Rapping - Knowledge

2509:: one is scripted (recitation), but having no particular overriding subject matter, and has yet evolved since the late 2000s to become the most commonly referred to style when the term "freestyle" is being used. Its primary focus has morphed from making up a rap on the spot, to being able to recite memorized or "written" lyrics over an "undisclosed" beat, not revealed until the performance actually begins. A variation is when a DJ or host will use multiple beats and will rotate them dynamically; it is the freestyler's job to keep his or her flow and not appear to trip up when the beat switches. Alternatively, keeping the rhythm or flow going can be substituted by "switching styles". This involves the rapper doing a variation of changing one's voice or tone, and/or the rhythm or flow, and potentially much more. However, this must be done smoothly, else any notoriety or respect gained can very quickly be lost all together. Some rappers have multiple characters, egos, or styles in their repertoire. 1545: 2513:(Artist X)! This type of rapping requires the artist to both spit their lyrics over undisclosed and possibly rotating beats, but additionally primarily completely improvise the session's rapped lyrics. Many "off top" rappers inadvertently reuse old lines, or even "cheat" by preparing segments or entire verses in advance. Therefore, "off the dome" freestyles with proven spontaneity are valued above generic, always usable, or rehearsed lines or "bars". Rappers will often reference places or objects in their immediate setting, or specific (usually demeaning) characteristics of opponents, to prove their authenticity and originality. 1059:– Kool Moe Dee says, "any emcee that came after 1986 had to study Rakim just to know what to be able to do. Rakim, in 1986, gave us flow and that was the rhyme style from 1986 to 1994. From that point on, anybody emceeing was forced to focus on their flow". Kool Moe Dee explains that before Rakim, the term 'flow' was not widely used – "Rakim is basically the inventor of flow. We were not even using the word flow until Rakim came along. It was called rhyming, it was called cadence, but it wasn't called flow. Rakim created flow!" He adds that while Rakim upgraded and popularized the focus on flow, "he didn't invent the word". 1723: 2494: 435: 2386:, suggests that many words, such as "hood", "homie", and "dope", are historically influenced. Most importantly, this also brings forward the anarchistic culture of rap music. Common themes from rap are anti-establishment and instead, promote black excellence and diversity. It is here that rap can be seen to reclaim words, namely, "nigga", a historical term used to subjugate and oppress Black people in America. This word has been reclaimed by Black Americans and is heavily used in rap music. 2774: 1012:– "rap lyrics are written to be performed to an accompaniment that emphasizes the metrical structure of the verse". He says rap lyrics are made up of, "lines with four stressed beats, separated by other syllables that may vary in number and may include other stressed syllables. The strong beat of the accompaniment coincides with the stressed beats of the verse, and the rapper organizes the rhythms of the intervening syllables to provide variety and surprise". 8444: 63: 83: 1713:

would also make announcements such as the schedule of other events or advertisements from local sponsors. The term MC continued to be used by the children of women who moved to New York City to work as maids in the 1970s. These MCs eventually created a new style of music called hip-hop based on the rhyming they used to do in Jamaica and the breakbeats used in records. MC has also recently been accepted to refer to all who engineer music.

2574: 2293:. As rap continued to develop and further disseminate, it went on to influence clothing brands, movies, sports, and dancing through popular culture. As rap has developed to become more of a presence in popular culture, it has focused itself on a particular demographic, adolescent and young adults. As such, it has had a significant impact on the modern vernacular of this portion of the population, which has diffused throughout society. 2404: 2124: 2062: 1019:, where diagrams are used to show how the lyrics line up with the beat – "stressing a syllable on each of the four beats gives the lyrics the same underlying rhythmic pulse as the music and keeps them in rhythm ... other syllables in the song may still be stressed, but the ones that fall in time with the four beats of a bar are the only ones that need to be emphasized in order to keep the lyrics in time with the music". 1568:. Vocal presence is the distinctiveness of a rapper's voice on record. Enunciation is essential to a flowing rap; some rappers choose also to exaggerate it for comic and artistic effect. Breath control, taking in air without interrupting one's delivery, is an important skill for a rapper to master, and a must for any MC. An MC with poor breath control cannot deliver difficult verses without making unintentional pauses. 45: 785:". Herc also suggests he was too young while in Jamaica to get into sound system parties: "I couldn't get in. Couldn't get in. I was ten, eleven years old," and that while in Jamaica, he was listening to James Brown: "I was listening to American music in Jamaica and my favorite artist was James Brown. That's who inspired me. A lot of the records I played were by James Brown." 2274:, aka The Five Percenters, has influenced mainstream hip-hop slang with the introduction of phrases such as "word is bond" that have since lost much of their original spiritual meaning. Preference toward one or the other has much to do with the individual; GZA, for example, prides himself on being very visual and metaphorical but also succinct, whereas underground rapper 620:

Disco sought a more simplified manner of producing the tracks they were to sing over. Williams explains how Rap composers and DJ's opposed the heavily orchestrated and ritzy multi-tracks of Disco for "break beats" which were created from compiling different records from numerous genres and did not require the equipment from professional

538:. The Jubalaire's songs "The Preacher and the Bear" (1941) and "Noah" (1946) are precursors to the genre of rap music. The Jubalaires and other African-American singing groups during the blues, jazz, and gospel era are examples of the origins and development of rap music. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian 88: 85: 86: 2304:

furthers this study with this own theory of myth. He maintains that the first order of signification is language and that the second is "myth", arguing that a word has both its literal meaning, and its mythical meaning, which is heavily dependent on socio-cultural context. To illustrate, Barthes uses

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Many hip-hop listeners believe that a rapper's lyrics are enhanced by a complex vocabulary. Kool Moe Dee claims that he appealed to older audiences by using a complex vocabulary in his raps. Rap is famous, however, for having its own vocabulary—from international hip-hop slang to regional slang. Some

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explains how Rakim and Big Daddy Kane caused a shift in the way MCs rhymed: "Up until Rakim, everybody who you heard rhyme, the last word in the sentence was the rhyming , the connection word. Then Rakim showed us that you could put rhymes within a rhyme ... now here comes Big Daddy Kane — instead of

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too, but he wasn't on the one. Guys back then weren't concerned with being musical. I wanted to flow with the record". And in 1975, he ushered in what became known as the "hip hop" style by rhyming syncopated to the beat of an existing record uninterruptedly for nearly a minute. He adapted the lyrics

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Through Barthes' semiotic theory of language and myth, it can be shown that rap music has culturally influenced the language of its listeners, as they influence the connotative message to words that already exist. As more people listen to rap, the words that are used in the lyrics become culturally

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It has been noted that rap's use of rhyme is some of the most advanced in all forms of poetry – music scholar Adam Bradley notes, "rap rhymes so much and with such variety that it is now the largest and richest contemporary archive of rhymed words. It has done more than any other art form in recent

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Golden age hip hop (the mid-1980s to early '90s) was the time period where hip-hop lyricism went through its most drastic transformation – writer William Jelani Cobb says "in these golden years, a critical mass of mic prodigies were literally creating themselves and their art form at the same time"

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in the early 1980s rap became a new form of expression. Rap arose from musical experimentation with rhyming, rhythmic speech. Rap was a departure from disco. Sherley Anne Williams refers to the development of rap as "anti-Disco" in style and means of reproduction. The early productions of Rap after

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The strongest battle rappers will generally perform their rap fully freestyled. This is the most effective form in a battle as the rapper can comment on the other person, whether it be what they look like, how they talk, or what they wear. It also allows the rapper to reverse a line used to "diss"

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Most often, the terms that rappers use are pre-established words that have been prescribed new meaning through their music, that are eventually disseminated through social spheres. This newly contextualized word is called a neosemanticism. Neosemanticisms are forgotten words that are often brought

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The use of the term MC when referring to a rhyming wordsmith originates from the dance halls of Jamaica. At each event, there would be a master of ceremonies who would introduce the different musical acts and would say a toast in style of a rhyme, directed at the audience and to the performers. He

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Mitchell Ohriner in "Flow: The Rhythmic Voice in Rap Music" describes seven "groove classes" consisting of archetypal sixteen-step accent patterns generated by grouping notes in clusters of two and/or three. These groove classes are further distinguished from one another as "duple" and "nonduple".

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stated: "The microphone was just used for making announcements, like when the next party was gonna be, or people's moms would come to the party looking for them, and you have to announce it on the mic. Different DJs started embellishing what they were saying. I would make an announcement this way,

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Because rap revolves around a strong 4/4 beat, with certain syllables said in time to the beat, all the notational systems have a similar structure: they all have the same 4 beat numbers at the top of the diagram, so that syllables can be written in-line with the beat numbers. This allows devices

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Music scholar Adam Krims says, "the flow of MCs is one of the profoundest changes that separates out new-sounding from older-sounding music ... it is widely recognized and remarked that rhythmic styles of many commercially successful MCs since roughly the beginning of the 1990s have progressively

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The style that Hollywood created and his partner introduced to the hip hop set quickly became the standard. Before that time, most MC rhymes, based on radio DJs, consisted of short patters that were disconnected thematically; they were separate unto themselves. But by using song lyrics, Hollywood

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in 1979. In another interview Curtis said: "There was rapping in the Bronx and the cats there had been doing it for a while...Fatback certainly didn't invent rap or anything. I was just interested in it and I guess years later we were the first to record it. At the time you could already see cats

2331:, and was even considered as the inspiration for several tattoos. However, although the rapper may have come up with the acronym, the motto itself was in no way first established by Drake. Similar messages can be seen in many well-known sayings, or as early as 1896, in the English translation of 2512:

The second, more difficult and respected style, has adapted the terms "off the dome", or "off (the) top" in addition to relatively less common older references like "spitting", "on the spot" and "unscripted". Often times these terms are followed by "freestyle" e.g. Killer "Off top Freestyle" by

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is the latest of these spin-offs. It is typified by slowed-down atonal vocals with instrumentals that borrow heavily from the hip-hop scene and lyrics centered on illegal street racing and car culture. Another Oakland, California group, Beltaine's Fire, has recently gained attention for their

1825:"Party rhymes", meant to excite the crowd at a party, were nearly the exclusive focus of old school hip hop, and they remain a staple of hip-hop music to this day. In addition to party raps, rappers also tend to make references to love and sex. Love raps were first popularized by 87: 600:

in 2020. Curtis noted that when he moved to the Bronx in the 1970s he heard people rapping over scratched records throughout the neighborhoods and radio DJs were rapping before the genre was released on retail recordings. The Fatback Band released the first rap recording

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Various politicians, journalists, and religious leaders have accused rappers of fostering a culture of violence and hedonism among hip-hop listeners through their lyrics. However, there are also rappers whose messages may not be in line with these views, for example

556:, which developed from the blues and other African-American and European musical traditions and originated around the beginning of the 20th century, has also influenced hip hop and has been cited as a precursor of hip hop. Not just jazz music and lyrics but also 5317: 4104: 292:

Rap music has played a significant role in expressing social and political issues, addressing topics such as racism, poverty, and political oppression. By the 21st century, rap had become a global phenomenon, influencing music, fashion, and culture worldwide.

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was used to refer to talking in a stylistic manner in the early 1970s: "I was born in '72 ... back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—you're trying to convince somebody. That's what rapping is, it's in the way you talk."

2379:, merits that subcultures often use music to vocalize the struggles of their experiences. As rap is also the culmination of a prevalent sub-culture in African-American social spheres, often their own personal cultures are disseminated through rap lyrics. 2527:

in his boxing matches. The winner of a battle is decided by the crowd and/or preselected judges. According to Kool Moe Dee, a successful battle rap focuses on an opponent's weaknesses, rather than one's own strengths. Television shows such as

1650:. Many people in hip hop including DJ Premier and KRS-One feel that James Brown was the first MC. James Brown had the lyrics, moves, and soul that greatly influenced a lot of rappers in hip hop, and arguably even started the first MC rhyme. 3176: 2313:

forward from subcultures that attract the attention of members of the reigning culture of their time, then they are brought forward by the influential voices in society – in this case, these figures are rappers. To illustrate, the acronym

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artists, mainstream news sources, and academics. Rap lyrics and music are part of the "Black rhetorical continuum", continuing past traditions of expanding upon them through "creative use of language and rhetorical styles and strategies".

1603:, a rapper part of the group 213. Rakim experimented not only with following the beat, but also with complementing the song's melody with his own voice, making his flow sound like that of an instrument (a saxophone in particular). 1039:

says, "from 1970 to 1978 we rhymed one way Melle Mel, in 1978, gave us the new cadence we would use from 1978 to 1986". He's the first emcee to explode in a new rhyme cadence, and change the way every emcee rhymed forever. Rakim,

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In contrast to the more hedonistic approach of gangsta rappers, some rappers have a spiritual or religious focus. Christian rap is currently the most commercially successful form of religious rap. With Christian rappers like

1614:, slow-paced rapping is often considered optimal. The current record for fastest rapper is held by Spanish rapper Domingo Edjang Moreno, known by his alias Chojin, who rapped 921 syllables in one minute on December 23, 2008. 1262:

MCs use many different rhyming techniques, including complex rhyme schemes, as Adam Krims points out – "the complexity ... involves multiple rhymes in the same rhyme complex (i.e. section with consistently rhyming words),

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gives the meaning "to speak to, recognize, or acknowledge acquaintance with someone", dated 1932, and a later meaning of "to converse, esp. in an open and frank manner". It is these meanings from which the musical form of

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Old school flows were relatively basic and used only few syllables per bar, simple rhythmic patterns, and basic rhyming techniques and rhyme schemes. Melle Mel is cited as an MC who epitomizes the old school flow –

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recorded something close to modern rap, since it all rhymed and was delivered in a hip, rhythm-conscious manner. Art forms such as spoken word jazz poetry and comedy records had an influence on the first rappers.

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sound which blends hip-hop beats with Celtic melodies. Unlike the majority of hip-hop artists, all their music is performed live without samples, synths, or drum machines, drawing comparisons to The Roots and

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the example of a rat: it has a literal meaning (a physical, objective description) and it has a greater socio-cultural understanding. This contextual meaning is subjective and is dynamic within society.

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was a slang term referring to an oration or speech, such as was common among the "hip" crowd in the protest movements, but it did not come to be associated with a musical style for another decade.

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Materialism has also been a popular topic in hip-hop since at least the early 1990s, with rappers boasting about their own wealth and possessions, and name-dropping specific brands: liquor brands

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The standard form of rap notation is the flow diagram, where rappers line-up their lyrics underneath "beat numbers". Different rappers have slightly different forms of flow diagram that they use:

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basically invented the complex wordplay and lyrical kung-fu of later hip-hop". The golden age is considered to have ended around 1993–94, marking the end of rap lyricism's most innovative period.

624:. Professional studios were not necessary therefore opening the production of rap to the youth who as Williams explains felt "locked out" because of the capital needed to produce Disco records. 682:(1970), which contained "raunchy, sexually explicit rhymes that often had to do with pimps, prostitutes, players, and hustlers", and which later led to him being called "The Godfather of Rap". 5870: 3160: 756:

and somebody would hear that and they add a little bit to it. I'd hear it again and take it a little step further 'til it turned from lines to sentences to paragraphs to verses to rhymes."

3401: 451: 3288: 4302: 6223: 3616: 420: 4807: 6660: 2519:, which can be freestyled, is the competition between two or more rappers in front of an audience. The tradition of insulting one's friends or acquaintances in rhyme goes back to 1698:'s expansion may be considered evidence for its ubiquity: the full term "Master of Ceremonies" is very rarely used in the hip-hop scene. This confusion prompted the hip-hop group 452: 5507: 5634: 5848: 5657: 1524:

use the diagrams to explain rap's triplets, flams, rests, rhyme schemes, runs of rhyme, and breaking rhyme patterns, among other techniques. Similar systems are used by PhD

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Groove classes without internal repetition can occur in any of sixteen rhythmic rotations, whereas groove classes with internal repetition have fewer meaningful rotations.

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such as 'mike chanter' 'microphone controller', 'microphone checker', 'music commentator', and one who 'moves the crowd'. Some use this word interchangeably with the term

289:, and very soon after that came to denote the musical style. The word "rap" is so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. 6161: 2546:

host weekly freestyle battles live on the air. Battle rapping gained widespread public recognition outside of the African-American community with rapper Eminem's movie

2044:, and Jay-Z are known for the metaphorical content of their raps. Rappers such as Lupe Fiasco are known for the complexity of their songs that contain metaphors within 281:. The word, which predates the musical form, originally meant "to lightly strike", and is now used to describe quick speech or repartee. The word has been used in the 6184: 5627:"The MC – Why We Do It: 50 Cent, Common, Ghostface Killah, Talib Kweli, Method Man, Mekhi Phifer, Raekwon, Rakim, Twista, Kanye West, Peter Spirer: Movies & TV" 4345: 1536:

such as rests, "lazy tails", flams, and other rhythmic techniques to be shown, as well as illustrating where different rhyming words fall in relation to the music.

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has various meanings; these include "to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow", as well "to utter sharply or vigorously: to rap out a command". The

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has always had a significant effect on hip-hop slang and vice versa. Certain regions have introduced their unique regional slang to hip-hop culture, such as the

1900:, KRS-One went on to speak out against violence in hip hop and has spent the majority of his career condemning violence and writing on issues of race and class. 6033: 5917: 2382:

It is here that lyrics can be categorized as either historically influenced or (more commonly) considered as slang. Vernon Andrews, the professor of the course

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states, "I've created my own sort of writing technique, like little marks and asterisks to show like a pause or emphasis on words in certain places.", and

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says, "I'm just writing out the rhythm of the flow, basically. Even if it's just slashes to represent the beats, that's enough to give me a visual path.",

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was the first notable MC to rap about crime. Early on KRS-One was accused of celebrating crime and a hedonistic lifestyle, but after the death of his DJ,

6405: 775:), saying, "Jamaican toasting? Naw, naw. No connection there. I couldn't play reggae in the Bronx. People wouldn't accept it. The inspiration for rap is 234:, in the early 1970s and became part of popular music later that decade. Rapping developed from the announcements made over the microphone at parties by 5658:"DJ Premier Salutes James Brown [The Foundation of Hip Hop] | The Underground Hip Hop Authority | Hip Hop Music, Videos & Reviews" 5278: 2662:

have resulted from the fusion of rap and other styles. Many popular music genres with a focus on percussion have contained rapping at some point; be it

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gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning "to utter (esp. an oath) sharply, vigorously, or suddenly". Wentworth and

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winning national awards and making regular appearances on television, Christian hip hop seem to have found its way in the hip-hop family. Aside from

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who acquired the nickname "MC" for being a "Master of Ceremonies" which he used when he began performing at various clubs while on the road with the

1626:", became an alternative title for a rapper, and for their role within hip-hop music and culture. An MC uses rhyming verses, pre-written or ad lib (' 788:

However, in terms of what was identified in the 2010s as "rap", the source came from Manhattan. Pete DJ Jones said the first person he heard rap was

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where one of his free-spirited characters tells another, "You Only Live Once!". Another example of a neosemanticism is the word "broccoli". Rapper

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have flipped the flow, but Melle Mel's downbeat on the two, four, kick to snare cadence is still the rhyme foundation all emcees are building on".

4271: 1630:'), to introduce the DJ with whom they work, to keep the crowd entertained or to glorify themselves. As hip hop progressed, the title MC acquired 4014: 3593: 3393: 3280: 5481: 2278:

is known for heaping similes upon similes. In still another variation, 2Pac was known for saying exactly what he meant, literally and clearly.

187:. Because they do not rely on pitch inflection, some rap artists may play with timbre or other vocal qualities. Rap is a primary ingredient of 6122: 5930:

Fivio Foreign, who just joined Nicki Minaj on 'We Go Up', poses with The Kid Laroi. Yeah, we'll bring up the queen of rap every chance we get.

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was one of the first groups to achieve nationwide recognition for using the fast-paced, melodic and harmonic raps that are also practiced by

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explains that "rhyme is often thought to be the most important factor in rap writing ... rhyme is what gives rap lyrics their musicality.

5683: 767:. Herc, a Jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties, which some claim were inspired by the Jamaican tradition of 5893: 5503: 1350:, rapping has evolved into a style of rap that spills over the boundaries of the beat, closely resembling spoken English. Rappers like 796:. Kurtis Blow also said the first person he heard rhyme was DJ Hollywood. In a 2014 interview, Hollywood said: "I used to like the way 444: 5626: 3567: 1066:

was "one of the emcees from the early to mid-'90s that ushered in the era of flow ... Rakim invented it, Big Daddy Kane, KRS-One, and

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beats. It was called "rap", expanding the word's earlier meaning in the African-American community—"to discuss or debate informally."

706:. Van Peebles describes his vocal style as "the old Southern style", which was influenced by singers he had heard growing up in South 5840: 4651: 383:

with the track name "Monologue: Ike's Rap I". Hayes' "husky-voiced sexy spoken 'raps' became key components in his signature sound".

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K. D. Gaunt, The games black girls play: learning the ropes from Double-dutch to Hip-hop (New York: New York University Press, 2006)

3454: 1390:, popularized this flow, and is commonly referred to as the "Migos Flow" (a term that is contentious within the hip-hop community). 825:

gave his rhyme an inherent flow and theme. This was quickly noticed, and the style spread. By the end of the 1970s, artists such as

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and the field hollers. I was also influenced by spoken word song styles from Germany that I encountered when I lived in France."

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with creating the overall shift from the more simplistic old school flows to more complex flows near the beginning of hip hop's

8215: 6091: 4375: 4353: 1224: 379: 4507:"Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music, and Graffiti", by Steven Hager, 1984, St Martin's Press, p. 45. 8424: 6699: 6674: 6642: 6591: 6563: 6494: 6340: 6302: 6153: 5311: 5253: 5224: 4866: 4801: 4617: 4346:"Forever badass: Melvin Van Peebles on his Philly funk gig and Sweetback memories | Cover Story | News and Opinion" 4249: 4161: 3113: 3020: 2966: 2941: 2843: 4486: 4186: 3317: 2762:

and Jay-Z. Although "Mundian To Bach Ke" had been released previously, the mixing with Jay-Z popularized the genre further.

809:' "Good Love 6-9969" and rhymed it to the breakdown part of "Love Is the Message". His partner Kevin Smith, better known as 8144: 4563: 4517: 3509: 2754:

has been mixed numerous times with reggae and hip-hop music. The most popular song in this genre in the United States was "

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During the mid-20th century, the musical culture of the Caribbean was constantly influenced by the concurrent changes in

4101:"The first rap record didn't come from the Sugarhill Gang. It came from Fayetteville's Bill Curtis and his Fatback Band" 2634:

Throughout hip hop's history, new musical styles and genres have developed that contain rapping. Entire genres, such as

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says, "I have a system of maybe 10 little symbols that I use on paper that tell me to do something when I'm recording."

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was one of the first rappers to call himself a "playa" and discuss guns on record, but his theme tune to the 1988 film

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Many of the rhythmic techniques used in rapping come from percussive techniques and many rappers compare themselves to

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expanded it, but Biggie and Method Man made flow the single most important aspect of an emcee's game". He also cites

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began in the 1990s. The 1990s marked the beginning of an era of popular culture guided by the musical influences of

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One of the first rappers at the beginning of the hip hop period, at the end of the 1970s, was also hip hop's first

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religious/spiritual group, has been represented more than any religious group in popular hip hop. Artists such as

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Kool Moe Dee states that Biggie introduced a newer flow which "dominated from 1994 to 2002", and also says that

3531: 2599: 2537: 2451: 2429: 2171: 2149: 2072: 7499: 3767:. Louisiana Division of the Arts, Office of Cultural Development, Dept. of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. 3705:. Louisiana Division of the Arts, Office of Cultural Development, Dept. of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. 2300:. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols, or the study of language as a system. French literary theorist 7260: 7249: 6397: 5270: 5245: 2271: 1974: 1205: 833:

were starting to receive radio airplay and make an impact far outside of New York City, on a national scale.

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have exhibited this style, and since then, rapping has been difficult to notate. The American hip-hop group

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With the rise in technology and mass media, the dissemination of subcultural terms has only become easier.

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bound to the song, and then are disseminated through the conversations that people have using these words.

813:, took this new style and introduced it to the Bronx hip hop set that until then was composed of DJing and 546:"the living blues". A notable recorded example of rapping in blues was the 1950 song "Gotta Let You Go" by 542:

and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s. Wald went so far as to call

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and sparse instrumentation. Such resemblances have been noted by many modern artists, modern day "griots",

4294: 3729: 913:"Flow" is defined as "the rhythms and rhymes" of a hip-hop song's lyrics and how they interact – the book 8482: 8419: 8149: 7613: 6577: 4447:

The earlier meaning being "a usage well established among African-Americans by the 1960s.", according to

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Other rappers take a less critical approach to urbanity, sometimes even embracing such aspects as crime.

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Maurer, David W.; High, Ellesa Clay (1980). "New Words: Where Do They Come from and Where Do They Go?".

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Music in American Life: an encyclopedia of the songs, styles, stars, and stories that shaped our culture

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artist is creating a song, "track", or record, done primarily in a production studio, most frequently a

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MC can often be used as a term of distinction; referring to an artist with good performance skills. As

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The ability to rap quickly and clearly is sometimes regarded as an important sign of skill. In certain

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This article is about rapping as a technique or activity. For more information on the music genre, see

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ANDREWS, VERNON (2006). "American Studies 111: Hip-Hop Culture Coming Soon to a Classroom Near You?".

5684:"'It's Hammer time!' M.C. Hammer: upbeat performer with high-voltage stage show broadens rap's appeal" 4263: 4006: 3589: 3034:"Not just Yo' Mama but Rap's Mama: The Dozens, African American Culture and the Origins of Battle Rap" 1004:

stay on beat by stressing syllables in time to the four beats of the musical backdrop. Poetry scholar

627:

More directly related to the African-American community were items like schoolyard chants and taunts,

8285: 6896: 6835: 3490: 1607: 866:, "the emphasis was not on lyrical technique, but simply on good times", one notable exception being 768: 730: 644: 593: 564:, rap "bears a striking resemblance to the evolution of jazz both stylistically and formally". Boxer 527: 17: 5691: 5477: 2806:—1970 song addressed to women, warning them about men, rappers, who seduce them with lies, "rapping" 2440: 2160: 1666: 8156: 6114: 5819:"Jesy Nelson Gets Post-Little Mix Career Underway With 'Boyz' Featuring Nicki Minaj: Stream It Now" 2741: 2595: 2584: 2215: 1737:

Although the majority of rappers are male, there have been a number of female rap stars, including

1645:

notes, "masters of ceremony, where the word 'M.C.' comes from, means just keeping the party alive"

1638:, while for others the term denotes a superior level of skill and connection to the wider culture. 1502: 1382:

and more have included this influence in their music. In 2014, an American hip-hop collective from

1001: 967: 943: 531: 483:

Similarities to rapping can be observed in West African chanting folk traditions. Centuries before

384: 286: 5841:"Nicki Minaj x Lil Baby, Mitski & More: What's Your Favorite Music Release of the Week? Vote!" 5381: 4069: 726: 8237: 8134: 6652: 5964: 5796: 5705: 5600: 4858: 2588: 2083: 1149: 975: 6555: 1101:

Kool Moe Dee adds, "in 2002 Eminem created the song that got the first Oscar in Hip-Hop history

1022:

In rap terminology, 16-bars is the amount of time that rappers are generally given to perform a

870:, who set the way for future rappers through his socio-political content and creative wordplay. 8332: 8227: 8045: 7230: 6917: 6906: 6855: 6666: 6064: 2323: 1695: 1669:" that Hammer first identified himself as M.C. Hammer and later marketed it on his debut album 1112:

There are many different styles of flow, with different terminology used by different people –

838: 711: 648: 302: 6691: 6685: 6634: 6628: 6332: 6294: 3423: 359:

refers to a performer who "raps". By the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to

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Demers, Joanna. "Sampling the 1970s in Hip-Hop", Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 41–42.

5885: 3761:"Songs of Spirit and Continuity of Consciousness: African American Gospel Music in Louisiana" 3105: 3099: 715: 7198: 6324: 6286: 862:

Old school rap (1979–84) was "easily identified by its relatively simple raps" according to

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add a slight melody to their otherwise purely percussive raps whereas some rappers such as

1312: 1268: 1135: 1041: 886: 748: 511: 285:

since the 16th century. In the 1960s the word became a slang term meaning "to converse" in

239: 31: 6583: 3038:

U.S. STUDIES ONLINE PGR & ECR NETWORK FOR THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR AMERICAN STUDIES

8: 8362: 8300: 8171: 8080: 7975: 7766: 7761: 7193: 7111: 6966: 6927: 6871: 5939: 5735: 3730:"CALL-AND-RESPONS E An Ancient Linguistic Device Surfaces in Usher's "Love in This Club"" 3446: 2687: 2493: 2219: 1922: 1865:

are known for their sociopolitical subject matter. Their West Coast counterparts include

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embodies this notion by using it as the first word of their influential rap group name.

2336: 2040:

have written entire songs in which every line contains similes, whereas MCs like Rakim,

175:

in that it is usually performed off-time to musical accompaniment. It also differs from

8477: 8295: 8274: 8210: 8181: 8124: 7970: 7838: 7793: 7736: 7711: 7295: 7225: 6998: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6845: 6376: 6267: 4376:"Melvin Van Peebles: Oral History Video Clips and Biography: NVLP Oral History Archive" 3071: 2853: 2755: 2714:

which emerged in London in the early 2000s and was pioneered and popularized by the MC

2013: 1953:. Others have praised the "political critique, innuendo and sarcasm" of hip-hop music. 1704: 1662: 1331:, and rhythmic techniques unique to rapping such as West Coast "lazy tails", coined by 1056: 879: 857: 830: 751:' announcements made over the microphone at parties, and later into more complex raps. 697: 608: 172: 6427: 1918:, brought rapping about crime and the gangster lifestyle into the musical mainstream. 8320: 8176: 8035: 8015: 7980: 7955: 7950: 7905: 7843: 7833: 7823: 7813: 7808: 7721: 7679: 7325: 7141: 7084: 7064: 6695: 6670: 6638: 6587: 6559: 6490: 6336: 6325: 6298: 6287: 5307: 5249: 5220: 4862: 4797: 4613: 4328: 4245: 4157: 3930: 3831: 3797: 3665: 3628: 3254: 3166: 3109: 3016: 2962: 2937: 2839: 2787: 2465: 2185: 2045: 1950: 1882: 1830: 1806: 1658: 1596: 1363: 1141: 842: 519: 310: 219: 191:, and so commonly associated with the genre that it is sometimes called "rap music". 71: 6087: 4379: 1102: 8472: 8448: 8249: 8188: 8090: 8075: 8060: 7990: 7910: 7898: 7873: 7868: 7858: 7818: 7798: 7726: 7706: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7674: 7659: 7649: 7644: 7634: 7445: 7121: 7101: 6818: 6813: 6716: 6368: 5984: 5393: 3281:"Chronicling Hip-Hop's 45-Year Ascendance as a Musical, Cultural and Social Phenom" 2318: 2296:

The effects of rap music on modern vernacular can be explored through the study of

1878: 1026:

verse on another artist's song; one bar is typically equal to four beats of music.

1023: 621: 581: 427:, an early blues group, whose lyrical content and rhythmic singing predated rapping 424: 282: 75: 5530:"The Emcee [MC] Master of Ceremonies to Mic Controller by Grandmaster Caz" 4467:

Yes Yes Y'all: The Experience Music Project Oral History Of Hip-hop's First Decade

4264:"This Pussy Belongs to Me – Rudy Ray Moore | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards" 1104:... and I would have to say that his flow is the most dominant right now (2003)". 592:

in 1970, and the emergence of rap music in the 1970s. An editor of the newspaper,

151:

accompaniment. The components of rap include "content" (what is being said, e.g.,

8399: 8269: 8264: 8220: 8193: 8161: 8095: 8070: 8065: 8025: 8020: 8005: 8000: 7965: 7925: 7878: 7776: 7771: 7731: 7664: 7654: 7639: 7624: 7564: 7315: 7275: 7076: 6850: 6808: 5455: 4655: 4596: 4567: 4549: 4482: 4190: 3313: 2992: 2747: 2425: 2356: 2348: 2314: 2282: 2263: 2145: 2079: 2017: 1786: 1688: 1565: 1308: 1183: 939:) as well, though often a distinction is made between the flow and the delivery. 924: 810: 797: 752: 685: 589: 277:

over. Stylistically, rap occupies a gray area between speech, prose, poetry, and

270: 164: 96:(Bill Urale) made a basketball-themed music video for his 2005 single "Raise Up". 7360: 6185:"Hostyle Gospel: The Illinois militants called to be servants not hip-hop stars" 4687: 4521: 3617:"Rap Music as an Extension of the Black Rhetorical Tradition: 'Keepin' It Real'" 3505: 8129: 8100: 8055: 8010: 7995: 7985: 7935: 7930: 7893: 7803: 7781: 7669: 7530: 7525: 7475: 7455: 7410: 7305: 7188: 7178: 7089: 6981: 6656: 5529: 5144: 4712: 4710: 4633: 3234: 3198: 2679: 2675: 2556:

him or her if they are the second rapper to battle. This is known as a "flip".

2301: 2235: 1966: 1870: 1766: 1680: 1572: 1367: 1347: 1336: 1264: 1005: 894: 834: 793: 675: 667: 628: 585: 547: 535: 459: 314: 274: 4036: 3891: 3863: 2214:

artists, like the Wu-Tang Clan, develop an entire lexicon among their clique.

1926: 8466: 8254: 8232: 8030: 7960: 7940: 7920: 7915: 7828: 7746: 7569: 7480: 7450: 7025: 7003: 6971: 6961: 6840: 6803: 5912: 5448:"Kurtis Blow Presents: The History of Rap, Vol. 1: The Genesis (liner notes)" 3632: 2751: 2736: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2691: 2557: 2548: 2506: 2286: 2275: 1934: 1906: 1897: 1758: 1754: 1671: 1627: 1549: 1525: 1300: 1175: 995: 928: 671: 654: 534:

influenced singers and musicians such as 1940s African-American gospel group

484: 318: 266: 246: 231: 207: 188: 180: 38: 4882: 4707: 8394: 8389: 7945: 7848: 7786: 7587: 7537: 7395: 7285: 7037: 6944: 6830: 6752: 6573: 5765: 3425:

Isaac Hayes – ...To Be Continued Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic

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initially uses the word "broccoli" to refer to marijuana, on his hit track

2021: 1997: 1989: 1970: 1874: 1584: 1328: 1238: 1228: 1079: 1036: 963: 920: 800:

would ride a track, but he wasn't syncopated to the track though. I liked

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music has begun to focus increasingly on rappers in a new subgenre called

1599:, another Midwestern group. Another rapper that harmonized his rhymes was 1560:

To successfully deliver a rap, a rapper must also develop vocal presence,

688:, a jazz poet/musician, has been cited as an influence on rappers such as 8414: 8409: 8382: 8367: 8198: 7554: 7485: 7460: 7390: 7270: 7220: 7183: 7158: 7136: 7106: 7030: 6932: 6759: 5443: 2798: 2719: 2651: 2267: 2037: 1981: 1911: 1854: 1846: 1826: 1802: 1790: 1774: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1676: 1575:

was the first notable MC to deliver "sing-raps". Popular rappers such as

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when performing live. Much less commonly a rapper can decide to perform

8377: 8203: 7549: 7542: 7400: 7210: 7168: 7153: 7096: 7047: 7042: 7013: 6798: 6780: 6551: 6545: 6515: 5585: 5569: 3983: 2803: 2759: 2671: 2655: 2647: 2520: 2516: 2498: 2352: 2290: 1893: 1814: 1810: 1642: 1510: 1506: 1371: 1209: 1169: 1071: 1067: 1063: 959: 951: 927:). 'Flow' is also sometimes used to refer to elements of the delivery ( 915: 818: 663: 577: 515: 475: 262: 211: 140: 62: 6380: 5980:"Nicki Minaj & Lil Baby Pull Of A Heist On 'Do We Have A Problem'" 1275:

history to expand rhyme's formal range and expressive possibilities".

8357: 7592: 7520: 7385: 7350: 7330: 7290: 7131: 6991: 6976: 5863:"Nicki Minaj backs Texas councilman who gave her a birthday shoutout" 4431: 3162:

From Grassroots to Comercialization: Hip Hop and Rap Music in the USA

3129: 2809: 2707: 2695: 2659: 2643: 2297: 2239: 1962: 1862: 1838: 1746: 1654: 1631: 1600: 1375: 1359: 1320: 1316: 1283: 1220: 1179: 1153: 1117: 971: 867: 734: 702: 408: 258: 227: 223: 5935:"Nicki Minaj is the queen of rap. She needs to start acting like it" 3535: 2573: 2403: 2123: 2090:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1516:

Hip-hop scholars also make use of the same flow diagrams: the books

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For some rappers, there was a distinction to the term, such as for

1340: 1215:

Alternatively, music scholar Adam Krims uses the following terms –

1161: 1113: 1095: 936: 863: 814: 352: 124: 3447:"Black Moses – Isaac Hayes | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards" 419: 407:

oetry', though this is not the origin of the word and so may be a

7470: 7435: 7420: 7310: 7280: 6739: 6026:"Nicki Minaj Pulled Out Of The 2021 VMAs For A Mysterious Reason" 4041: 3896: 3868: 2795:, contests consisting of the exchange of insults, often in poetry 2792: 2727: 2639: 2328: 2251: 2243: 2231: 2223: 1978: 1942: 1930: 1850: 1834: 1778: 1762: 1742: 1702:

to include this statement in the liner notes to their 1993 album

1588: 1580: 1576: 1383: 1351: 1332: 1251: 1165: 1125: 1098:, just to name a few" as artists who exemplify this progression. 1091: 898: 890: 737: 710:. Van Peebles also said that he was influenced by older forms of 707: 693: 689: 678:

released under the counter albums in the 1960s and 1970s such as

543: 530:. This way of preaching, unique to African-Americans, called the 278: 176: 128: 67: 44: 6511:"Is the world's biggest battle rapper now Oxxxymiron of Russia?" 6154:"Lecrae Wins Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song" 5078:"Open Mic: Camp Mulla: Cool Kids on the Edge of A New Frontier?" 2560:

was considered "World Champion" battle rapper in the mid-2000s.

1841:

would continue this tradition. Hip-hop artists such as KRS-One,

771:. However, Kool Herc himself denies this link (in the 1984 book 560:. According to John Sobol, the jazz musician and poet who wrote 7888: 7430: 7148: 6949: 2025: 1993: 1958: 1886: 1842: 1355: 1307:

identifies all the rhythmic techniques used in rapping such as

1234: 1187: 1045: 987: 983: 979: 955: 932: 492: 168: 156: 152: 136: 53: 49: 4958: 4956: 4943: 4941: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4785: 4783: 4781: 3664:. University of Minnesota Press. p. xxi, 12–16, 33, 275. 7415: 7405: 7215: 7008: 6986: 5452:

Kurtis Blow Presents: The History Of Rap, Vol. 1: The Genesis

3255:"Hip-Hop Music Guide: History of Hip-Hop and Notable Artists" 2731: 2663: 1985: 1938: 1915: 1901: 1622:

In the late 1970s, the term emcee, MC or M.C., derived from "

1553: 1548:

Ekow, part of The Megaphone State rap duo, performing at the

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as an artist who contributed to developing flow in the '90s.

1052: 902: 616: 526:, was first played by black Americans around the time of the 507: 488: 463: 462:'s song "Gotta Let You Go" is an early example of rapping in 199: 195: 160: 148: 132: 3793:

American singing groups : a history from 1940s to today

2024:, and forms of wordplay that are found in classical poetry. 1571:

Raps are sometimes delivered with melody. West Coast rapper

1078:

become faster and more 'complex'". He cites "members of the

841:", was one of the first songs featuring rap to top the U.S. 373:

was used to describe talking on records as early as 1970 on

4992: 4980: 4968: 4953: 4938: 4926: 4907: 4778: 4768: 4766: 3926:

Encyclopedia of Rhythm & Blues and Doo-Wop Vocal Groups

3699:"Black Preaching Styles: Teaching, Exhorting, and Whooping" 3308: 3306: 3101:

Rhythm and Blues, Rap, and Hip-Hop (American Popular Music)

2723: 2340: 2255: 2227: 1833:, and later, in the golden age of hip hop, Big Daddy Kane, 1794: 1782: 1247: 1145: 991: 553: 496: 265:, meaning without accompaniment of any sort. When a rap or 203: 6708: 6662:

Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation

5197: 5195: 5193: 5004: 4325:

Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation

3475:

Edwards, Paul; "Gift of Gab" (foreword) (September 2013).

792:, a Harlem (not Bronx) native who was the house DJ at the 596:

interviewed Bill Curtis of the disco-funk music group the

5423: 5421: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5046: 5036: 5034: 4734: 3562: 2833: 2529: 2041: 1647: 1197: 1083: 351:

derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of

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Hip Hop Africa: New African Music in a Globalizing World

2873: 2871: 2869: 2421: 2141: 218:), and 1960s African-American poetry. Stemming from the 194:

Precursors to modern rap music include the West African

5361: 5190: 5152: 5113: 5111: 4401:

Van Peebles, Melvin (2003). "The title of this album".

4378:. Visionaryproject.org. August 21, 1932. Archived from 1877:

was also known for rapping about social issues such as

744: 584:

for his activism outside of boxing, paving the way for

250: 5886:"Watch Nicki Minaj Flawlessly Lip Sync to Celine Dion" 5418: 5349: 5332: 5058: 5031: 5021: 5019: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4722: 4697: 4695: 4461: 4459: 2501:

is one of the most viewed battle rappers in the world.

30:"Rap" and "Rapper" redirect here. For other uses, see 4855:

Country Fried Soul: Adventures in Dirty South Hip-hop

4834: 4420:(booklet). Melvin Van Peebles. Capitol. 724382961420. 2866: 6216:"1991: The Most Important Year in Pop-Music History" 5108: 5096: 4210: 4208: 4127:"The Fatback Band: 'Everything was just raw energy'" 3661:

Reflecting Black African-American Cultural Criticism

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are used extensively in rap lyrics; rappers such as

1366:", heavily dependent on triplets. Rappers including 1267:, offbeat rhymes". There is also widespread use of 942:

Staying on the beat is central to rap's flow – many

612:

rapping everywhere in the streets and doing stuff."

6547:

How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC

5016: 4746: 4692: 4456: 3477:

How to Rap 2: Advanced Flow and Delivery Techniques

2913: 2289:and rap itself, moving away from the influences of 1679:to refer to a rapid style of rapping. Grime artist 666:among his influences, as well as comedians such as 242:, evolving into more complex lyrical performances. 6579:There's A God On The Mic: The True 50 Greatest MCs 5794:Sources for Minaj being cited the "Queen of Rap": 5556:Cut 'n' Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music 4612:, 3rd edn, London: Serpent's Tail, 2000 (p. 216). 3130:"Rap | History, Artists, & Facts | Britannica" 1665:). It was within the lyrics of a rap song called " 27:Type of musical delivery involving rhythmic speech 5561: 4205: 1729:, a female rapper, is sometimes regarded as the “ 1675:. The term MC has also been used in the genre of 1496: 662:, often credited as hip-hop's first MC cites the 8464: 6428:"You Only Live Once – YOLO – Quote Investigator" 2317:was popularized by rapper, actor and RnB singer 4629: 4627: 4625: 4405:(booklet). Melvin Van Peebles. Water. water122. 1591:their raps with the beat. The Midwestern group 821:), with traditional "shout out" style rapping. 6461:"Happy 50th Birthday, E-40: The King Of Slang" 4789: 4643: 4641: 2986:"The Roots of Hip Hop: From Church to Gangsta" 743:The early rapping of hip-hop developed out of 6724: 6683: 5797:"GQ Editors Pick the Best Nicki Minaj Verses" 4683: 4681: 4590:"DJ Hollywood: The Original King of New York" 2904: 2321:in 2012 when he featured it in his own song, 1532:and Kyle Adams in his academic work on flow. 1015:The same technique is also noted in the book 6684:Sacha Jenkins; et al. (December 1999). 6572: 6085: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4947: 4932: 4920: 4716: 4622: 4323:Jeff Chang; D.J. Kool Herc (December 2005). 4037:"The Last Poets – When The Revolution Comes" 3892:"The Jubalaires – The Preacher and The Bear" 2961:. Indiana University Press. pp. 79–80. 2858:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2563: 2430:introducing citations to additional sources 2150:introducing citations to additional sources 1945:have all been popular subjects for rappers. 1134:"The Syncopated Bounce", used by Twista and 395:Rap is sometimes said to be an acronym for ' 6331:. England: Open University Press. pp. 6293:. England: Open University Press. pp. 6106: 6079: 6048: 6004:"Nicki Minaj: every album ranked and rated" 4638: 4400: 4292: 3252: 3237:(1992), "On language; The rap on hip-hop", 3040:. British Association of American Studies. 3007: 3005: 2602:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2355:are often accredited for this slang on for 1362:exhibited a new rap flow in songs such as " 6731: 6717: 6626: 6358: 5215:Edmondson, Jacqueline (October 30, 2013). 5080:. Willpress.blogspot.com. April 29, 2011. 4678: 4477: 4475: 4394: 4261: 3444: 3438: 3363:Harold Wentworth and Stuart Berg Flexner, 3350:Harold Wentworth and Stuart Berg Flexner, 2936:. Twenty First Century Books. p. 22. 2909:. University of Illinois Press. p. 1. 2347:in 1993. In contemporary society, artists 1910:contained warnings against joining gangs. 946:note the importance of staying on-beat in 143:". It is usually performed over a backing 6137: 5655: 5588:: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC 5572:: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC 5397: 5214: 3827:Becoming an Emsee The 7 Principles of Rap 3367:, 2nd supplemented edition, 1975, p. 735. 3354:, 2nd supplemented edition, 1975, p. 419. 3314:"Rap | Define Rap at Dictionary.com" 3165:. Anchor Academic Publishing. p. 4. 3061: 3059: 2622:Learn how and when to remove this message 2106:Learn how and when to remove this message 1287:going three words, he's going multiple". 568:anticipated elements of rap, often using 491:of West Africans were delivering stories 206:, an African-American insult game called 6627:Alan Light; et al. (October 1999). 6600: 6398:"Drake Wants Royalties for "YOLO" – XXL" 6260:Australasian Journal of American Studies 6213: 5957: 5239: 5064: 5052: 5040: 4649:"Hip-Hop's Raiders of the Lost Archives" 4156:. Seattle: Bay Press. pp. 164–167. 3922: 3097: 3002: 2492: 2420:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2140:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1721: 1543: 1335:. Rapping has also been done in various 1243:"speech-effusive style", used by Big Pun 696:. Scott-Heron himself was influenced by 418: 81: 61: 43: 6543: 6484: 6392: 6390: 6354: 6352: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6284: 6257: 6112: 5438: 5436: 5427: 5355: 5343: 5299: 5271:"Tracing the Lineage of the Migos Flow" 5158: 5131:The Rough Guide To Hip-Hop, 2nd Edition 4840: 4828: 4772: 4740: 4701: 4472: 4286: 4151: 3615:Kopano, Baruti N. (December 22, 2002). 3504:Pollard, Lawrence (September 2, 2004). 3503: 3491:"Does Rap Stand For Rhythm And Poetry?" 3278: 3025: 2919: 2889: 2877: 2756:Mundian to Bach Ke" or "Beware the Boys 2750:, a widely popular style of music from 2393: 643:In his narration between the tracks on 14: 8465: 6455: 6453: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6226:from the original on November 16, 2018 6125:from the original on November 22, 2007 5896:from the original on November 11, 2021 5873:from the original on December 13, 2021 5776:from the original on February 10, 2021 5746:from the original on November 15, 2019 5607:from the original on February 27, 2012 5084:from the original on December 30, 2013 4852: 4415: 4409: 4067: 3948: 3946: 3929:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 340, 391. 3823: 3789: 3740:from the original on February 16, 2023 3727: 3709:from the original on February 16, 2023 3614: 3590:"Yale University Teachers Association" 3488: 3341:, 3rd edition, Revised, 1970, p. 1656. 3158: 3056: 2980: 2978: 2956: 2051: 1225:Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five 1124:"The Chant", which he says is used by 323: 8425:LGBT representations in hip hop music 6712: 6612:Rap Music And The Poetics Of Identity 6609: 6489:. Open University Press. p. 72. 6057:"The hoodie needs a daddy, not a hug" 6054: 6036:from the original on November 1, 2022 5829:from the original on October 19, 2021 5807:from the original on December 8, 2023 5660:. KevinNottingham.com. Archived from 5510:from the original on October 24, 2006 5484:from the original on February 3, 2016 5478:"Rakim Allah Interview – Maximum Fun" 5406:from the original on October 14, 2014 5379: 5367: 5303:Flow: The Rhythmic Voice in Rap Music 5117: 5102: 5025: 4895:from the original on December 7, 2010 4790:Derek Attridge (September 28, 1995). 4757: 4728: 4403:What the. ... You Mean I Can't Sing?! 4274:from the original on November 7, 2021 4107:from the original on November 5, 2022 4098: 4080:from the original on November 4, 2022 4049:from the original on November 4, 2022 4017:from the original on November 4, 2022 4004: 3960:from the original on October 31, 2021 3904:from the original on November 1, 2022 3657: 3570:from the original on October 30, 2021 3404:from the original on November 5, 2022 3079:from the original on October 26, 2021 3031: 2931: 2384:American Studies 111: Hip-Hop Culture 2007: 1530:Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity 1233:"percussion-effusive style", used by 1008:describes how this works in his book 851: 6387: 6349: 6311: 6207: 6182: 5978:Wang, Steffanee (February 4, 2022). 5977: 5947:from the original on August 23, 2018 5883: 5742:. FACT Magazine. November 14, 2019. 5536:from the original on October 8, 2003 5433: 5382:"MTO 15.5: Adams, Flow in Rap Music" 5300:Ohriner, Mitchell (August 1, 2019). 4305:from the original on August 15, 2014 3621:The Western Journal of Black Studies 3457:from the original on August 17, 2014 3140:from the original on October 4, 2023 2900: 2898: 2600:adding citations to reliable sources 2567: 2397: 2117: 2055: 6450: 6438:from the original on August 8, 2024 6238: 6195:from the original on March 11, 2015 6164:from the original on March 13, 2015 6014:from the original on August 8, 2024 5992:from the original on August 8, 2024 5958:Mappoura, Lia (February 15, 2022). 5920:from the original on August 8, 2024 5706:"Love Education: Jon Gibson: Music" 5601:"How To Rap: Kool G Rap (Foreword)" 5320:from the original on August 8, 2024 4240:Jenkins, Sacha (December 3, 1999). 3943: 3844:from the original on April 14, 2023 3771:from the original on April 12, 2023 3696: 3678:from the original on April 14, 2023 3512:from the original on April 16, 2019 3291:from the original on August 2, 2024 3179:from the original on April 14, 2023 2975: 1988:, the members of the Wu-Tang Clan, 885:and Allmusic writes, "rhymers like 414: 273:provides the beat(s) for the MC to 198:tradition, certain vocal styles of 24: 6620: 6529:Freestyle: The Art of Rhyme (2000) 6408:from the original on June 16, 2019 6094:from the original on June 19, 2006 6086:O'Reilly, Bill (August 28, 2002). 5851:from the original on July 13, 2023 5637:from the original on March 7, 2023 5242:The Cambridge Companion to Hip-Hop 5240:Williams, Justin (April 6, 2015). 4561: 4489:from the original on March 3, 2016 4441: 4424: 4222:from the original on March 8, 2021 3758: 3381:Third New International Dictionary 3320:from the original on March 4, 2016 3205:from the original on June 27, 2009 3067:"Muhammad Ali, the Political Poet" 3044:from the original on March 4, 2023 2907:Rap Music and Street Consciousness 2834:Duneier, Kasinitz, Murphy (2014). 2000:have had success in spreading the 1914:, made popular largely because of 1687:in 2019 which peaked at 29 on the 433: 25: 8499: 6582:. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 6113:Lynskey, Dorian (July 21, 2006). 5716:from the original on July 9, 2011 5268: 5149:, Basic Civitas Books, pp. 51–52. 3796:. Hal Leonard Corp. p. 169. 3596:from the original on May 22, 2012 3339:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2950: 2895: 2702:), or even Japanese dance music ( 1820: 1717: 1393: 1174:"The Rubik's Cube", used by Nas, 1051:Artists and critics often credit 335:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 8443: 8442: 6690:. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 6554:. Chicago Review Press. p. 6523: 6503: 6478: 6420: 6278: 6176: 6146: 5788: 5758: 5728: 5698: 5676: 5649: 5619: 5593: 5577: 5548: 5522: 5496: 5470: 5442: 5373: 5293: 5281:from the original on May 7, 2015 5262: 5233: 5208: 5177: 5164: 5136: 5123: 5070: 4810:from the original on May 4, 2023 4450:The American Heritage Dictionary 4295:"'Dolemite' star explores music" 2772: 2572: 2413:relies largely or entirely on a 2402: 2376:Subculture: The Meaning of Style 2133:relies largely or entirely on a 2122: 2060: 1661:and eventually in the military ( 474:Problems playing this file? See 449: 245:Rap is usually delivered over a 6576:; et al. (November 2003). 6544:Edwards, Paul (December 2009). 6214:Thompson, Derek (May 8, 2015). 5603:. Rap Radar. December 3, 2009. 5590:, Chicago Review Press, p. vii. 5574:, Chicago Review Press, p. xii. 5201:Edwards, "Gift of Gab" (2013). 5183:Edwards, "Gift of Gab" (2013). 5170:Edwards, "Gift of Gab" (2013). 4875: 4846: 4719:, p. inside cover, 10, 17. 4665: 4602: 4582: 4555: 4543:Pete "DJ" Jones Interview pt. 1 4536: 4520:. DJhistory.com. Archived from 4510: 4501: 4469:(New York: Da Capo, 2002), 128. 4465:Jim Fricke and Charlie Ahearn, 4368: 4338: 4317: 4255: 4244:. St. Martin's Griffin, p. 20. 4234: 4179: 4170: 4145: 4119: 4092: 4061: 4029: 3998: 3972: 3916: 3884: 3856: 3817: 3783: 3752: 3721: 3690: 3651: 3608: 3582: 3550: 3524: 3497: 3482: 3469: 3416: 3386: 3370: 3357: 3344: 3332: 3272: 3246: 3228: 3217: 3191: 3152: 3122: 3091: 2523:, and was employed famously by 1219:"sung rhythmic style", used by 700:, whose first album was 1968's 604:King Tim III (Personality Jock) 6633:. Three Rivers Press. p. 5248:. Cambridge University Press. 4796:. Cambridge University Press. 4793:Poetic Rhythm: An Introduction 4599:, Cuepoint, November 19, 2014. 4564:"An Ode to Hip-Hop: The 1970s" 3558:"PBS lesson plan on the blues" 3479:, Chicago Review Press, p. 98. 2925: 2905:Lynette Keyes, Cheryl (2004). 2827: 1539: 1497:Rap notation and flow diagrams 131:expression that incorporates " 13: 1: 6614:. Cambridge University Press. 6536: 6055:Kirby, Jill (July 16, 2006). 5884:Lang, Cady (March 14, 2017). 5656:J. Rizzle (August 12, 2009). 5246:Cambridge Companions to Music 4103:. The Fayetteville Observer. 3489:Oztuna, Berk (May 12, 2022). 3253:MasterClass (June 17, 2021). 2281:Rap music's development into 2272:The Nation of Gods and Earths 919:breaks flow down into rhyme, 873: 576:poetry, both for when he was 78:, San Francisco, June 3, 2010 8430:Feminist activism in hip hop 6687:Ego Trip's Book of Rap Lists 5380:Adams, Kyle (October 2009). 4671:Cobb, Jelani William, 2007, 4293:Soren Baker (May 10, 2002). 4242:Ego Trip's Book of Rap Lists 4005:Wiggs (September 21, 2008). 3365:Dictionary of American Slang 3352:Dictionary of American Slang 3316:. Dictionary.reference.com. 3104:. Checkmark Books. pp. 2836:The Urban Ethnography Reader 1140:"Straight Forward", used by 1029: 923:, and rhythm (also known as 638: 344:Dictionary of American Slang 70:(Curtis Jackson) sporting a 7: 8420:Partner violence in hip hop 6738: 6630:The Vibe History of Hip Hop 5306:. Oxford University Press. 5219:. Greenwood. p. 1270. 3240:The New York Times Magazine 2838:. Oxford University Press. 2765: 2086:the claims made and adding 1148:, Melle Mel, KRS-One circa 1120:uses the following terms – 287:African American vernacular 127:form of vocal delivery and 10: 8504: 6327:Key Themes in Media Theory 6289:Key Themes in Media Theory 4483:"Davey D's Hip-Hop Corner" 3830:. Diasporic Africa Press. 3765:Louisiana Folklife Program 3703:Louisiana Folklife Program 3032:Smith (October 16, 2014). 2934:From Def Jam to Super Rich 877: 855: 307:Music of the United States 300: 296: 249:, typically provided by a 36: 29: 8438: 8350: 8309: 8284: 8109: 8044: 7884:Bosnian and Herzegovinian 7857: 7745: 7623: 7612: 7578: 7509: 7498: 7374: 7349: 7259: 7248: 7167: 7120: 6916: 6905: 6897:Bristol underground scene 6864: 6791: 6748: 6487:Key Theories in the Media 4818:– via Google ספרים. 4595:November 6, 2021, at the 4548:November 6, 2021, at the 4436:Reggae – Deep Roots Music 4152:Wallace, Michele (1992). 4007:"THE LAST POETS (1968– )" 3224:Oxford English Dictionary 2564:Derivatives and influence 1683:released an album titled 1617: 1294: 1246:"offbeat style", used by 1107: 594:The Fayetteville Observer 528:Emancipation Proclamation 220:hip-hop cultural movement 8488:African-American culture 6063:. London. Archived from 5504:"Guinness World Records" 5147:: The Poetics of Hip-Hop 4216:"Coke La Rock September" 4068:Pelton (June 16, 2007). 3098:Hoffmann, Frank (2007). 2820: 2742:Rage Against the Machine 2658:with rapped vocals), or 2216:African-American English 2004:of the Five Percenters. 1503:Del the Funky Homosapien 1257: 968:Del the Funky Homosapien 680:This Pussy Belongs to Me 532:Black sermonic tradition 385:Del the Funky Homosapien 185:not always include words 5736:"JME teases new album, 4859:Hal Leonard Corporation 4853:Palmer, Tamara (2005). 4654:April 10, 2014, at the 4416:George, Nelson (1995). 4099:Futch, Michael (2020). 3864:"The Jubalaires 'Noah'" 3658:Dyson, Michael (1993). 2505:There are two kinds of 1528:Adam Krims in his book 1150:Boogie Down Productions 976:People Under the Stairs 908: 607:a few weeks before the 6032:. September 12, 2021. 6010:. September 16, 2021. 5690:. 1990. Archived from 5129:Shapiro, Peter, 2005, 3015:. Banff Centre Press. 2932:Golus, Carrie (2012). 2722:possibly signing with 2502: 1734: 1715: 1557: 712:African-American music 438: 428: 387:similarly states that 303:African-American music 97: 79: 57: 7598:Alternative reggaeton 6877:Universal Zulu Nation 6485:Laughey, Dan (2007). 6432:quoteinvestigator.com 6404:. December 25, 2012. 6323:Laughey, Dan (2007). 6285:Laughey, Dan (2007). 5869:. December 13, 2021. 5740:, with YouTube video" 5583:Edwards, Paul, 2009, 5567:Edwards, Paul, 2009, 5554:Hebdige, Dick, 1987, 5142:Bradley, Adam, 2009, 4430:Howard Johnson & 4218:. Thafoundation.com. 4193:on September 19, 2012 4154:Black Popular Culture 3900:. February 11, 2022. 3159:Kovacs, Karl (2014). 3011:Sobol, John. (2002). 2991:July 9, 2017, at the 2957:Charry, Eric (2012). 2496: 1725: 1710: 1694:Uncertainty over the 1547: 1413:Internal repetition? 716:Blind Lemon Jefferson 437: 422: 91: 65: 47: 8363:Contemporary R&B 8172:Minneapolis/St. Paul 6610:Krims, Adam (2001). 6519:. February 11, 2018. 5847:. February 4, 2022. 4673:To the Break of Dawn 4356:on February 21, 2014 3790:Warner, Jay (2006). 3285:Smithsonian Magazine 2999:, December 22, 2008. 2780:United States portal 2688:contemporary R&B 2638:and its derivatives 2596:improve this section 2426:improve this article 2394:Freestyle and battle 2388:Niggaz With Attitude 2146:improve this article 1937:and clothing brands 1929:, car manufacturers 1859:The Notorious B.I.G. 1700:A Tribe Called Quest 1624:master of ceremonies 1593:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony 1269:multisyllabic rhymes 1136:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony 1042:The Notorious B.I.G. 782:Hustler's Convention 749:master of ceremonies 725:. As early as 1956, 615:With the decline of 171:). Rap differs from 139:speech, and street 32:Rap (disambiguation) 6967:Chopped and screwed 6872:Five-Percent Nation 6665:. Picador. p. 6603:The Art Of Emceeing 6088:"Challenging Pepsi" 5803:. August 10, 2018. 5664:on December 3, 2011 5399:10.30535/mto.15.5.1 5386:Music Theory Online 4675:, NYU Press, p. 47. 4382:on November 6, 2021 4350:Philadelphia Weekly 4327:. Picador. p. 249. 3954:"Hip Hop and Blues" 3872:. November 26, 2020 3538:on January 11, 2006 3279:Davis-Marks, Isis. 2052:Diction and dialect 2014:literary techniques 1975:Five Percent Nation 1771:Megan Thee Stallion 1612:chopped and screwed 1410:Duple or nonduple? 1403: 1327:, extensive use of 714:: "... people like 647:'s 1958 jazz album 324:Etymology and usage 163:), and "delivery" ( 92:New Zealand rapper 8483:Singing techniques 5133:, Penguin, p. 213. 4660:The New York Times 3980:"The Roots of Rap" 3506:"BBC News: Africa" 3134:www.britannica.com 3072:The New York Times 2503: 2333:La Comédie Humaine 2071:possibly contains 2046:extended metaphors 2008:Literary technique 1735: 1705:Midnight Marauders 1663:United States Navy 1558: 1556:, Finland, in 2011 1402: 880:Golden age hip hop 858:Old-school hip hop 852:Old-school hip hop 831:the Sugarhill Gang 698:Melvin Van Peebles 439: 429: 380:...To Be Continued 208:playing the dozens 179:, which varies in 173:spoken-word poetry 98: 80: 58: 8460: 8459: 8346: 8345: 7608: 7607: 7494: 7493: 7244: 7243: 6824:Feminist activism 6701:978-0-312-24298-5 6676:978-0-312-42579-1 6659:(December 2005). 6644:978-0-609-80503-9 6601:stic.man (2005). 6593:978-1-56025-533-8 6565:978-1-55652-816-3 6496:978-0-335-21813-4 6342:978-0-335-21813-4 6304:978-0-335-21813-4 6067:on August 8, 2024 5916:. April 3, 2022. 5392:(5). Mtosmt.org. 5370:, pp. 59–60. 5313:978-0-19-067042-9 5255:978-1-107-64386-4 5226:978-0-313-39347-1 5011:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4999:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4987:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4975:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4963:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4948:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4933:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4921:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4868:978-0-87930-857-5 4803:978-0-521-42369-4 4743:, p. 63-130. 4731:, pp. 48–49. 4717:Kool Moe Dee 2003 4618:978-1-85242-627-9 4552:, The Foundation. 4250:978-0-312-24298-5 4163:978-1-56584-459-9 3986:on March 24, 2006 3923:Rosalsky (2002). 3759:Jackon, Joyce M. 3136:. July 23, 2024. 3115:978-0-8160-7341-2 3021:978-0-920159-89-7 2997:Time Out New York 2968:978-0-253-00575-5 2943:978-0-7613-8157-0 2845:978-0-19-974357-5 2788:Amoebaean singing 2632: 2631: 2624: 2491: 2490: 2476: 2211: 2210: 2196: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2073:original research 1951:Christian hip hop 1883:teenage pregnancy 1831:Treacherous Three 1608:hip-hop subgenres 1494: 1493: 1364:Knuck If You Buck 837:'s 1981 single, " 622:recording studios 580:in boxing and as 454: 328:The English verb 311:History of poetry 89: 16:(Redirected from 8495: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8313: 8288: 8150:Washington, D.C. 8113: 8048: 7861: 7749: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7581: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7446:Na mele paleoleo 7378: 7353: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7171: 7124: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6742: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6680: 6648: 6615: 6606: 6597: 6569: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6434:. 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8105: 8046: 8040: 7859: 7853: 7747: 7741: 7625: 7615:Regional scenes 7614: 7604: 7579: 7574: 7511: 7500: 7490: 7376: 7370: 7351: 7345: 7316:Psychedelic rap 7261: 7250: 7240: 7169: 7163: 7122: 7116: 7077:Progressive rap 6918: 6907: 6901: 6860: 6787: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6702: 6677: 6645: 6623: 6621:Further reading 6618: 6594: 6566: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6458: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6396: 6395: 6388: 6361:American Speech 6357: 6350: 6343: 6321: 6312: 6305: 6283: 6279: 6256: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6024: 6017: 6015: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5970: 5968: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5906: 5899: 5897: 5876: 5874: 5861: 5854: 5852: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5817: 5810: 5808: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5747: 5734: 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4623: 4607: 4603: 4597:Wayback Machine 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4560: 4556: 4550:Wayback Machine 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4524:on June 1, 2015 4516: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4457: 4446: 4442: 4429: 4425: 4414: 4410: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4299:Chicago Tribune 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4260: 4256: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3838: 3824:Savant (2020). 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3728:Keegan (2009). 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3639:on July 4, 2019 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3502: 3498: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3251: 3247: 3235:Safire, William 3233: 3229: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3173: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3065: 3064: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3030: 3026: 3013:Digitopia Blues 3010: 3003: 2993:Wayback Machine 2983: 2976: 2969: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2867: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2593: 2577: 2566: 2497:Russian rapper 2487: 2481: 2478: 2435: 2433: 2419: 2407: 2396: 2283:popular culture 2264:Cunninlynguists 2207: 2201: 2198: 2155: 2153: 2139: 2127: 2112: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2077: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2010: 1823: 1720: 1689:UK Albums Chart 1620: 1542: 1499: 1396: 1337:time signatures 1297: 1265:internal rhymes 1260: 1110: 1032: 911: 882: 876: 860: 854: 811:Lovebug Starski 798:Frankie Crocker 753:Grandmaster Caz 686:Gil Scott-Heron 641: 590:Gil Scott-Heron 562:Digitopia Blues 481: 480: 472: 470: 469: 468: 467: 457: 450: 447: 440: 434: 417: 326: 321: 299: 82: 54:Munich, Germany 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8501: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8365: 8360: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8317: 8315: 8312:South American 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8292: 8290: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8228:Asian American 8225: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8120:United States: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8112:North American 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8047:Middle Eastern 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7618: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7531:Florida breaks 7528: 7526:Baltimore club 7517: 7515: 7504: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7476:Urban Pasifika 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7456:Romany hip hop 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7411:Hip hop galsen 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7306:New jack swing 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7267: 7265: 7254: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7189:Brooklyn drill 7181: 7175: 7173: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7079: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6924: 6922: 6911: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 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Kool Herc 6649: 6643: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6607: 6605:. Boss Up Inc. 6598: 6592: 6570: 6564: 6550:. Foreword by 6540: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6522: 6502: 6495: 6477: 6449: 6419: 6386: 6373:10.2307/455083 6367:(3): 184–194. 6348: 6341: 6310: 6303: 6277: 6266:(1): 103–114. 6237: 6206: 6175: 6145: 6136: 6105: 6078: 6047: 5787: 5770:Hiphoparea.com 5757: 5727: 5697: 5675: 5648: 5618: 5592: 5576: 5560: 5547: 5521: 5495: 5469: 5458:on May 3, 2006 5432: 5417: 5372: 5360: 5348: 5331: 5312: 5292: 5269:Drake, David. 5261: 5254: 5232: 5225: 5207: 5189: 5176: 5163: 5161:, p. 105. 5151: 5145:Book of Rhymes 5135: 5122: 5107: 5095: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5030: 5015: 5003: 5001:, p. 206. 4991: 4989:, p. 328. 4979: 4977:, p. 326. 4967: 4965:, p. 324. 4952: 4950:, p. 224. 4937: 4935:, p. 334. 4925: 4923:, p. 325. 4906: 4874: 4867: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4802: 4777: 4762: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4706: 4691: 4677: 4664: 4637: 4621: 4601: 4581: 4554: 4535: 4509: 4500: 4471: 4455: 4453:, 4th Edition. 4440: 4423: 4408: 4393: 4367: 4337: 4316: 4285: 4254: 4233: 4204: 4187:"Beachnet.com" 4178: 4169: 4162: 4144: 4133:. The Guardian 4118: 4091: 4060: 4028: 3997: 3971: 3942: 3935: 3915: 3883: 3855: 3836: 3816: 3802: 3782: 3751: 3720: 3689: 3670: 3650: 3607: 3581: 3549: 3523: 3496: 3481: 3468: 3437: 3415: 3398:The Dictionary 3385: 3369: 3356: 3343: 3331: 3302: 3271: 3245: 3227: 3216: 3190: 3171: 3151: 3121: 3114: 3090: 3055: 3024: 3001: 2974: 2967: 2949: 2942: 2924: 2912: 2894: 2882: 2880:, p. xii. 2865: 2844: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2767: 2764: 2630: 2629: 2580: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2517:Battle rapping 2489: 2488: 2424:. Please help 2410: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2362:, also titled 2302:Roland Barthes 2236:Chamillionaire 2209: 2208: 2144:. Please help 2130: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2068: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2009: 2006: 1967:Hostyle Gospel 1871:Michael Franti 1861:(Biggie), and 1857:, Jay-Z, Nas, 1822: 1821:Subject matter 1819: 1719: 1718:Female rappers 1716: 1619: 1616: 1573:Egyptian Lover 1566:breath control 1541: 1538: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1395: 1394:Groove classes 1392: 1301:percussionists 1296: 1293: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1231: 1213: 1212: 1196:"2-5-Flow", a 1194: 1172: 1138: 1132: 1109: 1106: 1031: 1028: 1006:Derek Attridge 910: 907: 895:Big Daddy Kane 878:Main article: 875: 872: 856:Main article: 853: 850: 794:Apollo Theater 779:and the album 723:American music 676:Rudy Ray Moore 668:Wild Man Steve 650:New York, N.Y. 645:George Russell 640: 637: 629:clapping games 609:Sugarhill Gang 586:The Last Poets 548:Joe Hill Louis 536:The Jubalaires 471: 460:Joe Hill Louis 458: 448: 443: 442: 441: 432: 431: 430: 416: 413: 325: 322: 315:Jamaican music 298: 295: 226:originated in 52:performing in 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8500: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8453: 8452: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378:Record player 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8283: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140:New York City 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8086:Saudi Arabian 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7717:South African 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7700:Port Harcourt 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7611: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7497: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7481:Vigilante rap 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7451:Nuyorican rap 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7251:Fusion genres 7247: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7004:Freestyle rap 7002: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962:Chipmunk soul 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6779: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6765: 6763: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6734: 6729: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6526: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6140: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5913:Rolling Stone 5909: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5430:, p. 69. 5429: 5424: 5422: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5358:, p. 68. 5357: 5352: 5346:, p. 67. 5345: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5126: 5120:, p. 51. 5119: 5114: 5112: 5105:, p. 50. 5104: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5067:, p. 64. 5066: 5065:stic.man 2005 5061: 5054: 5053:stic.man 2005 5049: 5043:, p. 63. 5042: 5041:stic.man 2005 5037: 5035: 5028:, p. 49. 5027: 5022: 5020: 5013:, p. 39. 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4843:, p. 72. 4842: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4760:, p. 44. 4759: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4588:Mark Skillz, 4585: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4419: 4418:Ghetto Gothic 4412: 4404: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4333:0-312-42579-1 4330: 4326: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4173: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070:"RAP/HIP HOP" 4064: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3936:9780810845923 3932: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3837:9781937306694 3833: 3829: 3828: 3820: 3805: 3803:9780634099786 3799: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3671:9781452900810 3667: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3383:, Unabridged. 3382: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3220: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3178: 3174: 3172:9783954892518 3168: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2908: 2901: 2899: 2892:, p. 81. 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:Punjab, India 2749: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2737:Celtic fusion 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716:Dizzee Rascal 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:Mary J. Blige 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2626: 2623: 2615: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2581:This section 2579: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2559: 2558:Jin The Emcee 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2507:freestyle rap 2500: 2495: 2485: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2443: – 2442: 2438: 2437:Find sources: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2415:single source 2411:This section 2409: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2205: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2163: – 2162: 2158: 2157:Find sources: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2135:single source 2131:This section 2129: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2110: 2107: 2099: 2096:November 2018 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2069:This section 2067: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:Mercedes-Benz 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1898:Scott La Rock 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869:, Paris, and 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:Queen Latifah 1756: 1755:Missy Elliott 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1672:Feel My Power 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1550:Sello Library 1546: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1526:musicologists 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1407:Groove class 1406: 1405: 1400: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:Black Thought 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1010:Poetic Rhythm 1007: 1003: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921:rhyme schemes 918: 917: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 881: 871: 869: 865: 859: 849: 847: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 681: 677: 673: 672:Richard Pryor 669: 665: 661: 656: 655:Jon Hendricks 653:, the singer 652: 651: 646: 636: 634: 630: 625: 623: 618: 613: 610: 606: 605: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 578:trash talking 575: 571: 570:rhyme schemes 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 487:existed, the 486: 485:hip-hop music 479: 477: 465: 461: 446: 426: 421: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 390: 386: 382: 381: 376: 372: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 341: 337: 336: 331: 320: 319:Talking blues 316: 312: 308: 304: 294: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 232:New York City 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 192: 190: 189:hip hop music 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 95: 77: 73: 69: 64: 60: 55: 51: 46: 40: 39:Hip hop music 33: 19: 8447: 8395:Hip hop skit 8390:Drum machine 8351:Other topics 8244: 8145:Philadelphia 8119: 7588:Funk carioca 7538:Ghetto house 7396:Boomba music 7286:Hip hop soul 7199:Sample drill 7194:Jersey drill 7021:Instrumental 6686: 6661: 6629: 6611: 6602: 6578: 6574:Kool Moe Dee 6546: 6525: 6514: 6505: 6486: 6480: 6470:November 15, 6468:. Retrieved 6465:HotNewHipHop 6464: 6442:November 15, 6440:. Retrieved 6431: 6422: 6412:November 15, 6410:. Retrieved 6401: 6364: 6360: 6326: 6288: 6280: 6263: 6259: 6230:November 13, 6228:. Retrieved 6220:The Atlantic 6219: 6209: 6197:. Retrieved 6189:Crossrhythms 6188: 6178: 6166:. Retrieved 6157: 6148: 6139: 6127:. Retrieved 6119:The Guardian 6118: 6108: 6096:. Retrieved 6090:. Fox News. 6081: 6069:. Retrieved 6065:the original 6060: 6050: 6038:. Retrieved 6029: 6016:. Retrieved 6007: 5996:February 17, 5994:. Retrieved 5983: 5971:February 17, 5969:. Retrieved 5965:Cosmopolitan 5963: 5949:. Retrieved 5938: 5929: 5922:. Retrieved 5911: 5900:November 11, 5898:. Retrieved 5889: 5875:. Retrieved 5866: 5853:. Retrieved 5844: 5831:. Retrieved 5822: 5809:. Retrieved 5800: 5790: 5780:February 25, 5778:. Retrieved 5769: 5766:"Rap: MCing" 5760: 5750:November 15, 5748:. Retrieved 5737: 5730: 5718:. Retrieved 5709: 5700: 5692:the original 5687: 5678: 5666:. 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Retrieved 3037: 3027: 3012: 2996: 2958: 2952: 2933: 2927: 2922:, p. x. 2920:Edwards 2009 2915: 2906: 2890:Edwards 2009 2885: 2878:Edwards 2009 2835: 2829: 2815:Sprechgesang 2746: 2700:Daddy Yankee 2684:Fatback Band 2668:DJ Hollywood 2633: 2618: 2612:January 2016 2609: 2594:Please help 2582: 2554: 2547: 2543:106 and Park 2541: 2533: 2525:Muhammad Ali 2515: 2511: 2504: 2482:January 2016 2479: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2436: 2412: 2383: 2381: 2374: 2373:, author of 2371:Dick Hebdige 2368: 2363: 2357: 2344: 2332: 2322: 2311: 2307: 2295: 2280: 2212: 2202:January 2016 2199: 2189: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2156: 2132: 2102: 2093: 2070: 2022:alliteration 2011: 1998:Busta Rhymes 1990:Brand Nubian 1971:Christianity 1955: 1947: 1920: 1905: 1891: 1875:Tupac Shakur 1824: 1736: 1731:Queen of Rap 1711: 1703: 1693: 1684: 1670: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1621: 1605: 1587:are able to 1585:Cee-Lo Green 1570: 1559: 1534: 1529: 1522:How to Rap 2 1521: 1517: 1515: 1500: 1397: 1345: 1305:How to Rap 2 1304: 1298: 1288: 1279: 1278:In the book 1277: 1273: 1261: 1239:Cypress Hill 1229:Beastie Boys 1214: 1206:calling code 1111: 1100: 1080:Wu-Tang Clan 1076: 1061: 1050: 1037:Kool Moe Dee 1033: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1000: 964:Fredro Starr 947: 941: 914: 912: 883: 861: 843: 823: 790:DJ Hollywood 787: 780: 772: 765:DJ Kool Herc 758: 742: 720: 701: 684: 679: 660:Coke La Rock 649: 642: 626: 614: 602: 598:Fatback Band 566:Muhammad Ali 561: 552: 506: 493:rhythmically 482: 473: 404: 400: 396: 394: 388: 378: 370: 369: 364: 361:H. Rap Brown 356: 348: 343: 333: 329: 327: 291: 244: 193: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 99: 59: 8415:Video vixen 8410:Synthesizer 8383:Turntablism 8368:Disc jockey 8301:New Zealand 8081:Palestinian 7976:Montenegrin 7767:Bangladeshi 7762:Azerbaijani 7501:Derivatives 7486:Zenji flava 7461:Songo-salsa 7391:Bongo flava 7271:Country rap 7159:Memphis rap 7142:Mafioso rap 7137:Gangsta rap 7112:Underground 7107:Turntablism 7031:Chicano rap 6933:Hipster hop 6928:Alternative 6040:December 1, 6018:November 1, 5951:October 26, 5855:February 7, 5833:October 19, 5811:October 19, 5187:, pp. 1–54. 4528:January 27, 4518:"Kool Herc" 4226:January 27, 4137:November 5, 4111:November 5, 4084:November 4, 4053:November 4, 4021:November 4, 3908:November 1, 3876:November 1, 3809:November 9, 3461:January 27, 3431:October 29, 3408:November 5, 3324:January 27, 3259:MasterClass 3209:February 2, 2799:Patter song 2720:Sway DaSafo 2268:Nappy Roots 2038:Lloyd Banks 1982:esotericist 1927:Rémy Martin 1912:Gangsta rap 1855:Talib Kweli 1847:Lupe Fiasco 1827:Spoonie Gee 1803:Iggy Azalea 1775:Nicki Minaj 1739:Lauryn Hill 1727:Nicki Minaj 1677:grime music 1562:enunciation 1540:Performance 1380:Young Jeezy 1325:syncopation 1192:Lauryn Hill 1130:Project Pat 827:Kurtis Blow 807:Isaac Hayes 777:James Brown 674:. Comedian 574:spoken word 558:jazz poetry 540:Elijah Wald 501:spoken word 375:Isaac Hayes 255:turntablist 155:), "flow" ( 94:King Kapisi 8467:Categories 8296:Australian 8275:Salvadoran 8211:West Coast 8157:Midwestern 8135:New Jersey 8125:East Coast 7971:Macedonian 7946:Portuguese 7839:Sri Lankan 7829:Philippine 7794:Indonesian 7737:Zimbabwean 7712:Senegalese 7550:Glitch hop 7543:Ghettotech 7512:Electronic 7401:Cumbia rap 7361:Trap metal 7296:Industrial 7211:Latin trap 7170:Trap music 7154:Horrorcore 7097:Snap music 7081:Religious 7048:Mumble rap 7043:Miami bass 6999:East Coast 6892:Golden age 6887:New school 6882:Old-school 6846:Production 6799:Battle rap 6782:Beatboxing 6653:Jeff Chang 6552:Kool G Rap 6537:References 6516:The Source 6160:. Grammy. 6158:Grammy.com 6121:. London. 5877:January 7, 5586:How to Rap 5570:How to Rap 5514:August 27, 5410:August 25, 5368:Krims 2001 5118:Krims 2001 5103:Krims 2001 5088:August 25, 5026:Krims 2001 4883:"Allmusic" 4814:August 25, 4758:Krims 2001 4729:Krims 2001 4610:Rap Attack 4309:August 25, 4278:August 25, 4074:Black Past 4011:Black Past 3379:Webster's 2804:The Rapper 2760:Panjabi MC 2704:Soul'd Out 2672:Gang Starr 2521:the dozens 2499:Oxxxymiron 2452:newspapers 2353:Lil Yachty 2291:rock music 2172:newspapers 2080:improve it 1894:Schoolly D 1811:Lisa Lopes 1799:Foxy Brown 1659:Oakland As 1643:Kool G Rap 1632:backronyms 1628:freestyled 1518:How to Rap 1511:Aesop Rock 1507:Vinnie Paz 1418:2222_2222 1372:Kanye West 1346:Since the 1339:, such as 1321:32nd notes 1317:16th notes 1289:How to Rap 1280:How to Rap 1227:, and the 1210:Camp Mulla 1170:Snoop Dogg 1072:Craig Mack 1068:Kool G Rap 1064:Method Man 1057:new school 1017:How to Rap 960:Vinnie Paz 952:Sean Price 950:including 948:How to Rap 916:How to Rap 874:Golden 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