: 2652: 2649: 2626:Hurro-Urartian 2574: 2571: 2539:Mycenean Greek 2494: 2491: 2453:, through the 2400: 2397: 2327:Main article: 2324: 2321: 2232:, assisted by 2170: 2167: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2122: 2100: 2079:Vedic Sanskrit 2071: 2061: 2052:, but not yet 2042: 2039: 2033: 2000: 1997: 1989:Martin L. West 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1833:Fire sacrifice 1829: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1678: 1677: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1624:Zoroastrianism 1606: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1494: 1493: 1491:Medieval India 1482: 1481: 1476: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1445: 1444: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1373: 1368: 1366:Italic peoples 1363: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1300: 1299: 1287: 1286: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1202: 1201: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1166: 1165: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1144: 1142:Gandhara grave 1139: 1134: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1003: 1002: 994: 993: 992: 991: 988:Middle Dnieper 984: 965: 964: 959: 954: 943:Eastern Europe 940: 939: 927: 926: 914: 913: 912: 911: 910: 909: 902: 888: 881: 874: 871:Dnieper–Donets 867: 860: 848: 846:Kurgan culture 843: 842: 841: 831: 819: 818: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 782:Beech argument 779: 774: 768: 767: 761: 760: 755: 750: 744: 743: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 715: 712: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 605: 591: 586: 572: 565:Proto-Germanic 562: 560:Proto-Armenian 557: 552: 550:Proto-Albanian 546: 545: 538: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 500: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 446: 445: 438: 437: 436: 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4870: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4850:Damgaard 2018 4846: 4839: 4834: 4826: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4131:(1): 79–102. 4130: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4095: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4044: 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2712: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2682:This section 2680: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637:Colin Renfrew 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583:Colin Renfrew 2580: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2487:J. P. 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London: 5102:1502.02783 4838:Reich 2018 4804:Reich 2018 4792:Wells 2002 4550:Jones 2015 4373:PLOS Genet 4278:: 016477. 3965:: 93f., 98 3387:References 3286:Gravettian 3063:copper-age 3013:haplogroup 2975:haplogroup 2850:Bangladesh 2791:South Asia 2709:March 2011 2693:improve it 2567:Urheimaten 2483:Old Europe 2467:Kazakhstan 2445:, through 2388:Bronze Age 2333:See also: 2316:Indo-Aryan 2213:(see also 2203:aryan race 2136:) and the 2119:Deipaturos 2044:the solid 1983:Definition 1891:Institutes 1811:Lithuanian 1565:Indo-Aryan 1551:Historical 1485:Indo-Aryan 1442:Tocharians 1356:Cimmerians 1234:Bronze Age 1125:South Asia 999:Bronze Age 937:Afanasievo 741:Mainstream 505:Vocabulary 425:Sound laws 287:Indo-Aryan 103:Kazakhstan 81:, through 34:who spoke 5847:131553744 5676:1312.6639 5641:164376362 5633:0003-598X 5603:Antiquity 5009:2333-9683 4926:Wang 2018 4869:Wang 2018 4684:184180681 4145:171874630 4043:0302-5160 3428:cite book 3420:496275617 3366:See also: 3213:Armenians 3152:haplotype 2896:autosomal 2820:, around 2783:autosomal 2771:Black Sea 2756:from the 2697:verifying 2635:in 2015, 2614:Caucasian 2070:*Dyḗus Ph 1826:Practices 1645:Yarsanism 1455:Albanians 1435:East Asia 1422:Scythians 1414:Phrygians 1407:Paeonians 1400:Illyrians 1386:Thracians 1303:East Asia 1254:Armenians 1181:Hallstatt 1163:Chernoles 1104:Terramare 1094:Trzciniec 1061:Sintashta 1056:Andronovo 957:Cernavodă 930:East Asia 885:Khvalynsk 625:Philology 535:Particles 421:Phonology 362:Liburnian 337:Tocharian 332:Anatolian 301:Nuristani 194:Languages 5869:Archived 5855:Genetics 5728:(1987). 5719:25230663 5567:14647380 5464:BBC News 5414:(2002). 5394:(2000), 5327:(2018). 5318:23115110 5287:8 August 5254:(1991). 5224:(1989). 5200:26567969 5168:: 8912. 5147:25731166 5019:(2000). 4741:28783727 4647:25700495 4519:11073453 4457:24667786 4405:28749934 4354:26712024 4244:26062507 4159:"kurgan" 3864:16415161 3805:19888303 3743:26909191 3608:, p. 249 3487:(2007). 3469:24 March 3348:and the 3234:See also 3046:ancestry 2999:Caucasus 2872:Holocene 2846:Pakistan 2811:subclade 2799:Portugal 2651:Genetics 2643:towards 2622:Hurrians 2618:Chalybes 2610:Hattians 2606:Urheimat 2587:Anatolia 2551:Kassites 2525:and the 2439:Bulgaria 2257:Anatolia 2190:and the 2179:Urheimat 2116:Illyrian 2099:*dyeu ph 2054:chariots 2023:Sanskrit 1872:Scholars 1770:Germanic 1741:Scottish 1706:Thracian 1700:Illyrian 1694:Albanian 1682:European 1675:Armenian 1659:Ossetian 1653:Scythian 1638:Yazidism 1588:Buddhism 1579:Hinduism 1470:Norsemen 1380:Anatolia 1297:Iranians 1290:Iranians 1271:Iron Age 1246:Hittites 1199:Colchian 1192:Caucasus 1150:Iron Age 1119:Lusatian 1114:Urnfield 1038:Srubnaya 1033:Poltavka 1023:Catacomb 962:Cucuteni 917:Caucasus 734:Religion 719:Homeland 661:Behistun 641:Linear B 530:Numerals 525:Pronouns 450:Balkanic 397:Thracian 390:Phrygian 383:Paeonian 369:Messapic 355:Illyrian 267:Hellenic 262:Germanic 231:Armenian 223:Albanian 217:Albanoid 168:a series 166:Part of 126:Hittites 122:Anatolia 75:Bulgaria 5806:at the 5773:Finland 5710:4170574 5681:Bibcode 5547:Bibcode 5386:, ALEPH 5376:3520116 5209:bioRxiv 5191:4660371 5170:Bibcode 5138:5048219 5115:bioRxiv 5107:Bibcode 5075:9223254 5033:Bibcode 4969:Sources 4732:5565772 4711:Bibcode 4627:Bibcode 4619:Science 4499:Bibcode 4491:Science 4448:4266736 4396:5531429 4345:4720318 4322:Bibcode 4292:7866359 4276:bioRxiv 4252:4399103 4224:Bibcode 4169:2 March 3969:31 July 3855:1347984 3832:Bibcode 3796:2987245 3734:4736946 3713:Bibcode 3209:Yamnaya 3199:to the 3175:Europe. 3134:Balkans 3091:Minoans 3079:A 2017 3041:Yamnaya 3006:Georgia 2964:Karelia 2917:Yamnaya 2826:Ukraine 2795:Ireland 2691:Please 2531:in situ 2513:. 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