185:, people smuggling is characterized by the consent between customer and smuggler - a contractual agreement that typically terminates upon arrival in the destination location. However, smuggling situations can nonetheless in reality descend into situations that can best be described as extreme human rights abuses, with smuggled migrants subject to threats, abuse, exploitation and torture, and even death at the hands of smugglers (see for example, case studies in Gallagher and David,
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1980s and 90s. A focus on those who facilitate irregular migration - rather than migrants themselves - was seen as a critical element of any response. The resulting legal framework was the
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Migrant Smuggling Protocol), that supplements the parent instrument, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
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Given the current political priority around people smuggling, it is perhaps surprising that a concerted international focus on defining and responding to migrant smuggling only occurred in the 1990s. This focus followed sharp rises in irregular migration to the United States, and to Europe in the
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The
Migrant Smuggling Protocol does not provide a complete or self-contained legal regime but instead exists as part of a "dense web of rights, obligations and responsibilities drawn not just from the Protocol and Convention but also from the law of the sea, human rights law, and
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that abuse migrants. It emphasizes the need to provide migrants with humane treatment, and the need for comprehensive international approaches to combating
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The
Smuggling Protocol entered into force on 28 January 2004. As of October 2022, the protocol has been signed by 112 parties and ratified by 151.
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Protocol
Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
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Protocol against the
Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition
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The
Protocol requires States Parties that have ratified to ensure that migrant smuggling (also called
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Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children
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Treaties adopted by United
Nations General Assembly resolutions
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Protocol
Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air
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Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and
Spanish
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to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
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The Protocol is aimed at the protection of rights of
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582:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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151:and the reduction of the power and influence of
119:Convention against Transnational Organised Crime
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1027:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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296:UNODC, Model Law on Smuggling of Migrants
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125:in 2000. It is also referred to as the
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319:International Law of Migrant Smuggling
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313:programmes regarding the protocol
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129:. It is one of the three
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1172:2000 in labor relations
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392:United Nations treaties
306:31 October 2013 at the
133:, the others being the
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737:Treaties of Kazakhstan
652:Treaties of the Gambia
557:Treaties of Costa Rica
542:Treaties of Cape Verde
457:Treaties of Azerbaijan
387:Organized crime events
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887:Treaties of Nicaragua
832:Treaties of Mauritius
797:Treaties of Lithuania
717:Treaties of Indonesia
682:Treaties of Guatemala
447:Treaties of Australia
437:Treaties of Argentina
407:Child labour treaties
252:Gallagher and David,
239:Gallagher and David,
121:, was adopted by the
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1042:Treaties of Eswatini
1037:Treaties of Suriname
1002:Treaties of Slovenia
997:Treaties of Slovakia
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922:Treaties of Paraguay
847:Treaties of Mongolia
747:Treaties of Kiribati
702:Treaties of Honduras
627:Treaties of Ethiopia
597:Treaties of Dominica
592:Treaties of Djibouti
532:Treaties of Cameroon
527:Treaties of Cambodia
512:Treaties of Bulgaria
502:Treaties of Botswana
472:Treaties of Barbados
117:, supplementing the
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1102:Treaties of Ukraine
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952:Treaties of Romania
947:Treaties of Moldova
897:Treaties of Nigeria
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862:Treaties of Myanmar
782:Treaties of Liberia
777:Treaties of Lesotho
772:Treaties of Lebanon
732:Treaties of Jamaica
707:Treaties of Hungary
677:Treaties of Grenada
662:Treaties of Germany
637:Treaties of Finland
622:Treaties of Estonia
607:Treaties of Ecuador
587:Treaties of Denmark
562:Treaties of Croatia
522:Treaties of Burundi
482:Treaties of Belgium
477:Treaties of Belarus
467:Treaties of Bahrain
452:Treaties of Austria
442:Treaties of Armenia
422:Treaties of Algeria
417:Treaties of Albania
204:Illegal immigration
20:
1137:Treaties of Zambia
1117:Treaties of Uganda
1092:Treaties of Turkey
1047:Treaties of Sweden
962:Treaties of Rwanda
957:Treaties of Russia
937:Treaties of Poland
917:Treaties of Panama
902:Treaties of Norway
842:Treaties of Monaco
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672:Treaties of Greece
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537:Treaties of Canada
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487:Treaties of Belize
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361:August 2021
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78:Signatories
376:Categories
342:categories
269:, 2014, p2
256:, 2014, p1
243:, 2014, p1
94:Depositary
104:Languages
70:Condition
62:Effective
349:help out
304:Archived
193:See also
149:migrants
137:and the
54:Location
347:Please
181:Unlike
86:Parties
38:Drafted
321:, 2014
46:Signed
215:Notes
113:The
24:Type
351:by
178:."
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