189:
25:
3046:. These two languages are usually considered to belong to different main branches of Iranian, and many of their similarities are found also in the other Iranian languages. Regardless, there are many arguments that many of these Old Iranian features may not have occurred yet in Proto-Iranian, and they may have instead spread across an Old Iranian dialect continuum already separated in dialects (see
3226:
This change also clearly fails to apply to all
Iranian languages. Old Persian with its descendants shows /s/, possibly likewise Kurdish and Balochi. The Saka languages show /š/. All other Iranian languages have /sp/, or a further descendant (e.g. /fs/ in
2148:
Note that different terminology is used for the modern languages: Ossetian has often been classified as a "Northeast
Iranian" language, while "Northwest Iranian" usually refers to languages to the northwest of Persian, such as
3622:
Kontovas, Nicholas. "Reflexes of Proto-Iranic* w- as evidence for language contact." In: Tous les chemins mènent à Paris. Studies inspired by Agnes Korn. Murad
Suleymanov & Dorian Pastor (eds). Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp.
3202:). The development in the Old Iranian period shows divergences: Avestan, as also most newer Iranian languages, show /s/ and /z/, while Old Persian shows /θ/ and /d/. (Word-initially, the former develops also into /s/ by
3050:). Additionally, most Iranian languages cannot be derived from either attested Old Iranian language: numerous unwritten Old Iranian dialects must have existed, whose descendants surface in the written record only later.
3239:
This change is typical for Old
Persian and its descendants, as opposed to Avestan and most languages first attested in the Middle or New Iranian periods. Kurdish and Balochi may again have shared this change as well.
3078:. Avestan has no **/l/ phoneme at all. Regardless many words, for which the other Indo-European languages indicate original *l, still show /l/ in several Iranian languages, including New Persian,
4651:
3206:.) — The change *c > *s must be also newer than the development *s > *h, since this new *s was not affected by the previous change. The consonant cluster
3603:
3170:
The Proto-Indo-Iranian aspirated stops *pʰ, *tʰ and *kʰ were spirantized into *f, *θ and *x in most
Iranian languages. However, they appear to be retained in
3198:
The Proto-Indo-European palatovelars *ḱ, *ǵ (and *ǵʰ) were fronted to affricates *ć, *dź in Proto-Indo-Iranian (the affricate stage being preserved in the
4026:
3154:). This change occurs in all Iranian languages, but is regardless sometimes thought to be later than Proto-Iranian, based on the Old Persian name
3062:
consonants are likely to have been retained quite late in the Indo-Iranian languages in at least some positions. However, the syllabic laryngeal (
1974:
1938:
4656:
4625:
3655:
1136:
4615:
4284:
2091:
postulates that there were at least four dialects that initially developed out of Proto-Iranian, two of which are attested by texts:
89:
3256:
Reflexes of the stem in daughter languages also refer to deified beings and deities within their respective mythologies/religions:
61:
4641:
42:
68:
3516:
3410:
3344:
1945:
1917:
796:
4646:
1902:
3114:). This preservation is however not systematic, and likely has been mostly diminished through interdialectal loaning of
75:
4620:
3612:
1967:
1924:
855:
188:
108:
1931:
695:
57:
3648:
206:
3118:-forms, and in some cases extended by the loaning of words from smaller western Iranian languages into Persian.
4277:
3583:
Korn, Agnes (2003). "Balochi and the
Concept of North-Western Iranian". In Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes (eds.).
3419:
3369:
1787:
1562:
966:
46:
3688:
3585:
The
Balochi and Their Neighbours. Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times
3074:
This change is found widely across the
Iranian languages, indeed Indo-Iranian as a whole: it appears also in
1960:
1532:
801:
738:
539:
425:
4309:
3693:
2168:
2073:
1220:
723:
534:
529:
524:
419:
4317:
2069:
1537:
1032:
733:
612:
598:
579:
3627:
4677:
3641:
875:
833:
433:
4594:
4378:
4270:
4103:
3928:
3703:
1995:
1577:
1542:
1215:
519:
82:
4682:
1837:
1727:
1547:
1078:
910:
861:
757:
559:
514:
509:
429:
3187:
4568:
4433:
4168:
3683:
1732:
1459:
569:
564:
554:
198:
35:
4368:
2006:
1722:
1694:
1478:
1380:
1146:
992:
454:
346:
285:
240:
180:
172:
3334:
4541:
4388:
4249:
1869:
1698:
606:
602:
587:
583:
4301:
4086:
4021:
3808:
2137:
2088:
2034:
1815:
1780:
1093:
776:
728:
665:
635:
593:
573:
437:
291:
961:
8:
4556:
4242:
3772:
3725:
3277:
3199:
1088:
1083:
979:
903:
868:
791:
781:
640:
341:
336:
305:
152:
3444:
3182:
which retains the fricatives); and to have merged with the voiceless aspirated stops in
4589:
4478:
4157:
4134:
4124:
3859:
3745:
3273:
2109:
1794:
1745:
1679:
1663:
1288:
941:
680:
366:
271:
266:
157:
3038:
refers to the stage in
Iranian history represented by the earliest written languages:
4495:
4373:
4149:
4129:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
3943:
3912:
3870:
3801:
3750:
3720:
3664:
3512:
3425:
3415:
3375:
3365:
3340:
3228:
2154:
2099:
2054:
2050:
2038:
2030:
2010:
2002:
1808:
1774:
1766:
1710:
1704:
1686:
1657:
1636:
1622:
1614:
1384:
1245:
1185:
1167:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1065:
1060:
889:
752:
401:
394:
387:
373:
359:
319:
298:
235:
227:
137:
4599:
4551:
4462:
4418:
4396:
4293:
4178:
4163:
4139:
4074:
4069:
4009:
4004:
3989:
3983:
3967:
3961:
3948:
3906:
3814:
3755:
3740:
3562:
3295:
3286:
3269:
3183:
3079:
3059:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2173:
2141:
2123:
2022:
2014:
1802:
1752:
1569:
1375:
1263:
1203:
1180:
1123:
1118:
1055:
1042:
1037:
1027:
700:
313:
261:
253:
246:
4573:
4546:
4511:
4457:
4452:
4428:
4401:
4119:
4091:
4081:
4034:
3977:
3972:
3953:
3834:
3829:
3777:
3712:
3127:
3083:
2127:
2046:
2042:
1883:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1823:
1759:
1738:
1716:
1301:
1190:
1113:
1022:
955:
896:
762:
494:
479:
469:
464:
380:
352:
3362:
The Oxford
Introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European World
4563:
4411:
4341:
4238:
4196:
4183:
3886:
3875:
3824:
3767:
3761:
3735:
3730:
3203:
3179:
3075:
2614:
2113:
2065:
1998:
1628:
1495:
1370:
928:
882:
850:
786:
277:
16:
Reconstructed ancestor language of Persian, Avestan, Kurdish, Pashto and others
3110:
4671:
4525:
4488:
4483:
4438:
4423:
4144:
4098:
4014:
3897:
3880:
3566:
3379:
3175:
2604:
2150:
2058:
2026:
1888:
1352:
1268:
985:
843:
705:
459:
3429:
675:
3020:
1507:
1345:
819:
690:
489:
484:
474:
3261:
3100:
4349:
4333:
4189:
3299:
3257:
3047:
3043:
3035:
2594:
1483:
1469:
1433:
1141:
670:
4652:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
3852:
3393:
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
1446:
1360:
1238:
1003:
4443:
4041:
1649:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1390:
1258:
3633:
24:
4262:
3994:
3308:
3304:
1592:
1583:
1474:
1275:
1250:
1154:
645:
221:
4517:
3628:“Prothetic h-” in Khotanese and the reconstruction of Proto-Iranic
2813:
4219:
3839:
3794:
3171:
3039:
2077:
1642:
1606:
1599:
1397:
1017:
650:
3611:. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley. Archived from
2080:
language, and less than two millennia from Proto-Indo-European.
3999:
3846:
3819:
3407:
2018:
1365:
1319:
838:
655:
2926:
3290:
3282:
2998:
2748:
2713:
1464:
1338:
1332:
1314:
685:
660:
4406:
4173:
3159:
2963:
1856:
3605:
Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)
2951:
2868:
3359:
2076:. It was likely removed less than a millennium from the
3630:." Script and Reconstruction in Linguistic History.
3509:
Indo-European language and Culture: An Introduction
3336:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4669:
3408:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997).
3360:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (2006).
3186:. In the case of Saka, secondary influence from
3029:
2160:
3332:
4278:
3649:
1968:
2130:, ancestor of most modern Iranian languages)
4626:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
3326:
2045:and others. Its speakers, the hypothetical
4616:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
4285:
4271:
3656:
3642:
3553:, and some Persian and Zaza Etymologies".
3532:
3530:
3528:
3339:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 170–171.
1975:
1961:
1939:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
3464:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3601:
3578:
3576:
3536:
3455:
3218:, since both were identical in Iranian.
3066:) was deleted in non-initial syllables.
2108:(unattested, ancestor of Middle Iranian
4642:List of English words of Persian origin
3548:
3525:
3506:
3500:
3442:
3436:
3392:
4670:
3587:. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 49–60.
4266:
3663:
3637:
3573:
3473:
3411:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3364:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1946:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1918:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
4292:
3582:
2009:family and thus the ancestor of the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4647:List of French loanwords in Persian
3479:Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 210.
3178:(Khotanese and Tumshuqese, but not
2053:and are usually connected with the
2049:, are assumed to have lived in the
1903:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
4621:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
4248:Languages between parentheses are
3595:
3333:Mario Liverani (4 December 2013).
1925:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
4694:
3549:Schwarz, Martin (2008). "Iranian
4222:(unknown further classification)
3602:Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015).
3511:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 238.
3449:An Introduction to Young Avestan
3174:, varieties of Kurdish, and the
1932:Journal of Indo-European Studies
696:Bible translations into Armenian
187:
23:
3542:
3491:
3482:
2072:, which in turn, came from the
207:List of Indo-European languages
34:needs additional citations for
4657:Persian language in South Asia
4252:of the language on their left.
3401:
3386:
3353:
3250:
1:
3443:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2003).
3319:
3150:(which otherwise retained as
3098:'throat' (compare e.g. Latin
3086:. These include e.g. Persian
1533:Proto-Indo-European mythology
802:Paleolithic continuity theory
3414:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
3397:. Routledge. pp. 50–51.
3285:for 'Mothers and Matrons');
3030:Development into Old Iranian
2161:Phonological correspondences
2074:Proto-Indo-European language
2057:archaeological horizon (see
1221:Northern Black Polished Ware
420:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
3303:('Divine Mother Goddess');
3130:occurred when not preceded
2164:
2083:
2070:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
1538:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
4699:
4569:Romanized Persian alphabet
3507:Fortson, Benjamin (2004).
3268:('Night of the Mothers');
3210:(as in Proto-Indo-Iranian
3108:'fox' (compare e.g. Latin
3054:Vocalization of laryngeals
834:Domestication of the horse
4634:
4608:
4595:Middle Persian literature
4582:
4534:
4504:
4471:
4387:
4379:Western Iranian languages
4361:
4300:
4229:
4212:
4112:
3936:
3927:
3786:
3711:
3702:
3671:
3626:Kümmel, Martin Joachim. "
2167:
2098:(unattested, ancestor of
1543:Historical Vedic religion
820:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
143:
133:
128:
123:
3567:10.1163/157338408X406056
3243:
3058:The Proto-Indo-European
2879:mang (moon), meh (month)
1548:Ancient Iranian religion
911:Novotitarovskaya culture
758:Indo-European migrations
58:"Proto-Iranian language"
2994:*háwmah 'pressed juice'
1049:Northern/Eastern Steppe
4389:Dialects and varieties
4369:Indo-Iranian languages
3214:"fish") has merged to
3158:, thought to refer to
3109:
3099:
2821:*mártyah 'mortal, man'
2721:*bagáh 'portion, part'
2007:Indo-European language
1520:Religion and mythology
1479:Medieval Scandinavians
770:Alternative and fringe
134:Reconstruction of
4542:Old Persian cuneiform
4345:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
3555:Iran and the Caucasus
3497:Pokorny, pp. 700-701.
3488:Dnghu, pp. 1993-1994.
3395:The Iranian Languages
2788:*búHmiš 'earth, land'
2134:Old Southwest Iranian
2106:Old Northeast Iranian
2096:Old Northwest Iranian
1870:Indo-European studies
1233:Peoples and societies
4243:historical languages
2136:(attested, includes
2122:(attested, includes
2064:Proto-Iranian was a
777:Anatolian hypothesis
729:Proto-Indo-Europeans
636:Hittite inscriptions
181:Indo-European topics
43:improve this article
4557:Persian calligraphy
4310:Proto-Indo-European
3312:('Divine Mothers').
3278:Matres and Matronae
3200:Nuristani languages
3194:*c, *dz > *s, *z
2120:Old Central Iranian
2068:descended from the
1033:Multi-cordoned ware
904:Mikhaylovka culture
792:Indigenous Aryanism
782:Armenian hypothesis
641:Hieroglyphic Luwian
153:Proto-Indo-European
4590:Persian literature
4337:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
4318:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2959:*drúkš 'falsehood'
613:Proto-Indo-Iranian
599:Proto-Balto-Slavic
580:Proto-Italo-Celtic
158:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4678:Iranian languages
4665:
4664:
4520:
4472:Language features
4374:Iranian languages
4362:Language families
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4260:
4259:
4208:
4207:
3923:
3922:
3665:Iranian languages
3518:978-1-4051-0316-9
3346:978-1-134-75091-7
3027:
3026:
2984:diro, derew (lie)
2756:*bráHtā 'brother'
2581:
2580:
2155:Caspian languages
2051:2nd millennium BC
2011:Iranian languages
2003:Iranian languages
1985:
1984:
1246:Anatolian peoples
1216:Painted Grey Ware
1104:Nordic Bronze Age
753:Kurgan hypothesis
706:Old Irish glosses
671:Gaulish epigraphy
166:
165:
138:Iranian languages
129:PIr, Proto-Iranic
119:
118:
111:
93:
4690:
4600:Tajik literature
4552:Persian alphabet
4516:
4397:Standard Persian
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4294:Persian language
4287:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4104:Zoroastrian Dari
3934:
3933:
3709:
3708:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3619:
3617:
3610:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3523:
3522:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3470:Pokorny, p. 829.
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3330:
3313:
3254:
3188:Gāndhārī Prakrit
2583:
2582:
2165:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1818:
1811:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1666:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1376:Germanic peoples
1366:Hellenic peoples
1355:
1348:
1341:
1264:Mycenaean Greeks
1253:
1181:Thraco-Cimmerian
1079:Globular Amphora
1056:Abashevo culture
995:
988:
958:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
701:Tocharian script
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
322:
308:
301:
294:
280:
256:
249:
230:
191:
168:
167:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4683:Proto-languages
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4630:
4604:
4578:
4574:Persian Braille
4547:Pahlavi scripts
4530:
4512:Persian grammar
4500:
4467:
4429:Kuwaiti Persian
4383:
4357:
4296:
4291:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4225:
4204:
4108:
3919:
3782:
3698:
3667:
3662:
3615:
3608:
3598:
3596:Further reading
3593:
3592:
3581:
3574:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:Dnghu, p. 2394.
3460:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3422:
3406:
3402:
3391:
3387:
3372:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3166:Aspirated stops
3128:debuccalization
3032:
2922:*Hr̥táh 'truth'
2889:*wáhr̥ 'spring'
2739:(seen in بغداد)
2685:*Hácwah 'horse'
2653:*máHtā "mother"
2621:*pHtā́ "father"
2163:
2086:
1981:
1952:
1951:
1884:Marija Gimbutas
1872:
1862:
1861:
1853:Winter solstice
1843:Horse sacrifice
1814:
1807:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1690:
1675:
1662:
1648:
1641:
1627:
1618:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1552:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1455:
1442:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1255:
1249:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1199:
1176:
1163:
1151:
1132:
1074:
1051:
1013:
1006:
1000:
991:
984:
975:
973:Northern Europe
954:
950:
937:
924:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
856:Steppe cultures
829:
822:
815:
807:
806:
797:Baltic homeland
771:
767:
763:Eurasian nomads
747:
743:
719:
711:
710:
681:Runic epigraphy
676:Latin epigraphy
631:
623:
622:
560:Proto-Anatolian
544:
499:
495:Thraco-Illyrian
480:Graeco-Phrygian
470:Graeco-Armenian
465:Graeco-Albanian
444:
422:
409:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
318:
304:
297:
290:
276:
252:
245:
226:
211:
203:
201:
162:
148:
146:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4696:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4564:Tajik alphabet
4561:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4535:Writing system
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4347:
4342:Middle Persian
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:Middle Persian
4193:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4161:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4070:Semnani proper
4067:
4062:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3878:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3689:Middle Iranian
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3618:on 2019-04-12.
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3572:
3561:(2): 281–287.
3541:
3524:
3517:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3435:
3420:
3400:
3385:
3370:
3352:
3345:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3204:Middle Persian
3196:
3195:
3176:Saka languages
3168:
3167:
3126:Exactly, this
3124:
3123:
3076:Vedic Sanskrit
3072:
3071:
3056:
3055:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:*mā́Hah 'moon'
2851:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:Vedic Sanskrit
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2423:"winterstorm"
2415:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2142:modern Persian
2140:, ancestor of
2131:
2117:
2103:
2085:
2082:
2066:satem language
2047:Proto-Iranians
1999:proto-language
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:Fire sacrifice
1834:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:Zoroastrianism
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1496:Medieval India
1487:
1486:
1481:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1378:
1373:
1371:Italic peoples
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1147:Gandhara grave
1144:
1139:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
997:
996:
993:Middle Dnieper
989:
970:
969:
964:
959:
948:Eastern Europe
945:
944:
932:
931:
919:
918:
917:
916:
915:
914:
907:
893:
886:
879:
876:Dnieper–Donets
872:
865:
853:
851:Kurgan culture
848:
847:
846:
836:
824:
823:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Beech argument
784:
779:
773:
772:
766:
765:
760:
755:
749:
748:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
610:
596:
591:
577:
570:Proto-Germanic
567:
565:Proto-Armenian
562:
557:
555:Proto-Albanian
551:
550:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
506:
505:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
450:
443:
442:
441:
440:
416:
415:
408:
407:
406:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
344:
339:
333:
332:
326:
325:
324:
323:
311:
310:
309:
302:
295:
283:
282:
281:
269:
264:
259:
258:
257:
250:
238:
233:
232:
231:
218:
217:
210:
209:
202:
197:
196:
193:
192:
184:
183:
177:
176:
164:
163:
161:
160:
151:
149:
144:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4695:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:Organizations
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4526:Tajik grammar
4524:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4439:Judeo-Persian
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4329:(c. 1500 BCE)
4327:
4326:Proto-Iranian
4324:
4321:(c. 2000 BCE)
4319:
4316:
4313:(c. 3000 BCE)
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Caucasian Tat
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Proto-Iranian
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3537:Cathcart 2015
3533:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:(moon, month)
2872:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:merde, merdım
2840:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:(< Median)
2702:
2698:
2696:(native word)
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:Proto-Iranian
2585:
2584:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2059:Indo-Iranians
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:reconstructed
1993:
1989:
1988:Proto-Iranian
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:J. P. Mallory
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:Reconstructed
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1353:Insular Celts
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:Indo-Iranians
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:Pontic Steppe
1005:
1002:
1001:
994:
990:
987:
983:
982:
981:
978:
977:
976:
974:
968:
965:
963:
960:
957:
953:
952:
951:
949:
943:
940:
939:
938:
936:
930:
927:
926:
925:
923:
912:
908:
905:
901:
900:
898:
894:
891:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
858:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
844:Kurgan stelae
842:
841:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
830:
828:
827:Pontic Steppe
821:
818:
817:
811:
810:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
769:
768:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
745:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
715:
714:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
627:
626:
618:
617:Proto-Iranian
614:
611:
608:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
589:
585:
581:
578:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
460:Daco-Thracian
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
446:
445:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
423:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:Reconstructed
411:
410:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
349:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
327:
321:
317:
316:
315:
312:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
288:
287:
284:
279:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
255:
251:
248:
244:
243:
242:
239:
237:
234:
229:
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
208:
205:
204:
200:
195:
194:
190:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
174:
170:
169:
159:
156:
155:
154:
150:
145:Reconstructed
142:
139:
136:
132:
127:
124:Proto-Iranian
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2006
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4635:Other topics
4445:
4325:
4234:
4195:
4188:
4156:
4047:
4040:
4033:
3982:
3960:
3905:
3896:
3885:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3760:
3678:
3613:the original
3604:
3584:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3508:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3438:
3409:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3361:
3355:
3335:
3328:
3307:
3298:
3294:('Mother');
3289:
3276:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3238:
3225:
3222:*cw > *sp
3215:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3169:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:or followed
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3073:
3063:
3057:
3033:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2987:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2925:
2914:
2903:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2844:mêr(d) (man)
2835:
2829:
2824:
2812:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2747:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2346:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2147:
2133:
2119:
2105:
2095:
2087:
2063:
1992:Proto-Iranic
1991:
1987:
1986:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1910:Publications
1909:
1895:
1876:
1830:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:Paleo-Balkan
1685:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1613:
1612:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1525:
1508:Greater Iran
1501:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1438:
1381:Paleo-Balkan
1346:Celtiberians
1325:
1324:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1195:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1129:
1128:
1071:
1070:
1048:
1047:
1010:
1009:
972:
971:
947:
946:
934:
933:
921:
920:
862:Bug–Dniester
826:
825:
691:Gothic Bible
616:
607:Proto-Baltic
603:Proto-Slavic
588:Proto-Italic
584:Proto-Celtic
547:
502:
490:Italo-Celtic
485:Indo-Hittite
475:Graeco-Aryan
448:Hypothetical
447:
412:
347:Paleo-Balkan
329:
286:Indo-Iranian
241:Balto-Slavic
214:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4444:Judeo-Tat (
4350:New Persian
4334:Old Persian
4190:Old Persian
4022:Mazanderani
3809:Khwarezmian
3694:New Iranian
3684:Old Iranian
3539:, p. 9
3300:Dea Matrona
3258:Old English
3235:*θr > *c
3190:is likely.
3094:'to lick',
3048:Wave theory
3044:Old Persian
3036:Old Iranian
3005:hauma-varga
2595:Old Persian
2485:"strength"
2138:Old Persian
2112:and modern
2035:Mazandarani
1788:Continental
1781:Anglo-Saxon
1484:Middle Ages
1434:Middle Ages
1289:Indo-Aryans
1282:Indo-Aryans
1089:Bell Beaker
1084:Corded ware
980:Corded ware
869:Sredny Stog
814:Archaeology
594:Proto-Greek
574:Proto-Norse
4672:Categories
4583:Literature
4479:Vocabulary
4353:(from 800)
3853:Sarghulami
3773:Yazghulami
3726:Ishkashimi
3445:"Glossary"
3421:1884964982
3371:0199287910
3320:References
3122:*s > *h
3104:); Zazaki
3070:*l > *r
2917:'morning'
2475:"strength"
2241:"brother"
2005:branch of
1896:Institutes
1816:Lithuanian
1570:Indo-Aryan
1556:Historical
1490:Indo-Aryan
1447:Tocharians
1361:Cimmerians
1239:Bronze Age
1130:South Asia
1004:Bronze Age
942:Afanasievo
746:Mainstream
510:Vocabulary
430:Sound laws
292:Indo-Aryan
69:newspapers
4496:Phonology
4250:varieties
4237:indicate
4158:Pahlavani
4150:Bakhtiari
4135:Kuhmareyi
4125:Bashkardi
4042:Old Azeri
3746:Sanglechi
3380:139999117
3060:laryngeal
3034:The term
2941:(correct)
2778:bira(der)
2453:"bloody"
2232:"brother"
2211:"father"
2110:Khotanese
2055:Andronovo
1831:Practices
1650:Yarsanism
1460:Albanians
1440:East Asia
1427:Scythians
1419:Phrygians
1412:Paeonians
1405:Illyrians
1391:Thracians
1308:East Asia
1259:Armenians
1186:Hallstatt
1168:Chernoles
1109:Terramare
1099:Trzciniec
1066:Sintashta
1061:Andronovo
962:Cernavodă
935:East Asia
890:Khvalynsk
630:Philology
540:Particles
426:Phonology
367:Liburnian
342:Tocharian
337:Anatolian
306:Nuristani
199:Languages
147:ancestors
4419:Hazaragi
4179:Hazaragi
4130:Garmsiri
4065:Sangsari
4060:Lasgerdi
4049:Parthian
4027:Tabaroid
3995:Kurmanji
3944:Ashtiani
3913:Yaghnobi
3871:Ossetian
3860:Scythian
3835:Southern
3830:Northern
3802:Bactrian
3751:Sarikoli
3721:Bartangi
3430:37931209
3309:Matrikas
3305:Sanskrit
3274:Germanic
3229:Ossetian
3212:*matsya-
2782:bhrā́tr̥
2444:"bloody"
2331:"grain"
2202:"father"
2100:Ossetian
2084:Dialects
2031:Ossetian
2013:such as
1877:Scholars
1775:Germanic
1746:Scottish
1711:Thracian
1705:Illyrian
1699:Albanian
1687:European
1680:Armenian
1664:Ossetian
1658:Scythian
1643:Yazidism
1593:Buddhism
1584:Hinduism
1475:Norsemen
1385:Anatolia
1302:Iranians
1295:Iranians
1276:Iron Age
1251:Hittites
1204:Colchian
1197:Caucasus
1155:Iron Age
1124:Lusatian
1119:Urnfield
1043:Srubnaya
1038:Poltavka
1028:Catacomb
967:Cucuteni
922:Caucasus
739:Religion
724:Homeland
666:Behistun
646:Linear B
535:Numerals
530:Pronouns
455:Balkanic
402:Thracian
395:Phrygian
388:Paeonian
374:Messapic
360:Illyrian
272:Hellenic
267:Germanic
236:Armenian
228:Albanian
222:Albanoid
173:a series
171:Part of
4505:Grammar
4463:Dehwari
4458:Sistani
4453:Bukhori
4402:Iranian
4302:History
4239:extinct
4235:Italics
4220:Badeshi
4164:Persian
4140:Kumzari
4082:Taleshi
4075:Sorkhei
4055:Semnani
4010:Kordali
3990:Kurdish
3984:Gorgani
3962:Daylami
3954:Makrani
3949:Balochi
3929:Western
3907:Sogdian
3866:Alanian
3840:Wanetsi
3825:Central
3815:Parachi
3795:Avestan
3756:Shughni
3741:Roshani
3704:Eastern
3672:History
3623:93-106.
3296:Gaulish
3287:Latvian
3184:Balochi
3172:Parachi
3090:'lip',
3080:Kurdish
3040:Avestan
3010:هوم hum
2830:martiya
2825:maṣ̌iia
2771:barâdar
2672:ma/mare
2610:Kurdish
2600:Persian
2590:Avestan
2517:"long"
2393:"knee"
2322:"grain"
2320:oHneh₂-
2301:"wood"
2271:"thou"
2230:réh₂tēr
2153:or the
2124:Avestan
2089:Skjærvø
2078:Avestan
2039:Kurdish
2023:Sogdian
2015:Persian
2001:of the
1994:is the
1809:Latvian
1767:Cornish
1637:Kurdish
1623:Persian
1615:Iranian
1607:Sikhism
1600:Jainism
1563:Hittite
1502:Iranian
1398:Dacians
1191:Jastorf
1114:Tumulus
1094:Únětice
1023:Yamnaya
1018:Chariot
956:Usatovo
897:Yamnaya
734:Society
718:Origins
651:Rigveda
503:Grammar
330:Extinct
320:Romance
299:Iranian
83:scholar
4446:Juhuri
4407:Afghan
4213:Others
4120:Achomi
4092:Tatoid
4035:Median
4005:Xwarin
4000:Sorani
3978:Gorani
3973:Gilaki
3887:Jassic
3847:Ormuri
3820:Pashto
3787:Others
3778:Yidgha
3515:
3428:
3418:
3378:
3368:
3343:
3270:Celtic
3111:vulpēs
3084:Zazaki
2976:dorugh
2970:drauga
2915:vāsara
2898:vahara
2848:mártya
2814:bhū́mi
2769:برادر
2760:brātar
2679:mātár-
2640:pi/pêr
2577:"cow"
2547:"who"
2507:"long"
2442:uh₂rós
2414:"cold"
2384:"knee"
2363:"ten"
2292:"wood"
2262:"thou"
2239:ratar-
2128:Median
2043:Talysh
2027:Zazaki
2019:Pashto
1824:Slavic
1803:Baltic
1753:Breton
1733:Celtic
1717:Dacian
1673:Others
1453:Europe
1326:Europe
1320:Yuezhi
1174:Europe
1161:Steppe
1072:Europe
929:Maykop
883:Samara
839:Kurgan
656:Avesta
438:Ablaut
434:Accent
381:Mysian
353:Dacian
314:Italic
262:Celtic
254:Slavic
247:Baltic
215:Extant
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4518:Ezāfe
4489:Verbs
4484:Nouns
4424:Aimaq
4412:Tajik
4184:Tajik
4113:South
3937:North
3876:Digor
3768:Wakhi
3762:Vanji
3736:Munji
3731:Khufi
3713:Pamir
3616:(PDF)
3609:(PDF)
3283:Latin
3263:Mōdra
3244:Notes
3180:Wakhi
2999:haoma
2988:druh-
2978:(lie)
2974:دروغ
2937:راست
2911:bihar
2908:wesar
2904:bahâr
2902:بهار
2893:vaŋri
2883:mā́sa
2838:(man)
2797:būmiš
2775:bırar
2765:brātā
2749:bhága
2744:parçe
2732:(god)
2706:astor
2668:mādar
2666:مادر
2662:mādar
2657:mātar
2647:pitā́
2636:pedār
2630:pidar
2625:pitār
2568:"cow"
2558:g ~ j
2538:"who"
2528:k ~ c
2501:dl̥h₁
2496:g ~ z
2464:g ~ z
2434:x ~ c
2353:"ten"
2200:h₂tḗr
2114:Wakhi
1795:Norse
1760:Welsh
1739:Irish
1728:Roman
1723:Greek
1578:Vedic
1470:Slavs
1465:Balts
1339:Gauls
1333:Celts
1315:Wusun
1210:India
986:Baden
686:Ogham
661:Homer
548:Other
525:Nouns
520:Verbs
278:Greek
90:JSTOR
76:books
4174:Dari
4145:Luri
4099:Zaza
4087:Tati
4015:Laki
3968:Fars
3898:Saka
3881:Iron
3513:ISBN
3426:OCLC
3416:ISBN
3376:OCLC
3366:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3291:Māte
3272:and
3265:niht
3160:Susa
3156:Huša
3101:gula
3096:gulū
3092:līz-
3082:and
3042:and
3021:sóma
2964:druj
2952:r̥tá
2947:rast
2944:raşt
2939:râst
2933:arta
2876:aşme
2867:ماه
2863:māha
2836:mard
2834:مرد
2801:بوم
2792:būmi
2737:bagh
2730:baga
2725:baγa
2714:áśva
2709:hesp
2699:اسب
2689:aspa
2675:dayk
2634:پدر
2605:Zaza
2511:darə
2469:h₂éu
2451:rūda
2421:iiā̊
2412:imós
2329:ana-
2299:āuru
2209:tar-
2151:Zaza
2126:and
1857:Yule
1848:Sati
1137:BMAC
515:Root
62:news
4434:Tat
4241:or
3563:doi
3231:).
3208:*ts
3088:lab
3064:*H̥
3014:hum
2981:zûr
2927:aša
2870:mâh
2858:mā̊
2807:bûm
2803:bum
2735:بغ
2701:asb
2694:asa
2643:bav
2575:ao-
2566:ou-
2552:*gʷ
2522:*kʷ
2490:*gʰ
2473:es-
2398:*ǵʰ
2391:ānu
2382:ónu
2351:m̥t
2306:*dʰ
2290:óru
2260:úh₂
2216:*bʰ
2181:Av
2178:PIE
2169:PIE
2061:).
1990:or
1142:Yaz
45:by
4674::
3575:^
3559:12
3557:.
3551:*l
3527:^
3447:.
3424:.
3374:.
3216:*c
3162:.
3152:*s
3148:*t
3144:*t
3142:,
3140:*p
3138:,
3136:*n
3134:,
3132:*k
3106:lü
2564:gʷ
2536:ós
2534:kʷ
2515:a-
2505:ós
2503:gʰ
2483:ah
2479:ao
2458:*g
2440:kr
2428:*k
2410:ǵʰ
2368:*ǵ
2357:da
2347:dé
2336:*ḱ
2318:dʰ
2276:*d
2269:ū-
2246:*t
2228:bʰ
2207:pi
2186:*p
2174:Av
2157:.
2041:,
2037:,
2033:,
2029:,
2025:,
2021:,
2017:,
1254:)
605:·
586:·
436:,
432:,
428::
175:on
4448:)
4286:e
4279:t
4272:v
4245:.
3657:e
3650:t
3643:v
3569:.
3565::
3521:.
3451:.
3432:.
3382:.
3349:.
3281:(
3116:r
2573:g
2561:*
2555:→
2545:ō
2543:k
2531:*
2525:→
2513:g
2499:*
2493:→
2481:j
2471:g
2467:*
2461:→
2449:x
2437:*
2431:→
2419:z
2407:*
2404:z
2401:→
2389:z
2380:ǵ
2377:*
2374:z
2371:→
2361:a
2359:s
2349:ḱ
2345:*
2342:s
2339:→
2327:d
2315:*
2312:d
2309:→
2297:d
2288:d
2285:*
2282:d
2279:→
2267:t
2258:t
2255:*
2252:t
2249:→
2237:b
2225:*
2222:b
2219:→
2198:p
2195:*
2192:p
2189:→
2144:)
2116:)
2102:)
1976:e
1969:t
1962:v
1855:/
1719:)
1714:·
1708:·
1702:·
1697:(
1477:/
1383:/
1248:(
619:)
615:(
609:)
601:(
590:)
582:(
576:)
572:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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