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cut so subordination pruning should be done to slowly reduce a limb by 50% each year to allow the tree to properly heal from the cut. As a tree becomes larger the slower it grows. Reducing the larger limbs for eventual removal will allow for the tree to promote new growth rather than using energy in encouraging unwanted limbs to continue to grow. Removing a large branch increases the likelihood of the cut to not heal properly which also may attract insects, diseases and fungus.
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include excurrent growth by having a single dominant leader, branch unions without included bark, and a balanced canopy. Structural pruning does this by developing or maintaining a dominant leader, identify the lowest branches in the canopy, prevent branches below the permanent canopy from growing too large, keeping all branches less than one half the trunk diameter, space main branches along one dominant trunk, and suppress growth on branches with included bark.
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reason deadwooding is performed is safety. Situations that usually demand removal of deadwood include trees that overhang public roads, houses, public areas, power lines, telephone cables and gardens. Trees located in wooded areas are usually assessed as lower risk but assessments consider the number of visitors. Trees adjacent to footpaths and access roads are often considered for deadwood removal.
512:: A more drastic form of pruning, a thinning out cut is the removal of an entire shoot, limb, or branch at its point of origin. This is usually employed to revitalize a plant by removing over-mature, weak, problematic, and excessive growths. When performed correctly, thinning encourages the formation of new growth that will more readily bear fruit and flowers. This is a common technique in pruning
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785:. In this case, they are better pruned during active growth when they can more readily heal. Woody plants that flower early in the season, on spurs that form on wood that has matured the year before, such as apples, should be pruned right after flowering as later pruning will sacrifice flowers the following season.
473:. Additionally in forestry, pole pruners and pole saws are commonly used and these are often attached to poles that reach up to 5-6 m, this is a more efficient way of pruning than with ladders. These bush saws on polls have also been motorized as chainsaws which is even more efficient. Older technology used
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A regular form of pruning where certain deciduous species are pruned back to pollard heads every year in the dormant period. This practice is usually commenced on juvenile trees so they can adapt to the harshness of the practice. This practice can be used for tree shaping but is also used in specific
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Subordination pruning is done on limbs that will exceed 50% percent of the stem diameter. A reduction cut may be performed while still allowing about 50% of the branch. This is done to help maintain form and deter the formation of co-dominant leaders. Temporary branches may be too large for a removal
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Another reason for deadwooding is amenity value, i.e. a tree with a large amount of deadwood throughout the crown will look more aesthetically pleasing with the deadwood removed. The physical practice of deadwooding can be carried out most of the year though should be avoided when the tree is coming
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Branches die off for a number of reasons including sunlight deficiency, pest and disease damage, and root structure damage. A dead branch will at some point decay back to the parent stem and fall off. This is normally a slow process but can be hastened by high winds or extreme temperatures. The main
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This would be an inappropriate operation if the tree speciesâ form was of a shrubby nature. This would therefore remove most of the foliage and would also largely unbalance the tree. This procedure should not be carried out if the tree is in decline, poor health or dead, dying or dangerous (DDD) as
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they are not used so much in commercial forestry due to the difficulty of cutting flush with the stem. Flush cuts happen when you cut into the cambium layer of the main trunk which can happen when you are not precise with pruning cuts and remove a portion of the branch collar which can put the tree
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Woody plants may undergo a process referred to as "self-pruning", where they will drop twigs or branches which are no longer producing more energy than they require. It is theorized that this process can also occur in response to lack of water, in order to reduce the surface area where water can be
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reduces the size of a tree, often for clearance for utility lines. Reducing the height or spread of a tree is best accomplished by pruning back the leaders and branch terminals to lateral branches that are large enough to assume the terminal roles (at least one-third the diameter of the cut stem).
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Reduction cuts is when you remove a portion of a growing stem down to a set of desirable buds or side-branching stems. This is commonly performed in well trained plants for a variety of reasons, for example to stimulate growth of flowers, fruit or branches, as a preventive measure to wind and snow
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If the tree is of great importance to an area or town, (i.e. veteran or ancient) then an alternative solution to crown lifting would be to move the target or object so it is not in range. For example, diverting a footpath around a tree's drip line so the crown lift is not needed. Another solution
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growth from dormant buds. To reduce this sometimes smaller branches are left on the lower part of the trunk. Excessive removal of the lower branches can displace the canopy weight, this will make the tree top heavy, therefore adding stress to the tree. When a branch is removed from the trunk, it
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Crown lifting is done for access; these being pedestrian, vehicle or space for buildings and street furniture. Lifting the crown will allow traffic and pedestrians to pass underneath safely. This pruning technique is usually used in the urban environment as it is for public safety and aesthetics
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Preventative and structural pruning can be done to mitigate several issues young trees may have in the future. The structural pruning can reduce tree stress, increase the lifespan of trees, and promotes resistance to damage due to natural weather events. Attributes of trees with good structure
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Crown raising involves the removal of the lower branches to a given height. The height is achieved by the removal of whole branches or removing the parts of branches which extend below the desired height. The branches are normally not lifted to more than one third of the tree's total height.
524:: Topping is a very severe form of pruning which involves removing all branches and growths down to a few large branches or to the trunk of the tree. When performed correctly it is used on very young trees, and can be used to begin training younger trees for
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In orchards, fruit trees are often lopped to encourage regrowth and to maintain a smaller tree for ease of picking fruit. The pruning regime in orchards is more planned and the productivity of each tree is an important factor.
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creates a large wound. This wound is susceptible to disease and decay, and could lead to reduced trunk stability. Therefore, much time and consideration must be taken when choosing the height the crown is to be lifted to.
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J.M. Dunn, C.J. Atkinson, N.A. Hipps, 2002, Effects of two different canopy manipulations on leaf water use and photosynthesis as determined by gas exchange and stable isotope discrimination, East
Malling, University of
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Crown thinning is the removal of live healthy branches which increases light penetration, air circulation and reduces wind resistance which reduces risks from damage and the possibility of pest infestation.
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can harm a recently pruned plant, after flowering is completed. In the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere autumn pruning should be avoided, as the spores of disease and decay
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Although there are several different types of pruning they can be simplified into two categories. One of which is cutting the branch back to a specific and intermediate point, called
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Reducing the height and or spread of a tree by selectively cutting back to smaller branches and in fruit trees for increasing of light interception and enhancing fruit quality.
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Reasons to prune plants include deadwood removal, shaping (by controlling or redirecting growth), improving or sustaining health, reducing risk from falling branches, preparing
330:. It is therefore preferable to make any necessary formative structural pruning cuts to young plants, rather than removing large, poorly placed branches from mature plants.
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would be to prop up or cable-brace the low hanging branch. This is a non-invasive solution which in some situations may be more economical and environmentally friendly.
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into leaf. The deadwooding process speeds up the tree's natural abscission process. It also reduces unwanted weight and wind resistance and can help overall balance.
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In general, pruning deadwood and small branches can be done at any time of year. Depending on the species, many temperate plants can be pruned either during
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the operation will remove some of the photosynthetic area the tree uses. This will increase the decline rate of the tree and could lead to death.
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is the act of removing spent flowers or flowerheads for aesthetics, to prolong bloom for up to several weeks or promote rebloom, or to prevent
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Pruning in an urban setting is crucial due to the tree being in drastically different conditions than where they naturally grow.
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Lonsdale. D, 1999, Principles of tree hazard assessment and management, 6th impression 2008, forestry commission, Great
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This refers to the area below the union of where branch wood attaches with the trunk/stem wood. This can often appear raised.
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removes the lower branches from a tree in order to provide clearance for buildings, vehicles, pedestrians, and vistas.
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and for amplifying and "opening-up" the branching of neglected trees, or for renewing shrubs with multiple branches.
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James, N. D. G, The arboriculturalist's companion, second edition 1990, Blackwell
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damage on long stems and branches, and finally to encourage growth of the stems in a desirable direction.
353:. Different pruning techniques may be used on herbaceous plants than those used on perennial woody plants.
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Shigo, A, 1991, Modern arboriculture, third printing, Durham, New
Hampshire, USA, Shirwin Dodge Printers.
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This article is about the pruning of plants in general. For the pruning of fruit bearing trees, see
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Crown lifting introduces light to the lower part of the trunk; this, in some species can encourage
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This refers to the junction between branch wood and trunk/stem wood. It usually looks raised.
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practice involving the selective removal of certain parts of a plant, such as
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Trunk wood is the main stem of a tree which individual stems grow out of.
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314:. In general, the smaller the branch that is cut, the easier it is for a
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Specialized pruning practices may be applied to certain plants, such as
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1121:"Chapter 12 â Developing a Preventative Pruning Program: Young Trees"
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1067:"Reducing - Pruning - Landscape plants - Edward F. Gilman - UF/IFAS"
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species which young branches can be sold for floral arrangements.
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Branch wood is an individual stem that grows off of another stem.
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Shigo, A, 1989, A New Tree
Biology. Shigo & trees Associates.
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Some woody plants tend to bleed profusely from cuts, such as
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British standards 3998:1989, Recommendations for Tree Work.
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and increasing the yield or quality of flowers and fruits.
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and tree cutting tools designed for the purpose, such as
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Bartlett Tree
Research Laboratories Technical Report.
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Bartlett Tree
Research Laboratories Technical Report.
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
334:lost. This natural shedding of branches is called
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1119:Gilman, Edward F.; Bisson, Amanda (2008-01-24).
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635:Selectively pruning a window of view in a tree.
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481:and pruning knives. Although still used in some
1205:âPruning Standard to Maintain Landscape Trees.â
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1091:"Removal of dead wood - Nelson's Tree Services"
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957:"Trees Need a Proper Start â Prune Them Right"
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322:the wound and thus limit the potential for
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1184:"Crown Reduction - Nelson's Tree Services"
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954:
762:in winter, or, for species where winter
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611:rather than tree form and timber value.
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186:This article includes a list of general
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891:Fire adaptations#Self-pruning branches
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930:BCMA, Jeremiah_Sandler (2021-02-01).
16:Selective removal of parts of a plant
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978:âStructural Pruning of Young Trees.â
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713:adding citations to reliable sources
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432:An arborist pruning a tree near the
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887:Plant senescence#Plant self-pruning
781:. Some callus over slowly, such as
770:are abundant at this time of year.
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830:or natural regular branch shedding
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192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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53:or discuss these issues on the
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932:"On Removing Deadwood, Part 1"
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1018:"Tree Fruit Production Guide"
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575:Preventive structural pruning
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486:at risk of entry cords from
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23:. For other uses, see
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3180:spruce-pine-fir
3153:Christmas trees
3035:
2951:Illegal logging
2883:
2877:
2592:Controlled burn
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2549:Social forestry
2529:Energy forestry
2509:Bamboo forestry
2504:Analog forestry
2478:
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2416:
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2332:
2323:
2319:Turf management
2304:Lists of plants
2299:List of gardens
2245:
2182:
2149:
1911:
1461:
1454:
1319:
1310:
1265:"Pruning"
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871:Pruning remains
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639:Crown reduction
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426:
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199:Please help to
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92:
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28:
17:
12:
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3312:Timber cruiser
3309:
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3123:
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3084:pulp and paper
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3054:Forest farming
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2999:
2997:slash-and-burn
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2073:free-flowering
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3069:Manufacturing
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2906:Deforestation
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2783:reforestation
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694:This section
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631:Vista pruning
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407:Branch collar
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372:Pruning terms
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362:transplanting
359:
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3477:Horticulture
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3317:Tree planter
3297:Resin tapper
3277:Truck driver
3272:River driver
3021:Tree hugging
3006:
2989:
2956:timber mafia
2946:High grading
2931:Ghost forest
2901:Clearcutting
2824:Silviculture
2800:Horticulture
2644:Fire ecology
2559:Urban forest
2534:Mycoforestry
2494:
2490:Agroforestry
2471:
2464:
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2450:
2443:
2438:Forest areas
2436:
2429:
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2350:
2331:
2234:Weed control
2228:
2123:horticulture
2053:Olericulture
2033:Hydroculture
2023:Fruticulture
2001:Floriculture
1930:Permaculture
1917:Horticulture
1313:Horticulture
1271:
1220:
1214:Bibliography
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1178:
1159:
1153:
1128:
1124:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
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1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:
990:
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963:
950:
939:. Retrieved
935:
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911:Tree topping
881:Salt pruning
772:
757:
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707:Please help
695:
665:
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549:Compared to
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455:garden tools
453:use various
441:
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
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47:Please help
44:
3341:WikiProject
3265:smokejumper
3245:Firefighter
3208:Occupations
3192:Woodworking
2773:Forestation
2704:restoration
2659:informatics
2524:Ecoforestry
2376:WikiProject
2145:Monoculture
2140:Viticulture
2118:agriculture
2078:propagation
2018:HĂźgelkultur
1940:sustainable
1925:Agriculture
1867:Therapeutic
1847:Shakespeare
1658:Renaissance
1450:Xeriscaping
1445:Sustainable
1440:Square foot
1430:Proplifting
1395:Garden tool
1363:Foodscaping
1189:20 December
1101:20 December
1027:20 December
855:Ice pruning
828:Cladoptosis
677:Time period
667:Deadheading
662:Deadheading
562:Deadwooding
532:to form an
499:removal cut
447:orchardists
364:, and both
347:fruit trees
336:cladoptosis
316:woody plant
298:removal of
205:introducing
3461:Categories
3287:Lumberjack
3282:Log scaler
3165:engineered
3116:non-timber
3089:sawmilling
3041:Industries
3008:svedjebruk
2719:transition
2699:protection
2689:old-growth
2674:governance
2629:Dendrology
2579:management
2445:Ministries
2038:Indigenous
1935:stock-free
1907:Zoological
1787:Pollinator
1680:Greenhouse
1623:Sharawadgi
1611:Vietnamese
1572:East Asian
1480:Australian
1435:Raised bed
1400:Green wall
1243:Cambridge.
1076:2024-05-28
1052:2024-05-28
941:2024-05-30
918:References
860:Pollarding
839:Dead hedge
753:Chandigarh
653:Pollarding
647:Pollarding
530:trellising
526:pollarding
366:harvesting
351:grapevines
213:April 2010
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
3235:Ecologist
3148:Tree farm
3049:Coppicing
2991:chitemene
2891:Acid rain
2839:allometry
2761:SmartWood
2709:secondary
2694:pathology
2669:inventory
2607:driftwood
2473:Arbor Day
2309:Perennial
2272:Floristry
2219:Pesticide
2199:Herbicide
2194:Fungicide
2088:hardiness
1852:Shrubbery
1832:Sculpture
1653:landscape
1582:Cantonese
1557:Container
1552:Community
1520:Byzantine
1515:Butterfly
1505:Botanical
1405:Guerrilla
1353:Community
1343:Butterfly
1338:Arboretum
1333:Allotment
1325:Gardening
1317:gardening
1145:2576-0009
906:Tree fork
834:Coppicing
787:Forsythia
696:does not
616:epicormic
546:Reduction
483:coppicing
475:Billhooks
471:chainsaws
459:secateurs
451:gardeners
443:Arborists
151:June 2008
110:"Pruning"
56:talk page
3436:Category
3250:handcrew
3220:Arborist
3215:Forester
3175:mahogany
3121:palm oil
3111:charcoal
3096:Products
3031:Wildfire
2844:breeding
2805:GM trees
2654:dynamics
2466:Journals
2459:Colleges
2419:Forestry
2352:Category
2262:Features
2168:Grafting
2128:forestry
2110:Tropical
2095:Pomology
2068:cuttings
2063:breeding
1897:Wildlife
1877:Tropical
1827:Scottish
1777:Pleasure
1765:Paradise
1760:Charbagh
1730:Monastic
1725:Medieval
1635:Floating
1589:Japanese
1540:Communal
1530:Colonial
1495:Biblical
1460:Types of
1425:Parterre
896:Thinning
867:(PLANET)
808:Arborist
801:See also
783:magnolia
775:mesquite
760:dormancy
534:espalier
510:Thinning
467:handsaws
324:pathogen
300:diseased
296:targeted
281:branches
259:shearing
3467:Cutting
3446:Outline
3260:lookout
3255:hotshot
3136:tanbark
3106:biomass
3101:biochar
3079:plywood
3064:Logging
2968:wilding
2617:log jam
2574:Ecology
2364:Commons
2277:Ikebana
2229:Pruning
2155:Organic
2105:Roguing
1991:Cutting
1882:Victory
1857:Spanish
1837:Sensory
1782:Prairie
1750:Persian
1740:Orchard
1705:Kitchen
1700:Keyhole
1695:Italian
1690:Islamic
1685:Hanging
1644:French
1630:Fernery
1618:English
1577:Chinese
1562:Cottage
1490:Baroque
1462:gardens
1415:History
1277:. 1914.
901:Topiary
791:azaleas
717:removed
702:sources
671:seeding
551:topping
540:Raising
528:or for
521:Topping
463:loppers
358:nursery
265:Pruning
201:improve
135:scholar
3292:Ranger
3240:Feller
3225:Bucker
3131:rubber
3074:lumber
2884:topics
2871:volume
2866:height
2812:i-Tree
2649:Forest
2602:coarse
2597:Debris
2496:dehesa
2114:Urban
2011:Taiwan
2006:Canada
1969:Botany
1962:Saikei
1957:Bonsai
1902:Winter
1887:Walled
1822:School
1817:Sacred
1772:Physic
1735:Mughal
1715:Market
1670:German
1648:formal
1640:Flower
1606:Korean
1525:Cactus
1510:Bottle
1470:Alpine
1420:Native
1373:Garden
1358:Forest
1274:
1227:
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795:lilacs
449:, and
385:Branch
349:, and
275:, and
190:, but
137:
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116:
108:
3126:rayon
2861:girth
2856:crown
2817:urban
2714:stand
2622:slash
2612:large
2483:Types
2431:Index
2058:Plant
1996:Flora
1945:urban
1892:Water
1872:Trial
1842:Shade
1802:Roman
1675:Greek
1665:Front
1567:Dutch
1535:Color
1131:(1).
960:(PDF)
779:maple
768:fungi
764:frost
514:roses
469:, or
396:Trunk
343:roses
328:decay
306:from
289:roots
287:, or
267:is a
142:JSTOR
128:books
3185:teak
3170:fuel
3160:Wood
2980:REDD
2834:Tree
2751:PEFC
2736:ATFS
1979:Crop
1812:Rose
1807:Roof
1797:Rock
1792:Rain
1755:BÄgh
1720:Mary
1710:Knot
1594:Roji
1485:Back
1315:and
1225:ISBN
1191:2017
1164:ISBN
1141:ISSN
1129:2008
1125:EDIS
1103:2017
1029:2017
995:ISBN
889:and
793:and
777:and
700:any
698:cite
398:wood
387:wood
310:and
308:crop
285:buds
114:news
2756:SFI
2746:FSC
2741:CFS
2679:law
2664:IPM
2576:and
1862:Tea
1599:Zen
1500:Bog
1133:doi
711:by
318:to
97:by
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