History of science fiction

522: 37: 2144:(Short account of a remarkable journey into the skies and discovery of a new planet) Bilderdijk tells of a European somewhat stranded in an Arabic country where he boasts he is able to build a balloon that can lift people and let them fly through the air. The gasses used turn out to be far more powerful than expected and after a while he lands on a planet positioned between Earth and Moon. The writer uses the story to portray an overview of scientific knowledge concerning the Moon in all sorts of aspects the traveller to that place would encounter. Quite a few similarities can be found in the story Poe published some twenty years later. 647: 1613: 2000: 589: 1898: 4094: 1288: 915: 1910: 746: 8001: 8011: 3803: 3314: 2973: 2287: 1555: 414: 2589:

pages with exciting stories with little basis in reality. Much of what Gernsback published was referred to as "gadget fiction", about what happens when someone makes a technological invention. Published in this and other pulp magazines with great and growing success, such scientifiction stories were not viewed as serious literature but as

1120:". This metal horse is reminiscent of similar metal horses in middle eastern literature, and could take its rider anywhere in the world at extraordinary speed by turning a peg in its ear and whispering certain words into it. The brass horse is only one of the technological marvels which appears in "The Squire's Tale": the Cambyuskan, or 1842:(1856). In this book Gustáv Reuss sends his hero named Krutohlav, a scholar from the Gemer region, right to the Moon... in a balloon. When the hero comes back, he builds a sort of a dragon-like interstellar ship, in which the characters travel around the whole known Solar System and eventually visit all the countries of the Earth. 1088:, another twelfth-century work, features the famous Chambre de Beautes, which contained four automata, one of which held a magic mirror, one of which performed somersaults, one of which played musical instruments, and one which showed people what they most needed. Automata in these works were often ambivalently associated with 776:(written in 720). It was about a young fisherman named Urashima Tarō who visits an undersea palace and stays there for three days. After returning home to his village, he finds himself 300 years in the future, where he is long forgotten, his house is in ruins, and his family long dead. The 10th-century Japanese narrative 3435:, novel versions of serialized stories, and original fiction. Demand for content grew as the specialty presses had depleted the supply of easily reprinted, high-quality stories; new genre magazines appeared (38 different science fiction publications existed in the US and UK in 1953); and large-circulation magazines like 1952:(1869) mixed daring romantic adventure with technology that was either up to the minute or logically extrapolated into the future. They were tremendous commercial successes and established that an author could make a career out of such whimsical material. L. Sprague de Camp calls Verne "the world's first full-time 1217:, described as a ripping in the air, towards which all sound is eventually attracted, in the same way that the Earth was believed to be the natural home of earth to which it was all eventually attracted. Likewise, medieval travel narratives often contained science-fictional themes and elements. Works such as 2802:. For some time, the science fictional elements of these works were ignored by mainstream literary critics, though they owe a much greater debt to the science fiction genre than the modernists do. Sincerely Utopian writing, including much of Wells, has also deeply influenced science fiction, beginning with 1865:(1868) The first novel starts when Ethan Hopkins and Mickey McSquizzle—a "Yankee" and an "Irishman"—encounter a colossal, steam-powered man in the American prairies. This steam-man was constructed by Johnny Brainerd, a teenaged boy, who uses the steam-man to carry him in a carriage on various adventures. 3866:

By the early 1980s the fantasy market was much larger than that of almost all science fiction authors. The New Wave had faded out as an important presence in the science fiction landscape. As new personal computing technologies became an integral part of society, science fiction writers felt the urge

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Ventures into the genre by writers who were not devoted exclusively to science fiction also added respectability. Magazine covers of bug-eyed monsters and scantily clad women, however, preserved the image of a sensational genre appealing only to adolescents. There was a public desire for sensation, a

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made science fiction respectable. Once the horror at Hiroshima took place, anyone could see that science fiction writers were not merely dreamers and crackpots after all, and that many of the motifs of that class of literature were now permanently part of the newspaper headlines". With the story of a

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which, according to urban myth, panicked large numbers of people who believed the program to be a real newscast. However, there is doubt as to how much anecdotes of mass panic had any reflection in reality, and the myth may have originated among newspapers, jealous of the upstart new medium of radio.

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The differences between Verne and Wells highlight a tension that has existed in science fiction throughout its history. The question of whether to present realistic technology or to focus on characters and ideas has been ever-present, as has the question of whether to tell an exciting story or make a

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Hviezdoveda alebo životopis Krutohlava, čo na Zemi, okolo Mesiaca a Slnka skúsil a čo o obežniciach, vlasaticiach, pôvode a konci sveta vedel ("The Science of the Stars or The Life of Krutohlav who Visited the Moon and the Sun and Knew about Planets, Comets and the Beginning and the End of the World"

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make it read like a joke at the expense of nearly all early-modern science fiction, that written between, say, 1910 and 1940." Lucian translator Bryan Reardon is more explicit, describing the work as "an account of a fantastic journey – to the moon, the underworld, the belly of a whale, and so forth.

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is diverse, and its exact definition remains a contested question among both scholars and devotees. This lack of consensus is reflected in debates about the genre's history, particularly over determining its exact origins. There are two broad camps of thought, one that identifies the genre's roots in

3515:.) In the latter, time and the paradoxes of cause and effect become thematic. Beckett's influence on the intelligentsia—as well as the general influence of existentialism and the legal battles to publish books then classified as obscene—made science fiction more sophisticated, especially in Britain. 2740:

and others featured stories in which time and individual identity could be expanded, contracted, looped and otherwise distorted. While this work was unconnected to science fiction as a genre, it did deal with the impact of modernity (technology, science, and change) upon people's lives, and decades

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Contemporary science fiction has been marked by the spread of cyberpunk to other parts of the marketplace of ideas. No longer is cyberpunk a ghettoized tribe within science fiction, but an integral part of the field whose interactions with other parts have been the primary theme of science fiction

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Asimov noted that the Second Revolution was far less clear cut than the first, attributing this to the development of the anthology, which made older stories more prominent. But a number of Golden Age writers changed their style as the New Wave hit. Robert A. Heinlein switched from his Campbellian

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later said that "they themselves would draw little but disaster" from the science fiction boom of the 1950s they helped to begin. While book sales continued to grow, the magazine industry almost collapsed from the glut of new titles, shrinking from 23 in mid-1957 to six by the end of 1960, while

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to describe this incipient genre, the stage in the genre's development, his name and the term "scientifiction" are often thought to be inextricably linked. Though Gernsback encouraged stories featuring scientific realism to educate his readers about scientific principles, such stories shared the

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calls the history of science fiction "the history of humanity's changing attitudes toward space and time ... the history of our growing understanding of the universe and the position of our species in that universe". In recent decades, the genre has diversified and become firmly established as a

2140:" in which a flight to the Moon in a balloon is described. It has an account of the launch, the construction of the cabin, descriptions of strata and many more science-like aspects. In addition to Poe's account the story written in 1813 by the Dutch Willem Bilderdijk is remarkable. In his novel 727:

and a number of other authors argue this to be one of the earliest if not the earliest example of science fiction or proto-science fiction. However, since the text was intended to be explicitly satirical and hyperbolic, other critics are ambivalent about its rightful place as a science fiction

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The New Wave and their contemporaries placed a greater emphasis on style and a more highbrow form of storytelling. They also sought controversy in subjects older science fiction writers had avoided. For the first time sexuality, which Kingsley Amis had complained was nearly ignored in science

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Campbell's guidance to his writers included his famous dictum, "Write me a creature that thinks as well as a man, or better than a man, but not like a man." He emphasized a higher quality of writing than editors before him, giving special attention to developing the group of young writers who

1159:, who destroys the device and throws Alexander back to the ground. This does not, however, stop the legendary Alexander, who proceeds to construct a gigantic orb of glass which he uses to travel beneath the water. There, he sees extraordinary marvels which eventually exceed his comprehension. 4081:

writes that science fiction around the start of the 21st century can be understood in two ways: "a vision of the triumph of science fiction as a genre and as a series of outstanding texts which figured to our gaze the significant futures that, during those years, came to pass ... ...

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were influential upon writing in the 1950s. In the former all sense of place and time are dispensed with; all that remains is a voice poised between the urge to continue existing and the urge to find silence and oblivion. (The only other major writer to use "The Unnamable" as a title was

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Campbell exercised an extraordinary influence over the work of his stable of writers, thus shaping the direction of science fiction. Asimov wrote, "We were extensions of himself; we were his literary clones." Under Campbell's direction, the years from 1938–1950 would become known as the

1969:(1895), for example, the technical details of the machine are glossed over quickly so that the Time Traveller can tell a story that criticizes the stratification of English society. The story also uses Darwinian evolution (as would be expected in a former student of Darwin's champion, 3299:

signaled the end of Golden Age science fiction, though most of the Golden Age writers were able to adapt to the changes in the genre and keep writing. Some, however, moved to other fields. Isaac Asimov and several others began to write scientific fact almost exclusively.

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With the new source material provided by the Golden Age writers, advances in special effects, and a public desire for material that treated with the advances in technology of the time, all the elements were in place to create significant works of science fiction film.

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In "Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman", the protagonist gains the ability to breathe underwater and discovers an underwater submarine society that is portrayed as an inverted reflection of society on land, in that the underwater society follows a form of

2095:. Wells and Verne both had an international readership and influenced writers in America, especially. Soon a home-grown American science fiction was thriving. European writers found more readers by selling to the American market and writing in an Americanised style. 2014:

Wells and Verne had quite a few rivals in early science fiction. Short stories and novelettes with themes of fantastic imagining appeared in journals throughout the late 19th century and many of these employed scientific ideas as the springboard to the imagination.

1877:(1871), a novel where the main character discovers a highly evolved subterranean civilization. PSI-powers are given a logical and scientific explanation, achieved through biological evolution and technological progress, rather than something magical or supernatural. 620:

hymns (1700–1100 BCE), there is a description of "mechanical birds" that are seen "jumping into space speedily with a craft using fire and water ... containing twelve stamghas (pillars), one wheel, three machines, 300 pivots, and 60 instruments". The ancient

1124:, also receives a mirror which reveals distant places, which the witnessing crowd explains as operating by the manipulation of angles and optics, and a sword which deals and heals deadly wounds, which the crowd explains as being possible using advanced 2272:

In 1894, Will Harben published "Land of the Changing Sun," a dystopian fantasy set at the center of the Earth. In Harben's tale, the Earth's core is populated by a scientifically advanced civilization, living beneath the glow of a mechanical sun.

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artistic movement. Though the New Wave was largely a British movement, there were parallel developments taking place in American science fiction at the same time. The relation of the British New Wave to American science fiction was made clear by

2907:, American military planners studied science fiction for ideas. The British did the same, and also asked authors to submit outlandish ideas which the government leaked to the Axis as real plans. Pilots speculated as to the origins of the " 3670:, which presented science fiction writers, both American and British, writing stories that pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in a science fiction magazine. Isaac Asimov, writing an introduction to the anthology, labeled it the 7125: 3547:

of conventional society, pulling away the mask of normality to reveal nothingness beneath. Burroughs showed visions of society as a conspiracy of aliens, monsters, police states, drug dealers and alternate levels of reality. The

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In the last decades of the 19th century, works of science fiction for adults and children were numerous in America, though it was not yet given the name "science fiction." There were science-fiction elements in the stories of

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published in 1912. He continued to publish adventure stories, many of them science fiction, throughout the rest of his life. The pulps published adventure stories of all kinds. Science fiction stories had to fit in alongside

2911:" they saw around them in the air. Meanwhile, the Germans had developed flying bombs known as V1s and V2s reminiscent of the "rocket ships" ever-present in pulp science fiction, presaging space flight. Jet planes and the 723:, Lucian describes giant space spiders who were "appointed to spin a web in the air between the Moon and the Morning Star, which was done in an instant, and made a plain campaign upon which the foot forces were planted". 2707:

Writers attempted to respond to the new world in the post-World War I era. In the 1920s and 30s writers entirely unconnected with science fiction were exploring new ways of telling a story and new ways of treating time,

3898:. Though Cyberpunk would later be cross-pollinated with other styles of science fiction, there seemed to be some notion of ideological purity in the beginning. John Shirley compared the Cyberpunk movement to a tribe. 719:, and an explicit desire of the protagonist for exploration and adventure. In witnessing one interplanetary battle between the People of the Moon and the People of the Sun as the fight for the right to colonize the 3871:

movement developed in the early 80s. Though it placed the same influence on style that the New Wave did, it developed its own unique style, typically focusing on the 'punks' of their imagined future underworld.

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depicts a totalitarian attempt to create a utopia that results in a dystopic state where free will is lost. Aldous Huxley bridged the gap between the literary establishment and the world of science fiction with

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wrote that "It is hardly science-fiction, since it deliberately piles extravagance upon extravagance for comic effect" yet he implicitly acknowledged its SF character by comparing its plot to early 20th-century

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explored the metaphysics of the mind in a series of novels and stories that rarely seemed dependent on their science fictional content. Le Guin, Dick, and others like them became associated with the concept of

3578:, a literary history and examination of the field of science fiction. This serious attention from a mainstream, acceptable writer did a great deal of good, eventually, for the reputation of science fiction. 4074:

Fall Revolution series. This merging of the two disparate threads of science fiction in the 1980s has produced an extrapolational literature in contrast to those technological stories told in the present.

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knowledge with knowledge now known to be fictional, and it is therefore difficult to distinguish which portions should be considered science fictional or would have been seen as such in the Middle Ages.

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At the same time, a tradition of more literary science fiction novels, treating with a dissonance between perceived Utopian conditions and the full expression of human desires, began to develop: the

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gave hard science fiction new life, crafting stories with a more sophisticated writing style and more deeply characterized protagonists, while preserving a high level of scientific sophistication.

1665:, furnishing a view of the human condition from an outside perspective. Aldiss argues that science fiction in general derives its conventions from the gothic novel. Mary Shelley's short story " 4343: 2162:

that prevents gravitational attraction, and in a spherical craft leaves Earth and travel to the Moon. The story contains algebra and scientific footnotes, which makes it an early example of

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tales deal with lost ancient technologies, advanced ancient civilizations that went astray, and catastrophes which overwhelmed them. "The City of Brass" features a group of travellers on an

2795:" are seen as though they were the seemingly bizarre practices of an alien culture. The audience of modernist plays or the readership of modern novels is often led to question everything. 1302:" and widespread interest in scientific discovery fueled the creation of speculative fiction that anticipated many of the tropes of more recent science fiction. Several works expanded on 786:, is a princess from the Moon who is sent to Earth for safety during a celestial war, and is found and raised by a bamboo cutter in Japan. She is later taken back to the Moon by her real 473:(earliest Sumerian text versions c. 2150–2000 BCE). A second approach argues that science fiction only became possible sometime between the 17th and early 19th centuries, following the 3399:, large mainstream publishers only printed Verne and Wells. Most genre books were sold by mail from small magazine advertisements, because bookstores rarely carried science fiction. 2204:. A mad scientist and villain called Black Bart makes an attempt to blackmail the world with a powder made of potassium, able to destroy the planet by turning its waters into fire. 5879: 3402:

By 1951, the small presses proved that demand existed for science fiction books, enough to cause magazines to print regular review columns. Large, mainstream companies published

1799:(1827), in which Cheops is revived by scientific means into a world in political crisis, where technology has advanced to gas-flame jewelry and houses that migrate on rails, etc. 2116:

is often mentioned with Verne and Wells as the founders of science fiction (although Mary Shelley's Frankenstein predates these). A number of Poe's short stories and the novel

7030: 5702: 1092:, and frequently guarded entrances or provided warning of intruders. This association with necromancy often leads to the appearance of automata guarding tombs, as they do in 6252: 5625: 2699:, as he helped shift the focus away from pulpy adventure stories, to those characterized by hard science fiction stories celebrating scientific achievement and progress. 1280:

motif that would become so widespread in later science fiction to describe a world that is seemingly perfect but either ultimately unattainable or perversely flawed. The

927:"The Ebony Horse" features a robot in the form of a flying mechanical horse controlled using keys, that could fly into outer space and towards the Sun, while the "Third 3886:, published in 1984, announced the cyberpunk movement to the larger literary world and was a tremendous commercial success. Other key writers in the movement included 2221:

in 1874. His stories included invisibility, faster than light travels, teleportation, time travel, cryogenics, mind transfer, mutants, cyborgs and mechanical brains.

6457: 5545: 935:. "The City of Brass" and "The Ebony Horse" can be considered early examples of proto-science fiction. Other examples of early Arabic proto-science fiction include 5355: 3655:

assumed editorial control in 1963. William Burroughs was a big influence. The writers of the New Wave also believed themselves to be building on the legacy of the

1748:, wandering in a desert world where the winds blow and the anger of the wounded Nature is; humanity, finally reunited and pacified, has gone toward the stars in a 1015:, but rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using his own extensive 3291:

stressed a more literary form of science fiction that took cues from more mainstream literature. It was less insistent on scientific plausibility than Campbell's

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Orrin Lindsay's plan of aerial navigation, with a narrative of his explorations in the higher regions of the atmosphere, and his wonderful voyage round the moon!

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authors like Heinlein, Clarke, Vonnegut, and Bradbury published through non-genre publications that paid at much higher rates. Top writers like Budrys, Miller,

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Emerging themes in the 1990s included environmental issues, the implications of the global Internet and the expanding information universe, questions about

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genre, the novel introduces science fiction themes such as the use of technology for achievements beyond the scope of science at the time, and the alien as

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The mainstream book companies' large print runs and distribution networks lowered prices and increased availability, but displaced the small publishers;

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which was then reputed to have the power to preserve life. This fluid kept the corpse of Hector preserved as if he was still alive, maintaining him in a

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they appear in an underground palace. Automata did not have to be human, however. A brass horse is among the marvelous gifts given to the Cambyuskan in

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first appears in Kiplings' writing. Heinlein, a major influence on science fiction from the 1930s forward, has also described himself as influenced by

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was one such supporter of using Gilgamesh as an origin point, arguing that "science fiction is precisely as old as the first recorded fiction. That is

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Cyberpunk's ideas have spread in other directions, though. Space opera writers have written work featuring cyberpunk motifs, including David Brin's

2190:. Written in much the same style as his other work, it employs pseudo-journalistic realism to tell an adventure story with little basis in reality. 4332: 5595: 7220: 5329: 3999:. This entrance of cyberpunk into mainstream culture has led to the introduction of cyberpunk's stylistic motifs to the masses, particularly the 2118: 3591:, a complex work of fiction featuring political intrigue in a future galaxy, mystical religious beliefs, and the ecosystem of the desert planet 2246: 1276:

describes a fictional island whose inhabitants have perfected every aspect of their society. The name of the society stuck, giving rise to the

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Truitt, E. R. (2004). "Trei poete, sages dotors, qui mout sorent di nigromance: Knowledge and Automata in Twelfth-Century French Literature".

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was an extremely successful film and its art-deco inspired aesthetic became the guiding aesthetic of the science fiction pulps for some time.

2593:. Nevertheless, a magazine devoted entirely to science fiction was a great boost to the public awareness of the scientific speculation story. 805: 4328: 2137: 5146: 2841:, in 1948. He envisions a technologically governed totalitarian regime that dominates society through total information control. Zamyatin's 4082:

indecipherable from the world during those years ... fatally indistinguishable from the world it attempted to adumbrate, to signify."

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magazine, which was devoted exclusively to science fiction stories. Though science fiction magazines had been published in Germany before,

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Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died 1288)

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One of the earliest and most commonly-cited texts for those looking for early precursors to science fiction is the ancient Mesopotamian

8014: 5863: 4377: 3070:, though Asimov points out that the term Golden Age has been used more loosely to refer to other periods in science fiction's history. 610:, flying machines able to travel into space or under water, and destroy entire cities using advanced weapons. In the first book of the 5077: 3244:

were shown, programs that more closely resembled pre-Campbellian science fiction. These shows also saw comic book spin-off products.

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seems to predict the events of World War I, when Europe's old ideas of chivalry in warfare were shattered by new weapons and tactics.

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One of the most successful works of early American science fiction was the second-best selling novel in the U.S. in the 19th century:

6491: 6193: 6163: 435: 5708: 5676: 3089:. Hubbard was considered a promising science fiction writer and a protégé of Campbell, who published Hubbard's first articles about 1742:. It shows in a first scene the body of a broken huge ship, the greatest product of the prideful and foolish mankind that called it 1360:(1752), which is also notable for the suggestion that people of other worlds may be in some ways more advanced than those of Earth. 7594: 7095: 6749: 6583: 2937: 1000: 578: 197: 5994: 2584:

was the first English language magazine to solely publish science fiction. Since he is notable for having chosen the variant term

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Inarguably, though, the idea of visitors or invaders from outer space became embedded in the consciousness of everyday people.

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The 19th century saw a major acceleration of these trends and features, most clearly seen in the groundbreaking publication of

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The boundaries between medieval fiction with scientific elements and medieval science can be fuzzy at best. In works such as

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Simone Brioni and Daniele Comberiati, Italian Science Fiction: The Other in Literature and Film. New York: Palgrave, 2019

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to make statements about its influence on the cultural and political landscape. Drawing on the work of the New Wave, the

2895: 1983:(1898), the Martians' technology is not explained as it would have been in a Verne story, and the story is resolved by a 1698: 1492: 581:. However, the lack of explicit science or technology in the work has led some to argue that it is better categorized as 392: 5351: 3467:

calculated that producing 1,000 words a day would earn twice the national median income, and Asimov stopped teaching at

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published science fiction hardcover books, all reprints of magazine stories. With rare exceptions like the collections

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Rudyard Kipling's contributions to science fiction go beyond their direct impact at the start of the 20th century. The

2040: 1936: 1759: 820:, 8th–10th centuries CE) also feature science fiction elements. One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the 521: 348: 75: 4719: 1408:(1666), a novel that describes another world (with different stars in the sky) that can be reached via the North Pole. 699:

include travel to outer space, encounter with alien life-forms (including the experience of a first encounter event),

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progressed, Campbell gave more attention to ideas like Hubbard's, writing editorials in support of Dianetics. Though

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Somehow influenced by the scientific theories of the 19th century, but most certainly by the idea of human progress,

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turned away from the traditional optimism and support for progress of traditional science fiction. William Gibson's

3343: 2829:(1932), an ironic portrait of a stable and ostensibly happy society built by human mastery of genetic manipulation. 1669:" (1826) sees a man frozen in ice revived in the present day, incorporating the now common science fiction theme of 7579: 7314: 6632: 4112: 3379:

Until about 1950, magazines were the only way authors could publish new stories. Only small specialty presses like

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Twain's Yankee is transported back in time and his knowledge of 19th-century technology with him. Written in 1889,

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was shown on British television, the first significant science fiction show, though it could also be described as

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represents "the first seminal work to which the label SF can be logically attached". It is also the first of the "

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entombed in a network of golden tubes that run through his body. Through these tubes ran the semi-legendary fluid

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to a platform and dangling meat above them on a pole. This adventure is ended only by the direct intervention of

306: 286: 217: 3645:, psychological drama and mainstream currents. The 60s New Wave was centered around the writing in the magazine 1071: 8036: 7960: 7833: 7472: 7367: 7324: 7319: 7185: 6521: 4011:(which combines the aesthetics of the diesel-based technology of the interwar period through to the 1950s with 3932: 3824: 3339: 3252:

Seeking greater freedom of expression, writers started to publish their articles in other magazines, including

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continued to have a loyal fanbase, readers started turning to other magazines to find science fiction stories.

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became mainstream bestsellers as books. For the first time, an author could write science fiction full-time;

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showed that the lines between science-fiction, fantasy, religion, and social commentary could be very fine.

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It is not really science fiction, although it has sometimes been called that; there is no 'science' in it."

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Grewell, Greg (2001). "Colonizing the Universe: Science Fictions Then, Now, and in the (Imagined) Future".

4267:"Pierre Versins et L'Encyclopédie de l'utopie, de la science-fiction et des voyages extraordinaires (1972)" 4061:, the story is a cyberpunk story told in the present, the ultimate limit of the near-future extrapolation. 3737: 3718: 3389: 3139: 2877:

writing, and many other works of later science fiction continue this dialogue between utopia and dystopia.

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When the Fires Burn High and The Wind is From the North: The Pastoral Science Fiction of Clifford D. Simak

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and is shocked to learn that many ages have passed when he returns to Earth, anticipating the concept of

399: 254: 5603: 7879: 6879: 6823: 6508: 4951: 4852: 4186: 3927: 3712: 3638: 3565: 2929: 2742: 2683: 2466:(1907), partially in reaction to Wells' atheistic utopian writing, which Benson rejected as Christian. 2428: 2201: 2123: 1942: 1620: 1020: 418: 376: 227: 6146: 6077: 5337: 1503: 7950: 7895: 7716: 7574: 7281: 6939: 6929: 6889: 6703: 6052: 5520: 3781:. Though scientific plausibility had been a central tenet of the genre since Gernsback, writers like 3743: 3218: 2380: 1364: 1016: 5905: 4055:

The cyberpunk reliance on near-future science fiction has deepened. In William Gibson's 2003 novel,

646: 36: 8041: 8004: 7840: 7807: 7802: 7675: 7630: 7441: 7362: 7329: 7110: 6969: 6949: 6934: 6919: 6909: 6894: 6637: 6600: 6558: 6477: 6429: 5409: 5142: 4147: 4141: 3459: 3324: 2670:' love of machines are indicative of both the hopes and fears of the world between the world wars. 2086: 2076: 1476:(1733) in which a narrator from 1728 is given a series of state documents from 1997 to 1998 by his 1199: 239: 130: 110: 17: 3078:

desire of people to be taken out of their dull lives to the worlds of space travel and adventure.

2791:, the making strange of familiar surroundings so that settings and behaviour usually regarded as " 7569: 7398: 7210: 7190: 6964: 6959: 6904: 6899: 6884: 6853: 6833: 6627: 6450: 6392: 5463: 5020: 4153: 3813: 3695: 3607: 3328: 3174: 3115: 2983: 2655: 2403: 2297: 2072: 2064: 1666: 1565: 1241: 1098: 331: 321: 266: 232: 177: 5132: 7980: 7680: 7620: 7589: 7357: 7240: 7230: 7040: 6924: 6828: 6693: 6588: 6025: 5910: 5171:

Bruce, J. Douglas (April 1913). "Human Automata in Classical Tradition and Mediaeval Romance".

4129: 3955: 3431: 3272: 2616: 2537: 2396: 1481: 1467: 992: 972: 570: 338: 222: 120: 7200: 6848: 5429: 5024: 5014: 4223: 7845: 7767: 7393: 7235: 6759: 6620: 6102: 4809: 4777: 4745: 4403: 3647: 3522: 3500: 3410: 3195: 3046: 2754: 2620: 2529: 2417: 2109: 1460: 1439: 1423: 1040: 787: 676: 474: 95: 7130: 4476: 4369: 3641:", were experimenting with different forms of science fiction, stretching the genre towards 2552:(1910). However, the Twenties and Thirties would see the genre represented in a new format. 1999: 1517: 1445:

La Vie, Les Aventures et Le Voyage de Groenland du Révérend Père Cordelier Pierre de Mésange

7975: 7930: 7782: 7695: 7599: 7584: 7542: 7306: 7075: 7055: 6541: 6531: 4135: 4045: 3778: 3771: 3521:(1914–1997) was the writer who finally brought science fiction together with the trends of 3518: 3454: 3210: 2845:

is recognized as an influence on both Huxley and Orwell; Orwell published a book review of

2837: 2792: 2632: 2469: 2208: 2193: 2187: 2163: 2147: 2063:

describe him as "the first modern science fiction writer". Other writers in the field were

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was published, where Thomas Edison builds an artificial woman. Although better known for

1970: 1755:

Other notable proto-science fiction authors and works of the early 19th century include:

1714: 1312: 1163: 1148: 1004: 988: 865: 853: 759: 588: 44: 3216:

At the same time, science fiction began to appear on a new medium – television. In 1953

1177: 1077: 1043:

in order to explain bodily resurrection. The novel was later translated into English as

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involves traveling forwards in time to a distant future, and was first described in the

7854: 7524: 7489: 7481: 7155: 7105: 7080: 6992: 6772: 6536: 6388: 5990: 5704:

The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, Volume 1, "The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaal"

5401: 5196: 4963: 4864: 4457: 4449: 3978: 3449: 3437: 3113:

As a result, science fiction film came into its own in the 1950s, producing films like

3059: 2770: 2605: 2506: 2459: 2452: 2213: 2081: 2048: 1923: 1887: 1846: 1612: 1433: 1399: 1339: 1272: 724: 597: 371: 167: 142: 137: 125: 6215: 1922:

The European brand of science fiction proper began later in the 19th century with the

1835: 8010: 7915: 7864: 7665: 7640: 7215: 7090: 6725: 6681: 6676: 6294: 6284: 6110: 5932: 5869: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5405: 5296: 5234: 5200: 5188: 5028: 4993: 4967: 4920: 4891: 4868: 4821: 4789: 4757: 4695: 4667: 4582: 4556: 4546: 4520: 4510: 4480: 4461: 4411: 4309: 4299: 4227: 4216: 4099: 4000: 3972: 3960: 3916: 3762: 3691: 3683: 3666: 3506: 3484: 3480: 3464: 3137:, and many others. Many of these movies were based on stories by Campbell's writers. 2865: 2787: 2463: 2422: 1897: 1687: 1404: 1232: 1210: 1142: 1132: 1057: 964: 883:

to find an ancient lost city and attempt to recover a brass vessel that the biblical

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Science fiction developed and boomed in the 20th century, as the deep integration of

469: 316: 162: 53: 5840: 7772: 7670: 7499: 7165: 6686: 6433: 5393: 5288: 5265: 5226: 5180: 4989: 4955: 4887: 4856: 4441: 4012: 3679: 3652: 3540: 3180: 3169: 3133: 3055: 3041: 2869: 2813: 2678: 2628: 2413: 2388: 2265:, had his protagonist travel through the Solar System by covering his body with an 2230: 2060: 1965: 1764: 1529: 1484:

novels. However, the story does not explain how the angel obtained these documents.

1416: 1303: 1206: 1113: 782:

may also be considered proto-science fiction. The protagonist of the story, Kaguya-

157: 5570: 4477:"The True, the False, and the Truly False: Lucian's Philosophical Science Fiction" 1262:, several new types of literature began to take shape in 16th-century Europe. The 765: 708: 7965: 7812: 7787: 7742: 7065: 6730: 6698: 6666: 6500: 5926: 5765: 5698: 5109: 5052: 4940:

Hamori, Andras (1971). "An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass".

4841:

Hamori, Andras (1971). "An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass".

4049: 4040: 4035: 3895: 3732: 3656: 3615: 3553: 3512: 3266: 2825: 2808: 2636: 2576: 2434: 2133: 2113: 2091: 2056: 2044: 1984: 1873: 1856: 1820: 1780: 1307: 1219: 716: 622: 538:'s 1870 novel, is considered one of the earliest works of modern science fiction. 460: 212: 190: 147: 6312: 3765:

extrapolated social and biological changes that were anthropological in nature.

3710:

stories to stylistically adventuresome, sexually open works of fiction, notably

3081:

An interesting footnote to Campbell's regime is his contribution to the rise of

1328:

have referred to as the first work of science fiction. Similarly, some identify

569:

was the first science fiction work due to its treatment of human reason and the

7955: 7940: 7935: 7757: 7752: 7509: 7261: 7195: 7170: 7140: 7115: 7035: 7020: 6402: 5991:"Did the 1938 Radio Broadcast of 'War of the Worlds' Cause a Nationwide Panic?" 5397: 5253: 5074: 4622: 4247: 4211: 4023: 3887: 3877: 3766: 3687: 3661: 3544: 3495: 3223: 3082: 2920: 2860: 2803: 2737: 2667: 2611: 2590: 2571: 2524: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2225: 2178: 2035: 1828: 1802: 1790: 1487: 1477: 1455: 1329: 1253: 1083: 896: 829: 825: 712: 692: 562: 554: 509: 456: 343: 299: 100: 4959: 4860: 3747:

gave visual form to the genre's new style. A myriad of other films, including

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shortly after it was first published in English, several years before writing

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family. A manuscript illustration depicts a round flying machine similar to a

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to different worlds much larger than his own world, anticipating elements of

791: 729: 700: 172: 105: 65: 5964: 4560: 4524: 4214:; Rabkin, Eric S. (1977). "1. A Brief Literary History of Science Fiction". 1355: 914: 7747: 7537: 7494: 7225: 7145: 7085: 7060: 6997: 6351: 6142: 6073: 6048: 4711: 3891: 3702:

wrote cautionary tales about, respectively, overpopulation and apocalypse.

3587: 3526: 3475: 3443: 3422: 3380: 3234: 3166: 3051: 2904: 2885: 2856: 2774:

were modernist literature which invented important science fiction motifs.

2412:, were not only very modern in style, but strongly influenced authors like 2392: 2384: 2352: 2266: 2238:

extrapolates a future society based on observation of the current society.

2169: 1787:(1846), two novels which try to predict what the next century will be like. 1646: 1633: 1628: 1616: 1537: 1509: 1497: 1449: 1411: 1392: 1325: 1121: 1008: 984: 928: 892: 704: 680: 667: 655: 115: 6105:. In Bould, Mark; Butler, Andrew M.; Roberts, Adam; Vint, Sherryl (eds.). 5292: 5230: 4623:"Malchronia: Cryonics and Bionics as Primitive Weapons in the War on Time" 4293: 2687:, the second magazine devoted to science fiction, originally published as 2528:(1944), introduced a myriad of ideas that writers have since adopted, and 2217:

for more than a decade, except for his first story which was published in

650:

William Strang illustration of Lucian's interplanetary giant spider battle

7684: 7276: 7175: 7150: 7135: 6642: 6458:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: Themes, Works, and Wonders

6316: 6274: 5571:"Lib.ru/Классика: Акутин Юрий. Александр Вельтман и его роман "Странник"" 4916: 4817: 4785: 4753: 4663: 4071: 4066: 3921: 3882: 3782: 3549: 3531: 3384: 3240: 3152: 3086: 2908: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2644: 2599: 2541: 2370: 2366: 2142:

Kort verhaal van eene aanmerkelijke luchtreis en nieuwe planeetontdekking

2068: 1931: 1927: 1721: 1702: 1376: 1371: 1284:

legend (1587) contains an early prototype for the "mad scientist story".

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Science fiction had also been appearing in American comic books such as

1959:

Wells's stories, on the other hand, use science fiction devices to make

1213:", it is proposed that the titular House of Fame is the natural home of 745: 7690: 7645: 7635: 7271: 7025: 6784: 6446: 6098: 6016: 5459: 5379:"The Moral Character of Mad Scientists: A Cultural Critique of Science" 4453: 4078: 4008: 3983: 3827: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3642: 3403: 2997: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2818: 2713: 2650: 2518: 2344: 2311: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2241: 1706: 1662: 1579: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1321: 1136: 1089: 1036: 996: 904: 806:

One Thousand and One Nights § Fantasy and science fiction elements

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Science fiction films took inspiration from the changes in the genre.

2745:

movement, some modernist literary techniques entered science fiction.

2426:, that contains all of the elements of The Army of a Dream, and whose 2252:"transmigration of souls", "transposition of epochs – and bodies" 2051:

also wrote early science fiction, particularly using the character of

7451: 7339: 7120: 6799: 6794: 6767: 6737: 6720: 6278: 4004: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3756: 3552:

of science fiction merged with the experiments of postmodernism in a

3280: 3206: 3090: 2912: 2725: 2717: 2150:, a Professor of Chemistry in New Orleans, published the short story 2098: 2030: 1909: 1744: 1710: 1246: 1065: 1012: 936: 900: 737:: "I will merely remark that the sprightliness and sophistication of 497: 478: 5269: 4445: 4252:

The World of Science Fiction, 1926–1976: the History of a Subculture

3909:

works were produced in Japan, the most notable being the 1982 manga

3802: 3313: 3050:, and with the publication of stories and novels by such writers as 2972: 2835:

wrote perhaps the most highly regarded of these literary dystopias,

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Charles Curtis Dail, a Kentucky lawyer, published in 1890 the novel

1554: 7721: 6863: 6789: 6605: 5184: 5049:"Islam and Science Fiction – On Science Fiction, Islam and Muslims" 4031: 4027: 3748: 3623: 2950: 2799: 2660: 2512: 2439: 2155: 1960: 1814: 1749: 1731: 1670: 1464:(1726) contains descriptions of alien cultures and "weird science". 1349: 1263: 1224: 1125: 1109: 980: 963:

According to Dr. Abu Shadi al-Roubi, the final two chapters of the

833: 617: 602: 6469: 5735:"Orrin Lindsay's Plan of Aerial Navigation By J. L. Riddell, M.D." 2234:(1888), its effects extending far beyond the field of literature. 7920: 7615: 6779: 4266: 3988: 3592: 3425:, and others now entered the science fiction market. They issued 2533: 2490: 2399:. These stories began to change the features of science fiction. 2158:. It tells the story of the student Orrin Lindsay who invents an 2026: 2017: 1974: 1674: 1367:

of the 17th and 18th centuries include (in chronological order):

1236: 1152: 884: 849: 632: 612: 582: 493: 482: 88: 5254:"Little Nothings: The Squire's Tale and the Ambition of Gadgets" 4052:

novels brought the character-driven story back into prominence.

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short story about a fictional atomic bomb project, prompted the

2566:

The development of American science fiction as a self-conscious

2182:, a Verne-inspired novella, first published serially in 1869 in 2129:

is sometimes cited as the first American science fiction novel.

1683:, is also often cited as the first true science fiction novel. 413: 6659: 6164:"A brief historical survey of women writers of science fiction" 3193:, but an important step forward came with the anthology series 2760: 2627:

and its competitors. In August 1928, Amazing Stories published

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Other works containing proto-science-fiction elements from the

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had already published adaptations of Wells and Verne stories.

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The period of the 1940s and 1950s is often referred to as the

2500:

The next great science fiction writers after H. G. Wells were

2211:

would publish his innovative science fiction short stories in

2085:. Another early feminist science fiction work at the time was 1514:(1771) gives a predictive account of life in the 25th century. 6742: 6615: 5965:"War of the Worlds, Orson Welles, And The Invasion from Mars" 3967: 3906: 3902: 3728:. Many others also continued successfully as styles changed. 3426: 3121: 2779: 2709: 2663: 2567: 2159: 1281: 1258:

In the wake of scientific discoveries that characterized the

1214: 1183: 1061: 1039:, and he makes references to his own scientific discovery of 1032: 908: 888: 720: 577:

features a flood scene that in some ways resembles a work of

465: 152: 3694:. Contemporary political issues were also given a voice, as 2122:

are science fictional. An 1827 satiric novel by philosopher

1338:(1638) as the first work of science fiction in English, and 1254:

Proto-science fiction in the Enlightenment and Age of Reason

3674:, after the first revolution that produced the Golden Age. 3536: 3062:, science fiction began to gain status as serious fiction. 1068:

featured in romances starting in the twelfth century, with

977: 857: 845: 844:

science fiction; along the way, he encounters societies of

783: 5497:

says, Tvåhundra år efter året utan sommar | (7 May 2011).

5106:"Islamset-Muslim Scientists-Ibn Al Nafis as a Philosopher" 2343:'s series of 14 books (1900–1920) based in his outlandish 1730:(1859) a long poem in two parts that can be viewed like a 1270:'s 1516 work of fiction and political philosophy entitled 887:

once used to trap a jinn, and, along the way, encounter a

5078:"The Almost Complete Lack of the Element of 'Futureness'" 4707: 3953:

Notably, cyberpunk has influenced film, in works such as

3678:

fiction, was given serious consideration by writers like

2924: 2880: 2615:, throughout the 1930s. It was in the Gernsback era that 1227:, alternate species and sub-species of humans, including 1156: 931:'s Tale" also features a robot in the form of an uncanny 911:

horseman who directs the party towards the ancient city.

1677:

to drive her stories. Another futuristic Shelley novel,

1405:

The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing-World

1291:

Frontispiece of the 1659 German translation of Godwin's

5525:

Peter Harrington Journal - Rare and First Edition Books

4003:

style. It has also led to other developments including

3093:

and his new religion. As Campbell's reign as editor of

1673:

whilst also exemplifying Shelley's use of science as a

631:(8th and 9th centuries BCE) includes the story of King 4943:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4844:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

2597:

competed with several other pulp magazines, including

2059:'s contributions to the genre in the early 1900s made 1930:

and the science-oriented, socially critical novels of

1641:" experimenting with advanced technology. In his book 1035:

that Ibn al-Nafis introduces his scientific theory of

542: 5839:. Northern Virginia Community College. Archived from 3777:

Soft science fiction was contrasted to the notion of

2379:(set in the future from London's point of view) and " 1345:

Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon

987:(1213–1288) can be described as science fiction. The 868:

where concepts like money and clothing do not exist.

5925:

Brioni, Simone; Comberiati, Daniele (18 July 2019).

5521:"The Last Woman – Mary Shelley's apocalyptic vision" 4694:. Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Halstead Press. 4089: 3226:. In the United States, science fiction heroes like 2025:

published in 1872 and dealing with the concept that

1709:

rather than technological means. The narrator meets

991:

deals with various science fiction elements such as

5424: 5422: 4327:Mukunda, H. S.; Deshpande, S. M.; Nagendra, H. R.; 3581:Another milestone was the publication, in 1965, of 3535:, the first of a series of novels employing a semi- 1831:-like chronicle of an alien world and civilization. 1752:, to look for and to bring liberty into the light. 1235:, and information about the sexual reproduction of 5830: 5828: 5826: 5330:"The House of Fame - A Modern English Translation" 5285:Manmade Marvels in Medieval Culture and Literature 4397: 4395: 4215: 3040:With the emergence in 1937 of a demanding editor, 2406:stories and his critique of the British military, 2369:wrote several science fiction stories, including " 2347:setting, contained depictions of strange weapons ( 2200:in the Sacramento Union newspaper, and introduced 2099:American proto-science fiction in the 19th century 1796:The Mummy!: Or a Tale of the Twenty-Second Century 1657:" subgenre. Although normally associated with the 1637:in 1818. The short novel features the archetypal " 1245:and other travel narratives in its genre mix real 6216:"Locus Online: Betsy Wollheim interview excerpts" 6135: 5818:The Life of Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson, Vol. 2. 4660:Folklore, myths, and legends: a world perspective 4333:"A critical study of the work 'Vymanika Shastra'" 3303: 2476:just before World War I, getting his first story 1853:(1862) which speculated on extraterrestrial life. 1348:(1656). Space travel also figures prominently in 500:into daily life encouraged a greater interest in 8028: 5924: 5419: 5013:McCaughrea, Geraldine; Fowler, Rosamund (1999). 5012: 4692:The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction 4434:Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 4150:(section "History of science fiction magazines") 3104: 2778:in particular is noted for introducing the word 1056:, science fictional themes appeared within many 6166:. University of Texas in Austin. Archived from 6068: 6066: 6064: 5823: 5648:"Amardeep Singh: Early Bengali Science Fiction" 4392: 4291: 3792: 2119:The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket 2033:and supplant the human race. In 1886 the novel 1298:In the 17th and 18th centuries, the so-called " 513:major influence on global culture and thought. 6248:Future Visions: New Technologies of the Screen 6208: 6155: 6151:. Garden City NY: Doubleday. pp. 560–564. 4986:Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights 4884:Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights 4607:. University of California Press. p. 619. 3901:During the 1980s, a large number of cyberpunk 3184:, provided important source material as well. 2472:(1875–1950) began writing science fiction for 1994: 1480:, a plot device which is reminiscent of later 1166:also appear in medieval romances, such as the 1131:Technological inventions are also rife in the 828:leads him to explore the seas, journey to the 797: 763: 6485: 6192:. Magic Dragon Multimedia. 24 December 2003. 6093: 6091: 5820:London: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 69, 78. 5458: 5334:eChaucer: Chaucer in the Twenty-First Century 4685: 4683: 4579:New maps of hell: a survey of science fiction 4264: 4210: 4204: 3490: 3165:was derived from a Ray Bradbury short story. 2603:(which primarily published fantasy stories), 2263:Willmoth the Wanderer, or The Man from Saturn 2138:The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall 1202:such as the growth of facial hair continued. 436: 6251:. British Film Institute. pp. 180–204. 6238: 6148:The Early Asimov; or, Eleven Years of Trying 6061: 1705:. Albeit time travel achieved via a magical 1608:Shelley and Europe in the early 19th century 1521: 1507: 1443: 1427: 1420:(1705) revolves around a voyage to the Moon. 1353: 1175: 1103: 1069: 958: 941:Opinions of the Residents of a Splendid City 635:, who travels to heaven to meet the creator 6426:The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. 6305: 6182: 5588: 4222:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 4144:which is arranged by chronological sections 4126:which is arranged by chronological sections 3939:Contemporary science fiction and its future 3595:. Another was the emergence of the work of 3342:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3255:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 2949:in 1947, science fiction had become modern 2442:instead of wolves. Heinlein's technique of 2247:A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court 1544: 1167: 1140: 1081: 1044: 6492: 6478: 6422:Ed. Carl Kears and James Paz. KCLMS, 2016. 6107:The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction 6088: 6041: 6009: 5894: 5317:The Virtues of Balm in Medieval Literature 4979: 4977: 4689: 4680: 4500: 4015:technology and postmodern sensibilities). 2720:form. The posthumously published works of 1667:Roger Dodsworth: The Reanimated Englishman 1523:La Découverte Australe par un Homme Volant 443: 429: 27:Speculative fiction memetics retrospective 5766:"Energizing Futures: How SF Fuels Itself" 4657: 4298:. London: A. & C. Black. p. xv. 4218:Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision 3843:Learn how and when to remove this message 3362:Learn how and when to remove this message 3013:Learn how and when to remove this message 2695:is considered to be the beginning of the 2462:wrote one of the first modern dystopias, 2373:" (a story involving extraterrestrials), 2327:Learn how and when to remove this message 2186:notable as the first work to describe an 1987:, albeit a scientifically explained one. 1595:Learn how and when to remove this message 1151:constructs a flying machine by tying two 715:, worlds working by a set of alternative 713:creatures as products of human technology 6161: 5834: 5691: 5282: 5100: 5098: 4740: 4738: 4616: 4614: 4187:"The Epic of Gilgamesh & SF Origins" 3374: 3247: 2785:A strong theme in modernist writing was 2643:, all of which represented the birth of 2244:explored themes of science in his novel 1998: 1611: 1536:(1788) is a novel that makes use of the 1380:(1610–11) contains a prototype for the " 1286: 913: 744: 645: 587: 520: 516: 6273: 6244: 5518: 5452: 5386:Science, Technology, & Human Values 4983: 4974: 4881: 4599: 4543:The New encyclopedia of science fiction 4431: 4374:Encyclopedia for Epics of Ancient India 4292:Andrews, Steve; Rennison, Nick (2006). 4246: 4184: 4044:comprehensively explores these themes. 1634:Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus 728:precursor. For example, English critic 592:1923 illustration of the Shakuna Vimana 508:, society, and the individual. Scholar 504:that explores the relationship between 14: 8029: 7236:Writers and Illustrators of the Future 6141: 6097: 6072: 6047: 5957: 5377:Toumey, Christopher P. (Autumn 1992). 5376: 5251: 5216: 5212: 5210: 4939: 4840: 4722:from the original on 11 September 2019 4509:. David H. J. Larmour. Leiden: Brill. 4401: 4118:List of science fiction visual artists 3950:around the start of the 21st century. 3722:. Isaac Asimov wrote the New Wave-ish 3453:published stories. Genre stories like 3032: 2881:Science fiction's impact on the public 1949:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas 1717:before returning to the 19th century. 836:(Islamic hell), and travel across the 532:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas 527:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas 6473: 6255:from the original on 21 February 2007 5861: 5478:from the original on 16 November 2006 5170: 5166: 5164: 5130: 5095: 4910: 4808: 4776: 4744: 4735: 4620: 4611: 4185:Barbini, Francesca T. (14 May 2015). 4120:(redirect from "Science fiction art") 3471:after making more money as a writer. 2659:(1927), in which the first cinematic 2555: 2276: 1934:. Verne's adventure stories, notably 1526:(1781) features prophetic inventions. 1429:Voyages et Aventures de Jacques Massé 907:dancing without strings, and a brass 749:Kaguya-hime returning to the Moon in 691:. Typical science fiction themes and 382:Internet Speculative Fiction Database 6226:from the original on 31 January 2011 6196:from the original on 16 October 2015 6123:from the original on 26 January 2021 6015: 5997:from the original on 30 October 2021 5971:from the original on 27 January 2007 5900: 5835:Taormina, Agatha (19 January 2005). 5746:from the original on 24 January 2018 5496: 4621:Yorke, Christopher (February 2006). 4573: 4537: 4295:100 Must-Read Science Fiction Novels 4265:Vas-Deyres, Natacha; Atallah, Marc. 3825:adding citations to reliable sources 3796: 3469:Boston University School of Medicine 3340:adding citations to reliable sources 3307: 2995:adding citations to reliable sources 2966: 2870:The Dispossessed:An Ambiguous Utopia 2724:(who died in 1924) and the works of 2702: 2504:(1886–1950), whose four major works 2420:, the latter of whom wrote a novel, 2309:adding citations to reliable sources 2280: 1577:adding citations to reliable sources 1548: 1396:(1627), an incomplete utopian novel. 464:early fantastical works such as the 6499: 6441:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 6436:. Cambridge University Press, 2003. 5798:from the original on 1 January 2020 5772:from the original on 1 January 2020 5729: 5679:from the original on 7 October 2012 5474:. Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK. 5287:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. 5207: 5139:Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5073: 5016:One Thousand and One Arabian Nights 4628:Journal of Evolution and Technology 4474: 4124:Russian science fiction and fantasy 3143:was adapted from a Campbell story, 2689:Astounding Stories of Super-Science 2456:(1921) was itself science fiction. 1695:: Aleksandr Filippovich Makedonskii 1031:. For example, it was through this 543:Ancient and early modern precursors 530:illustration by Neuville and Riou. 393:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 24: 6397:Science Fiction Handbook, Revised. 6378:Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1981. 6371:Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1960. 6339: 5945:from the original on 15 April 2021 5882:from the original on 15 April 2021 5358:from the original on 31 March 2015 5336:. pp. 781–842. Archived from 5161: 2395:and a story about an irresistible 2004:Leaving the opera in the year 2000 1937:Journey to the Center of the Earth 1881: 1760:Jean-Baptiste Cousin de Grainville 1518:Nicolas-Edmé Restif de la Bretonne 1496:(1741) is an early example of the 606:(5th to 4th century BCE) includes 25: 8053: 6323:from the original on 11 June 2015 5602:. Microsoft. 2006. Archived from 5440:from the original on 12 June 2008 5149:from the original on 4 April 2015 5108:. 6 February 2008. Archived from 4545:. New York: Viking. p. 249. 4380:from the original on 30 July 2020 4367: 4349:from the original on 27 July 2011 4273:from the original on 30 July 2020 3630:to explore language and society. 2956: 2938:dropping of the atom bomb in 1945 2619:arose through the medium of the " 2438:, with the human child raised by 1701:novel and the first novel to use 654:One frequently cited text is the 561:." French science fiction writer 61:List of alternate history fiction 8009: 8000: 7999: 6584:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic 6348:Ed. David Seed. Blackwell, 2005. 5519:Chanter, Rachel (23 June 2020). 4639:from the original on 16 May 2006 4503:Lucian's science fiction novel, 4113:History of science fiction films 4092: 3986:, with the critically acclaimed 3801: 3312: 2971: 2285: 1908: 1896: 1807:Napoleon et la Conquête du Monde 1553: 1493:Niels Klim's Underground Travels 1473:Memoirs of the Twentieth Century 412: 35: 6346:A Companion to Science Fiction. 6267: 5983: 5918: 5862:Ewald, Robert J. (April 2006). 5855: 5810: 5784: 5758: 5723: 5697: 5661: 5640: 5618: 5563: 5538: 5512: 5490: 5472:Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 5370: 5344: 5322: 5309: 5276: 5245: 5124: 5067: 5041: 5006: 4933: 4913:The Arabian Nights: A Companion 4904: 4875: 4834: 4814:The Arabian Nights: A Companion 4802: 4782:The Arabian Nights: A Companion 4770: 4750:The Arabian Nights: A Companion 4651: 4593: 4567: 4531: 4507:: interpretation and commentary 4494: 4468: 4132:(section "Origins and history") 3931:which was also adapted into an 3812:needs additional citations for 3559: 3068:"Golden Age of science fiction" 2982:needs additional citations for 2391:). He also wrote a story about 2296:needs additional citations for 2075:, who wrote the earliest known 2041:Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam 1851:La Pluralité des Mondes Habités 1564:needs additional citations for 7961:Science and technology studies 5837:"A History of Science Fiction" 4605:Collected ancient Greek novels 4501:Georgiadou, Aristoula (1998). 4425: 4361: 4320: 4285: 4258: 4240: 4178: 3304:The New Wave and its aftermath 3149:Invasion of the Body Snatchers 3128:Invasion of the Body Snatchers 2691:in 1930. Campbell's tenure at 2635:, while Weird Tales published 2570:dates in part from 1926, when 2540:, a writer also comparable to 2493:and Edgar Rice Burroughs' own 2006:, hand-coloured lithograph by 13: 1: 6109:. Routledge. pp. 80–89. 5352:"The Book of John Mandeville" 5258:Studies in the Age of Chaucer 4331:; Govindaraju, S. P. (1974). 4171: 4108:History of interstellar space 3982:, and the emerging medium of 3774:more than with the New Wave. 3614:Also in 1965 French director 3396:A Treasury of Science Fiction 3162:The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms 3105:The Golden Age in other media 3027:Golden Age of Science Fiction 2963:Golden Age of Science Fiction 2697:Golden Age of science fiction 2073:Begum Roquia Sakhawat Hussain 1973:), and shows an awareness of 1963:points about his society. In 1862:The Steam Man of the Prairies 1834:Slovak author Gustáv Reuss's 1170:Historia destructionis Troiae 779:The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter 752:The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter 6054:Nightfall, and other stories 5669:"U.Va. Web Map: Pavilion IX" 5131:Fancy, Nahyan A. G. (2006). 4890:. pp. 148–9 and 217–9. 4690:Richardson, Matthew (2001). 3855: 3793:Science fiction in the 1980s 3719:The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress 3390:Adventures in Time and Space 3140:The Thing from Another World 3074:attached themselves to him. 2893:produced a radio version of 2383:" (a story involving future 2349:Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz 1713:, and goes on a voyage with 1072:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne 1021:anatomy, biology, physiology 7: 7505:Space stations and habitats 6414:Science Fiction after 1900. 5600:Encarta Online Encyclopedia 4581:. V. Gollancz. p. 28. 4166:Timeline of science fiction 4085: 3628:apocalyptic science fiction 2782:to the world's vocabulary. 2196:published in 1871 the tale 1995:Late 19th-century expansion 1727:The Legend of the Centuries 1196:persistent vegetative state 1049:in the early 20th century. 921:One Thousand and One Nights 860:, and other forms of life. 813:One Thousand and One Nights 810:Several stories within the 799:One Thousand and One Nights 764: 600:such as the Hindu epic the 579:apocalyptic science fiction 400:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 387:List of Japanese SF writers 10: 8058: 6376:Asimov on Science Fiction. 5398:10.1177/016224399201700401 4952:Cambridge University Press 4853:Cambridge University Press 4191:Sci-fi and Fantasy Network 3942: 3859: 3713:Stranger in a Strange Land 3570:In 1960, British novelist 3566:New Wave (science fiction) 3563: 3491:Precursors to the New Wave 3047:Astounding Science Fiction 2960: 2930:Astounding Science Fiction 2684:Astounding Science Fiction 2666:was seen, and the Italian 2559: 2429:Stranger in a Strange Land 2202:weapon of mass destruction 2136:published a short story, " 1943:From the Earth to the Moon 1885: 803: 7994: 7951:Museum of Science Fiction 7908: 7896:Christian science fiction 7888: 7860:Self-replicating machines 7821: 7735: 7704: 7608: 7523: 7480: 7471: 7407: 7386: 7350: 7305: 7298: 7249: 7006: 6985: 6978: 6872: 6819: 6812: 6758: 6579: 6572: 6507: 6453:. Second ed. Orbit, 1993. 6420:Medieval Science Fiction. 6021:"Ready, Aim—Extrapolate!" 5816:Martindale, C.C. (1916). 5252:Ingham, Patricia (2009). 4960:10.1017/S0041977X00141540 4861:10.1017/S0041977X00141540 4658:Rosenberg, Donna (1997). 3219:The Quatermass Experiment 3159:on a Heinlein novel, and 2536:, the father of "modern" 2381:The Unparalleled Invasion 1186:has the body of the hero 970:(c. 1270), also known as 959:Other medieval literature 918:Arabic manuscript of the 824:Bulukiya's quest for the 679:to comment on the use of 477:and major discoveries in 6466:. Greenwood Press, 2005. 6416:Twayne Publishers, 1997. 6245:Hayward, Philip (1993). 6162:Browning, Tonya (1993). 6057:. Doubleday. p. 93. 5906:"The Day After Tomorrow" 5354:. Rochester University. 5283:Lightsey, Scott (2007). 5143:University of Notre Dame 4148:Science fiction magazine 4142:Science fiction in China 3460:A Canticle for Leibowitz 2927:to visit the offices of 2544:, who wrote the classic 2087:Charlotte Perkins Gilman 2077:feminist science fiction 1954:science fiction novelist 1825:Star ou Psi de Cassiopée 1813:of a world conquered by 1775:Historian Félix Bodin's 1545:19th-century transitions 965:Arabic theological novel 7829:Artificial intelligence 7727:Simulated consciousness 6393:Catherine Crook de Camp 6190:"SF TIMELINE 1960–1970" 5434:Encyclopædia Britannica 5021:Oxford University Press 4984:Pinault, David (1992). 4917:Tauris Parke Paperbacks 4882:Pinault, David (1992). 4818:Tauris Parke Paperbacks 4786:Tauris Parke Paperbacks 4754:Tauris Parke Paperbacks 4154:Serbian science fiction 3608:The Chronicles of Amber 3599:, whose novels such as 3175:The Day of the Triffids 2766:The Life of the Insects 2478:Under the Moons of Mars 2404:Aerial Board of Control 2198:The Case of Summerfield 2065:Bengali science fiction 1785:Le Monde Tel Qu'il Sera 1699:Russian science fiction 1504:Louis-Sébastien Mercier 1099:Floris and Blancheflour 675:and conversations with 7981:Technology and society 6849:Science Fiction Museum 6383:The Ultimate Cyberpunk 6354:, and David Hargrove. 6280:The ultimate cyberpunk 6082:Galaxy Science Fiction 6029:(editorial). p. 4 5911:Galaxy Science Fiction 5550:www.paradoxparkway.com 4911:Irwin, Robert (2003). 4718:(85). September 2002. 4254:. Garland. p. 12. 4130:Science fiction fandom 3529:, Burroughs published 3432:The Martian Chronicles 2936:Asimov said that "The 2617:science fiction fandom 2538:French science fiction 2011: 1624: 1522: 1508: 1444: 1428: 1354: 1306:to the Moon, first in 1295: 1182:. In the former, King 1176: 1168: 1141: 1104: 1082: 1070: 1046:Theologus Autodidactus 1045: 993:spontaneous generation 973:Theologus Autodidactus 924: 895:inhabitants, lifelike 879:expedition across the 755: 701:interplanetary warfare 651: 593: 539: 8037:History of literature 7580:Organ transplantation 6839:Libraries and museums 6760:Cyberpunk derivatives 6714:Utopian and dystopian 6399:Owlswick Press, 1975. 5315:E. R. Truitt (2009). 5293:10.1057/9780230605640 5231:10.1353/con.2006.0006 5075:Khammas, Achmed A. W. 4475:Swanson, Roy Arthur. 3925:, and the 1989 manga 3917:anime film adaptation 3738:2001: A Space Odyssey 3539:technique called the 3523:postmodern literature 3409:during World War II; 3375:Mainstream publishers 3248:End of the Golden Age 3042:John W. Campbell, Jr. 2896:The War of the Worlds 2755:The Makropulos Affair 2621:Letters to the Editor 2450:, whose longest work 2418:Robert Anson Heinlein 2029:could one day become 2002: 1980:The War of the Worlds 1615: 1440:Simon Tyssot de Patot 1424:Simon Tyssot de Patot 1290: 1080:among the first. The 1041:pulmonary circulation 951:elements such as the 947:society, and certain 917: 748: 705:planetary imperialism 673:voyage to outer space 649: 591: 571:quest for immortality 559:The Epic of Gilgamesh 524: 517:Early science fiction 475:scientific revolution 7931:Fictional technology 7926:Fictional astronauts 7783:Frankenstein complex 6103:"Fiction, 1950–1963" 5499:"Billion Year Spree" 4136:Science fiction film 4046:Lois McMaster Bujold 4026:, as well as a post- 3821:improve this article 3779:hard science fiction 3772:soft science fiction 3637:of writers, dubbed " 3519:William S. Burroughs 3455:Walter M. Miller Jr. 3415:Simon & Schuster 3336:improve this section 3270:, and most notably, 3211:Classics Illustrated 2991:improve this article 2838:Nineteen Eighty-Four 2633:Armageddon 2419 A.D. 2470:Edgar Rice Burroughs 2305:improve this article 2256:A Connecticut Yankee 2209:Edward Page Mitchell 2194:William Henry Rhodes 2188:artificial satellite 2184:The Atlantic Monthy, 2172:minister and writer 2164:hard science fiction 2148:John Leonard Riddell 2127:A Voyage to the Moon 2053:Professor Challenger 1869:Edward Bulwer-Lytton 1777:Le Roman de l'Avenir 1573:improve this article 1335:The Man in the Moone 1320:, 1634), which both 1293:The Man in the Moone 1242:Mandeville's Travels 1220:Mandeville's Travels 1105:Le Roman d'Alexandre 1052:During the European 1025:astronomy, cosmology 1017:scientific knowledge 583:fantastic literature 7971:Speculative fiction 7565:Genetic engineering 6409:Signet Books, 1967. 6389:de Camp, L. Sprague 6357:Trillion Year Spree 6084:. pp. 142–150. 5993:. 28 October 2016. 5843:on 18 February 2005 4162:(section "History") 4160:Speculative fiction 4156:(section "History") 4138:(section "History") 4058:Pattern Recognition 3725:The Gods Themselves 3664:original anthology 3622:used the medium of 3525:. With the help of 3487:left the industry. 2947:Roswell, New Mexico 2943:flying saucer crash 2866:Ursula K. Le Guin's 2677:In the late 1930s, 2550:La Mort de la Terre 2448:George Bernard Shaw 2444:indirect exposition 2432:can be compared to 2409:The Army of a Dream 2355:), mechanical men ( 2174:Edward Everett Hale 2106:Nathaniel Hawthorne 2010:(late 19th century) 1924:scientific romances 1715:Alexander the Great 1200:autonomic processes 1164:suspended animation 1149:Alexander the Great 866:primitive communism 826:herb of immortality 138:Legendary creatures 45:Speculative fiction 7798:Message from space 7763:Ancient astronauts 7651:Parallel universes 7626:Extrasolar planets 7533:Biological warfare 6655:Parallel universes 6537:Scientific romance 6407:Dangerous Visions. 6170:on 8 December 2006 6078:"Galaxy Bookshelf" 5630:writershistory.com 5606:on 28 October 2009 5145:. pp. 232–3. 5112:on 6 February 2008 4992:. pp. 10–11. 4820:. pp. 211–2. 4712:"Once Upon a Time" 4402:Fredericks, S. C. 4340:Scientific Opinion 3979:Ghost in the Shell 3928:Ghost in the Shell 3744:A Clockwork Orange 3060:Robert A. Heinlein 2771:War with the Newts 2741:later, during the 2606:Astounding Stories 2556:Birth of the pulps 2507:Last and First Men 2460:Robert Hugh Benson 2453:Back to Methuselah 2277:Early 20th century 2219:Scribner's Monthly 2110:Fitz-James O'Brien 2049:Arthur Conan Doyle 2012: 1888:Scientific romance 1847:Camille Flammarion 1643:Billion Year Spree 1625: 1461:Gulliver's Travels 1448:(1720) features a 1432:(1710) features a 1400:Margaret Cavendish 1340:Cyrano de Bergerac 1296: 1162:States similar to 1133:Alexander romances 1001:apocalyptic themes 925: 756: 725:L. Sprague de Camp 660:Lucian of Samosata 652: 623:Hindu mythological 594: 540: 372:Fictional universe 8024: 8023: 7916:Alternate history 7904: 7903: 7865:Simulated reality 7595:Sex and sexuality 7548:Extraterrestrials 7467: 7466: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7031:Campbell Memorial 6808: 6807: 6677:Planetary romance 6369:New Maps of Hell. 6313:"Shards of Honor" 5739:Forgotten Futures 5636:on 25 April 2015. 5626:"Kipling Rudyard" 5596:"Science Fiction" 5546:"PARADOX PARKWAY" 5468:"Mary W. Shelley" 5430:"Science Fiction" 5415:on 9 August 2017. 5302:978-1-349-53502-6 4601:Reardon, Bryan P. 4481:DePauw University 4412:DePauw University 4305:978-1-4081-0371-5 4233:978-0-19-502174-5 4100:Literature portal 4030:interest in post- 4001:cyberpunk fashion 3919:, the 1985 anime 3853: 3852: 3845: 3763:Ursula K. Le Guin 3692:Theodore Sturgeon 3684:Ursula K. Le Guin 3672:Second Revolution 3667:Dangerous Visions 3507:Waiting for Godot 3485:Robert Silverberg 3481:Theodore Sturgeon 3465:Barry N. Malzberg 3372: 3371: 3364: 3170:cosy catastrophes 3023: 3022: 3015: 2915:were developed. " 2748:Czech playwright 2703:Modernist writing 2681:became editor of 2464:Lord of the World 2423:Starship Troopers 2337: 2336: 2329: 2207:The newspaperman 2039:by French author 1811:alternate history 1692:Predki Kalimerosa 1688:Alexander Veltman 1605: 1604: 1597: 1304:imaginary voyages 1211:The House of Fame 1143:Confessio Amantis 1118:The Squire's Tale 1058:chivalric romance 989:theological novel 685:travel literature 565:also argued that 550:Epic of Gilgamesh 470:Epic of Gilgamesh 453: 452: 377:Fictional species 322:Fiction magazines 240:Fiction magazines 111:Fiction magazines 54:Alternate history 16:(Redirected from 8049: 8013: 8003: 8002: 7841:Astroengineering 7773:Evil corporation 7500:Matrioshka brain 7478: 7477: 7417:List of TV shows 7303: 7302: 6983: 6982: 6817: 6816: 6687:Sword and planet 6577: 6576: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6470: 6434:Farah Mendlesohn 6412:Landon, Brooks. 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6095: 6086: 6085: 6076:(October 1965). 6070: 6059: 6058: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5904:(October 1965). 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5832: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5707:. Archived from 5699:Poe, Edgar Allan 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5632:. Archived from 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5408:. Archived from 5392:(4). Sage: 417. 5383: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5326: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5173:Modern Philology 5168: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5051:. Archived from 5045: 5039: 5038: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4990:Brill Publishers 4981: 4972: 4971: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4888:Brill Publishers 4879: 4873: 4872: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4742: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4705: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4337: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4221: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4182: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4013:retro-futuristic 3848: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3805: 3797: 3680:Samuel R. Delany 3662:Harlan Ellison's 3653:Michael Moorcock 3635:1960s generation 3633:In Britain, the 3576:New Maps of Hell 3367: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3316: 3308: 3264:, a resurrected 3181:The Kraken Wakes 3157:Destination Moon 3134:Forbidden Planet 3116:Destination Moon 3083:L. Ron Hubbard's 3056:Arthur C. Clarke 3018: 3011: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2975: 2967: 2814:Yevgeny Zamyatin 2768:, and the novel 2728:writers such as 2679:John W. Campbell 2629:Skylark of Space 2530:J.-H. Rosny aîné 2483:murder mysteries 2414:John W. Campbell 2389:ethnic cleansing 2339:American author 2332: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2289: 2281: 2236:Looking Backward 2231:Looking Backward 2067:authors such as 1991:didactic point. 1966:The Time Machine 1912: 1900: 1765:Le Dernier Homme 1738:fiction, called 1621:Richard Rothwell 1600: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1557: 1549: 1530:Giacomo Casanova 1525: 1513: 1447: 1431: 1417:The Consolidator 1359: 1207:Geoffrey Chaucer 1181: 1173: 1146: 1114:Geoffrey Chaucer 1107: 1087: 1075: 1048: 788:extraterrestrial 769: 677:alien life forms 445: 438: 431: 417: 416: 39: 32: 31: 21: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8042:Science fiction 8027: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8019: 7990: 7966:Sense of wonder 7900: 7884: 7817: 7813:Xenoarchaeology 7788:Galactic empire 7743:Africanfuturism 7731: 7700: 7604: 7519: 7463: 7403: 7382: 7346: 7286: 7245: 7008: 7002: 6974: 6868: 6804: 6754: 6731:Techno-thriller 6699:Climate fiction 6667:Science fantasy 6621:Anime and manga 6568: 6527:Anthropological 6503: 6501:Science fiction 6498: 6403:Ellison, Harlan 6374:Asimov, Isaac. 6361:Atheneum, 1986. 6342: 6340:Further reading 6337: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6319:. 10 May 2004. 6311: 6310: 6306: 6291: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6160: 6156: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6096: 6089: 6071: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5939: 5923: 5919: 5914:. pp. 4–7. 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5747: 5731:Rowland, Marcus 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5711:on 27 June 2006 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5464:Nicholls, Peter 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5381: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5340:on 11 May 2015. 5328: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5281: 5277: 5270:10.17613/m64x2f 5250: 5246: 5215: 5208: 5169: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5055:on 30 June 2017 5047: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4982: 4975: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4919:. p. 213. 4909: 4905: 4898: 4880: 4876: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4788:. p. 204. 4775: 4771: 4764: 4756:. p. 209. 4743: 4736: 4725: 4723: 4710: 4702: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4666:. p. 421. 4656: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4619: 4612: 4598: 4594: 4572: 4568: 4553: 4536: 4532: 4517: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4473: 4469: 4446:10.2307/1348255 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4400: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4335: 4325: 4321: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4263: 4259: 4248:del Rey, Lester 4245: 4241: 4234: 4212:Scholes, Robert 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4041:The Diamond Age 4036:Neal Stephenson 3956:Johnny Mnemonic 3947: 3941: 3896:Neal Stephenson 3864: 3858: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3818: 3806: 3795: 3733:Stanley Kubrick 3657:French New Wave 3616:Jean-Luc Godard 3605:and his famous 3568: 3562: 3554:beat generation 3545:deconstructions 3543:and postmodern 3513:H. P. Lovecraft 3493: 3377: 3368: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3333: 3317: 3306: 3267:Amazing Stories 3250: 3205:, published by 3107: 3038: 3019: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2988: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2890:Mercury Theatre 2883: 2875:Kurt Vonnegut's 2826:Brave New World 2800:dystopian novel 2705: 2637:Edmond Hamilton 2595:Amazing Stories 2582:Amazing Stories 2577:Amazing Stories 2564: 2558: 2435:The Jungle Book 2333: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2302: 2290: 2279: 2134:Edgar Allan Poe 2114:Edgar Allan Poe 2101: 2082:Sultana's Dream 2057:Rudyard Kipling 2045:Sherlock Holmes 1997: 1985:deus ex machina 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1890: 1884: 1882:Verne and Wells 1874:The Coming Race 1857:Edward S. Ellis 1821:C.I. Defontenay 1781:Emile Souvestre 1610: 1601: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1570: 1558: 1547: 1308:Johannes Kepler 1256: 1147:, for example, 968:Fādil ibn Nātiq 961: 897:humanoid robots 889:mummified queen 808: 802: 671:, which uses a 662:'s 2nd-century 573:. In addition, 545: 519: 461:science fiction 449: 411: 406: 405: 367: 359: 358: 302: 292: 291: 213:Climate fiction 193: 191:Science fiction 183: 182: 91: 89:Fantasy fiction 81: 80: 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8055: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8007: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7956:Rubber science 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7936:Future history 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7758:Alien language 7755: 7753:Alien invasion 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7717:Mind uploading 7714: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7575:Nanotechnology 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7510:Stellar engine 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7486: 7484: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7012: 7010: 7007:Literary, art, 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6454: 6451:Peter Nicholls 6437: 6423: 6417: 6410: 6400: 6386: 6381:Cadigan, Pat. 6379: 6372: 6365:Amis, Kingsley 6362: 6349: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6304: 6289: 6266: 6237: 6207: 6181: 6154: 6134: 6115: 6087: 6060: 6040: 6008: 5982: 5956: 5937: 5917: 5902:Pohl, Frederik 5893: 5874: 5854: 5822: 5809: 5783: 5757: 5722: 5690: 5660: 5639: 5617: 5587: 5562: 5537: 5511: 5489: 5451: 5418: 5369: 5343: 5321: 5308: 5301: 5275: 5244: 5225:(2): 167–193. 5219:Configurations 5206: 5185:10.1086/386901 5179:(4): 511–526. 5160: 5123: 5094: 5066: 5040: 5033: 5005: 4998: 4973: 4932: 4925: 4903: 4896: 4874: 4833: 4826: 4801: 4794: 4769: 4762: 4734: 4700: 4679: 4672: 4650: 4610: 4592: 4575:Amis, Kingsley 4566: 4551: 4541:, ed. (1988). 4539:Gunn, James E. 4530: 4515: 4505:True Histories 4493: 4467: 4424: 4391: 4368:Gibbs, Laura. 4360: 4319: 4304: 4284: 4257: 4239: 4232: 4203: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4087: 4084: 4024:nanotechnology 3940: 3937: 3888:Bruce Sterling 3878:William Gibson 3860:Main article: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3809: 3807: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3767:Philip K. Dick 3708:Future History 3688:Norman Spinrad 3561: 3558: 3496:Samuel Beckett 3492: 3489: 3413:in 1950, then 3376: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3320: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3295:. The rise of 3279:Under editors 3249: 3246: 3167:John Wyndham's 3151:were based on 3106: 3103: 3037: 3031: 3021: 3020: 2979: 2977: 2970: 2958: 2957:The Golden Age 2955: 2921:Cleve Cartmill 2886:Orson Welles's 2882: 2879: 2861:Fahrenheit 451 2857:Ray Bradbury's 2816:'s 1920 novel 2809:Ralph 124C 41+ 2804:Hugo Gernsback 2738:Virginia Woolf 2704: 2701: 2612:Wonder Stories 2591:sensationalism 2586:scientifiction 2572:Hugo Gernsback 2557: 2554: 2502:Olaf Stapledon 2474:pulp magazines 2335: 2334: 2293: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2250:. By means of 2226:Edward Bellamy 2179:The Brick Moon 2100: 2097: 2036:The Future Eve 2021:is a novel by 1996: 1993: 1914: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1866: 1854: 1843: 1832: 1829:Olaf Stapledon 1818: 1803:Louis Geoffroy 1800: 1791:Jane C. Loudon 1788: 1773: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1561: 1559: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1527: 1515: 1501: 1488:Ludvig Holberg 1485: 1478:guardian angel 1465: 1456:Jonathan Swift 1453: 1437: 1421: 1409: 1397: 1385: 1330:Francis Godwin 1255: 1252: 1084:Roman de Troie 960: 957: 949:Arabian Nights 877:archaeological 873:Arabian Nights 830:Garden of Eden 818:Arabian Nights 804:Main article: 801: 796: 616:collection of 563:Pierre Versins 555:Lester del Rey 544: 541: 518: 515: 510:Robert Scholes 457:literary genre 451: 450: 448: 447: 440: 433: 425: 422: 421: 408: 407: 404: 403: 396: 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 335: 334: 324: 319: 314: 309: 303: 300:Horror fiction 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 258: 257: 247: 242: 237: 236: 235: 230: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 194: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 134: 133: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 92: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 73: 71:Sidewise Award 68: 63: 57: 52: 51: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8054: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8006: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7946:Magic realism 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822:Technological 7820: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7803:Transhumanism 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7778:First contact 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705:Psychological 7703: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7676:Teleportation 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7656:Portable hole 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7482:Architectural 7479: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7378:Short stories 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7201:Tähtivaeltaja 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6648:Space Western 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6633:Space warfare 6631: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6465: 6464:Gary Westfahl 6461: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385:iBooks, 2002. 6384: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 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June 2006. 6221: 6217: 6211: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6143:Asimov, Isaac 6138: 6122: 6118: 6116:9781135228361 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6074:Budrys, Algis 6069: 6067: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6049:Asimov, Isaac 6044: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6012: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5944: 5940: 5938:9783030193263 5934: 5930: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5912: 5908:. Editorial. 5907: 5903: 5897: 5881: 5877: 5875:9781557422187 5871: 5867: 5866: 5858: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5500: 5493: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5036: 5034:0-19-275013-5 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4999:90-04-09530-6 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4936: 4928: 4926:1-86064-983-1 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4897:90-04-09530-6 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4827:1-86064-983-1 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810:Irwin, Robert 4805: 4797: 4795:1-86064-983-1 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778:Irwin, Robert 4773: 4765: 4763:1-86064-983-1 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4746:Irwin, Robert 4741: 4739: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4701:1-875684-64-6 4697: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4673:0-8442-5780-X 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4552:0-670-81041-X 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4516:90-04-10667-7 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4396: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4288: 4272: 4269:(in French). 4268: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4072:Ken MacLeod's 4069: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020:biotechnology 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3951: 3946: 3945:Postcyberpunk 3936: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3915:and its 1988 3914: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3876:authors like 3875: 3870: 3863: 3847: 3844: 3836: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3810:This section 3808: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3790: 3788: 3787:Poul Anderson 3784: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3755:, depicted a 3754: 3753:Soylent Green 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3700:J. G. Ballard 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602:Lord of Light 3598: 3597:Roger Zelazny 3594: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3583:Frank Herbert 3579: 3577: 3573: 3572:Kingsley Amis 3567: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3501:The Unnamable 3497: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407:crime fiction 3405: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3366: 3363: 3355: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3321:This section 3319: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285:Frederik Pohl 3282: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3229:Captain Video 3225: 3221: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3202:Weird Fantasy 3198: 3197: 3196:Weird Science 3192: 3191: 3190:Planet Comics 3185: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3014: 3006: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2980:This section 2978: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2833:George Orwell 2830: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2641:Crashing Suns 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2623:" columns of 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2562:Pulp magazine 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2397:energy weapon 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2376:The Iron Heel 2372: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2361:Tik-Tok of Oz 2358: 2357:Tik-Tok of Oz 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:L. Frank Baum 2331: 2328: 2320: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2294:This section 2292: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2154:in 1847 on a 2153: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124:George Tucker 2121: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:Samuel Butler 2020: 2019: 2009: 2008:Albert Robida 2005: 2001: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1911: 1899: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:gothic horror 1656: 1655:mad scientist 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:mad scientist 1636: 1635: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1599: 1596: 1588: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1562:This section 1560: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1468:Samuel Madden 1466: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1388:Francis Bacon 1386: 1383: 1382:mad scientist 1379: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1365:Age of Reason 1361: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:Age of Reason 1294: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:Enlightenment 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229:Cynoencephali 1226: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1198:during which 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1178:Roman d’Eneas 1172: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1063: 1060:and legends. 1059: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 979: 975: 974: 969: 966: 956: 954: 953:flying carpet 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 923: 922: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814: 807: 800: 795: 793: 792:flying saucer 789: 785: 781: 780: 775: 774: 768: 767: 766:Urashima Tarō 761: 760:Japanese tale 754: 753: 747: 743: 740: 736: 731: 730:Kingsley Amis 726: 722: 718: 717:physical laws 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669: 665: 661: 657: 648: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629: 624: 619: 615: 614: 609: 605: 604: 599: 598:Indian poetry 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 514: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 471: 467: 462: 458: 446: 441: 439: 434: 432: 427: 426: 424: 423: 420: 415: 410: 409: 402: 401: 397: 395: 394: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 366:Miscellaneous 363: 362: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 333: 330: 329: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 301: 296: 295: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 262:Organizations 260: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 192: 187: 186: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 132: 131:Early history 129: 128: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 90: 85: 84: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 66:Retrofuturism 64: 62: 59: 58: 55: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7976:Supernatural 7748:Afrofuturism 7661:Space travel 7570:Invisibility 7538:Energy being 7515:Terraforming 7495:Dyson sphere 7490:Colonization 7422:Australasian 7315:Film history 7096:Grand Master 6553: 6456: 6439: 6430:Edward James 6425: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6396: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6355: 6345: 6325:. 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Retrieved 5346: 5338:the original 5333: 5324: 5316: 5311: 5284: 5278: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5222: 5218: 5176: 5172: 5153:18 September 5151:. Retrieved 5138: 5133: 5126: 5114:. Retrieved 5110:the original 5085:. Retrieved 5081: 5069: 5057:. Retrieved 5053:the original 5043: 5015: 5008: 4985: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4912: 4906: 4883: 4877: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4813: 4804: 4781: 4772: 4749: 4726:17 September 4724:. Retrieved 4716:Emerald City 4715: 4691: 4659: 4653: 4641:. Retrieved 4635:(1): 73–85. 4632: 4626: 4604: 4595: 4578: 4569: 4542: 4533: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4484:. Retrieved 4470: 4440:(2): 25–47. 4437: 4433: 4427: 4415:. Retrieved 4406:True History 4405: 4382:. Retrieved 4373: 4363: 4351:. Retrieved 4339: 4322: 4294: 4287: 4275:. Retrieved 4260: 4251: 4242: 4217: 4206: 4194:. Retrieved 4190: 4180: 4077: 4065: 4063: 4056: 4054: 4039: 4017: 3994: 3987: 3977: 3971: 3961: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3926: 3920: 3910: 3900: 3894:, and later 3892:John Shirley 3881: 3865: 3839: 3830: 3819:Please help 3814:verification 3811: 3776: 3761: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3696:John Brunner 3676: 3671: 3665: 3646: 3639:The New Wave 3632: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3586: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3560:The New Wave 3530: 3527:Jack Kerouac 3517: 3505: 3499: 3494: 3476:Algis Budrys 3473: 3458: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3381:Arkham House 3378: 3358: 3349: 3334:Please help 3322: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3239: 3235:Flash Gordon 3233: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3172:, including 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3094: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3052:Isaac Asimov 3045: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3009: 3000: 2989:Please help 2984:verification 2981: 2935: 2928: 2909:Foo fighters 2905:World War II 2902: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2807: 2797: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2706: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2671: 2654: 2649: 2640: 2624: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2565: 2549: 2545: 2523: 2522:(1937), and 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2477: 2468: 2458: 2451: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2407: 2401: 2393:invisibility 2385:germ warfare 2374: 2365: 2353:Glinda of Oz 2338: 2323: 2314: 2303:Please help 2298:verification 2295: 2271: 2267:anti-gravity 2262: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2192: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2131: 2126: 2117: 2102: 2090: 2080: 2034: 2016: 2013: 2003: 1989: 1978: 1964: 1958: 1947: 1946:(1865), and 1941: 1935: 1921: 1872: 1860: 1850: 1838: 1836:Gustáv Reuss 1824: 1806: 1794: 1784: 1776: 1770:The Last Man 1769: 1763: 1754: 1743: 1740:20th century 1739: 1725: 1719: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1680:The Last Man 1678: 1651:Frankenstein 1650: 1647:Brian Aldiss 1642: 1632: 1629:Mary Shelley 1626: 1617:Mary Shelley 1591: 1582: 1571:Please help 1566:verification 1563: 1538:hollow Earth 1533: 1498:Hollow Earth 1491: 1471: 1459: 1450:Hollow Earth 1415: 1412:Daniel Defoe 1403: 1393:New Atlantis 1391: 1375: 1362: 1343: 1333: 1326:Isaac Asimov 1317: 1311: 1297: 1292: 1271: 1257: 1247:geographical 1240: 1218: 1204: 1161: 1130: 1128:techniques. 1097: 1093: 1051: 1009:resurrection 985:Ibn al-Nafis 971: 967: 962: 948: 940: 926: 919: 903:, seductive 885:King Solomon 872: 870: 862: 817: 811: 809: 798: 777: 771: 757: 750: 739:True History 738: 735:space operas 721:Morning Star 697:True History 696: 681:exaggeration 668:True History 666: 656:Syrian-Greek 653: 626: 611: 601: 595: 574: 566: 558: 548: 546: 531: 525: 491: 468: 454: 398: 391: 249: 29: 7834:AI takeover 7681:Time travel 7641:Inertialess 7631:Force field 7621:Black holes 7590:Prosthetics 7452:Live-action 7221:Translation 7216:Tour-Apollo 7091:Golden Duck 6993:Jules Verne 6859:Women in SF 6824:Conventions 6709:Libertarian 6672:Dying Earth 6643:Space opera 6611:Inner space 6522:Definitions 6317:NESFA Press 6099:Latham, Rob 6033:30 November 6017:Gold, H. L. 6001:24 November 5792:"C.C. Dail" 5653:29 December 5580:29 December 5460:Clute, John 5116:29 December 5087:29 December 5059:29 December 5023:. pp. 4664:McGraw-Hill 4486:29 December 4417:29 December 4067:Kiln People 4034:societies; 3984:video games 3922:Megazone 23 3883:Neuromancer 3783:Larry Niven 3550:linguistics 3532:Naked Lunch 3385:Gnome Press 3261:If magazine 3241:Buck Rogers 3153:Jack Finney 3087:Scientology 2750:Karel Čapek 2734:T. S. Eliot 2730:James Joyce 2722:Franz Kafka 2645:space opera 2600:Weird Tales 2548:(1887) and 2546:Les Xipehuz 2542:H. G. Wells 2371:The Red One 2367:Jack London 2069:Sukumar Ray 1932:Jules Verne 1915:H. G. Wells 1903:Jules Verne 1845:Astronomer 1827:(1854), an 1809:(1836), an 1779:(1834) and 1722:Victor Hugo 1703:time travel 1482:time travel 1377:The Tempest 1372:Shakespeare 1268:Thomas More 1239:. However, 1108:, while in 1054:Middle Ages 1005:eschatology 905:marionettes 822:protagonist 709:giganticism 707:, motif of 641:time travel 628:Mahabharata 536:Jules Verne 487:mathematics 317:Conventions 228:Conventions 163:Superheroes 106:Fantasy art 8031:Categories 7870:Spacecraft 7846:Holography 7712:Group mind 7691:Warp drive 7646:Multiverse 7636:Hyperspace 7525:Biological 7409:Television 7373:Publishers 7351:Literature 7250:Multimedia 7166:Prometheus 7101:Grand Prix 7016:Astounding 6880:Australian 6785:Dieselpunk 6750:Underwater 6549:Golden Age 6447:John Clute 6327:17 January 6283:. Ibooks. 6259:17 January 6230:6 December 6200:17 January 6174:19 January 6127:18 October 5886:18 October 5847:16 January 5715:17 January 5683:22 October 5610:17 January 5482:17 January 5444:17 January 5141:(Thesis). 4404:"Lucian's 4329:Prabhu, A. 4172:References 4079:John Clute 4050:Vorkosigan 4009:Dieselpunk 3995:Metal Gear 3962:The Matrix 3943:See also: 3933:anime film 3648:New Worlds 3643:surrealism 3620:Alphaville 3574:published 3564:See also: 3419:Scribner's 3404:hardboiled 3293:Astounding 3099:Astounding 3095:Astounding 3034:Astounding 2961:See also: 2873:, much of 2788:alienation 2714:experience 2693:Astounding 2672:Metropolis 2656:Metropolis 2651:Fritz Lang 2560:See also: 2532:, born in 2519:Star Maker 2345:Land of Oz 2269:ointment. 2242:Mark Twain 1928:H.G. Wells 1886:See also: 1707:hippogriff 1690:published 1663:antagonist 1534:Icosameron 1434:Lost World 1356:Micromégas 1322:Carl Sagan 1137:John Gower 1090:necromancy 1037:metabolism 997:futurology 856:, talking 852:, talking 758:The early 506:technology 502:literature 498:inventions 349:Television 277:Television 168:Television 143:Literature 7889:Religious 7600:Symbiosis 7585:Parasites 7543:Evolution 7363:Magazines 7340:Tokusatsu 7121:Kitschies 7051:Deutscher 7009:and audio 6986:Cinematic 6940:Norwegian 6930:Hungarian 6890:Brazilian 6800:Steampunk 6795:Solarpunk 6768:Cyberpunk 6738:Tokusatsu 6721:Tech noir 6704:Christian 6682:Superhero 6573:Subgenres 6299:904779871 5802:1 January 5776:1 January 5575:az.lib.ru 5406:145398106 5264:: 53–80. 5239:1080-6520 5201:162154237 5193:0026-8232 5082:Telepolis 4968:161610007 4954:: 9–19 . 4869:161610007 4855:: 9–19 . 4643:29 August 4587:459386663 4462:171048588 4314:191696087 4005:Steampunk 3935:in 1995. 3874:Cyberpunk 3869:Cyberpunk 3862:Cyberpunk 3856:Cyberpunk 3757:dystopian 3624:dystopian 3556:gestalt. 3537:dadaistic 3444:Collier's 3411:Doubleday 3323:does not 3283:and then 3281:H.L. 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