Proxima Centauri b

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Prieto, C. Allende; Alves, D.; Amate, M.; Avila, G.; Baldini, V.; Bandi, T.; Barros, S. C. C.; Bianco, A.; Benz, W.; Bouchy, F.; Broeng, C.; Cabral, A.; Calderone, G.; Cirami, R.; Coelho, J.; Conconi, P.; Coretti, I.; Cumani, C.; Cupani, G.; D’Odorico, V.; Deiries, S.; Delabre, B.; Marcantonio, P. Di; Dumusque, X.; Ehrenreich, D.; Fragoso, A.; Genolet, L.; Genoni, M.; Santos, R. Génova; Hughes, I.; Iwert, O.; Kerber, F.; Knusdstrup, J.; Landoni, M.; Lavie, B.; Lillo-Box, J.; Lizon, J.; Curto, G. Lo; Maire, C.; Manescau, A.; Martins, C. J. a. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Modigliani, A.; Molaro, P.; Monteiro, M. A.; Monteiro, M. J. P. F. G.; Moschetti, M.; Mueller, E.; Nunes, N. J.; Oggioni, L.; Oliveira, A.; Pallé, E.; Pariani, G.; Pasquini, L.; Poretti, E.; Rasilla, J. L.; Redaelli, E.; Riva, M.; Tschudi, S. Santana; Santin, P.; Santos, P.; Segovia, A.; Sosnowska, D.; Sousa, S.; Spanò, P.; Tenegi, F.; Udry, S.; Zanutta, A.; Zerbi, F. (1 July 2020).

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possible that Proxima Centauri b had a primordial hydrogen atmosphere or formed farther away from its star, which would have reduced the escape of water. Thus, Proxima Centauri b may have kept its water beyond its early history. If an atmosphere exists, it is likely to contain oxygen-bearing gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. Together with the star's magnetic activity, they would give rise to

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Jenkins, James S.; Harrington, Joseph; Challener, Ryan C.; Kurtovic, Nicolás T.; Ramirez, Ricardo; Peña, Jose; McIntyre, Kathleen J.; Himes, Michael D.; Rodríguez, Eloy; Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Dreizler, Stefan; Ofir, Aviv; Rojas, Pablo A. Peña; Ribas, Ignasi; Rojo, Patricio; Kipping, David; Butler,

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J.; Marvin, Christopher J.; Morales, Nicolás; Morin, Julien; Nelson, Richard P.; Ortiz, José L.; Ofir, Aviv; Paardekooper, Sijme-Jan; Reiners, Ansgar; Rodríguez, Eloy; Rodrίguez-López, Cristina; Sarmiento, Luis F.; Strachan, John P.; Tsapras, Yiannis; Tuomi, Mikko; Zechmeister, Mathias (August 2016).

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Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; Berdiñas, Zaira M.; Butler, R. Paul; Coleman, Gavin A. L.; de la Cueva, Ignacio; Dreizler, Stefan; Endl, Michael; Giesers, Benjamin; Jeffers, Sandra V.; Jenkins, James S.; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Kiraga, Marcin; Kürster, Martin; López-González, Marίa

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This picture combines a view of the southern skies over the ESO 3.6-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile with images of the stars Proxima Centauri (lower-right) and the double star Alpha Centauri AB (lower-left) from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Proxima Centauri is the closest

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is likely to be denser than around Earth by a factor of 10–1,000 depending on the strength and stage (Proxima Centauri has a seven-year-long magnetic cycle) of Proxima Centauri's magnetic field. As of 2018 it is unknown whether the planet has a magnetic field and the upper atmosphere may have its own

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Sheikh, Sofia Z.; Smith, Shane; Price, Danny C.; DeBoer, David; Lacki, Brian C.; Czech, Daniel J.; Croft, Steve; Gajjar, Vishal; Isaacson, Howard; Lebofsky, Matt; MacMahon, David H. E.; Ng, Cherry; Perez, Karen I.; Siemion, Andrew P. V.; Webb, Claire Isabel; Zic, Andrew; Drew, Jamie; Worden, S. Pete

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There are two likely scenarios for an atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b: in one case, the planet's water could have condensed and the hydrogen would have been lost to space, which would have only left oxygen and/or carbon dioxide in the atmosphere after the planet's early history. However, it is also

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are an even bigger threat to an atmosphere. The amount of stellar wind impacting Proxima Centauri b may amount to 4–80 times that impacting Earth, with a pressure about ten thousand times larger than the Sun's stellar wind. The more intense UV and X-rays radiation could lift the planet's atmosphere

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Mascareño, A. Suárez; Faria, J. P.; Figueira, P.; Lovis, C.; Damasso, M.; Hernández, J. I. González; Rebolo, R.; Cristiani, S.; Pepe, F.; Santos, N. C.; Osorio, M. R. Zapatero; Adibekyan, V.; Hojjatpanah, S.; Sozzetti, A.; Murgas, F.; Abreu, M.; Affolter, M.; Alibert, Y.; Aliverti, M.; Allart, R.;

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A numerical simulation of possible surface temperatures. Here it is hypothesized that the planet possesses an Earth-like atmosphere and that it is covered by an ocean (the dashed line is the frontier between the liquid and icy oceanic surface). Here the planet is in synchronous rotation (like the

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could directly observe Proxima Centauri b, given its proximity to Earth, but disentangling the planet from its star would be difficult. Possible traits observable from Earth are the reflection of starlight from an ocean, the radiative patterns of atmospheric gases and hazes and of atmospheric heat

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As of 2021, Proxima Centauri b has not yet been directly imaged, as its separation from Proxima Centauri is too small. It is unlikely to transit Proxima Centauri from Earth's perspective; all surveys have failed to find evidence for any transits of Proxima Centauri b. The star is monitored for the

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searches already before the discovery of Proxima Centauri b, but initial studies in 2008 and 2009 ruled out the existence of larger-than-Earth exoplanets in the habitable zone. Planets are very common around dwarf stars, with on average 1–2 planets per star, and about 20–40% of all red dwarfs have

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Kipping, David M.; Cameron, Chris; Hartman, Joel D.; Davenport, James R. A.; Matthews, Jaymie M.; Sasselov, Dimitar; Rowe, Jason; Siverd, Robert J.; Chen, Jingjing; Sandford, Emily; Bakos, Gáspár Á.; Jordán, Andrés; Bayliss, Daniel; Henning, Thomas; Mancini, Luigi; Penev, Kaloyan; Csubry, Zoltan;

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Liu, Hui-Gen; Jiang, Peng; Huang, Xingxing; Yu, Zhou-Yi; Yang, Ming; Jia, Minghao; Awiphan, Supachai; Pan, Xiang; Liu, Bo; Zhang, Hongfei; Wang, Jian; Li, Zhengyang; Du, Fujia; Li, Xiaoyan; Lu, Haiping; Zhang, Zhiyong; Tian, Qi-Guo; Li, Bin; Ji, Tuo; Zhang, Shaohua; Shi, Xiheng; Wang, Ji; Zhou,

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Faria, J. P.; Mascareño, A. Suárez; Figueira, P.; Silva, A. M.; Damasso, M.; Demangeon, O.; Pepe, F.; Santos, N. C.; Rebolo, R.; Cristiani, S.; Adibekyan, V.; Alibert, Y.; Allart, R.; Barros, S. C. C.; Cabral, A.; D’Odorico, V.; Marcantonio, P. Di; Dumusque, X.; Ehrenreich, D.; Hernández, J. I.

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from Proxima Centauri constitutes a challenge to habitability. Proxima Centauri b receives about 10–60 times as much of this radiation especially X-rays, as Earth. It might have received even more in the past, adding up to 7–16 times as much cumulative XUV radiation than Earth. UV radiation and

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would be insufficient. Instead, the planet, or protoplanetary fragments, likely formed at larger distances and then migrated to the current orbit of Proxima Centauri b. Depending on the nature of the precursor material, it may be rich in volatiles. A number of different formation scenarios are

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A numerical simulation of possible surface temperatures on Proxima b performed with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique's Planetary Global Climate Model. Here it is hypothesized that the planet possesses an Earth-like atmosphere and that it is covered by an ocean (the dashed line is the

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Velocity of Proxima Centauri towards and away from the Earth as measured with the HARPS spectrograph during the first three months of 2016. The red symbols with black error bars represent data points, and the blue curve is a fit of the data. The amplitude and period of the motion were used to

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Meadows, Victoria S.; Arney, Giada N.; Schwieterman, Edward W.; Lustig-Yaeger, Jacob; Lincowski, Andrew P.; Robinson, Tyler; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn D.; Deitrick, Russell; Barnes, Rory K.; Fleming, David P.; Luger, Rodrigo; Driscoll, Peter E.; Quinn, Thomas R.; Crisp, David (1 February 2018).

1384:(the Centaur) and shows most of the stars visible with the naked eye on a clear dark night. The location of the closest star to the Solar System, Proxima Centauri, is marked with a red circle. Proxima Centauri is too faint to see with the unaided eye but can be found using a small telescope. 644:

to the host star, which for a 1:1 orbit would mean that the same side of the planet would always face Proxima Centauri. It is unclear whether habitable conditions can arise under such circumstances as a 1:1 tidal lock would lead to an extreme climate with only part of the planet habitable.

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Snellen, I. A. G.; Désert, J.-M.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Robinson, T.; Meadows, V.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Brandl, B. R.; Henning, T.; Bouwman, J.; Lahuis, F.; Min, M.; Lovis, C.; Dominik, C.; Van Eylen, V.; Sing, D.; Anglada-Escudé, G.; Birkby, J. L.; Brogi, M. (1 August 2017).

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However, the planet may not be tidally locked. If the eccentricity of Proxima Centauri b was higher than 0.1–0.06, it would tend to enter a Mercury-like 3:2 resonance or higher-order resonances such as 2:1. Additional planets around Proxima Centauri and interactions with

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ratios of Proxima Centauri may allow a determination of the composition of the planet, since they are expected to roughly match the ratios of any planetary bodies in the Proxima Centauri system; various observations have found Solar System-like ratios of these elements.

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Howard, Ward S.; Tilley, Matt A.; Corbett, Hank; Youngblood, Allison; Loyd, R. O. Parke; Ratzloff, Jeffrey K.; Law, Nicholas M.; Fors, Octavi; del Ser, Daniel; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Ziegler, Carl; Goeke, Erin E.; Pietraallo, Aaron D.; Haislip, Joshua (25 June 2018).

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González; Hara, N.; Lillo-Box, J.; Curto, G. Lo; Lovis, C.; Martins, C. J. a. P.; Mégevand, D.; Mehner, A.; Micela, G.; Molaro, P.; Nunes, N. J.; Pallé, E.; Poretti, E.; Sousa, S. G.; Sozzetti, A.; Tabernero, H.; Udry, S.; Osorio, M. R. Zapatero (1 February 2022).

1076:, which would make it more stable than an Earth-like atmosphere, particularly in the presence of an ocean, which, depending on its size, as well as the atmospheric mass and composition, may contribute to preventing atmospheric collapse. Additionally, impacts of 1432:

frontier between the liquid and icy oceanic surface). Two models were produced for the planet's rotation. Here the planet is in a so-called 3:2 resonance (a natural frequency for the orbit), and is seen as a distant observer would do during one full orbit.

1030:, in which the planet's water would have evaporated into steam, which would then have been split into hydrogen and oxygen by UV radiation. The hydrogen and thus any water would have subsequently been lost, similar to what is believed to have happened to 1318: 967:

since hydrogen readily absorbs the radiation and does not readily lose it again, thus warming until the speed of hydrogen atoms and molecules is sufficient to escape from the gravitational field of a planet. They can remove water by splitting it into

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activity of the star. This suggested that Proxima Centauri may be orbited by a planet. In January 2016, a team of astronomers launched the Pale Red Dot project to confirm this hypothetical planet's existence. On 24 August 2016, the team led by

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magnetic field. Depending on the intensity of Proxima Centauri b's magnetic field, the stellar wind can penetrate deep into the atmosphere of the planet and strip parts of it off, with substantial variability over daily and annual timescales.

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stage. In the case of Proxima Centauri, assuming that the planet formed in its current orbit it could have spent up to 180 million years too close to its star for water to condense. Proxima Centauri b may therefore have suffered a

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Ribas, Ignasi; Bolmont, Emeline; Selsis, Franck; Reiners, Ansgar; Leconte, Jérémy; Raymond, Sean N.; Engle, Scott G.; Guinan, Edward F.; Morin, Julien; Turbet, Martin; Forget, François; Anglada-Escudé, Guillem (1 December 2016).

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such as the day-night cycle which otherwise would not develop in a tidally locked planet without a day-night cycle, mix oceans and supply and redistribute nutrients and stimulate periodic expansions of marine organisms such as

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An angular size comparison of how Proxima will appear in the sky seen from Proxima b (96'), compared with how the Sun appears in our sky on Earth (32'). Proxima is much smaller than the Sun, but Proxima b is very close to its

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The relative sizes of a number of objects, including the three stars of the Alpha Centauri triple system and some other stars for which the angular sizes have also been measured. The Sun and Jupiter are also shown for

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and an overall faster development, assuming that it formed at its current distance from the star. Proxima Centauri b probably did not form at its current distance to Proxima Centauri, as the amount of material in the

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in 2012 was considered questionable. Despite its proximity to Earth, Proxima Centauri is too faint to be visible to the naked eye with the exception of an instance where a flare made it visible to the naked eye.

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is estimated to be about 234 K (−39 °C; −38 °F). Various factors, such as the orbital properties of Proxima Centauri b, the spectrum of radiation emitted by Proxima Centauri and the behaviour of

5487: 1523: 371:, and has drawn interest to the Alpha Centauri star system as a whole, of which Proxima itself is a member. As of 2023, Proxima Centauri b is believed to be the best-known exoplanet to the general public. 1748:

If there is an atmosphere or ocean and Proxima Centauri b is tidally locked, an atmosphere or an ocean would tend to redistribute heat from the day side to the night side and this would be visible from

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Unlike XUV radiation, UV radiation on Proxima Centauri b is redder (colder) and thus may interact less with organic compounds and may produce less ozone. Conversely, stellar activity could deplete an

3908:

Eager, Jake K.; Reichelt, David J.; Mayne, Nathan J.; Lambert, F. Hugo; Sergeev, Denis E.; Ridgway, Robert J.; Manners, James; Boutle, Ian A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Kohary, Krisztian (1 July 2020).

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away. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide can escape on their own from an atmosphere but this process is unlikely to substantially reduce the nitrogen and carbon dioxide content of an Earth-like planet.

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used for Earth climate have been used to simulate the properties of Proxima Centauri b's atmosphere. Depending on its properties such as whether it is tidally locked, the amount of water and

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2017 concluded that an atmosphere would be lost within ten million years. The estimates are strongly dependent on the initial mass of the atmosphere, however, and are thus highly uncertain.

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If oceans are present, the tides could lead to the flooding and drying of coastal landscapes, triggering chemical reactions conducive to the development of life, favour the evolution of

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although it is unclear how life depending on anoxygenic photosynthesis could be detected. One study in 2017 estimated that the productivity of a Proxima Centauri b ecosystem based on

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of approximately 11.2 Earth days. Its other properties are only poorly understood as of 2024, but it is believed to be a potentially Earth-like planet with a minimum mass of at least

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transport. Efforts have been done to determine what Proxima Centauri b would look like to Earth if it has particular properties such as atmospheres of a particular composition.

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subsystem. The dynamics of the multiple star system could have caused Proxima Centauri b to move closer to its host star over its history. The detection of a planet around

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of its parent star. Furthermore, the discovery of Proxima Centauri b, a planet at habitable distances from the closest star to the Solar System, was a major discovery in

7878: 6365: 881:-shaped areas with liquid water (meaning near the equator, with two nearly identical areas on each hemisphere, sprouting from the equator like lobster claws), or a 681: 503:

and thus not necessarily of the same age as the latter pair of stars, which are about 5 billion years old. Proxima Centauri b is unlikely to have stable orbits for

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of its physical properties have been done. A number of simulations and models have been created that assume Earth-like compositions and include predictions of the

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Schwarz, R; Bazsó, Á; Georgakarakos, N; Loibnegger, B; Maindl, T I; Bancelin, D; Pilat-Lohinger, E; Kislyakova, K G; Dvorak, R; Dobbs-Dixon, I (1 November 2018).

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Turbet, Martin; Leconte, Jérémy; Selsis, Franck; Bolmont, Emeline; Forget, François; Ribas, Ignasi; Raymond, Sean N.; Anglada-Escudé, Guillem (1 December 2016).

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research, "habitability" is usually defined as the possibility that liquid water exists on the surface of a planet. As normally understood in the context of

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Luger, Rodrigo; Lustig-Yaeger, Jacob; Fleming, David P.; Tilley, Matt A.; Agol, Eric; Meadows, Victoria S.; Deitrick, Russell; Barnes, Rory (3 March 2017).

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Bhatti, Waqas; Bento, Joao Da Silva; Guenther, David B.; Kuschnig, Rainer; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Rucinski, Slavek M.; Weiss, Werner W. (2 February 2017).

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It is the closest star to the Sun, hence the name "Proxima", with a distance of 4.2426 ± 0.0020 light-years (1.3008 ± 0.0006 pc).

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Boutle, Ian A.; Mayne, Nathan J.; Drummond, Benjamin; Manners, James; Goyal, Jayesh; Lambert, F. Hugo; Acreman, David M.; Earnshaw, Paul D. (1 May 2017).

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For example, cloud accumulation below the star in the case of a tidally locked planet stabilizes the climate by increasing the reflection of starlight.

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in the Solar System, would be difficult to detect from afar although it may constitute a model for life in a cold ocean-covered Proxima Centauri b.

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life, liquid water on the surface and an atmosphere are prerequisites for habitability—any life limited to the subsurface of a planet, such as in a

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Proxima Centauri b orbits its parent star at a distance of about 0.04856 AU (7.264 million km; 4.514 million mi) with an

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of its parent star; but it is not known whether it has an atmosphere, which would impact the habitability probabilities. Proxima Centauri is a

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Del Genio, Anthony D.; Way, Michael J.; Amundsen, David S.; Aleinov, Igor; Kelley, Maxwell; Kiang, Nancy Y.; Clune, Thomas L. (January 2019).

1527: 5693:"Atmospheric Convection Plays a Key Role in the Climate of Tidally Locked Terrestrial Exoplanets: Insights from High-resolution Simulations" 1252:

would take about 75,000 years to reach Proxima Centauri. Among the proposed technologies to reach Proxima Centauri b in human lifespans are

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A number of mechanisms can deliver water to a developing planet; how much water Proxima Centauri b received is unknown. Modelling by Ribas

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possible, many of which depend on the existence of other planets around Proxima Centauri and which would result in different compositions.

568:-type planets, if that value is lower than previously estimated. Depending on the composition, Proxima Centauri b could range from being a 1260:; problems would be how to decelerate a probe when it arrives in the Proxima Centauri system and collisions of the high-speed probes with 6657: 6633: 6246:"The Cosmic Shoreline: The Evidence that Escape Determines which Planets Have Atmospheres, and what this May Mean for Proxima Centauri B" 555:, but the radius of the planet is poorly known and hard to determine—estimates based on possible composition give a range of 0.94 to 1.4 433:

was reported in 2020, but its existence has since been disputed due to potential artifacts in the data, while the claimed existence of a

7682: 5281:"Long-term Stability of Tightly Packed Multi-planet Systems in Prograde, Coplanar, Circumstellar Orbits within the α Centauri AB System" 657:), a capture into a non-tidally locked orbit would be possible even with low eccentricity. A non-locked orbit, however, would result in 356:

that could strip an atmosphere off the planet. The exoplanet's proximity to Earth offers an opportunity for robotic space exploration.

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covered with ice, planet-wide or small oceans or only dry land, combinations between these, scenarios with one or two "eyeballs" or

673:. The exact dynamics are strongly dependent on the internal structure of the planet and its evolution in response to tidal heating. 7484: 6455: 1493: 7017: 379: 6509: 7873: 7228: 7062: 37:

system visible in the background. The actual appearance and composition of the exoplanet beyond this data is currently unknown.

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Schwieterman, Edward W.; Reinhard, Christopher T.; Olson, Stephanie L.; Harman, Chester E.; Lyons, Timothy W. (10 June 2019).

1194:, and thus give life plenty of time to develop. The radiation emitted by Proxima Centauri is ill-suited for oxygen-generating 1166:

may build up in the atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b to toxic quantities. High oxygen concentrations may, however, aid in the

1096:'s equivalent of water but later research suggested that the amount of water lost could be considerably larger and Airapetian 1006:

If the planet is tidally locked to the star, the atmosphere can collapse on the night side. This is particularly a risk for a

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of Proxima Centauri could explain these anomalies and announced Proxima Centauri b's discovery. In 2022, another planet named

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Flares are presumably magnetic phenomena during which for minutes and hours parts of the star emit more radiation than usual.

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Little is known about Proxima Centauri b as of 2021—mainly its distance from the star and its orbital period—but a number of

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Lewis, Neil T.; Lambert, F. Hugo; Boutle, Ian A.; Mayne, Nathan J.; Manners, James; Acreman, David M. (26 February 2018).

576:—which would require particular conditions early in the planet's history—to a very water-rich planet. Observations of the 1146:

Both the activity of Proxima Centauri and tidal locking would hinder the establishment of these conditions on the planet.

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Coleman, G. A. L.; Nelson, R. P.; Paardekooper, S. J.; Dreizler, S.; Giesers, B.; Anglada-Escudé, G. (20 January 2017).

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Sergeev, Denis E.; Lambert, F. Hugo; Mayne, Nathan J.; Boutle, Ian A.; Manners, James; Kohary, Krisztian (8 May 2020).

5370:"The habitability of Proxima Centauri b. I. Irradiation, rotation and volatile inventory from formation to the present" 5332:

Quick, Lynnae C.; Roberge, Aki; Mendoza, Guadalupe Tovar; Quintana, Elisa V.; Youngblood, Allison A. (1 October 2023).

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R. Paul; Amado, Pedro J.; Rodríguez-López, Cristina; Kempton, Eliza M.-R.; Palle, Enric; Murgas, Felipe (11 May 2019).

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On the other hand, red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri have a lifespan much longer than the Sun, exceeding the estimated

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on Proxima Centauri b are currently entirely conjectural, they could destabilize the atmospheres and boil off oceans.

839: 237: 5933:"Detecting Proxima b's Atmosphere with JWST Targeting CO 2 at 15 μ m Using a High-pass Spectral Filtering Technique" 48: 1268:

project, which aims to develop instruments and power systems that can reach Proxima Centauri in the 21st century.

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Gilbert, Emily A.; Barclay, Thomas; Kruse, Ethan; Quintana, Elisa V.; Walkowicz, Lucianne M. (19 November 2021).

491:, over 20 times closer to Proxima Centauri than Earth is to the Sun. As of 2021, it is unclear whether it has an 82: 7106: 4263: 3968: 822: 7462: 6593: 5536: 445: 103: 7722: 4058:

Galuzzo, Daniele; Cagnazzo, Chiara; Berrilli, Francesco; Fierli, Federico; Giovannelli, Luca (1 March 2021).

770:. The magnetic field of Proxima Centauri is considerably stronger than that of the Sun, with an intensity of 704:

with its luminosity at times varying by a factor of 100 over a timespan of hours, its luminosity averaged at

397: 360: 66: 4890:"Searching for the Transit of the Earth-mass Exoplanet Proxima Centauri b in Antarctica: Preliminary Result" 3524:

Artigau, Étienne; Cadieux, Charles; Cook, Neil J.; Doyon, René; Vandal, Thomas; et al. (23 June 2022).

7772: 7767: 7762: 6540: 6448: 6049: 5747:"Analysis of the Breakthrough Listen signal of interest blc1 with a technosignature verification framework" 5428: 5160: 4996: 4000: 3909: 3603: 1156:

Depending on its eccentricity, it may partially lie outside of the habitable zone during part of its orbit.

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with a thin (less than a kilometre) ice cover that may be slushy in some places. Additional factors are:

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Ojha, Lujendra; Troncone, Bryce; Buffo, Jacob; Journaux, Baptiste; McDonald, George (6 December 2022).

1349: 1293: 1227: 492: 318: 6298: 6161: 5126:"Astrobiology: resolution of the statistical Drake equation by Maccone's lognormal method in 50 steps" 1610:

of the star can also induce intense heating of the planet's interior, especially early in its history.

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Proxima Centauri b likely developed under different conditions from Earth, with less water, stronger

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Artist's conception of Proxima Centauri b as a terrestrial exoplanet, with Proxima Centauri and the

7583: 7492: 3910:"Implications of different stellar spectra for the climate of tidally locked Earth-like exoplanets" 995:

to outside of the magnetic field, increasing the loss triggered by stellar wind and mass ejections.

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Faszination Astronomie: Ein topaktueller Einstieg für alle naturwissenschaftlich Interessierten

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Garraffo, Cecilia; Alvarado-Gómez, Julián D.; Cohen, Ofer; Drake, Jeremy J. (1 December 2022).

1337: 5057:"The Habitability of Proxima Centauri b: Environmental States and Observational Discriminants" 393:

one in the habitable zone. Additionally, red dwarfs are by far the most common type of stars.

363:(ESO), Proxima Centauri b was confirmed via several years of using the method of studying the 7657: 6625: 6583: 1265: 991: 748: 149: 7196: 6324: 6075: 5454: 5395: 5176: 5022: 4768: 4516: 4026: 3935: 3842: 3810:"Exploring plausible formation scenarios for the planet candidate orbiting Proxima Centauri" 3785:"Modeled 3-D Biosignatures from the Stratospheres of Proxima Centauri b and M-dwarf Planets" 3629: 1561:

is constrained to be less than 0.35 and later observations have indicated eccentricities of

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The stability of an atmosphere is a major issue for the habitability of Proxima Centauri b:

7711: 7467: 7400: 6320: 6267: 6232: 6183: 6130: 6071: 6010: 5954: 5900: 5827: 5768: 5714: 5669: 5616: 5499: 5450: 5391: 5345: 5302: 5233: 5172: 5137: 5078: 5018: 4964: 4911: 4857: 4790: 4729: 4676: 4633: 4572: 4512: 4463: 4409: 4355: 4232: 4187: 4134: 4081: 4022: 3931: 3864: 3809: 3796: 3745: 3692: 3625: 3543: 3526:"Line-by-line velocity measurements, an outlier-resistant method for precision velocimetry" 3480: 1730:

Red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri are brighter before they enter the main sequence of stars.

1558: 88: 6913: 1602:

Tides may result in internal heating in Proxima Centauri b; depending on the eccentricity

1021:

would have been farther away early in the system's existence when the star was in its pre-

8: 7835: 7717: 7058: 5984: 4334:"Deceleration of High-velocity Interstellar Photon Sails into Bound Orbits at α Centauri" 1696: 1453:

Moon around the Earth), and is seen as a distant observer would do during one full orbit.

1261: 1243: 1216: 1191: 628: 6271: 6236: 6187: 6134: 6014: 5958: 5904: 5831: 5772: 5718: 5673: 5620: 5503: 5427:

Ribas, Ignasi; Gregg, Michael D.; Boyajian, Tabetha S.; Bolmont, Emeline (1 July 2017).

5349: 5306: 5237: 5161:"Interior heating and outgassing of Proxima Centauri b: Identifying critical parameters" 5141: 5082: 4968: 4915: 4861: 4794: 4733: 4680: 4663:

Lehmer, Owen R.; Catling, David C.; Parenteau, Mary N.; Hoehler, Tori M. (5 June 2018).

4637: 4576: 4467: 4413: 4359: 4236: 4191: 4138: 4085: 3868: 3800: 3749: 3696: 3547: 3484: 7863: 7823: 7752: 7652: 7554: 7071: 6971: 6806: 6802: 6556: 6546: 6344: 6310: 6285: 6257: 6207: 6173: 6148: 6120: 6095: 6061: 6036: 6000: 5972: 5944: 5918: 5890: 5845: 5817: 5792: 5758: 5732: 5704: 5659: 5634: 5606: 5523: 5474: 5440: 5415: 5381: 5320: 5292: 5267: 5254: 5223: 5211: 5198: 5107: 5068: 5056: 5042: 5008: 4982: 4954: 4929: 4901: 4875: 4847: 4822: 4780: 4755: 4719: 4694: 4651: 4623: 4598: 4562: 4536: 4502: 4481: 4453: 4427: 4399: 4373: 4345: 4320: 4250: 4222: 4177: 4152: 4124: 4099: 4071: 4046: 4012: 3955: 3921: 3896: 3854: 3817: 3771: 3735: 3710: 3682: 3657: 3615: 3566: 3533: 3512: 3470: 2640: 2638: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 1606:-like values with intense volcanic activity or Earth-like values could be reached. The 1289: 964: 654: 531:; other estimates are similar, with the most recent estimate as of 2022 being at least 430: 426: 314: 310: 5159:

Noack, L.; Kislyakova, K. G.; Johnstone, C. P.; Güdel, M.; Fossati, L. (1 July 2021).

4708:"The Influence of a Substellar Continent on the Climate of a Tidally Locked Exoplanet" 4646: 4611: 4368: 4333: 3705: 3670: 499:. The age of the planet is unknown; Proxima Centauri itself may have been captured by 429:, which orbits even closer to the star, was confirmed. Another planet candidate named 7699: 7208: 7134: 6828: 6535: 6348: 6336: 6211: 6199: 6152: 6087: 6040: 6028: 5976: 5922: 5796: 5784: 5746: 5736: 5638: 5579: 5552: 5515: 5478: 5466: 5419: 5407: 5324: 5271: 5259: 5202: 5190: 5112: 5094: 5046: 5034: 4986: 4879: 4814: 4806: 4698: 4602: 4585: 4550: 4528: 4485: 4377: 4324: 4310: 4279: 4275: 4254: 4156: 4147: 4112: 4103: 4050: 4038: 3984: 3980: 3959: 3947: 3888: 3880: 3775: 3763: 3714: 3649: 3582: 3504: 3496: 3372: 3360: 1468: 1178: 612: 605: 504: 487: 115: 6289: 6221:"Proxima b, TRAPPIST 1e, and LHS 1140b: Increased Ice Coverages by Sea Ice Dynamics" 6195: 6099: 5849: 5548: 5527: 4933: 4826: 4759: 4655: 4540: 4431: 3900: 3661: 3093: 2635: 2623: 2527: 2404: 2377: 1972: 1072:

activity could rebuild it after some time. A second atmosphere would likely contain

7799: 7728: 7621: 7510: 7148: 6787: 6588: 6496: 6328: 6275: 6191: 6138: 6079: 6018: 5962: 5908: 5835: 5776: 5722: 5677: 5648:"Exocomets in the Proxima Centauri system and their importance for water transport" 5624: 5571: 5544: 5507: 5458: 5399: 5353: 5310: 5249: 5241: 5180: 5145: 5102: 5086: 5026: 4972: 4943:"The Pale Green Dot: A Method to Characterize Proxima Centauri b Using Exo-Aurorae" 4919: 4865: 4798: 4747: 4737: 4684: 4641: 4590: 4580: 4520: 4493:

Kervella, P.; Thévenin, F.; Lovis, C. (2017). "Proxima's orbit around α Centauri".

4471: 4417: 4363: 4302: 4271: 4240: 4195: 4142: 4089: 4060:"Three-dimensional Climate Simulations for the Detectability of Proxima Centauri b" 4030: 3976: 3939: 3872: 3827: 3753: 3700: 3641: 3633: 3574: 3551: 3516: 3488: 1989: 1987: 1472: 1171: 1123: 882: 797: 793: 785: 711: 691: 662: 569: 401: 344:

and only a slightly larger radius than that of Earth. The planet orbits within the

279: 175: 95: 6083: 5462: 5403: 5185: 5030: 4524: 4034: 3943: 3637: 3324: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1823: 1821: 1758:

The coordinates of the Sun would be diametrically opposite Proxima Centauri, at α=

7543: 6951: 6050:"The habitability of Proxima Centauri b. II. Possible climates and observability" 2319: 1700: 1223:

signal; later investigations, however, indicated it is probably of human origin.

1163: 364: 6401:

The habitability of Proxima Centauri b – Pale Red Dot website for future updates

4306: 3578: 1984: 7847: 7647: 7515: 6771: 6465: 6280: 6245: 6143: 6108: 6023: 5988: 5967: 5932: 5840: 5805: 5780: 5727: 5692: 5629: 5594: 5358: 5333: 5315: 5280: 5245: 4977: 4942: 4924: 4889: 4870: 4835: 4742: 4707: 4689: 4664: 4422: 4387: 4200: 4165: 4094: 4059: 3758: 3723: 3556: 3525: 1848: 1818: 1633: 1607: 1277: 1257: 1226:

Future large ground-based telescopes and space-based observatories such as the

1203: 1195: 1073: 1018: 1007: 870: 827: 805: 650: 641: 573: 500: 450: 422: 345: 329: 290: 271: 124: 34: 6426: 6418: 6406: 6332: 5575: 5511: 5150: 5125: 4245: 4210: 3458: 1950: 1948: 1935: 1933: 1284:

is from Earth, with an apparent magnitude of −6.8 and −5.2, respectively. The

1092:

2016 indicates that Proxima Centauri b would have lost no more than one Earth

1044:

An ice-covered Proxima Centauri b with a subsurface ocean is expected to have

830:

AB binary system can be seen in the background, to the upper right of Proxima.

619:

species the planet consists of and the changes of these parameters over time.

7857: 7237: 6851: 6706: 6340: 6203: 6091: 6032: 5788: 5519: 5470: 5411: 5194: 5098: 5038: 4810: 4532: 4042: 3951: 3884: 3767: 3653: 3500: 3459:"A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri" 3312: 3192: 2967: 2925: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 1127: 1061: 1022: 862: 789: 763: 670: 658: 601: 6433: 5682: 4476: 4441: 3035: 3033: 2754: 2662: 2650: 7811: 7672: 7457: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7263: 7253: 7115: 6956: 6762: 5263: 5116: 4818: 3892: 3832: 3508: 3300: 3288: 3165: 3129: 3117: 2744: 2742: 2338: 2336: 2334: 1945: 1930: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1478: 1471:– exoplanet once proposed to be orbiting the secondary star of the system, 1045: 1038: 999: 987: 955: 777: 738: 623: 556: 454: 409: 322: 195: 5090: 4802: 3876: 3336: 3081: 3020: 3018: 2942: 2940: 2826: 2790: 2727: 2710: 2698: 2548: 2394: 2392: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2248: 2229: 2143: 2062: 1893: 1891: 980:

until it escapes. The hydrogen can drag other elements such as oxygen and

7642: 7606: 7548: 7497: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7365: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7271: 7248: 7243: 7123: 6904: 6794: 6529: 5913: 5878: 3843:"Habitable Climate Scenarios for Proxima Centauri b with a Dynamic Ocean" 3030: 2867: 2865: 2565: 2563: 2309: 2307: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2023: 1878: 1876: 1838: 1836: 1684: 1475:, and was dubbed the closest exoplanet for a while before being disproven 951: 921: 801: 767: 548: 368: 287: 232: 5486:

Ritchie, Raymond J.; Larkum, Anthony W. D.; Ribas, Ignasi (April 2018).

4665:"The Productivity of Oxygenic Photosynthesis around Cool, M Dwarf Stars" 3492: 3153: 3105: 3003: 2739: 2331: 2205: 2131: 1795: 1762:, δ=+62° 40′ 46.141″. The absolute magnitude 7611: 7569: 7529: 7430: 7360: 7355: 7258: 7083: 4751: 4594: 3669:

Brugger, B.; Mousis, O.; Deleuil, M.; Lunine, J. I. (3 November 2016).

3645: 3348: 3141: 3057: 3015: 2937: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2838: 2686: 2674: 2575: 2389: 2360: 2217: 1888: 1646: 1329: 1253: 1239: 890: 726: 701: 593: 538: 522: 472: 349: 335: 294: 219: 7842: 3604:"Exploring the climate of Proxima B with the Met Office Unified Model" 2862: 2850: 2802: 2766: 2611: 2560: 2452: 2304: 2277: 1873: 1833: 859:

that could be observed from Earth if the planet has a magnetic field.

615:, planetary rotation, the effects of stellar radiation, the amount of 7667: 7616: 7276: 7184: 7172: 7160: 6921: 6864: 6816: 5053: 4551:"No Conclusive Evidence for Transits of Proxima b in MOST Photometry" 3722:

Brugger, B.; Mousis, O.; Deleuil, M.; Deschamps, F. (November 2017).

3671:"Possible Internal Structures and Compositions of Proxima Centauri b" 3378: 3366: 2644: 2629: 2542: 2417: 2383: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 1978: 1688: 1658:

A spectral type is a scheme to categorize stars by their temperature.

1603: 1513:

Range of possible radius values, depending on Proxima b's composition

1381: 1248: 1167: 1119: 1115: 1057: 1053: 977: 928: 897: 697: 585: 496: 466: 418: 389: 306: 275: 267: 161: 4836:"Implications of Abiotic Oxygen Buildup for Earth-like Complex Life" 2778: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2050: 851:

influence the climate of an atmosphere-bearing Proxima Centauri b.

653:

could excite higher eccentricies. If the planet is not symmetrical (

7662: 7520: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7350: 7313: 6877: 6838: 6315: 6262: 6178: 6125: 6066: 6005: 5949: 5895: 5822: 5763: 5709: 5664: 5645: 5611: 5445: 5386: 5297: 5228: 5073: 5013: 4959: 4906: 4852: 4785: 4724: 4628: 4612:"Prospects for Characterizing the Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b" 4567: 4507: 4458: 4404: 4350: 4227: 4211:"No Transits of Proxima Centauri Planets in High-Cadence TESS Data" 4182: 4129: 4076: 4017: 3926: 3859: 3822: 3740: 3687: 3620: 3538: 3475: 3099: 1667:

The radiation of a red dwarf is much less effectively reflected by

1619:

A 3:2 ratio of the planet's rotation and its orbit around the star.

1353: 1297: 1183: 1077: 1069: 981: 969: 914: 874: 669:

activity and potentially shutting down a magnetic field-generating

666: 609: 7100: 6400: 6162:"How far are extraterrestrial life and intelligence after Kepler?" 4438: 3330: 3276: 3264: 3252: 2957: 2955: 2464: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2081: 7704: 7588: 7345: 7202: 6578: 6410: 5212:"Liquid water on cold exo-Earths via basal melting of ice sheets" 3807: 3455: 2423: 2348: 2325: 2167: 2119: 1993: 1867: 1827: 1692: 1345: 1333: 1301: 1264:. Among the projects of travelling to Proxima Centauri b are the 1080:

could resupply water to Proxima Centauri b, if they are present.

1049: 1011: 934: 904:

and thus stabilize the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

878: 581: 565: 551:

of the planet's orbit is not yet known. This makes it similar to

6995: 6950: 4166:"Revisiting the Space Weather Environment of Proxima Centauri b" 4163: 2973: 2931: 1687:) could offset this effect. It also does not as readily degrade 1397:

star to the Solar System and is orbited by the planet Proxima b.

1153:

layer sufficiently to increase UV radiation to dangerous levels.

515:

As of 2020, the estimated minimum mass of Proxima Centauri b is

7505: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7308: 6725: 5987:; Laneuville, Matthieu; Guttenberg, Nicholas (7 January 2020). 5592: 4940: 4388:"The First Naked-eye Superflare Detected from Proxima Centauri" 3198: 2979: 2952: 2668: 2656: 2517: 2515: 2500: 2265: 2155: 2100: 1918: 1676: 1325: 1159: 973: 856: 838:

of its star and receives about 65% of Earth's irradiation. Its

758: 597: 564:, and its mass may border on the cutoff between Earth-type and 477: 298: 6655: 4547: 4001:"A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri" 3724:"Constraints on Super-Earth Interiors from Stellar Abundances" 3318: 3204: 1954: 1939: 1908: 1906: 1324:

Looking towards the sky around Orion from Alpha Centauri with

826:

Artist's conception of the surface of Proxima Centauri b. The

7318: 5806:"Hydrohalite Salt-albedo Feedback Could Cool M-dwarf Planets" 5158: 4662: 4384: 4057: 3721: 3573:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 235–256, 3306: 3294: 3171: 3123: 2832: 2554: 2259: 2242: 2195: 2193: 2149: 2075: 1629: 1281: 1215:

possible emission of technology-related radio signals by the

1150: 1142:

is a controversial subject, with a number of considerations:

1093: 1031: 959: 844: 552: 405: 302: 5429:"The full spectral radiative properties of Proxima Centauri" 3069: 3045: 2599: 2512: 7598: 5929: 5334:"Prospects for Cryovolcanic Activity on Cold Ocean Planets" 5331: 4993: 4208: 3997: 3840: 3384: 3342: 3135: 3087: 3039: 2991: 2814: 2796: 2760: 2748: 2733: 2721: 2704: 2342: 2298: 2211: 2137: 2029: 1903: 1897: 1812: 1680: 1668: 1220: 848: 577: 434: 207: 7806: 6047: 5983: 4111:

Garraffo, C.; Drake, J. J.; Cohen, O. (30 November 2016).

3668: 3601: 3432: 3408: 3396: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3159: 3009: 2877: 2692: 2680: 2371: 2223: 2190: 1882: 1842: 1083: 873:

a number of scenarios are possible: A planet partially or

6751: 6297:

Zuluaga, Jorge I.; Bustamante, Sebastian (1 March 2018).

6107:

Walterová, Michaela; Běhounková, Marie (27 August 2020).

5690: 5426: 5366: 5209: 3907: 3147: 3111: 3063: 3024: 2946: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2871: 2856: 2844: 2808: 2772: 2617: 2587: 2581: 2569: 2458: 2398: 2313: 2286: 2040: 2038: 1672: 1341: 1285: 1068:

Even if Proxima Centauri b lost its original atmosphere,

937:

dynamics which could cause a global ocean to freeze over.

283: 140: 5804:

Shields, Aomawa L.; Carns, Regina C. (25 October 2018).

1721:

One or multiple areas of liquid water surrounded by ice.

1296:. The brightness of the Sun would be similar to that of 6396:

A search for Earth-like planets around Proxima Centauri

5124:

Mieli, E.; Valli, A. M. F.; Maccone, C. (August 2023).

4705: 3523: 3182: 3180: 2784: 2056: 460: 449:

Overview and comparison of the orbital distance of the

6109:"Thermal and Orbital Evolution of Low-mass Exoplanets" 5879:"Risks for Life on Proxima b from Sterilizing Impacts" 5743: 5488:"Could photosynthesis function on Proxima Centauri b?" 3354: 2035: 7783: 6299:"Magnetic properties of Proxima Centauri b analogues" 4492: 3420: 2470: 2442: 2440: 2438: 1960: 1380:

This chart shows the large southern constellation of

920:

The rotational period of the planet which determines

6244:

Zahnle, Kevin J.; Catling, David C. (12 July 2017).

4610:

Kreidberg, Laura; Loeb, Abraham (14 November 2016).

3789:

American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #231

3177: 2488: 1133: 998:

At Proxima Centauri b's distance from the star, the

6106: 5565: 5279:Quarles, B.; Lissauer, Jack J. (23 February 2018). 2476: 2429: 2354: 2125: 2094: 1649:

that emits the same amount of radiation would have.

6671: 6366:"The top 15 events that happened in space in 2016" 5568:Life in the Universe: Expectations and Constraints 5485: 4442:"Proxima Centauri b is not a transiting exoplanet" 4110: 3282: 3270: 3258: 2985: 2961: 2506: 2435: 2184: 2161: 2113: 2011: 1999: 437:belt around Proxima Centauri remains unconfirmed. 396:Before 2016, observations with instruments at the 7879:Near-Earth-sized exoplanets in the habitable zone 6705: 6687: 6296: 5652:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5123: 4446:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4332:Heller, René; Hippke, Michael (1 February 2017). 3814:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2271: 1924: 1242:built by humans would take a long time to travel 917:variations that alter the properties of an ocean. 7855: 910:which broadens the space for habitable climates. 5877:Siraj, Amir; Loeb, Abraham (30 December 2020). 5278: 4886: 3783:Chen, Howard; Horton, Daniel (1 January 2018). 2521: 1912: 1645:The effective temperature is the temperature a 1271: 510: 495:but Proxima Centauri b is unlikely to have any 404:which could not be satisfactorily explained by 5989:"Estimating Planetary Mass with Deep Learning" 5859:"Ten Ways 'Proxima b' Is Different From Earth" 5566:Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Irwin, Louis N. (2018). 4769:"Implications of Tides for Life on Exoplanets" 3532:. 164:84 (3) (published 8 August 2022): 18pp. 1209: 1010:-dominated atmosphere although carbon dioxide 696:Proxima b's parent star Proxima Centauri is a 7011: 6641: 6463: 6449: 6243: 4609: 3390: 3075: 3051: 2997: 2883: 2199: 1679:although—in the case of ice—the formation of 1548:The chromosphere is an outer layer of a star. 1528:High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher 1219:project which in April–May 2019 detected the 1048:activity at rates comparable to volcanism on 941: 6364:Calandrelli E, Escher A (16 December 2016). 5803: 4767:Lingam, Manasvi; Loeb, Abraham (July 2018). 4331: 3414: 3402: 2593: 547:, but all estimates are minimum because the 16:Terrestrial planet orbiting Proxima Centauri 6903: 5595:"A Limited Habitable Zone for Complex Life" 1524:Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph 1060:comparable to that of Jupiter's other moon 7086:(asteroid sample-return mission; Sep 2016) 7018: 7004: 6783:K-type main-sequence star B (Toliman) 6648: 6634: 6456: 6442: 4888:Ji-Lin; Zhou, Hongyan (12 December 2017). 4766: 4292: 3782: 3438: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 2605: 1636:could have induced an eccentricity of 0.1. 1276:From Proxima Centauri b, the binary stars 1056:. The cryovolcanism would generate a thin 1017:Unlike Sun-like stars, Proxima Centauri's 723:Proxima Centauri has a mass equivalent to 27: 6419:"Interviews with Pale Red Dot scientists" 6314: 6279: 6261: 6177: 6142: 6124: 6065: 6022: 6004: 5966: 5948: 5912: 5894: 5876: 5839: 5821: 5762: 5726: 5708: 5681: 5663: 5628: 5610: 5444: 5385: 5357: 5314: 5296: 5253: 5227: 5184: 5149: 5106: 5072: 5012: 4976: 4958: 4923: 4905: 4869: 4851: 4784: 4741: 4723: 4688: 4645: 4627: 4584: 4566: 4506: 4475: 4457: 4421: 4403: 4367: 4349: 4301:(in German). Springer. pp. 255–274. 4244: 4226: 4215:Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 4199: 4181: 4146: 4128: 4113:"THE SPACE WEATHER OF PROXIMA CENTAURI b" 4093: 4075: 4016: 3925: 3858: 3831: 3821: 3757: 3739: 3704: 3686: 3619: 3555: 3537: 3474: 2044: 1489:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters 976:and heating the hydrogen in the planet's 834:Proxima Centauri b is located within the 388:Proxima Centauri had become a target for 1494:List of potentially habitable exoplanets 821: 781:; it varies in a seven-year-long cycle. 680: 444: 378: 6658:Celestial objects within 10 light-years 3966: 2494: 1084:Delivery of water to Proxima Centauri b 931:which can melt the bases of ice sheets. 245:: 234 K (−39 °C; −38 °F) 7869:Exoplanets detected by radial velocity 7856: 6861:2 (3?) planets: b, d?, c 6218: 6159: 5856: 5534: 4833: 3186: 2820: 2482: 2446: 1966: 1288:would appear as a bright star with an 440: 6999: 6964: 6912: 6629: 6437: 5492:International Journal of Astrobiology 5130:International Journal of Astrobiology 4261: 3564: 3426: 2017: 2005: 1769:of the Sun is 4.83, so at a parallax 812: 400:in Chile had identified anomalies in 6219:Yang, J.; Ji, W. (1 December 2018). 1280:would be considerably brighter than 480:). It orbits Proxima Centauri every 461:Distance, orbital parameters and age 453:of Proxima Centauri compared to the 313:, along with the currently disputed 2471:Kervella, Thévenin & Lovis 2017 1256:that could reach speeds of 20% the 640:Proxima Centauri b is likely to be 384:estimate the planet's minimum mass. 359:Announced on 24 August 2016 by the 282:, which is the closest star to the 13: 6407:"ESOcast 87: Pale Red Dot Results" 6357: 5857:Siegel, Ethan (6 September 2016). 4997:"Revisiting Proxima with ESPRESSO" 1773:of 0.77199 the apparent magnitude 1307: 1206:may be about 20% that of Earth's. 484:Earth days at a distance of about 465:Proxima Centauri b is the closest 14: 7895: 7025: 6389: 4170:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1232:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 1134:Possible setbacks to habitability 1110:Habitability of red dwarf systems 469:to Earth, at a distance of about 7841: 7829: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7758: 7757: 7746: 7632: 7227: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7061: 6610: 6609: 6513: 6508: 4834:Lingam, Manasvi (6 March 2020). 4276:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1542-5 3981:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1484-3 3283:Ritchie, Larkum & Ribas 2018 3271:Ritchie, Larkum & Ribas 2018 3259:Ritchie, Larkum & Ribas 2018 2986:Garraffo, Drake & Cohen 2016 2962:Garraffo, Drake & Cohen 2016 2507:Garraffo, Drake & Cohen 2016 2185:Ritchie, Larkum & Ribas 2018 2162:Garraffo, Drake & Cohen 2016 2114:Garraffo, Drake & Cohen 2016 1752: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1437: 1415: 1389: 1373: 1360: 1317: 1292:of 0.40 in the constellation of 792:system, whose other members are 635: 6196:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.12.008 5549:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_487-2 2430:Walterová & Běhounková 2020 2355:Walterová & Běhounková 2020 2126:Walterová & Běhounková 2020 2095:Schulze-Makuch & Irwin 2018 1925:Mieli, Valli & Maccone 2023 1715: 1706: 1661: 1652: 1639: 1622: 1613: 1596: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1516: 6793:2 (5?) planets: 6160:Wandel, Amri (1 August 2017). 1739:The probability is about 1.5%. 1507: 286:and part of the larger triple 1: 7874:Exoplanets discovered in 2016 7074:(X-ray observatory; Feb 2016) 6688:Celestial objects by systems. 5883:The Planetary Science Journal 2272:Zuluaga & Bustamante 2018 1788: 1037:While the characteristics of 398:European Southern Observatory 361:European Southern Observatory 67:European Southern Observatory 7773:Category:2017 in outer space 7768:Category:2016 in outer space 7763:Category:2015 in outer space 6848:1? planets: b? 6726:Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris) 6427:"Press Conference at ESO HQ" 6054:Astronomy & Astrophysics 5541:Encyclopedia of Astrobiology 5433:Astronomy & Astrophysics 5374:Astronomy & Astrophysics 5165:Astronomy & Astrophysics 5001:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4495:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4268:Encyclopedia of Astrobiology 4005:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3973:Encyclopedia of Astrobiology 3914:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3608:Astronomy & Astrophysics 1272:View from Proxima Centauri b 1126:, like those that reside in 676: 511:Mass, radius and composition 417:proposed that a terrestrial 374: 7: 7683:45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková 7242:atmospheric composition of 6574:2069 Alpha Centauri mission 6303:Planetary and Space Science 6084:10.1051/0004-6361/201629577 5463:10.1051/0004-6361/201730582 5404:10.1051/0004-6361/201629576 5186:10.1051/0004-6361/202040176 5031:10.1051/0004-6361/202037745 4647:10.3847/2041-8205/832/1/l12 4525:10.1051/0004-6361/201629930 4369:10.3847/2041-8213/835/2/l32 4307:10.1007/978-3-662-63590-2_9 4293:Hanslmeier, Arnold (2021). 4270:. Springer. pp. 1–18. 4035:10.1051/0004-6361/202142337 3944:10.1051/0004-6361/202038089 3706:10.3847/2041-8205/831/2/l16 3638:10.1051/0004-6361/201630020 3579:10.1007/978-3-319-48775-5_6 1913:Quarles & Lissauer 2018 1461: 1210:Observation and exploration 150:Argument of periastron 10: 7900: 7463:2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB 6874:red dwarf B (UV Ceti) 6225:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 5781:10.1038/s41550-021-01508-8 5246:10.1038/s41467-022-35187-4 4586:10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/93 4148:10.3847/2041-8205/833/1/l4 3448: 1994:Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016 1868:Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016 1828:Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016 1228:James Webb Space Telescope 1140:habitability of red dwarfs 1107: 942:Stability of an atmosphere 867:general circulation models 817: 689: 572:-like planet with a large 7741: 7691: 7630: 7597: 7477: 7223: 7143:Asteroid close approaches 7132: 7114: 7091: 7078:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 7057: 7031: 6946: 6931:T-type brown dwarf B 6899: 6815: 6742: 6716: 6701: 6686: 6667: 6602: 6567:Proposed mission concepts 6566: 6522: 6506: 6473: 6333:10.1016/j.pss.2018.01.006 6250:The Astrophysical Journal 6113:The Astrophysical Journal 5810:The Astrophysical Journal 5697:The Astrophysical Journal 5599:The Astrophysical Journal 5576:10.1007/978-3-319-97658-7 5512:10.1017/S1473550417000167 5338:The Astrophysical Journal 5151:10.1017/S1473550423000113 4947:The Astrophysical Journal 4712:The Astrophysical Journal 4669:The Astrophysical Journal 4616:The Astrophysical Journal 4392:The Astrophysical Journal 4338:The Astrophysical Journal 4246:10.3389/fspas.2021.769371 4117:The Astrophysical Journal 4064:The Astrophysical Journal 3728:The Astrophysical Journal 3675:The Astrophysical Journal 3391:Kreidberg & Loeb 2016 3076:Zahnle & Catling 2017 3052:Zahnle & Catling 2017 2998:Kreidberg & Loeb 2016 2884:Zahnle & Catling 2017 2200:Kreidberg & Loeb 2016 1484:Extremely large telescope 1405: 1200:anoxygenic photosynthesis 1028:runaway greenhouse effect 747:that of the Sun. With an 354:electromagnetic radiation 352:with intense emission of 249: 231: 206: 186: 181: 171: 159: 147: 125:Orbital period (sidereal) 122: 101: 94: 80: 72: 60: 47: 42: 26: 7584:WISE J080822.18-644357.3 7080:(Mars orbiter; Mar 2016) 6281:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7846 6144:10.3847/1538-4357/aba8a5 6024:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5b9e 5993:The Astronomical Journal 5968:10.3847/1538-3881/aa7fbc 5937:The Astronomical Journal 5841:10.3847/1538-4357/aadcaa 5728:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8882 5630:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1d52 5359:10.3847/1538-4357/ace9b6 5316:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa966 5285:The Astronomical Journal 4978:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6040 4925:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9b86 4894:The Astronomical Journal 4871:10.3847/1538-3881/ab737f 4840:The Astronomical Journal 4743:10.3847/1538-4357/aaad0a 4690:10.3847/1538-4357/aac104 4555:The Astronomical Journal 4423:10.3847/2041-8213/aacaf3 4201:10.3847/2041-8213/aca487 4095:10.3847/1538-4357/abdeb4 3967:Ekström, Sylvia (2014). 3759:10.3847/1538-4357/aa965a 3557:10.3847/1538-3881/ac7ce6 3530:The Astronomical Journal 3415:Heller & Hippke 2017 3403:Heller & Hippke 2017 3199:Schwieterman et al. 2019 2594:Shields & Carns 2018 1777:is given by 4.83 − 5(log 1500: 902:carbonate-silicate cycle 836:classical habitable zone 319:closest known exoplanets 182:Physical characteristics 7734:(Mars lander; Oct 2016) 6772:α Cen (Rigil Kentaurus) 6325:2018P&SS..152...55Z 6076:2016A&A...596A.112T 5543:. Springer. p. 1. 5537:"Effective Temperature" 5535:Rouan, Daniel (2014b). 5455:2017A&A...603A..58R 5396:2016A&A...596A.111R 5177:2021A&A...651A.103N 5023:2020A&A...639A..77S 4517:2017A&A...598L...7K 4027:2022A&A...658A.115F 3975:. Springer. p. 1. 3936:2020A&A...639A..99E 3630:2017A&A...601A.120B 3571:The Pillars of Creation 3567:"It's a Far Flung Life" 1103: 965:evaporate an atmosphere 963:X-rays can effectively 840:equilibrium temperature 262:), also referred to as 96:Orbital characteristics 7753:Outer space portal 7396:OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b 4262:Güdel, Manuel (2014). 3565:Beech, Martin (2017), 3247:Lingam & Loeb 2018 3235:Lingam & Loeb 2018 3223:Lingam & Loeb 2018 3211:Lingam & Loeb 2018 2606:Chen & Horton 2018 1781:(0.77199) + 1) = 0.40. 1262:interstellar particles 1244:interstellar distances 992:coronal mass ejections 900:, which can sustain a 831: 687: 457: 385: 7658:C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) 6865:Gliese 65 A (BL Ceti) 6584:Breakthrough Starshot 5683:10.1093/mnras/sty2064 5216:Nature Communications 5091:10.1089/ast.2016.1589 4803:10.1089/ast.2017.1718 4477:10.1093/mnras/stz1268 4295:"Leben im Universum?" 4264:"Sun (And Young Sun)" 3877:10.1089/ast.2017.1760 3136:Del Genio et al. 2019 2797:Del Genio et al. 2019 2734:Del Genio et al. 2019 2722:Del Genio et al. 2019 2705:Del Genio et al. 2019 2212:Mascareño et al. 2020 2138:Mascareño et al. 2020 2045:Siraj & Loeb 2020 1898:Mascareño et al. 2020 1557:Proxima Centauri b's 1266:Breakthrough Starshot 825: 749:effective temperature 684: 448: 382: 305:in the constellation 7401:OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb 7059:Space probe launches 6790:(4.2465 ± 0.0003 ly) 6788:C (Proxima Centauri) 6429:– via YouTube. 6421:– via YouTube. 5985:Tasker, Elizabeth J. 3833:10.1093/mnras/stx169 2974:Garraffo et al. 2022 2932:Garraffo et al. 2022 2823:, p. P43G–3826. 908:Ocean heat transport 896:The distribution of 270:orbiting within the 89:Doppler spectroscopy 7721:(end of mission to 7678:43P/Wolf–Harrington 7267:(retracted in 2022) 6656: 6376:on 20 December 2016 6272:2017ApJ...843..122Z 6237:2018AGUFM.P43G3826Y 6188:2017AcAau.137..498W 6135:2020ApJ...900...24W 6015:2020AJ....159...41T 5959:2017AJ....154...77S 5905:2020PSJ.....1...86S 5832:2018ApJ...867...11S 5773:2021NatAs...5.1153S 5719:2020ApJ...894...84S 5674:2018MNRAS.480.3595S 5621:2019ApJ...878...19S 5504:2018IJAsB..17..147R 5350:2023ApJ...956...29Q 5307:2018AJ....155..130Q 5238:2022NatCo..13.7521O 5142:2023IJAsB..22..428M 5083:2018AsBio..18..133M 4969:2017ApJ...837...63L 4916:2018AJ....155...12L 4862:2020AJ....159..144L 4795:2018AsBio..18..967L 4734:2018ApJ...854..171L 4681:2018ApJ...859..171L 4638:2016ApJ...832L..12K 4577:2017AJ....153...93K 4468:2019MNRAS.487..268J 4414:2018ApJ...860L..30H 4360:2017ApJ...835L..32H 4237:2021FrASS...8..190G 4192:2022ApJ...941L...8G 4139:2016ApJ...833L...4G 4086:2021ApJ...909..191G 3869:2019AsBio..19...99D 3801:2018AAS...23114813C 3750:2017ApJ...850...93B 3697:2016ApJ...831L..16B 3548:2022AJ....164...84A 3493:10.1038/nature19106 3485:2016Natur.536..437A 3379:Meadows et al. 2018 3367:Meadows et al. 2018 3343:Gilbert et al. 2021 3331:Jenkins et al. 2019 3319:Kipping et al. 2017 3307:Galuzzo et al. 2021 3213:, pp. 969–970. 3124:Brugger et al. 2017 3100:Schwarz et al. 2018 3040:Snellen et al. 2017 2773:Sergeev et al. 2020 2645:Meadows et al. 2018 2630:Meadows et al. 2018 2618:Sergeev et al. 2020 2543:Meadows et al. 2018 2418:Meadows et al. 2018 2384:Meadows et al. 2018 2343:Snellen et al. 2017 2326:Coleman et al. 2017 2260:Galuzzo et al. 2021 2224:Brugger et al. 2016 2057:Artigau et al. 2022 1979:Meadows et al. 2018 1955:Kipping et al. 2017 1940:Kipping et al. 2017 1843:Brugger et al. 2016 1697:dinitrogen monoxide 1217:Breakthrough Listen 1198:but sufficient for 1192:age of the Universe 720:(as of the Sun's). 629:protoplanetary disk 441:Physical properties 73:Discovery date 62:Discovery site 23: 7653:53P/Van Biesbroeck 7406:Proxima Centauri b 7197:469219 Kamoʻoalewa 6735:white dwarf B 6497:Proxima Centauri 5914:10.3847/psj/abc692 3355:Sheikh et al. 2021 3295:Lehmer et al. 2018 3172:Howard et al. 2018 3160:Boutle et al. 2017 3010:Turbet et al. 2016 2833:Howard et al. 2018 2821:Yang & Ji 2018 2693:Turbet et al. 2016 2681:Boutle et al. 2017 2555:Howard et al. 2018 2372:Turbet et al. 2016 1883:Turbet et al. 2016 1290:apparent magnitude 1179:biological rhythms 1114:In the context of 832: 813:Surface conditions 688: 458: 431:Proxima Centauri c 427:Proxima Centauri d 386: 293:. It is about 4.2 256:Proxima Centauri b 49:Discovered by 22:Proxima Centauri b 21: 7781: 7780: 7692:Space exploration 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6623: 6622: 6166:Acta Astronautica 5757:(11): 1153–1162. 5745:(November 2021). 5585:978-3-319-97657-0 5558:978-3-642-27833-4 4316:978-3-662-63590-2 4285:978-3-642-27833-4 3990:978-3-642-27833-4 3588:978-3-319-48774-8 3469:(7617): 437–440. 3148:Ribas et al. 2017 3112:Ribas et al. 2017 3088:Quick et al. 2023 3064:Ribas et al. 2016 3025:Ribas et al. 2016 2947:Ribas et al. 2016 2920:Ribas et al. 2016 2908:Ribas et al. 2016 2896:Ribas et al. 2016 2872:Ribas et al. 2016 2857:Ribas et al. 2016 2845:Ribas et al. 2016 2785:Lewis et al. 2018 2763:, pp. 10–11. 2761:Quick et al. 2023 2749:Quick et al. 2023 2669:Luger et al. 2017 2657:Luger et al. 2017 2608:, p. 148.13. 2582:Eager et al. 2020 2570:Ribas et al. 2016 2459:Ribas et al. 2016 2399:Ribas et al. 2016 2314:Ribas et al. 2016 2299:Quick et al. 2023 2287:Ribas et al. 2016 2243:Noack et al. 2021 2150:Noack et al. 2021 2076:Noack et al. 2021 2030:Faria et al. 2022 1813:Faria et al. 2022 1469:Alpha Centauri Bb 1447: 1426: 1238:Even the fastest 1172:complex organisms 613:induction heating 606:radioactive decay 264:Alpha Centauri Cb 253: 252: 7891: 7884:Proxima Centauri 7846: 7845: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7810: 7809: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7789: 7761: 7760: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7707:orbit; Jul 2016) 7636: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7555:(471325) 2011 KT 7540: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7525: 7502: 7489: 7468:2MASS J2126–8140 7268: 7231: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7209:(164121) 2003 YT 7199: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7065: 7048: 7041: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6977: 6962: 6961: 6952:Sub-brown dwarfs 6948: 6947: 6927: 6910: 6909: 6901: 6900: 6883: 6870: 6857: 6844: 6834: 6821: 6777: 6765: 6760: 6731: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6702: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6613: 6612: 6589:Project Longshot 6517: 6512: 6481:Rigil Kentaurus 6458: 6451: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6372:. Archived from 6352: 6318: 6293: 6283: 6265: 6240: 6215: 6181: 6156: 6146: 6128: 6103: 6069: 6044: 6026: 6008: 5980: 5970: 5952: 5926: 5916: 5898: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5853: 5843: 5825: 5800: 5766: 5751:Nature Astronomy 5740: 5730: 5712: 5687: 5685: 5667: 5658:(3): 3595–3608. 5642: 5632: 5614: 5589: 5562: 5531: 5482: 5448: 5423: 5389: 5363: 5361: 5328: 5318: 5300: 5275: 5257: 5231: 5206: 5188: 5155: 5153: 5120: 5110: 5076: 5050: 5016: 4990: 4980: 4962: 4937: 4927: 4909: 4883: 4873: 4855: 4830: 4788: 4763: 4745: 4727: 4702: 4692: 4659: 4649: 4631: 4606: 4588: 4570: 4544: 4510: 4489: 4479: 4461: 4435: 4425: 4407: 4381: 4371: 4353: 4328: 4289: 4258: 4248: 4230: 4205: 4203: 4185: 4160: 4150: 4132: 4107: 4097: 4079: 4054: 4020: 3994: 3963: 3929: 3904: 3862: 3837: 3835: 3825: 3804: 3779: 3761: 3743: 3718: 3708: 3690: 3665: 3623: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3561: 3559: 3541: 3520: 3478: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2809:Ojha et al. 2022 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2525: 2519: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2246: 2240: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2098: 2092: 2079: 2073: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1943: 1937: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1901: 1895: 1886: 1880: 1871: 1865: 1846: 1840: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1810: 1782: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1473:Alpha Centauri B 1449: 1448: 1428: 1427: 1393: 1377: 1364: 1321: 1124:subsurface ocean 883:subsurface ocean 798:Alpha Centauri B 794:Alpha Centauri A 786:Proxima Centauri 780: 775: 761: 756: 746: 735:and a radius of 734: 719: 709: 692:Proxima Centauri 661:of the planet's 604:generation from 546: 536: 530: 520: 490: 483: 475: 402:Proxima Centauri 343: 309:, making it and 280:Proxima Centauri 227: 217: 176:Proxima Centauri 164: 143: 138: 137: 118: 113: 83:Detection method 31: 24: 20: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7784: 7782: 7777: 7747: 7745: 7737: 7687: 7626: 7593: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7544:BOSS Great Wall 7538: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7523: 7511:SDSS J1240+6710 7500: 7487: 7473: 7266: 7219: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7195: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7151: 7150: 7149:(85990) 1999 JV 7147: 7128: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7089: 7053: 7050: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7027: 7024: 6994: 6981: 6975: 6954: 6934: 6925: 6887: 6881: 6868: 6855: 6842: 6832: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6786:red dwarf 6775: 6768:Alpha Centauri 6757: 6738: 6729: 6708: 6689: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6624: 6619: 6598: 6562: 6518: 6504: 6469: 6462: 6425: 6417: 6405: 6392: 6379: 6377: 6363: 6360: 6358:Further reading 6355: 5867: 5865: 5586: 5559: 4317: 4286: 3991: 3969:"Spectral Type" 3593: 3591: 3589: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3439:Hanslmeier 2021 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357:, p. 1153. 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3102:, p. 3606. 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2528: 2522:Liu et al. 2017 2520: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2332: 2328:, p. 1007. 2324: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2249: 2241: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2191: 2183: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2101: 2093: 2082: 2074: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1946: 1938: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1904: 1896: 1889: 1881: 1874: 1866: 1849: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1767: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1701:methyl chloride 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1640: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1416: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1356: 1322: 1310: 1308:View from Earth 1274: 1212: 1164:carbon monoxide 1136: 1112: 1106: 1086: 944: 820: 815: 773: 771: 754: 752: 744: 736: 732: 724: 717: 707: 705: 694: 679: 638: 562: 559: 544: 534: 532: 528: 518: 516: 513: 485: 481: 470: 463: 451:habitable zones 443: 377: 365:radial velocity 341: 333: 243: 225: 215: 213: 201: 198: 191: 160: 152: 135: 133: 132: 130: 127: 111: 109: 106: 104:Semi-major axis 85: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7897: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7851: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7802: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7755: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7726: 7708: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7648:460P/PanSTARRS 7645: 7639: 7637: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7603: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7566: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7526: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7501:(hypothesized) 7495: 7490: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7274: 7269: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7181: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7068: 7066: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7043: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6972:WISE 0855−0714 6968: 6966: 6959: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6918: 6916: 6907: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6875: 6872: 6862: 6859: 6849: 6846: 6836: 6829:Barnard's Star 6825: 6823: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6791: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6766: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6722: 6720: 6711: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6681: 6665: 6664: 6653: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6466:Alpha Centauri 6461: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6423: 6415: 6403: 6398: 6391: 6390:External links 6388: 6387: 6386: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6294: 6241: 6216: 6157: 6104: 6045: 5981: 5927: 5874: 5854: 5801: 5741: 5688: 5643: 5590: 5584: 5563: 5557: 5532: 5498:(2): 147–176. 5483: 5424: 5364: 5329: 5276: 5207: 5156: 5136:(4): 428–537. 5121: 5067:(2): 133–189. 5051: 4991: 4938: 4884: 4831: 4779:(7): 967–982. 4764: 4703: 4660: 4607: 4545: 4490: 4452:(1): 268–274. 4436: 4382: 4329: 4315: 4290: 4284: 4259: 4206: 4161: 4108: 4055: 3995: 3989: 3964: 3905: 3838: 3805: 3780: 3719: 3666: 3599: 3587: 3562: 3521: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3441:, p. 270. 3431: 3429:, p. 253. 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3381:, p. 140. 3371: 3369:, p. 139. 3359: 3347: 3335: 3333:, p. 274. 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3285:, p. 169. 3275: 3273:, p. 168. 3263: 3261:, p. 147. 3251: 3249:, p. 975. 3239: 3237:, p. 972. 3227: 3225:, p. 971. 3215: 3203: 3191: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3138:, p. 117. 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3029: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2951: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2799:, p. 101. 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2738: 2736:, p. 103. 2726: 2724:, p. 100. 2709: 2707:, p. 114. 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2647:, p. 134. 2634: 2632:, p. 137. 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2559: 2547: 2545:, p. 135. 2526: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2434: 2422: 2420:, p. 136. 2403: 2388: 2386:, p. 138. 2376: 2359: 2347: 2330: 2318: 2303: 2291: 2276: 2264: 2247: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2189: 2187:, p. 148. 2166: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2099: 2097:, p. 240. 2080: 2061: 2049: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1996:, p. 437. 1983: 1981:, p. 133. 1971: 1969:, p. 498. 1959: 1944: 1929: 1927:, p. 435. 1917: 1902: 1887: 1872: 1870:, p. 438. 1847: 1832: 1830:, p. 439. 1817: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1765: 1751: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1683:-bearing ice ( 1660: 1651: 1638: 1634:Alpha Centauri 1621: 1612: 1608:magnetic field 1595: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1515: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1323: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1278:Alpha Centauri 1273: 1270: 1258:speed of light 1211: 1208: 1204:photosynthesis 1196:photosynthesis 1188: 1187: 1175: 1157: 1154: 1147: 1135: 1132: 1105: 1102: 1085: 1082: 1074:carbon dioxide 1066: 1065: 1042: 1035: 1019:habitable zone 1015: 1014:could recycle. 1008:carbon dioxide 1004: 996: 985: 943: 940: 939: 938: 932: 925: 918: 911: 905: 894: 889:The nature of 871:carbon dioxide 863:Climate models 828:Alpha Centauri 819: 816: 814: 811: 806:Alpha Centauri 742: 730: 715: 690:Main article: 678: 675: 651:Alpha Centauri 642:tidally locked 637: 634: 560: 557: 542: 526: 512: 509: 501:Alpha Centauri 462: 459: 442: 439: 423:habitable zone 415:Anglada-Escudé 376: 373: 346:habitable zone 339: 330:orbital period 291:Alpha Centauri 272:habitable zone 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 235: 229: 228: 223: 210: 204: 203: 199: 196: 192: 187: 184: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 165: 162:Semi-amplitude 157: 156: 153: 148: 145: 144: 128: 123: 120: 119: 107: 102: 99: 98: 92: 91: 86: 81: 78: 77: 76:24 August 2016 74: 70: 69: 64: 58: 57: 54:Anglada-Escudé 51: 45: 44: 40: 39: 35:Alpha Centauri 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7896: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7815: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7801: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7756: 7754: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7576: 7567: 7561: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7536: 7527: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7239: 7238:38 Virginis b 7236: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7182: 7179: 7170: 7167: 7158: 7155: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7116:Impact events 7113: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7047: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7026:2016 in space 7021: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6957:rogue planets 6953: 6949: 6945: 6930: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6853: 6852:Lalande 21185 6850: 6847: 6840: 6837: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707:Main-sequence 6704: 6700: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6616: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6231:: P43G–3826. 6230: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3853:(1): 99–125. 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3345:, p. 10. 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3321:, p. 14. 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3114:, p. 11. 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3090:, p. 12. 3089: 3084: 3078:, p. 11. 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3054:, p. 10. 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2949:, p. 14. 2948: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2928: 2922:, p. 13. 2921: 2916: 2910:, p. 12. 2909: 2904: 2898:, p. 11. 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2858: 2853: 2847:, p. 15. 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2584:, p. 10. 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2508: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2432:, p. 22. 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2401:, p. 10. 2400: 2395: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2357:, p. 18. 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2301:, p. 13. 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2274:, p. 55. 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2128:, p. 13. 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2032:, p. 10. 2031: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1815:, p. 16. 1814: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1760:02 29 42.9487 1755: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1703:as the Sun's. 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1560: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1510: 1506: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1435: 1413: 1412: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1352:generated by 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1039:impact events 1036: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1023:main sequence 1020: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:Stellar winds 986: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948: 947: 936: 933: 930: 926: 923: 919: 916: 912: 909: 906: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 887: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 858: 852: 850: 846: 841: 837: 829: 824: 810: 807: 803: 800:which form a 799: 795: 791: 790:multiple star 788:is part of a 787: 782: 779: 769: 765: 764:spectral type 760: 750: 745: 741: 733: 729: 721: 718: 714: 703: 699: 693: 683: 674: 672: 668: 665:, increasing 664: 660: 659:tidal heating 656: 652: 646: 643: 636:Tidal locking 633: 630: 625: 620: 618: 614: 611: 607: 603: 602:internal heat 600:environment, 599: 595: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 554: 550: 545: 541: 529: 525: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 479: 474: 468: 456: 452: 447: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 410:chromospheric 407: 403: 399: 394: 391: 381: 372: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 342: 338: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 248: 244: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 211: 209: 205: 202: 193: 190: 185: 180: 177: 174: 170: 166: 163: 158: 154: 151: 146: 142: 129: 126: 121: 117: 114:0.00030 108: 105: 100: 97: 93: 90: 87: 84: 79: 75: 71: 68: 65: 63: 59: 55: 52: 50: 46: 41: 36: 30: 25: 19: 7836:Solar System 7766: 7730:Schiaparelli 7729: 7716: 7710: 7698: 7673:144P/Kushida 7458:V830 Tauri b 7405: 7391:Kepler-1647b 7386:Kepler-1638b 7381:Kepler-1625b 7376:Kepler-1520b 7371:Kepler-1229b 7264:HD 131399 Ab 7254:Gliese 536 b 6905:Brown dwarfs 6820:(red dwarfs) 6798: 6763:Solar System 6551: 6498: 6490: 6482: 6409:– via 6378:. Retrieved 6374:the original 6369: 6306: 6302: 6253: 6249: 6228: 6224: 6169: 6165: 6116: 6112: 6057: 6053: 5996: 5992: 5940: 5936: 5886: 5882: 5866:. Retrieved 5862: 5813: 5809: 5754: 5750: 5700: 5696: 5655: 5651: 5602: 5598: 5567: 5540: 5495: 5491: 5436: 5432: 5377: 5373: 5341: 5337: 5288: 5284: 5219: 5215: 5168: 5164: 5133: 5129: 5064: 5061:Astrobiology 5060: 5004: 5000: 4950: 4946: 4897: 4893: 4843: 4839: 4776: 4773:Astrobiology 4772: 4715: 4711: 4672: 4668: 4619: 4615: 4558: 4554: 4498: 4494: 4449: 4445: 4395: 4391: 4341: 4337: 4298: 4267: 4218: 4214: 4173: 4169: 4120: 4116: 4067: 4063: 4008: 4004: 3972: 3917: 3913: 3850: 3847:Astrobiology 3846: 3813: 3792: 3788: 3731: 3727: 3678: 3674: 3611: 3607: 3592:, retrieved 3570: 3529: 3466: 3462: 3434: 3422: 3417:, p. 4. 3410: 3405:, p. 1. 3398: 3393:, p. 5. 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3309:, p. 6. 3302: 3297:, p. 2. 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3201:, p. 5. 3194: 3189:, p. 5. 3174:, p. 6. 3167: 3162:, p. 3. 3155: 3150:, p. 1. 3143: 3131: 3126:, p. 7. 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3066:, p. 2. 3059: 3047: 3042:, p. 1. 3027:, p. 1. 3012:, p. 5. 3005: 3000:, p. 1. 2993: 2988:, p. 3. 2981: 2976:, p. 7. 2969: 2964:, p. 5. 2934:, p. 1. 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2886:, p. 6. 2879: 2874:, p. 7. 2859:, p. 6. 2852: 2840: 2835:, p. 1. 2828: 2816: 2811:, p. 3. 2804: 2792: 2787:, p. 2. 2780: 2775:, p. 6. 2768: 2756: 2751:, p. 9. 2729: 2700: 2695:, p. 3. 2688: 2683:, p. 1. 2676: 2671:, p. 7. 2664: 2659:, p. 2. 2652: 2625: 2620:, p. 1. 2613: 2601: 2596:, p. 7. 2589: 2577: 2572:, p. 5. 2557:, p. 2. 2550: 2524:, p. 1. 2509:, p. 4. 2502: 2497:, p. 1. 2495:Ekström 2014 2490: 2485:, p. 1. 2478: 2473:, p. 3. 2466: 2461:, p. 4. 2454: 2425: 2379: 2374:, p. 2. 2350: 2345:, p. 2. 2321: 2316:, p. 3. 2294: 2289:, p. 8. 2267: 2262:, p. 1. 2245:, p. 2. 2226:, p. 4. 2219: 2214:, p. 7. 2207: 2202:, p. 2. 2164:, p. 2. 2157: 2152:, p. 9. 2145: 2140:, p. 8. 2133: 2121: 2116:, p. 1. 2078:, p. 1. 2059:, p. 1. 2052: 2047:, p. 1. 2025: 2020:, p. 6. 2013: 2008:, p. 9. 2001: 1974: 1962: 1957:, p. 2. 1942:, p. 1. 1920: 1915:, p. 1. 1900:, p. 1. 1885:, p. 1. 1845:, p. 1. 1774: 1770: 1763: 1754: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1663: 1654: 1641: 1624: 1615: 1598: 1559:eccentricity 1553: 1544: 1535: 1518: 1509: 1479:Astrobiology 1304:from Earth. 1275: 1247: 1237: 1225: 1213: 1189: 1137: 1113: 1097: 1089: 1087: 1067: 1046:cryovolcanic 1000:stellar wind 956:UV radiation 945: 861: 853: 833: 783: 739: 727: 722: 712: 695: 647: 639: 621: 591: 539: 523: 514: 493:eccentricity 464: 455:Solar System 395: 387: 358: 336: 327: 323:Solar System 263: 259: 255: 254: 238: 220: 18: 7824:Spaceflight 7725:; Sep 2016) 7643:252P/LINEAR 7622:ASASSN-16ma 7617:ASASSN-16kt 7607:ASASSN-15lh 7579:(announced) 7564:(announced) 7549:GRB 160625B 7539:(announced) 7524:(announced) 7498:Planet Nine 7488:(announced) 7478:Discoveries 7453:TW Hydrae b 7366:Kepler-737b 7272:HD 164922 c 7244:55 Cancri e 7124:DN160822 03 6606:- Disproven 6380:16 December 6172:: 498–503. 5868:19 February 5222:(1): 7521. 4752:10871/31278 4595:1885/114519 3646:10871/26089 3594:17 November 3187:Lingam 2020 2483:Rouan 2014b 2447:Siegel 2016 1967:Wandel 2017 1689:trace gases 1685:hydrohalite 1632:excited by 1368:comparison. 1254:solar sails 952:irradiation 922:Rossby wave 802:binary star 762:, it has a 737:0.154 725:0.122 710:0.006 594:simulations 549:inclination 521:0.086 486:0.049 369:planetology 295:light-years 288:star system 233:Temperature 189:Mean radius 167:1.24 ± 0.07 7858:Categories 7612:SN 2016aps 7431:TRAPPIST-1 7361:Kepler-56d 7356:Kepler-20g 7259:HD 19467 b 7249:BD+20 594b 7225:Exoplanets 7084:OSIRIS-REx 6928:0.0011 ly) 6884:0.0009 ly) 6858:0.0007 ly) 6845:0.0013 ly) 6835:0.0004 ly) 6778:0.0022 ly) 6732:0.0054 ly) 6370:TechCrunch 6316:1609.00707 6263:1702.03386 6256:(2): 122. 6179:1612.03844 6126:2007.12459 6067:1608.06827 6006:1911.11035 5950:1707.08596 5896:2006.12503 5823:1808.09977 5764:2111.06350 5710:2004.03007 5665:1711.04685 5612:1902.04720 5446:1704.08449 5387:1608.06813 5298:1801.06131 5291:(3): 130. 5229:2212.03702 5074:1608.08620 5014:2005.12114 4960:1609.09075 4907:1711.07018 4853:2002.03248 4846:(4): 144. 4786:1707.04594 4725:1802.00378 4718:(2): 171. 4675:(2): 171. 4629:1608.07345 4622:(1): L12. 4568:1609.08718 4508:1611.03495 4459:1905.01336 4405:1804.02001 4398:(2): L30. 4351:1701.08803 4344:(2): L32. 4228:2110.10702 4183:2211.15697 4130:1609.09076 4077:2102.03255 4070:(2): 191. 4018:2202.05188 3927:2005.13002 3860:1709.02051 3823:1608.06908 3816:: stx169. 3795:: 148.13. 3741:1710.09776 3688:1609.09757 3681:(2): L16. 3621:1702.08463 3539:2207.13524 3476:1609.03449 3427:Beech 2017 2018:Güdel 2014 2006:Güdel 2014 1789:References 1647:black body 1350:Cassiopeia 1340:, and the 1330:Betelgeuse 1294:Cassiopeia 1240:spacecraft 1108:See also: 898:continents 891:convection 865:including 702:flare star 537:0.06 350:flare star 334:1.07 218:0.06 7864:Centaurus 7800:Astronomy 7723:comet 67P 7703:(entered 7668:9P/Tempel 7493:IDCS 1426 7470:as planet 7277:HIP 41378 7133:Selected 6978:0.041 ly) 6922:Luhman 16 6871:0.012 ly) 6594:Starlight 6349:118725821 6341:0032-0633 6309:: 55–67. 6212:119332654 6204:0094-5765 6153:220768603 6119:(1): 24. 6092:0004-6361 6041:208267900 6033:1538-3881 5999:(2): 41. 5977:119358173 5943:(2): 77. 5923:220249615 5889:(3): 86. 5816:(1): 11. 5797:239906760 5789:2397-3366 5737:215238822 5703:(2): 84. 5639:118948604 5605:(1): 19. 5520:1473-5504 5479:119444699 5471:0004-6361 5420:119253891 5412:0004-6361 5344:(1): 29. 5325:119219140 5272:254276494 5203:236288357 5195:0004-6361 5099:1531-1074 5047:218869742 5039:0004-6361 4987:119116641 4953:(1): 63. 4900:(1): 12. 4880:211069278 4811:1531-1074 4699:126238790 4603:118735664 4561:(3): 93. 4533:0004-6361 4486:146121472 4378:118928945 4325:239084299 4255:239050000 4176:(1): L8. 4157:118451685 4123:(1): L4. 4104:234356354 4051:246706321 4043:0004-6361 3960:218900900 3952:0004-6361 3885:1531-1074 3776:119438782 3768:0004-637X 3734:(1): 93. 3715:119208249 3654:0004-6361 3501:1476-4687 1382:Centaurus 1249:Voyager 2 1186:on Earth. 1184:red tides 1168:evolution 1120:exoplanet 1116:exoplanet 1078:exocomets 1058:exosphere 978:exosphere 929:heat flow 927:Internal 924:dynamics. 776:150 757:100 698:red dwarf 677:Host star 497:obliquity 471:4.2 467:exoplanet 419:exoplanet 390:exoplanet 375:Discovery 315:Proxima c 311:Proxima d 307:Centaurus 276:red dwarf 268:exoplanet 260:Proxima b 194:0.94–1.4 43:Discovery 7663:81P/Wild 7521:GW151226 7516:Crater 2 7485:GW150914 7426:Qatar-5b 7421:Qatar-4b 7416:Qatar-3b 7411:Pr0211 c 7351:KELT-11b 7314:K2-332 b 7049: » 6878:Ross 154 6839:Wolf 359 6797:?; Bc?; 6615:Category 6489:Toliman 6290:92983008 6100:64900708 6060:: A112. 5850:76652437 5528:91096652 5380:: A111. 5264:36473880 5171:: A103. 5117:29431479 4934:54773928 4827:51628150 4819:30010383 4760:56158810 4656:55972396 4541:50867264 4432:59127420 4011:: A115. 3901:52165056 3893:30183335 3662:55136396 3614:: A120. 3509:27558064 1526:and the 1462:See also 1354:Celestia 1344:between 1298:Achernar 1230:and the 1070:volcanic 1052:'s moon 1012:glaciers 982:nitrogen 970:hydrogen 915:salinity 743:☉ 731:☉ 716:☉ 667:volcanic 655:triaxial 617:volatile 610:magnetic 598:galactic 266:, is an 155:310 ± 50 7848:Science 7786:Portals 7712:Rosetta 7705:Jupiter 7631:Comets 7589:Virgo I 7570:2014 UZ 7530:2015 RR 7346:KELT-9b 7203:2016 PQ 7185:2016 EU 7173:2013 TX 7161:1994 WR 7036:« 6924:(6.5029 6880:(9.7063 6854:(8.3044 6841:(7.8558 6831:(5.9629 6774:(4.3441 6728:(8.7094 6676:member 6674:Primary 6579:AIMStar 6523:Planets 6411:YouTube 6321:Bibcode 6268:Bibcode 6233:Bibcode 6184:Bibcode 6131:Bibcode 6072:Bibcode 6011:Bibcode 5955:Bibcode 5901:Bibcode 5828:Bibcode 5769:Bibcode 5715:Bibcode 5670:Bibcode 5617:Bibcode 5500:Bibcode 5451:Bibcode 5439:: A58. 5392:Bibcode 5346:Bibcode 5303:Bibcode 5255:9726705 5234:Bibcode 5173:Bibcode 5138:Bibcode 5108:5820795 5079:Bibcode 5019:Bibcode 5007:: A77. 4965:Bibcode 4912:Bibcode 4858:Bibcode 4791:Bibcode 4730:Bibcode 4677:Bibcode 4634:Bibcode 4573:Bibcode 4513:Bibcode 4464:Bibcode 4410:Bibcode 4356:Bibcode 4233:Bibcode 4221:: 190. 4188:Bibcode 4135:Bibcode 4082:Bibcode 4023:Bibcode 3932:Bibcode 3920:: A99. 3865:Bibcode 3797:Bibcode 3746:Bibcode 3693:Bibcode 3626:Bibcode 3544:Bibcode 3517:4451513 3481:Bibcode 3449:Sources 1693:methane 1346:Perseus 1334:Procyon 1302:Procyon 1162:and/or 1050:Jupiter 950:Strong 935:Sea ice 879:lobster 857:auroras 818:Climate 624:impacts 570:Mercury 566:Neptune 478:parsecs 421:in the 321:to the 301:) from 299:parsecs 274:of the 136:−0.0031 134:+0.0029 131:11.1868 110:0.04856 7718:Philae 7506:GN-z11 7309:K2-33b 7072:Hitomi 6974:(7.430 6965:Y-type 6914:L-type 6867:(8.724 6817:M-type 6754:(0 ly) 6744:G-type 6718:A-type 6468:system 6347: 6339: 6288: 6210: 6202: 6151: 6098: 6090: 6039: 6031: 5975: 5921: 5863:Forbes 5848: 5795: 5787: 5735: 5637: 5582: 5555: 5526: 5518: 5477: 5469: 5418: 5410: 5323: 5270: 5262: 5252: 5201: 5193: 5115: 5105: 5097: 5045: 5037: 4985: 4932: 4878: 4825: 4817: 4809: 4758: 4697: 4654: 4601: 4539: 4531: 4501:: L7. 4484: 4430: 4376: 4323: 4313: 4282: 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