7488:
2342:
independent farmer or shop owner and who receive at most pocket money instead of a salary), and 4.5% were domestic workers. The unemployment rate in 1925 was 6%. The proportions varied depending on the predominant economic sector of the individual provinces. In more rural East
Prussia, the number of contributing family members was significantly higher at 22.3% than in industrial Westphalia, where it was 12.8%. Conversely, the proportion of blue-collar workers in East Prussia was 42.6%, while in Westphalia it was 54.1%. In metropolitan Berlin, the proportion of blue-collar workers at 45.9% was lower than in Westphalia despite Berlin's important industrial sector. The reason was the strength of the city's tertiary sector. Salaried employees and civil servants accounted for 30.5% in Berlin, whereas in Westphalia it was 15.6%.
4824:
5256:
83:
5187:
593:
3086:, and the ministry was dissolved in 1921. The office of Minister of Welfare, which had existed in the provisional government, was formally created. There were also ministries of the interior, finance, justice, agriculture and trade. The Ministry of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs was renamed the Ministry of Science, Art and National Education in 1918. The economic interests of the state were largely concentrated in the Ministry of Trade and Commerce. It was the second most powerful state ministry after the Ministry of the Interior and was able to have a considerable impact on domestic and foreign trade beyond Prussia's borders.
565:
4312:
3634:
2333:, where 53.7% of the population lived from the land, was the most heavily agricultural region. By contrast, agriculture was of very little importance in the Rhineland and Westphalia, each with about 13%. The commercial sector was correspondingly strong, at over 56% in Westphalia. Berlin's commercial sector at 46% was high, but the city's metropolitan character was reflected above all in the share of the trade and transport sector, which was over 28%. Overall there were still considerable economic differences after 1918 between the eastern part of the Free State which tended to be agrarian and the industrial west.
3642:
democrats and centrists was respect for the independence of the judiciary. The autonomy of judges had been explicitly enshrined in the constitution. It made a fundamental republicanization of the judiciary impossible. Moreover, the
Minister of Justice Hugo am Zehnhoff, who held the office from 1919 to 1927, had no real interest in judicial reform. The authorities did, however, pay attention to the attitude towards democracy among new appointees. But the Free State did not survive long enough for it to have a noticeable effect. One estimate in 1932 suggested that only about 5% of judges were republican-minded.
3567:
69:
579:
100:
3598:
of 32 district presidents. The shift also changed the social composition among top officials. While in 1918 eleven governors were aristocrats, only two were in the period between 1920 and 1932. There were nevertheless still lagging regions. While in the western provinces 78% of newly appointed district administrators were supporters of the governing parties, the situation in the eastern provinces was noticeably different as late as 1926. There supporters of the coalition made up only one-third of district administrators; the rest were mostly conservative nonpartisans.
689:
5288:
533:
504:
1032:(USPD), appeared before the last Deputy Minister President of Prussia, Robert Friedberg. They declared the previous government deposed and claimed the management of state affairs for themselves. On the same day the commissioners issued instructions that all departments of the state should continue their work as usual. A manifesto, "To the Prussian People!", stated that the goal was to transform "the old, fundamentally reactionary Prussia ... into a fully democratic component of the unified People's Republic."
4304:
547:
1456:
4328:
Versailles remained a central point of conflict between the Reich and
Prussia. The disputes over the use of flags on Constitution Day in 1927 fell into the realm of symbolic politics, which was important for the citizens' idea of the state. Braun announced a boycott of those hotels in Berlin that flew the old imperial black-white-red colors instead of the Republic's black-red-gold. When he asked the Reich government to join in the boycott call, Reich Minister of the Interior
5681:
804:
799:
4353:). There were many agricultural workers who received part of their wages in kind, such as free housing, food or land use. As late as 1928, 83% of the income of an average farm worker in East Prussia consisted of such wages, although the figure was somewhat lower in Silesia and Pomerania. Employers preferred this form of pay because it tied workers more closely to them and made it difficult to verify the accuracy of their wages.
1242:
4843:(28 June 1928 – 27 March 1930), Brüning temporarily blocked cooperation with Prussia against the NSDAP. In December 1931 the Reich government prevented the execution of an arrest warrant against Adolf Hitler issued by Berlin police chief Grzesinski. The Prussian government then presented the Reich government with an extensive dossier proving the anti-constitutional activities of the NSDAP and announced a ban on the
1041:
4406:– schools with the goal of bringing gifted elementary school students up to high school readiness level – with 13,000 students. In 1928 a broad majority decided to introduce educational grants of 20,000 Reichsmarks to support the less well-off. Just one year later, the sum had reached 100,000 Reichsmarks, although additional increases were slowed by fiscal considerations, including on the part of the SPD.
1119:. At the municipal level, however, it took eight months before the existing governmental bodies were replaced by democratically legitimized ones. Deliberations concerning a fundamental reform of property relations in the countryside, in particular the breaking up of large landholdings, did not bear fruit. The manor districts that were the political power base of the large landowners remained in place.
3611:
Republic. Under the leadership of the
Minister of the Interior, the republican-minded police chief Wilhelm Abegg became the decisive figure in carrying out the reform. By the end of the 1920s, all leading police officers were republicans. Of thirty police chiefs in 1928, fifteen were members of the SPD, five belonged to the Centre, four to the DDP, three to the DVP, and the rest were nonpartisan.
1423:, which together held 298 of 401 seats. Paul Hirsch became Minister President. His cabinet included four members from the MSPD, two from the Centre, and two from the DDP. Most of the ministries had existed under the monarchy, although the Ministry of Public Welfare was new. Along with the Ministry of the Interior, it developed into one of the largest ministries because of the range of its tasks.
3510:
Parliament. The parliamentary party members were therefore not as influenced by entrenched roles and were better able to adapt to being a party that formed part of the government. In addition, the left wing of the party, which was critical of cooperation with the bourgeois parties, was weak. Compromise solutions were therefore easier to implement in
Prussia than in the Reich.
4278:(DDP) submitted another draft proposal. It was extraordinarily favorable to the Hohenzollerns and led to fierce criticism from the SPD and DDP. The DDP then introduced a bill in the Reichstag that would authorize the states to find a solution without recourse to the courts. It was the starting point for a political process that led to the failed
1467:, a right-wing attempt to overthrow the Reich government. It was part of specifically Prussian history in that the only relatively united social group behind the putsch was the state's large landowners. They were joined by some military officers and members of the educated civil service. Overall, the putsch was a rebellion of conservative
1147:, Minister President Hirsch assured him that Hoffmann's provisions for ending clerical supervision of schools had been illegal because they had not been voted on in the cabinet. More strongly than any other government measures, Hoffmann's socialist cultural policies turned large segments of the population against the revolution.
1257:. During the campaign, reaching out to female voters, who were going to the polls for the first time, played an important role. In Catholic regions of the state, Hoffmann's anti-clerical school program helped the Centre Party to mobilize its voter base. The MSPD emerged as the strongest party, followed by the Centre and the
4907:, which at the time considered the fight against the "social-fascist" SPD more important than resistance to the extreme right, the KPD also supported the referendum. Especially because many Communist voters did not follow the party's lead, the referendum failed with only 37.1% of the votes in favor of an early dissolution.
4262:
communist bloc", by which he meant all the opposition parties from the DVP and DNVP to the various small parties, which included the NSDAP and the
Communists. Braun said that "they are as incapable of building as they are unanimous in destroying." The new cabinet was a minority government, but it proved remarkably stable.
5121:
seemed possible that the caretaker government could continue on indefinitely. Ernst
Heilmann in particular tried to convince the KPD to tolerate it. Since the KPD had weakened its stance against social fascism in favor of a united front, the attempt had at least some chance at success, but in the end it too failed.
1401:
State
Assembly. The Ministry of State was appointed by the President of the State Assembly, had a collegial structure, and depended on the confidence of a majority in Parliament. In order to provide legal certainty, all previous laws that did not contradict the provisions of the provisional order remained in force.
1229:
adopted a resolution against a possible breakup of
Prussia. Aside from a few exceptions, which included Friedrich Ebert, there was little support for it even among the Council of the People's Deputies at the Reich level because it was seen as the first step toward the secession of the Rhineland from the Reich.
3128:
Minister
President. The great importance of state taxes declined in favor of a central tax administration. The Reich had fiscal sovereignty and distributed revenues to the states. Along with the military and railroads, waterways and a large part of social administration became the responsibility of the Reich.
5096:
in which Hindenburg, supported by the German State Party (formerly the DDP), the Centre and the SPD, prevailed over Hitler and Thälmann (KPD). Since Prussia's coalition parties had to assume that the democratic camp would fare badly in view of the political radicalization, the rules of procedure were
4764:
Using sometimes drastic measures, the Prussian government tried to oppose the increasing radicalization from both the left and the right. In December 1928, following political clashes between Communists, National Socialists and Social Democrats in Berlin, the city's police chief Karl Zörgiebel issued
4409:
In other areas, problems of long standing were addressed, such as reducing the pupil-teacher ratio from 55 in 1911 to 38 in 1928. Overall, however, personnel costs in education, which placed a heavy burden on the state budget, led to the SPD at times limiting educational expenditures in opposition to
4294:
palaces, works of art, the coronation regalia, the library of the former royal house, the archives and the theater. In Parliament, KPD deputies reacted with anger and even violence. The vote went in favor of the agreement. It is noteworthy that not only the Communists rejected the bill, but also that
3610:
The Prussian police force was not only the strongest in the Reich but also the most important instrument of the Prussian government's executive branch for maintaining constitutional order. Massive restructuring also began in the police force after the Kapp Putsch in order to ensure its loyalty to the
3475:
for the Reichstag. The Centre was strong in Catholic areas such as Silesia, the Rhineland and Westphalia. The left-wing parties were important in large cities and heavily commercial non-Catholic areas. In Berlin, for example, the SPD's vote came to 34% in 1928 and the KPD's to almost 30%. The rise of
3147:
Between 1921 and 1925 the administration of state-owned enterprises was moved away from the direct responsibility of the Ministry of Trade and Industry on the initiative of the department's minister, Wilhelm Siering (SPD). Joint stock companies were formed to manage the state-owned mines, salt works,
1487:
supported the putsch. It is noteworthy that August Winnig, the governor of East Prussia, was a Social Democrat. The situation was different with many district administrators. There was a clear east–west divide among them. In the western provinces almost all of the district administrators stood by the
4815:
of 14 September 1930, which marked the NSDAP's parliamentary breakthrough, Prussia's government continued to work for democracy and the Republic. The ban on uniforms for the NSDAP was not lifted, nor was the provision that civil servants could not belong to the anti-constitutional KPD or NSDAP. In a
4750:
An ecclesiastical treaty with the Protestant regional churches in Prussia did not come about until 1931. On the state's side, it was promoted by Adolf Grimme (SPD), who had become Minister of Culture. A "political clause" that regulated the state's objections to the filling of high church positions,
4682:('cultural conflict') against the Catholic Church was still alive, but in large part due to the strong position of the Centre Party in Parliament and the government, the Catholic population had come to identify relatively strongly with the new Free State of Prussia. Its high point and symbol was the
4034:
At the beginning of 1924 there were increasing signs that the grand coalition's common ground had been lost. On 5 January the DVP demanded that the DNVP be brought into the government and that Braun resign. When he refused, the DVP withdrew its ministers from the government and brought an end to the
2849:
In contrast to the Reich and other states in the Weimar Republic, there was no state president. The lack of an institution above the governing ministers and the parliamentary majority clearly distinguished Prussia from the Reich. Overall, the position of Parliament under the constitution was strong.
2328:
Industry and the skilled trades dominated Prussia's economy in 1925, accounting for 41.3% of all workers. Agriculture played only a secondary role at 22%, with trade and transport trailing only slightly at 17.5%. The other economic sectors lagged well behind. There were strong geographic differences
5296:
gains, did not have a majority in many cities even after the municipal elections of 12 March 1933, the takeover of power was achieved through political manipulation. The Prussian Municipal Constitution Act of 15 December 1933 replaced elected municipal parliaments with appointed municipal councils.
4667:
levels. In the Prussian state elections, the SPD made gains while the Centre and DDP both lost seats. In spite of that, the coalition had a parliamentary majority, with a combined 228 of 450 seats. The government remained the same, and Braun promised continued work. One of the government's projects
3919:
The opposition within the MSPD parliamentary group was considerable. Forty-six deputies voted for and 41 against the formation of a grand coalition. There were also significant reservations within the DVP. In the end, 197 of 339 deputies present voted for Braun as Minister President. Ministers were
3910:
What we are dealing with here is the conversion of our party from an acting to a governing party. This is very difficult for many because it takes us from a comfortable position to one that is sometimes very uncomfortable and full of responsibility. ... The comrades who speak against the resolution
3597:
Severing and his successors purposefully appointed supporters of the coalition parties as political officials. The policy led to a considerable change in the heads of departments. In 1929, 291 of 540 political officials were members of Weimar Coalition parties, including nine of 11 governors and 21
3110:
to represent the provinces of Prussia. Its members were elected by the provincial parliaments; they could not be parliamentary members at the same time. The government was to inform the body about affairs of state. The State Council could express its views, had the right to initiate legislation and
3081:
The constitution did not specify the ministries; they came about from practical requirements. Following the transfer of military responsibilities to the Reich, there was no Prussian Minister of War after 1919. The Minister of Public Works also lost his most important area of responsibility with the
2341:
In 1925 almost half of the population was employed. Of these, 46.8% were blue collar workers, 17.1% were salaried employees and civil servants, 16.2% were self-employed, 15.4% were contributing family members (those who work in a business managed by a self-employed member of their family such as an
2041:
Urbanization and urban growth lost momentum compared to the pre-1914 period. Population increases in larger cities were caused not so much by in-migration as by incorporation. This was the case with the formation of Greater Berlin in 1920, when 7 cities, 56 rural communities and 29 estate districts
5491:
Under the Nazi regime, the structures of the states were increasingly eroded. Utilizing the enabling act authority, on 8 July 1933 Göring enacted a law abolishing the existing Prussian State Council, the second chamber of the legislature that represented the interests of the Prussian provinces. In
5477:
On 22 March 1933, the new Prussian Parliament was constituted. As in the Reich, the mandates of the Communist deputies were revoked and many of them arrested. As a result, the NSDAP had an absolute majority. The Parliament confirmed the dismissal of the Braun government, which officially resigned.
5263:
After the installation of Hitler's government on 30 January 1933, Hermann Göring became Reich Commissioner of the Interior for Prussia. In a departure from the previous arrangement, the office of Reich Commissioner itself was assumed not by the Reich Chancellor (Hitler) but by the Vice Chancellor,
5242:
and the other states. The judges also ruled that a "temporary" appointment of Reich commissioners was constitutional. As a result, Prussia effectively had two governments: the Braun government, which had no access to the administrative apparatus, and the Reich commissioner's office that controlled
5120:
The attempt to form a new majority government proved unsuccessful. There were negotiations between the Centre and the NSDAP, but the configuration, which Severing and Braun considered to be a possibility, failed. Nor could a majority be found to again revise the amended rules of procedure. It thus
5109:
were justified. The SPD dropped to 21.2%. The German State Party shrank almost to insignificance with 1.5%. In contrast, the NSDAP grew from 1.8% to 36.7% and became the strongest parliamentary group with 162 seats. The coalition had lost its majority. Together the parties had only 163 seats. With
3578:, carried out a fundamental reform after the March 1920 Kapp Putsch. Senior civil servants hostile to the Republic were dismissed, and the political reliability of new hires was checked. A total of about one hundred senior civil servants were placed on retirement. Among these were three governors (
2349:
in 1928, the average income in Berlin-Brandenburg was more than 30% higher than the Reich average. In agrarian East Prussia, average earnings were only 814 Reichsmarks, more than 30% below the Reich average. Industrial areas such as Westphalia and the Rhineland were roughly in line with the German
1479:, the Prussian government remained in Berlin. A general strike against the putsch, initiated in particular by unions and civil servants, largely paralyzed public life in Prussia. Most of the governors of the Prussian provinces stood behind the legal state government. Only those of the provinces of
1400:
On 20 March the Assembly passed a law for the provisional ordering of the state's powers. It transferred all previous rights of the Prussian king, including his role as the highest authority of the Protestant church, to the Ministry of State, with the exception of his right to adjourn or close the
5271:
To clear the way for the dissolution of the Prussian Parliament, Minister President Braun was removed from office by emergency decree on 6 February. In accordance with the constitution, a three-member body consisting of von Papen, parliamentary president Hanns Kerrl and the chairman of the State
5155:
exerted pressure for the quick election of a new Minister President based on cooperation between the NSDAP and the Centre. Coalition negotiations did take place, but the Centre was unwilling to elect a National Socialist Minister President. On 11 June the Reich government threatened for the first
4736:
had taken the task very seriously, and after the revolution many Protestants lacked an important figure by which to orient themselves. A considerable percentage of church-going Protestants voted for the anti-democratic and nationalistic DNVP. It was no coincidence that the motto of the Protestant
4348:
A relic of the feudal past in Prussia was the manorial district. Those living on them had no communal right of residence and were subject to the police power invested in the landlords. Using groundwork laid by Interior Minister Grzesinski, the Braun government abolished the districts in 1927. The
4285:
The Braun government subsequently intensified negotiations with the Hohenzollerns over the former royal house's assets. In the end a compromise was reached that the SPD viewed very critically. The main Hohenzollern line received 250,000 acres of land and 15 million Reichsmarks. The Prussian state
3127:
The Weimar Constitution and the new Prussian Constitution permanently changed the relationship between the Reich and Prussia. Unlike during the empire, the executive branch at the Reich level was completely independent of Prussia's. The same person was no longer both Reich Chancellor and Prussian
2871:
The legislative period of the Parliament was four years. It could be dissolved by majority vote or referendum. Parliament acted as the legislature, elected the Minister President, had the right to establish committees of inquiry, and could amend the constitution by a majority of two-thirds of the
1228:
The new socialist government of Prussia was opposed to such a move. On 23 January 1919 participants in an emergency meeting of the central council and the provisional government spoke out against Prussia's dissolution. With the Centre Party abstaining, the State Assembly during its first sessions
3641:
In the judiciary, reforms remained limited even longer than they did in the police force. Many judges continued to support the monarchy. In political trials, left-wing defendants were regularly judged more harshly than those on the right. One reason in particular for the hesitant intervention of
5295:
The new Reich government pushed to end Braun's caretaker government. In the elections for the Prussian Parliament on 5 March, the NSDAP won the most votes at 43.2%. Although it did not achieve a majority, it made significant gains even in Catholic regions. Since the National Socialists, despite
5182:
of the Centre Party became his deputy. When von Papen asked Severing whether he was prepared to voluntarily vacate his post, he replied, "According to my understanding of the actions of the Reich government, I cannot think of voluntarily leaving my office. I will therefore yield only to force."
3509:
to a democratic constitution was more pronounced in Prussia than in other states of the Reich that had had similar voting systems. Unlike in the Reichstag, which had many long-standing SPD parliamentarians who were accustomed to the role of opposition, there were hardly any such in the Prussian
3077:
The Ministry of State was the highest and leading authority in the state; it consisted of the Minister President and the ministers of state (Article 7). Although it was organized collegially, the Minister President had policy-making authority (Article 46). He was elected by Parliament. After an
2353:
Despite the efforts of the Prussian government in areas such as education, upward mobility remained limited. In 1927/28, only one percent of junior lawyers came from working-class families. Advancement opportunities were significantly better from primary schools. The proportion of students from
1495:
became the new Minister of the Interior. Both were much more assertive than their predecessors in office. Hirsch and Finance Minister Südekum were also politically discredited because they had negotiated with the putschists. The "Braun-Severing system" became synonymous with democratic Prussia.
3976:
was called on to exercise prudence. The Prussian government ultimately supported the passive resistance called for by the Reich. Prussian officials were instructed not to obey the orders of the occupiers. It quickly became apparent, however, that the economic burden caused by the situation was
3499:
A factor in Prussia's political stability was that the SPD, which was the strongest party during most of the Weimar Republic, was prepared until 1932 to assume government responsibility and not withdraw into an opposition role as it had at the Reich level in 1920, 1923 and 1930. Leaders in the
1843:
After 1918 the population did not increase as rapidly as it had before the war. In addition to the continuation of the demographic transition of modern industrial societies to lower birth rates, the losses of the First World War were also a factor. The large population movements within Prussia
4327:
There were frequent tensions between the Christian-bourgeois Reich governments and the center-left government in Prussia. One practical issue was revenue sharing between the Reich and the states. Compensation for the financial harm caused by territorial losses under the terms of the Treaty of
3927:
Prussia's grand coalition proved to be a stabilizing factor in the Weimar Republic and contributed to its ability to survive the crisis year of 1923. The DVP remained loyal to the coalition even though it was courted by the DNVP to form a "citizens' bloc". An effectively functioning coalition
4261:
Otto Braun was elected Minister President on 3 April 1925, with 216 of 430 votes. Like Marx, his base was SPD, Centre and DDP. Braun took over the majority of Marx's cabinet and looked to continuity in policy. He blamed the months-long government crisis on what he called the "German national
3504:
spoke of an "affinity of Social Democracy for the Prussian", and Otto Braun claimed that "Prussia has never been governed in a more Prussian manner than during my term of office." In addition to the party's leading individuals, structural reasons also played a role in the SPD's strength. The
5647:
of 25 February 1947 explicitly decreed that Prussia should be dissolved. The Allies cited Prussia's history of militarism as a reason for dissolving it. Its reconstitution was also opposed (if not for the same reasons) by powerful German postwar politicians, especially the first West German
3878:
In a second election on 21 April, Stegerwald was re-elected with the votes of the bourgeois parties including the DNVP. He formed a minority government consisting of the Centre and the DDP as well as some independents. They had to seek support from the MSPD and DNVP on a case-by-case basis.
3614:
Below the command level, however, the situation was somewhat different. A large proportion of the police were former professional soldiers; the majority were conservative and anti-communist, and some maintained relations with right-wing organizations. For them the enemy was on the left.
4039:(Centre), supported by the Centre, DDP and SPD, was elected Minister President. He formed a cabinet consisting of the Centre and DDP, keeping Severing as Minister of the Interior. After losing a vote of confidence, Marx resigned but remained in office until April in an acting capacity.
1232:
The mood in Prussia was more uncertain. In December 1919 the State Assembly passed a resolution by 210 votes to 32 that stated: "As the largest of the German states, Prussia views its first duty to be an attempt to see whether the creation of a unified German state cannot be achieved."
5172:, there were violent clashes between supporters of the KPD, the NSDAP and members of the police that left 18 dead. It prompted the use on 20 July 1932 of an emergency decree, already prepared but not yet dated, entitled "Restoration of Public Safety and Order in the State of Prussia" (
4769:. The KPD ignored the ban and called for a mass demonstration. Fighting resembling a civil war broke out between police and Communist supporters. Zörgiebel had ordered a crackdown and, with the SPD's approval, was determined to set an example. The fighting – which came to be known as "
3097:
as Reich Commissioner, the Ministry of Welfare in its old form was dissolved. At the same time, the Minister of Trade also became the Minister of Economics and Labor. The Ministry of Justice was dissolved in 1935 under the law transferring the administration of justice to the Reich.
2767:
who headed the governmental administration; the corresponding office in Berlin was the mayor. In addition, the provincial parliament elected a provincial committee from its own ranks to manage day-to-day business. The provincial parliaments sent representatives to the national-level
4899:. The Stahlhelm's move was supported by the DVP, DNVP and NSDAP, and 5.96 million Prussians signed the initiative to put the referendum on the ballot. This was slightly more than the necessary 20% of eligible voters, and the referendum was held on 8 August 1931. Under pressure from
3968:, although the main decisions on how to react were made at the Reich level. Immediately before the occupation, the Prussian Parliament – with the exception of the Communist Party – protested against the actions of the French and Belgians. At the same time, the population of the
1080:. The narrower, decisive political cabinet, however, included only politicians from the two workers' parties. Since the leadership qualities of the two chairmen were comparatively weak, it was mainly Otto Braun and Adolph Hoffmann who set the tone in the provisional government.
3862:
Forming a new government in Prussia did not prove to be easy. While the DDP and the Centre wanted to bring the DVP into the coalition, the MSPD rejected the proposal because of the DVP's closeness to heavy industry and its unclear attitude towards the Republic. As a result,
1071:
of the USPD. Almost all departments were under ministers from both parties. Hirsch and Ströbel became joint chairmen of the cabinet. Other non-partisan ministers or ministers belonging to different political camps were also included, such as the Minister of War, initially
5101:
was introduced to prevent the Minister President from being voted out of office by a purely negative majority – one formed by two parties unwilling to work with one another. From then on, an absolute majority was required for the election of the Minister President.
1834:
The loss of territory had considerable negative economic and financial consequences for the Prussian state, including the costs of repatriation and provision for state employees. Under the Ministry of Justice alone, 3,500 civil servants and employees were affected.
6610:
Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1988). "Dualismus oder Gleichschaltung. Der Faktor Preußen in der Weimarer Republik" [Dualism or Gleichschaltung. The Prussian Factor in the Weimar Republic]. In Bracher, Karl Dietrich; Funke, Manfred; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.).
5553:
and their "Prussian socialism" were compared favorably to liberalism and social democracy. Prussian administrative efficiency was misused for coercive and terrorist rule. In the Prussian-influenced officer corps, few invoked Prussia to refuse serving Hitler.
4339:
there. When nationally minded student bodies protested against the move, Keudell openly backed them. Not least because of these and other conflicts with the Reich Minister of the Interior, Braun became an important integration figure among Social Democrats.
5622:
was ceded to other countries. As had been the case after World War I, almost all of the territory had been Prussian, although a small portion east of the new border had belonged to Saxony. Most of the land went to Poland, ostensibly as compensation for the
3915:
After the MSPD withdrew support from the government in October 1921, accusing the Ministry of State of leaning towards the DNVP, negotiations began to form a grand coalition. On 5 November 1921, the MSPD and DVP joined the cabinet, and Stegerwald resigned.
3513:
Despite their strength, especially in the large cities, only a few mayors in the major cities were Social Democrats. The party had respect for the expertise of bourgeois municipal politicians and often left this position to representatives of the DDP. Only
2757:) appointed by the Ministry of State. There was in addition a provincial council consisting of the governor, a member appointed by the Minister of the Interior and five members elected by the provincial committee. The provinces each had a parliament. In
2785:
Below the provincial level there were (as of 1933) 34 administrative districts; some provinces, including Posen-West Prussia, Upper Silesia, Schleswig-Holstein and also Berlin, had just a single administrative district. A total of 361 districts (called
1844:
slowed. In contrast to the period before 1914, more people were moving into Prussia from foreign countries than were emigrating. In-migration from ceded territories along with increasing immigration, especially from eastern Europe, both played a role.
4777:
seem to suggest this. The Prussian government pressed for a ban of the KPD and all its subsidiary organizations. Carl Severing, who at the time was Reich Minister of the Interior, rejected the idea as unwise and impracticable. Prussia then banned the
5246:
After the de facto dismissal of the Braun government, Joseph Goebbels summed up the situation in his diary: "The Reds have been eliminated. Their organizations offer no resistance. ... The Reds have had their great hour. They will never come again."
3997:
Ending the struggle against the occupation of the Ruhr (which occurred on 26 September 1923) was necessary before currency reform could be carried out in the Reich. The still occupied Rhineland, however, was excluded from the introduction of the new
5231:
the Reich government. On 25 October 1932 the court determined that the removal of the Prussian government had been illegal. The caretaker government was given the right to represent Prussia before the state's Parliament, the State Council
4356:
The situation was different in areas with a population made up predominantly of independent farmers. Even so, reservations about politics in rural regions remained strong, as is shown by the emergence of rural protest parties such as the
3483:
Within Prussia there were considerable differences in support for the Republic. The majority in Berlin, the Rhineland and Westphalia were in favor of a democracy, while reservations remained in the eastern and agrarian provinces. In the
5544:
The new rulers were quite successful in appealing to Prussian traditions of discipline and devotion to the state. They were able to connect with trends of the 1920s from the right wing of the political spectrum in which the Prussia of
4332:(DNVP) protested against Prussia's "insolence". The conflict was exacerbated when Prussian Minister of Culture Becker restricted the rights of student self-government at Prussian universities because of the increasing influence of the
5128:
23 April in the wake of the exertions of the election campaign. When it became clear that his caretaker government would remain in office, he handed over the day-to-day affairs to his deputy Heinrich Hirtsiefer of the Centre Party.
3111:
could lodge an objection to laws passed by Parliament. With a two-thirds majority, Parliament could, with a few exceptions, reject the objection or call for a referendum. Until 1933 the mayor of Cologne and future Chancellor of the
4773:" – cost 33 lives, and nearly 200 people were injured. More than 1,200 arrests were made. The assumption that the KPD had planned a violent overthrow of the government could not be proven. Only later did telegrams intercepted from
3197:(DHP) had some influence. The MSPD and USPD, which had split in 1917, merged in 1922 and resumed the original SPD name. (A small and politically insignificant part of the USPD continued to exist until 1931 when it merged with the
1431:
Widespread strikes, especially in the mining industry of the Ruhr, began in January 1919. They led to shortages in energy supplies across Germany, and particularly in Prussia caused transportation problems as well. In early April
5264:
Franz von Papen. The replacement of politically undesirable officials was pushed forward more aggressively. The Prussian police force, subordinate to Göring, was an important element in enforcing National Socialist rule. The
3601:
Another limitation was that a breakup of the monopoly of lawyers in the higher civil service posts did not succeed. Only in exceptional cases, such as that of Wilhelm Richter, Berlin's police chief, were outsiders appointed.
690:
4319:
On 6 October 1926, as had been agreed with Braun some time earlier, Carl Severing resigned as Minister of the Interior, leaving the Minister President the only political heavyweight in the cabinet. Severing was succeeded by
3139:, and in contrast to the other states, only half of the members of the Reichsrat to which Prussia was entitled were appointed by the Prussian government. The remaining members were elected by the provincial parliaments.
4295:
the representatives of the governing SPD party either voted against it or did not participate in the vote. Braun was only able to ensure that more SPD deputies did not vote against the bill by threatening to resign.
5487:
that transferred all legislative power to the Reich Ministry of State for a period of four years and then adjourned. The SPD alone refused to go along. The act meant the final end of a democratic system in Prussia.
4816:
sign of the crisis, Severing returned as Minister of the Interior in October 1930. He named his predecessor Albert Grzesinski as Berlin's chief of police. Braun, Severing and chairman of the SPD parliamentary group
1404:
The most important task of the Assembly was to draft a constitution. The constitutional committee included eleven members from the MSPD, six from the Centre, four each from the DDP and the right-wing nationalist
5479:
4006:
was proclaimed in various cities, but it met with little response from the population. By the end of the year, secession of the Rhineland and Westphalia had failed. The major political crises of 1923, such as
5482:
of 31 March and 7 April 1933 subordinated Prussia to the Reich. On 11 April Hitler appointed Göring Prussian Minister President, and the state Parliament met for the last time on 18 May 1933. It approved an
5283:
on 27 February 1933 led not only to the suspension of numerous fundamental rights and an intensification of the persecution of political opponents but also to a wide-ranging abolition of the powers of state
5635:
in 1946) was annexed by the Soviets. The losses represented nearly two-fifths of Prussian territory and nearly a quarter of the territory within Germany's pre-1938 borders. An estimated ten million Germans
735:. Its Ministers of the Interior, also from the SPD, pushed republican reform of the administration and police, with the result that Prussia was considered a bulwark of democracy within the Weimar Republic.
5211:
Von Papen and Bracht then began removing leading civil servants and other executives who were close to the parties of the Braun government and replacing them for the most part with conservative officials.
4380:
According to the Reich constitution, the training of elementary school teachers was to be aligned with that of the higher schools. How that was to be done was left a matter for the states. Some, such as
5655:
Moreover, growing tensions between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union eventually resulted in the Prussian territories west of the Oder-Neisse line being further divided by what became known as the
5672:. This effectively would have made it impossible to reconstitute a Prussian state resembling the one that existed prior to the Nazi era, even if there had been any significant political will to do so.
3538:
During the revolution, Prussian civil servants declared that their loyalty was not to the monarchy but to the Prussian state. Initially, the government, and in particular the Minister of the Interior
667:
8910:
8508:
2745:
The Free State consisted of twelve provinces plus Berlin, whose status corresponded to that of a province. The Hohenzollern Lands in southern Germany were a unique type of administrative district (
8488:
1126:
abolished religious instruction as a first step in a push towards the separation of church and state. The move triggered considerable unrest in Catholic areas of Prussia and revived memories of
3563:, only 24 belonged to the SPD. The Kapp Putsch showed the weakly developed loyalty of some of the senior civil servants, many of whom were close to the DNVP, which was hostile to the Republic.
1488:
constitutional government, even if in some cases only under pressure from the workers. In East Prussia all of them sided with the anti-republicans. The putsch attempt collapsed after six days.
6177:
Möller, Horst (2001). "Preußen von 1918 bis 1947. Weimarer Republik, Preußen und der Nationalsozialismus" [Prussia from 1918 to 1947. Weimar Republic, Prussia and National Socialism].
3994:, DVFP), despite the reservations of the Reich government. Nationalists sharply attacked Severing in public and in the state Parliament, but overall Parliament backed him by a large majority.
3590:) and 88 district administrators. Almost all of these were from the eastern provinces. In addition to supporters of the conservative parties, they included the Social Democratic governors
5644:
4397:, retained the old seminar method. In 1924 Prussia introduced a middle course using denominational pedagogic academies with a shorter training period than in a regular university course.
2045:
There were still considerable geographical differences in the extent of urbanization. While in East Prussia more than 60% of the inhabitants lived in village communities in 1925, in the
1055:
On 13 November the new government confiscated the royal property and placed it under the Ministry of Finance. The following day, the Majority and Independent Social Democrats formed the
3670:
for the first regular state Parliament were set for 20 February 1921. The MSPD emerged as the strongest political force with 114 seats, followed by the Centre with 81. Even though the
1115:
On 23 December the government issued an administrative order for the election of a constitutional assembly. Universal, free and secret suffrage for both women and men replaced the old
5537:(Reich Governors) who were appointed by the Chancellor. The law designated Hitler himself as the Reich Governor of Prussia, although he delegated these functions to Göring. By the "
727:. During the Weimar period it was governed almost entirely by pro-democratic parties and proved more politically stable than the Republic itself. With only brief interruptions, the
2872:
deputies. It also had the right to censure individual ministers or the Ministry of State as a whole. With a two-thirds majority, it could impeach ministers before the state court.
5502:, of the Prussian cabinet ministers and state secretaries, as well as hand-picked Nazi Party officials and other industry and society leaders selected solely by Göring.
5117:
The government then resigned but remained in office on a caretaker basis until a new Minister President could be elected. Similar situations existed in other states of the Reich.
4799:, leader of the KPD, called the "social fascism" of the SPD a particularly dangerous form of fascism. He urged the KPD to direct its policies against the SPD as the "main enemy".
1831:
was the one Prussian territorial addition during the Weimar Republic. The Pyrmont district made the first step after a referendum in 1921. The rest of the state followed in 1929.
4722:
While the Catholic population was successfully won over to the new Prussia, the issue was more difficult when it came to Protestants. With the revolution, the Protestants of the
1800:, to which it was subsequently ceded. In the southern part, 81% of voters chose on 14 March to remain in Germany. The new German-Danish border was established on 26 May. Eastern
723:
and had 62% of Germany's territory and 61% of its population. Prussia changed from the authoritarian state it had been in the past and became a parliamentary democracy under its
1851:
had 295.6. Because of the extent of its low population rural regions, Prussia had a density of 130.7 per square kilometer, which was below average among the German states. The
1491:
The Kapp Putsch and ensuing general strike led to a profound break that all but turned Prussia into a model republican state. Otto Braun replaced Hirsch as Minister President.
5531:) of 30 January 1935, the states and the provinces of Prussia were dissolved in fact if not in law. The state landtage were abolished and state governments were controlled by
4349:
change affected 12,000 manorial districts with a combined population of 1.5 million. Some remnants of the old conditions did however continue to exist east of the Elbe River (
9141:
9123:
5624:
4835:
wrote in 1930, "The key to power in Germany lies in Prussia. Whoever has Prussia also has the Reich." Others on the right saw the situation similarly. Unlike during the
3928:
committee successfully ensured that the different political interests were balanced, but despite the collegial cooperation, Braun and Severing dominated the government.
1013:(USPD), a more leftist and anti-war group that had broken away from the original united SPD in 1917, and to enter into an alliance with the council movement, a form of
7559:
4361:. In Schleswig-Holstein, which was characterized not by large landholdings but by farmers, an agrarian protest movement developed toward the end of the 1920s with the
4274:
failed in 1920 because the SPD rejected the proposal in the state Parliament, and the former royal house objected to it in 1924. In 1925 the Ministry of Finance under
1021:
607:
9084:
2329:
in Prussia's economic structure as well. In East Prussia agriculture employed 45.4% of the workforce, while industry and skilled crafts accounted for only 19.6%. The
1108:) continued to hold office as if there had been no revolution. Complaints against them by the workers' councils were either dismissed or ignored by Interior Minister
5276:
were to decide whether to dissolve Parliament. Adenauer opposed the move and left the negotiations. The two remaining members then decided on its dissolution.
4373:
The period of the grand coalition saw the beginning of a reform of the educational system that was initially pushed forward by the independent Minister of Education
3931:
The coalition lay claim to nothing less than a "Prussian democratic mission" for all of Germany. This was especially true after the murder of Reich Foreign Minister
7487:
4708:
and Berlin. School issues were excluded, but it regulated the academic training of clergy. The forms of episcopal elections and similar issues were also clarified.
1452:
units. Agriculture Minister Otto Braun pushed through an emergency decree in September to enforce collectively agreed on regulations regarding farm workers' wages.
3496:(54%) and Schleswig-Holstein (53.2%), but was significantly weaker in Berlin (31.3%), Westphalia (34.3%) and the Rhineland (34.1%) than the Reich average (43.9%).
1419:
On 25 March 1919 the provisional revolutionary Hirsch government resigned. It was replaced, as in the Reich, by a coalition of MSPD, Centre and DDP, the so-called
2042:
were incorporated. Even more extensive and consequential for the formation of large cities were the municipal reforms in the Ruhr region at the end of the 1920s.
8645:
7377:
5684:
German territorial losses in the east following World War II. All areas on the map except for Saxony and Mecklenburg had been part of the Free State of Prussia.
8503:
1847:
There were also major differences in population density across Prussia. In 1925 East Prussia had an average of 60.9 inhabitants per square kilometer, while the
9468:
9398:
3554:– as a personnel officer. By the end of 1919, only 46 Social Democrats had been appointed to higher administrative posts. Of some 480 district administrators (
2049:
the figure was just 16.5%. In East Prussia 12.4% of the population lived in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants; in the Rhine Province it was over 41%.
9135:
4572:
4358:
4400:
Prussia increased its funding for additional educational opportunities aimed in particular at gifted blue- and white-collar workers. In 1928 there were 102
3078:
amendment to the rules of procedure, an absolute majority was required from 1932 onward. The Minister President appointed the other ministers (Article 45).
1386:
1245:
SPD poster for the 1919 election to the constitutional Prussian State Assembly. It reads: "Women! Equal rights. Equal obligations. Vote Social Democratic!"
1102:
dissolved. The replacement of political elites, however, remained limited during the early years. In many cases the former royal district administrators (
9463:
8493:
4279:
1112:(MSPD). When conservative district administrators themselves requested to be dismissed, they were asked to stay on in order to maintain peace and order.
716:
7514:
4270:
The question of financial settlements with Germany's former ruling dynasties was in principle a matter for the states. In Prussia negotiations with the
749:
in 1932, the Free State was subordinated to the Reich government and deprived of its independence. Prussia had thus de facto ceased to exist before the
5915:
under Allied sectors of administration (British, French and American). West Berlin was surrounded by East Germany and ultimately was enclosed by the
5643:
What remained of Prussia comprised both a little over half of the remaining German territory and a little over half of Prussia's pre-1914 territory.
1217:, originally envisaged breaking Prussia into various smaller states. Given Prussian dominance in the former empire, there was sympathy for the idea.
5747:
The following states, after merging with other German states, were formed after the war, then abolished in 1952 and finally recreated following the
3984:
Domestically, the crisis strengthened radical forces. After a number of violent acts by right-wing militants, Interior Minister Severing banned the
2804:), of which there were a total of 116. While there were only five urban districts in agrarian East Prussia, there were 21 in industrial Westphalia.
3193:, KPD) – corresponded to that at the Reich level. The DNVP had a special affinity to the former Prussian monarchy. Among the regional parties, the
8554:
5202:, and high-ranking leaders of the police were arrested. There was no active resistance, such as a general strike by the SPD and trade unions. The
5178:). The members of the executive Prussian State Ministry were relieved of their posts, von Papen was appointed Reich Commissioner for Prussia, and
3542:(SPD), largely refrained from reorganizing the state administration in the spirit of the Republic. Heine made a crucial mistake when he appointed
8628:
8035:
7893:
1225:
commented, "Prussia occupied its position with the sword and that sword is broken. If Germany is to live, Prussia in its present form must die."
8544:
1198:
too there were efforts to form an independent state. In the eastern provinces, a revolt broke out at Christmas 1918 with the aim of restoring a
3797:
1347:
1005:, legitimized the transfer of de facto governmental power to Hirsch. On 10 November Ebert found himself forced to form a joint government, the
7153:
843:
1158:
and units of the German army led to the withdrawal of the USPD from the government in both Prussia and at the Reich level. The dismissal of
8650:
7691:
3148:
smelters, water works, and electrical generation plants. Ideas about the economic common good, such as those advocated by State Secretary
7370:
5637:
3717:
3182:
1295:
986:
82:
2761:, municipal parliaments existed for the district associations alongside the provincial parliament. The provincial parliaments elected a
9518:
9508:
9287:
4608:
4847:(SA) in Prussia. Only after such pressure did Brüning also support the ban of all paramilitary units of the NSDAP at the Reich level.
5688:
After the Allied occupation of Germany in 1945, the provinces of Prussia were split up into the following territories/German states:
4704:
period. It regulated state contributions to the church and the arrangement of bishoprics, including reestablishing the bishoprics of
3902:
shocked supporters of the Republic. In September 1921 the MSPD cleared the way for a coalition with the DVP at its party congress in
2839:
4840:
2850:
A distinctive feature was the Minister President's position, which was elevated by his authority to make policy. Minister President
8564:
6544:
5573:(Hamburg) to the Province of Hanover. Other changes took place in 1939 involving cessions of suburban municipalities of Hanover to
5561:
of 1937 transferred some territory from the provinces of Hanover and Schleswig-Holstein to Hamburg while at the same time annexing
7477:
5880:
4876:, who was an honorary member of the Stahlhelm, forced the ban to be lifted by threatening not to take part in the celebrations in
9513:
9503:
8483:
7746:
3112:
8539:
9473:
9266:
8638:
8319:
8292:
8136:
7716:
7363:
5512:
4536:
4208:
3936:
3651:
3198:
8160:
8148:
8020:
8008:
7878:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7258:
6023:
5784:
5722:
5538:
5493:
4865:
in the Rhineland and Westphalia for violating the demilitarization provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1930, when the
4862:
3978:
3883:
2465:
1445:
8359:
8339:
8955:
8529:
8364:
8354:
8349:
8177:
8172:
8124:
8119:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
7996:
7981:
7930:
7905:
7816:
7806:
7741:
7736:
5059:
4823:
4035:
coalition. Forming a new government proved as difficult as it had been in 1920. On 10 February the former Reich Chancellor
2798:) formed the basis of state administration in rural areas and small towns. Larger cities generally formed urban districts (
8473:
7910:
7207:
8602:
8534:
4190:
2834:
did not submit a draft constitution until 26 April 1920 because of delays caused by the Kapp Putsch and the wait for the
1222:
1006:
17:
8498:
9404:
7461:
7436:
7431:
5347:
5255:
5125:
5098:
4963:
4446:
4082:
3485:
3186:
1167:
951:
728:
8559:
3871:
of the Centre Party was elected with the votes of the previous coalition and the DVP, but his attempt to form a solid
9358:
9323:
8549:
7113:
6624:
6558:
6064:
5093:
5011:
4464:
4100:
3749:
3166:
2129:
1406:
1334:
1099:
998:
369:
8261:
7208:"Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten über den Reichskommissar für das Land Preußen. In: Reichsgesetzblatt, 1933, p. 33"
8689:
8304:
7684:
4896:
4856:
400:
5615:
3985:
2751:) that was not a true province but that had almost all the rights of one. The provinces were headed by governors (
9410:
8406:
1448:
clashes broke out between agricultural workers and large landowners, who received support from regional army and
963:
5596:. Most of the territory was not reintegrated into Prussia but assigned to separate territories of Nazi Germany.
5216:
5146:
3682:(SPD, DDP, and Centre) with a combined 224 of 428 seats still had a majority, albeit a small one, unlike in the
3090:
2857:
The constitution also provided for elements of plebiscitary democracy in the form of referendums and petitions.
739:
432:
9478:
7456:
5830:
5224:
5097:
changed at the instigation of Ernst Heilmann, chairman of the SPD parliamentary group. A preliminary form of a
3506:
3306:
2570:
2209:
1789:
1480:
1170:
12 January 1919 that attempted to turn the direction of the revolution towards the founding a communist state.
1116:
1056:
724:
415:
8655:
3467:
The DNVP and DVP had strongholds in a few cities and in areas that were more rural and Protestant, especially
1436:
troops marched into the Ruhr and bloodily put down the uprising. In August 1919 armed uprisings took place in
68:
9152:
8607:
8457:
8334:
7469:
7386:
5204:
4766:
2696:
1828:
1809:
732:
225:
4827:
Anti-Nazi march of the SPD in Berlin, 1930. The sign reads: "Nazi victory will lead Germany to a civil war."
3131:
Although 61% of the Reich's population lived in Prussia in 1925, it had only two-fifths of the votes in the
1001:, with maintaining peace and order in Prussia. The last Minister of the Interior of the Kingdom of Prussia,
9416:
9163:
8662:
8623:
7648:
5541:" of 14 February 1934, the states lost their representation to the upper chamber of the German parliament.
5106:
4812:
4664:
4660:
4043:
3683:
3667:
3472:
1254:
1250:
5259:
Nazi campaign posters in Berlin, 1932. They read: "Save my Prussia!" and "Break Red power through List 8".
8867:
8394:
8281:
8071:
7948:
7677:
2354:
working-class families at educational academies rose from 7 percent in 1928/29 to 10 percent in 1932/33.
1817:
966:– who like most of his predecessors was also Minister President of Prussia – announced the abdication of
837:
572:
540:
8153:
8143:
8088:
7658:
5876:
1186:, fearing a dictatorship of the proletariat, called on 4 December 1918 for the formation of a Rhineland-
9101:
9096:
8950:
8375:
8344:
7991:
7711:
7585:
7577:
7421:
5379:
4995:
4723:
4500:
4362:
4154:
3781:
3190:
1793:
967:
959:
859:
831:
8239:
6546:
Arnold Brecht, 1884–1977 Demokratischer Beamter und politischer Wissenschaftler in Berlin und New York
5186:
4831:
The National Socialists saw Prussia as an important strategic target in taking over power in Germany.
1209:
Even for many supporters of the Republic, Prussian dominance seemed a dangerous burden for the Reich.
9493:
9488:
9483:
9226:
7608:
5496:
to serve him in an advisory capacity. Göring himself was President of the Council. It would consist,
3911:
do not have sufficient confidence in the power of our party's appeal. We must have the will to power.
3543:
3136:
2528:
2507:
2177:
2161:
1801:
1437:
990:
8509:
Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)
7274:
4779:
4275:
9434:
9243:
9232:
9221:
7643:
7633:
5884:
5870:
5748:
5412:
5027:
4518:
4287:
4136:
3977:
becoming enormous. The trend toward inflation that had existed since World War I exploded into the
3935:(DDP) on 24 June 1922, once again by members of the Organisation Consul. On the basis of the Reich
3845:
3765:
3675:
3402:
3174:
2895:
2758:
2675:
2654:
2330:
2289:
2257:
1805:
1410:
1360:
1044:
994:
683:
7791:
7210:[Decree of the President of the Reich on the Reich Commissioner for the Land of Prussia].
4836:
1261:(DDP). The Assembly met for the first time on 13 March 1919, during the final days of the violent
9381:
9376:
9293:
9158:
9090:
9073:
8965:
8960:
8932:
8478:
7863:
7441:
7416:
5760:
5730:
5522:
5460:
5195:
5075:
4789:
4554:
4226:
4172:
3965:
3948:, which was strongly supported by the Prussian government, Interior Minister Severing banned the
3829:
3813:
3671:
3633:
3194:
3178:
2423:
2097:
1441:
1373:
1321:
1258:
1178:
Prussia's continued existence was by no means assured in the aftermath of the revolution. In the
1089:
554:
88:
7858:
6551:
Arnold Brecht, 1884–1977 Democratic Civil Servant and Political Scientist in Berlin and New York
5505:
The "First Ordinance for the Unification and Simplification of Administration" of 19 July 1934 (
1824:, which had been effectively under Prussian administration, was ceded to France without a vote.
1761:
9329:
9112:
8726:
8594:
8389:
8191:
8076:
7938:
7638:
7603:
5850:
5846:
5817:
The remainder of Prussia was merged with other German states to become the following states of
5780:
5363:
4979:
4482:
4118:
3973:
3961:
3733:
3370:
3225:
3170:
3107:
2773:
2612:
2241:
2046:
1308:
1187:
1183:
762:
356:
8512:
8297:
8266:
7103:
5592:
The Prussian lands transferred to Poland after the Treaty of Versailles were reannexed during
4026:(DVP) described the Prussia of the 1923 crisis period as the "bulwark of German republicans".
3566:
1136:('cultural conflict') against the Catholic Church. At the end of December 1919, MSPD Minister
9498:
9147:
9117:
8982:
8915:
7920:
7310:
5919:. The two halves were reunited after German reunification to form the modern German state of
3489:
1151:
918:
8369:
8182:
8062:
7355:
4820:
supported the SPD's course of tolerating Brüning due to the lack of political alternatives.
9334:
9299:
8945:
8746:
8731:
8399:
8013:
7848:
7700:
7595:
7564:
7544:
7401:
5860:
5710:
5619:
5605:
5161:
4389:, introduced teacher training at universities or technical universities. Others, including
4374:
2838:, which was ratified on 11 August 1919. On 30 November 1920 the State Assembly adopted the
2368:
1852:
1733:
1262:
771:
459:
9429:
Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution
8721:
8380:
7811:
5896:
5892:
4377:. One of its goals was to reduce the educational disparity between urban and rural areas.
4333:
8:
9370:
9237:
9191:
9010:
9000:
8832:
8741:
8716:
8463:
8329:
7986:
7549:
7426:
6462:
5840:
5802:
5718:
5657:
5558:
5546:
5239:
4873:
4869:
on German reparations came into force and foreign troops were to evacuate the Rhineland,
3899:
3132:
3083:
3035:
2835:
2769:
2591:
2225:
1821:
1214:
1195:
1191:
1163:
1155:
869:
855:
9197:
8276:
7154:"Wiederherstellung der öffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordnung im Gebiet des Landes Preußen"
4808:
4751:
similar to the concordat with the Catholic Church, met with resistance from the church.
2899:
1816:
region was placed under the control of the League of Nations for fifteen years before a
1064:
9346:
9317:
9305:
9254:
9203:
9168:
9005:
8766:
8468:
8314:
8271:
8244:
8234:
8114:
8109:
7976:
7971:
7888:
7853:
7801:
7796:
6811:
5826:
5770:
5734:
5700:
5444:
5199:
5157:
5043:
4733:
4695:
4683:
4329:
3895:
3488:, the NSDAP had above-average strength in constituencies such as East Prussia (56.5%),
2815:
2549:
2486:
2193:
2145:
1144:
924:
875:
700:
509:
344:
9067:
8786:
8256:
8165:
8030:
7008:[Law on the Agreement with the Evangelical Regional Churches of 26 June 1931]
5175:
Wiederherstellung der öffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordnung im Gebiet des Landes Preußen
4311:
1459:
Otto Braun, who became the Free State of Prussia's longest serving Minister President.
904:
522:
9422:
9364:
9340:
9209:
9078:
9055:
8990:
8751:
8736:
8095:
7961:
7900:
7873:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7772:
7531:
7406:
7292:
7254:
7109:
6620:
6554:
6149:
Prussia in the West. The Struggle for Parliamentarism in the Rhineland and Westphalia
6060:
6019:
5888:
5788:
5550:
5533:
4321:
4291:
4023:
3547:
1769:
1749:
1463:
In March 1920 the republican order in the Reich and in Prussia was challenged by the
1203:
1127:
1077:
1014:
600:
283:
99:
7277:[First Ordinance for the Unification and Simplification of Administration].
6413:
5287:
4796:
4765:
a ban on all open-air demonstrations and gatherings. The ban applied to 1 May 1929,
3894:
in the Ruhr. The assassination of former Reich Vice-Chancellor and Finance Minister
3135:, the Reich-level equivalent of the State Council. In a departure from the empire's
3053:
2345:
Berlin's special urban situation was also reflected in its average income. At 1,566
754:
322:
268:
9392:
9386:
9248:
9174:
9106:
9061:
8898:
8776:
8756:
8025:
7915:
7883:
7823:
7653:
5586:
4728:
4011:
4003:
3932:
3679:
3618:
An important change in the organization was the creation of the Protection Police (
1420:
1073:
849:
790:
758:
743:
7005:
5092:
Elections in Prussia and several other states were scheduled to be held after the
3886:
of 5 May 1921 regarding German payment of war reparations, Allied troops occupied
1808:
there had voted to remain in the German Reich. Over 90% of those who voted in the
9352:
9260:
9215:
9129:
8995:
8972:
8771:
8761:
8711:
8441:
8323:
8001:
7868:
7843:
5649:
5273:
5165:
5152:
4870:
4832:
4712:
3872:
3868:
3527:
3501:
3480:(NSDAP) changed the pattern, but it remained dominant in basic terms until 1932.
3152:(SPD), also played a role in the expedited development of state-owned companies.
3149:
3116:
3094:
3011:
2947:
1785:
1753:
1137:
1123:
1029:
1010:
982:
981:
On the same day, Prince Maximilian transferred the office of Reich Chancellor to
975:
955:
746:
712:
696:
671:
381:
249:
109:
74:
48:
8224:
5208:– a paramilitary force connected primarily to the SPD – was also not mobilized.
4698:
and the Vatican and eliminated the last remnants of church legislation from the
2491:
1475:, that feared loss of its traditional power. While the Reich government fled to
9311:
8827:
8219:
7925:
7786:
7554:
7539:
7504:
5854:
5480:
Provisional Law and Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
5280:
4844:
4817:
4795:
The events led to increased hostility in the KPD towards the Social Democrats.
4019:
3969:
3539:
3434:
3338:
2633:
2273:
1848:
1765:
1218:
1179:
1109:
1068:
971:
813:
645:
7006:"Gesetz zu dem Vertrage mit den Evangelischen Landeskirchen vom 26. Juni 1931"
4394:
3686:, following which a minority government of the Centre, DDP and DVP was built.
1059:
along the lines of the coalition at the Reich level. It included Paul Hirsch,
9457:
9271:
8877:
8578:
8286:
8131:
7781:
6619:] (in German). Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung. p. 539.
5863:, from the southern part of the Rhine Province (under French administration).
5766:
5582:
5219:, the caretaker government filed suit with the Reich Constitutional Court in
5110:
219 seats, the KPD and NSDAP had a negative majority. The National Socialist
4900:
4732:) of the Union with far-reaching rights, even to the shaping of the liturgy.
4691:
4676:
As the election campaign of 1918/19 had shown, the memory of royal Prussia's
4271:
3960:
Prussian territory was directly affected when troops from France and Belgium
3921:
3620:
3591:
3575:
2831:
1737:
1492:
1266:
1159:
863:
825:
704:
5628:
3887:
3882:
Pressure on Prussian policy came primarily from external factors. After the
2407:
2016:
1978:
1210:
8842:
8781:
8693:
8309:
7105:
German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918–1933
6185:] (in German). Vol. 3. Berlin / New York: De Gruyter. p. 173.
6145:
Preußen im Westen. Kampf um den Parlamentarismus in Rheinland und Westfalen
5836:
5818:
5738:
5696:
5669:
5665:
5611:
5593:
5484:
5228:
5179:
4884:
4747:
influences, especially among theological faculties, also grew in strength.
4744:
4726:
lost the king as their top leader. He had officially been the head bishop (
4716:
4687:
4036:
4008:
3515:
3242:
2977:
2402:
2081:
1781:
1773:
1484:
1199:
1048:
586:
385:
306:
212:
52:
6059:] (in German). Vol. 11/I. Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann. p. 16.
5680:
1812:
and parts of West Prussia were in favor of remaining part of Germany. The
1455:
898:
8904:
8882:
7943:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5792:
5756:
5661:
5632:
5578:
5557:
A few changes were made to Prussian provinces under the Nazi regime. The
5111:
4678:
3551:
2680:
1464:
1132:
1060:
934:
786:
708:
653:
339:
7275:"Erste Verordnung zur Vereinheitlichung und Verbilligung der Verwaltung"
5952:] (in German). Leipzig / Vienna: Verlagsanstalt Otto Beckmann. 1931.
4850:
4303:
4002:
on 16 November 1923. This spurred the regional separatists to action. A
8940:
8872:
8249:
7669:
7624:
7496:
5562:
5498:
5331:
4947:
4866:
4350:
3999:
3949:
3875:
failed. The MSPD then terminated its support, and Stegerwald resigned.
3864:
3523:
3477:
3468:
2931:
2851:
2823:
2346:
1472:
1468:
1433:
1025:
1002:
803:
750:
5508:
Erste Verordnung zur Vereinheitlichung und Verbilligung der Verwaltung
4715:, supported by the DNVP and DVP, saw it as strengthening Catholicism.
3903:
2617:
1173:
1040:
798:
719:
in Europe had come from its lands. It was home to the federal capital
8862:
8822:
8203:
8100:
7158:
100(0) Schlüsseldokumente zur deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert
5774:
5511:) effectively merged state ministries with Reich ministries. In the "
5478:
The Parliament refrained from electing a new Minister President. The
4904:
4382:
3519:
3500:
Prussian SPD quickly identified with their new task. The philosopher
2554:
1757:
1476:
1449:
637:
7108:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 423.
6812:"[Erstes] Gesetz zum Schutze der Republik vom 21. Juli 1922"
5887:(under French administration). The state was ultimately merged with
5566:
8837:
8214:
8209:
6814:[ Law for the Protection of the Republic of 21 July 1922].
6051:
Schulze, Gerhard, ed. (2002). "Einleitung" [Introduction].
5570:
4897:
referendum for the premature dissolution of the Prussian Parliament
4286:
also received 250,000 acres, plus the royal palaces along with the
4022:" in central Germany, took place outside Prussia. Reich Chancellor
3891:
3493:
2814:
1997:
1940:
1813:
1444:). The violence there was suppressed by military means as well. In
195:
7091:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Propyläen. pp. 631–634.
6613:
Die Weimarer Republik 1918–1933. Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft
2854:
in particular clearly recognized this and made purposeful use it.
1241:
8812:
7509:
7411:
6553:] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 116.
5726:
5714:
5265:
5220:
5169:
4892:
4888:
4877:
4770:
4390:
4015:
2701:
2638:
2596:
2512:
2470:
2428:
1921:
1902:
1797:
1741:
1141:
914:
767:
649:
641:
625:
6866:
6350:] (in German). Vol. III. Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 23.
6265:
Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie
6018:] (in German). Bonn: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 706.
3471:. In East Prussia the DNVP received over 30% of the vote in the
757:
continued to function formally until 1945. After the end of the
8857:
8852:
8847:
8802:
7451:
7085:
Otto Braun oder Preußens demokratische Sendung. Eine Biographie
5920:
5806:
5798:
5574:
4891:" Prussian government at the Reich Front-Line Soldiers' Day in
4774:
4705:
4386:
3625:
as an instrument to protect the constitution and the Republic.
3274:
2842:. 280 deputies voted in favor, 60 against and 7 abstained. The
2659:
2449:
2444:
2113:
1883:
1777:
1745:
1194:, 100,000 people signed an appeal for territorial autonomy. In
930:
910:
819:
720:
633:
629:
132:
7251:
Der Prußische Staatsrat 1921–1933: Ein biographisches Handbuch
4711:
There was opposition to the concordat from various sides. The
3533:
1788:. Additional changes were decided by plebiscites. In Northern
753:
seized power in 1933, even though a Prussian government under
711:, it continued to be the dominant state in Germany during the
8817:
8807:
7385:
5866:
4591:
3215:
3058:
2533:
1959:
204:
6363:
5132:
3867:
did not run as a candidate for Minister President. Instead,
1756:
came under Allied administration before ultimately going to
1415:(See the Constitution section below for additional details.)
1140:
rescinded Hoffmann's decree. In a letter to the Cardinal of
104:
The Free State of Prussia within the Weimar Republic in 1925
9428:
7218:
7014:
Kirchenrecht evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers
6974:
6780:
5625:
seizure of Poland's eastern territories by the Soviet Union
5428:
5395:
3220:
2843:
2575:
27:
Successor state of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1918 to 1947
7134:
6722:
6720:
6490:
6488:
6360:
Protokolle des Staatsministeriums 11/I (in German). p. 8.
6000:
Protokolle des Staatsministeriums 11/I (in German). p. 2.
4018:
and the attempt at a communist revolution, the so-called "
1732:
Most of the German territorial cessions stipulated in the
1236:
8489:
Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania
7230:
6926:
6830:
6617:
The Weimar Republic 1918–1933. Politics, Economy, Society
4811:(Centre Party) Reich government on 31 March 1930 and the
4754:
4668:
was to be a municipal reorganization of the Ruhr region.
3235:
3230:
2846:
and independent deputies in particular voted against it.
1206:
and eventually took on the character of a guerrilla war.
7122:
7040:
6986:
6938:
6914:
6890:
6878:
6744:
6693:
6633:
6387:
5923:. A proposal to merge Berlin with the reformed state of
715:, as it had been during the empire, even though most of
8646:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
7176:
7164:
7089:
Otto Braun or Prussia's Democratic Mission. A Biography
7052:
7028:
6854:
6792:
6756:
6717:
6512:
6485:
6287:
6269:
Weimar 1918–1933. History of the First German Democracy
6208:
6204:] (in German). Hamburg: Gruner + Jahr. p. 344.
6160:
6158:
6126:
6124:
4694:). The treaty superseded an 1821 agreement between the
4029:
3530:
were among the Social Democratic mayors in early 1933.
2036:
1820:
was to be held there. The former Imperial Territory of
1804:
went to Poland, although the majority of voters in the
7188:
7064:
6962:
6950:
6902:
6842:
6768:
6705:
6681:
6645:
6579:
6473:
6443:
6323:
6311:
6275:
6073:
5198:. The police were placed under the command of General
3964:
on 11 January 1923 after Germany defaulted on its war
1784:
was separated from the rest of Reich territory by the
1510:
Prussian Regions Ceded under the Treaty of Versailles
6657:
6591:
6567:
6500:
6431:
6375:
6299:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6151:] (in German). Münster: Aschendorff. p. 305.
6097:
5250:
4861:
In 1929 the Braun government banned the paramilitary
4851:
Referendum on the dissolution of the state Parliament
4298:
3165:
The Prussian party system – made up of conservatism (
1162:(USPD) as Berlin's police chief triggered the failed
7340:
6732:
6669:
6524:
6155:
6121:
6109:
6085:
6032:
5194:
A state of emergency was declared in Berlin and the
5124:
Braun had had a physical collapse on the night of 22
4265:
4049:
8494:
Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig
6463:"Der Freistaat Preußen – Die preußischen Provinzen"
5151:Behind the scenes, the cabinet of Reich Chancellor
4690:, signed on 14 June 1929 by Eugenio Pacelli (later
1748:became a free city under the administration of the
1409:(DNVP), and one each from the USPD and the liberal
1174:
Separatist tendencies and the threat of dissolution
7295:[Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich].
5703:is a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland.
3605:
3594:(East Prussia) and Felix Philipp (Lower Silesia).
1855:, by way of contrast, had 333 inhabitants per km.
1083:
5599:
4910:
4413:
2058:Percentage of Employment by Economic Sector 1925
9455:
5879:, from the southern half of the former state of
5492:its place, he created a revised non-legislative
8688:
8629:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany
7253:. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. pp. 292–295.
6543:Krohn, Claus-Dieter; Unger, Corinna R. (2006).
5990:] (in German). Bonn: Dietz. pp. 34–44.
5773:. The remainder of the province became part of
5627:. The northern third of East Prussia including
4359:Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party
3106:The constitution stipulated the formation of a
3093:, which replaced Prussia's legal government by
152:292,695.36 km (113,010.31 sq mi)
6416:[The Free State of Prussia Overview].
6057:Protocol of the Ministry of State 1817–1934/38
6053:Protokolle des Staatsministeriums 1817–1934/38
3656:
3645:
1859:Population of Selected Large Cities 1910–1939
9469:States and territories disestablished in 1947
8633:Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania
7685:
7371:
6271:] (in German). Munich: Beck. p. 115.
5243:the government resources that wielded power.
5114:became president of the Prussian Parliament.
3185:, MSPD) and socialism/communism (Independent
1426:
950:On 9 November 1918, in the early days of the
9393:Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement
8916:Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians
8651:Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland
5971:] (in German). Bonn: Dietz. p. 400.
5526:
5516:
5506:
5233:
5227:represented the SPD parliamentary group and
5173:
5134:
4783:
4738:
4699:
4659:In May 1928 elections were held at both the
4401:
3989:
3940:
3585:
3579:
3555:
3122:
2862:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2777:
2762:
2752:
2746:
1103:
1093:
777:
320:
304:
281:
266:
247:
210:
116:
37:
7212:Historische Rechts- und Gesetzetexte Online
5268:grew out of the Prussian political police.
3920:chosen from the MSPD, Centre, DDP and DVP.
3534:Democratization of the state administration
2876:Minister Presidents of Prussia (1918–1945)
2362:
2357:
1202:. The movement soon encompassed the entire
1122:In educational policy, Minister of Culture
1020:On 12 November 1918 commissioners from the
989:(MSPD), which was the largest party in the
9464:States and territories established in 1918
7692:
7678:
7378:
7364:
6542:
6012:Preußen. Aufstieg und Niedergang 1600–1947
5950:Beckman's World Dictionary and World Atlas
5660:. The lands east of this boundary (except
4307:Black-red-gold flag of the Weimar Republic
3207:Reichstag Constituencies in 1928 and 1933
3142:
1024:of Greater Berlin, including Paul Hirsch,
945:
98:
5675:
3898:on 26 August by members of the far right
2840:constitution of the Free State of Prussia
2817:Constitution of the Free State of Prussia
1440:among segments of the Polish population (
7699:
7236:
7224:
7182:
7170:
7058:
7034:
6980:
6932:
6896:
6872:
6860:
6836:
6798:
6786:
6762:
6726:
6518:
6494:
6293:
6214:
6142:
5938:
5679:
5286:
5254:
5185:
4822:
4792:, the other German states did the same.
4719:in the SPD also rejected the agreement.
4315:Black-white-red flag of Imperial Germany
4310:
4302:
3666:After the adoption of the constitution,
3632:
3565:
1454:
1240:
1190:republic independent of Prussia. In the
1039:
1035:
699:from 1918 to 1947. The successor to the
8484:Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany
7327:
7194:
7140:
7128:
7082:
7046:
6968:
6956:
6944:
6920:
6908:
6884:
6848:
6774:
6750:
6699:
6687:
6663:
6651:
6639:
6609:
6585:
6530:
6506:
6479:
6449:
6437:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6341:
6329:
6317:
6305:
6281:
6262:
6250:
6226:
6195:
6130:
6103:
6091:
6079:
6050:
6038:
5981:
5962:
5105:The coalition parties' fears about the
4802:
3924:again became Minister of the Interior.
3550:and later one of the supporters of the
2860:
1249:On 26 January 1919, one week after the
1237:State Assembly and coalition government
1182:, the advisory council of the Catholic
695:) was one of the constituent states of
14:
9456:
8639:Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany
8320:Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939
7293:"Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs"
6597:
6573:
6238:
6176:
5640:from the territories.
5513:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich
4755:Prussia and the crisis of the Republic
4343:
3937:Law for the Protection of the Republic
3652:Elections in the Free State of Prussia
9037:
8687:
8429:
8021:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
7879:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
7759:
7673:
7359:
7346:
7248:
7156:[(Complete text in German)].
7101:
7070:
6992:
6738:
6711:
6675:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6164:
6115:
6009:
5984:Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung
5946:Beckmanns Welt-Lexikon und Welt-Atlas
5927:was rejected by popular vote in 1996.
5668:and the remainder became part of the
5539:Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat
5518:Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reiches
4671:
4368:
3979:hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic
3205:Election Results in Selected Prussian
3119:, was chairman of the State Council.
1471:, the largely rural area east of the
1213:, author of the draft version of the
717:Germany's post-war territorial losses
682:
8911:WWII flight and expulsion of Germans
7336:] (in German). pp. 547–549.
4883:On 4 October 1930, Stahlhelm leader
4280:referendum on princely expropriation
4030:Transitional cabinet of Wilhelm Marx
3546:(DNVP) – father of rocket scientist
3072:
2037:Settlement patterns and urban growth
8603:Evangelical State Church in Prussia
8330:Free City of Danzig 1920–1939
6179:Handbuch der preußischen Geschichte
5094:Reich presidential election of 1932
3955:
3199:Socialist Worker's Party of Germany
3155:
2336:
1810:plebiscite in southern East Prussia
1255:constituent Prussian State Assembly
866:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)
24:
8430:
7760:
7313:[Law on Reich Governors].
6399:
5814:Placed under Allied administration
5744:Placed under Soviet administration
5614:in 1945, Germany was divided into
5569:to Schleswig-Holstein, as well as
5291:Service flag of Prussia, 1933–1935
5251:National Socialist era (1933–1945)
5160:for Prussia. The occasion was the
5099:constructive vote of no confidence
4299:Tensions with the Reich government
3574:The new Minister of the Interior,
1768:, large areas of the provinces of
25:
9530:
9519:1947 disestablishments in Prussia
9509:1947 disestablishments in Germany
9324:North German Confederation Treaty
6414:"Der Freistaat Preußen Überblick"
6344:Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch
6263:Winkler, Heinrich August (1993).
5982:Winkler, Heinrich August (1984).
5963:Winkler, Heinrich August (1985).
5618:, and all of Germany east of the
4759:
4266:Settlement with the Hohenzollerns
4050:High point of political stability
3637:Justice Minister Hugo am Zehnhoff
999:Prussian House of Representatives
997:, the MSPD's party leader in the
8499:Apostolic Administration of Tütz
7911:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952
7486:
6016:Prussia. Rise and Fall 1600–1947
5988:From Revolution to Stabilization
5911:under Soviet administration and
5873:(under American administration).
5577:and in return the annexation of
5168:, a town in Prussia adjacent to
4895:. He announced a plan to call a
4857:1931 Prussian Landtag referendum
3991:Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei
3952:in Prussia on 15 November 1922.
3183:Majority Social Democratic Party
3169:, DNVP), political Catholicism (
3101:
1776:became part of the new state of
1223:Council of the People's Deputies
1007:Council of the People's Deputies
802:
797:
605:
591:
577:
563:
545:
531:
502:
81:
67:
8407:Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
8376:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998
8345:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975
8161:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
7328:Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1988).
7321:
7303:
7285:
7267:
7242:
7200:
7146:
7095:
7076:
6998:
6804:
6603:
6536:
6455:
6354:
6335:
6256:
6189:
6170:
6136:
5857:(under British administration).
5843:(under British administration).
5833:(under British administration).
3942:Gesetz zum Schutze der Republik
3606:Republicanization of the police
3160:
2807:
1084:Political change and its limits
1063:and Otto Braun of the MSPD and
1022:Workers' and Soldiers' Councils
978:before he had in fact done so.
964:Chancellor of the German Empire
9514:1918 establishments in Prussia
9504:1918 establishments in Germany
8555:Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień
8365:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998
8355:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
8350:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
8262:Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo
8178:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
8173:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
8058:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998
8053:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998
8048:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
8043:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
7931:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998
7906:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
6044:
6003:
5994:
5975:
5956:
5638:fled or were forcibly expelled
5600:Formal dissolution (1945–1947)
5521:) of 30 January 1934 and the "
4911:State Parliament election 1932
4780:Alliance of Red Front Fighters
4414:State Parliament election 1928
4046:were held on 7 December 1924.
3584:), three district presidents (
3486:March 1933 Reichstag elections
3167:German National People's Party
3020:as of 3 June 1932 Independent
1796:was in favor of annexation to
1407:German National People's Party
1253:, elections were held for the
1117:Prussian three-class franchise
1057:Prussian revolutionary cabinet
1009:, with representatives of the
828:(pre – 13th century)
822:(983 – 12th century)
774:occurred on 25 February 1947.
13:
1:
9474:States of the Weimar Republic
8608:Pomeranian Evangelical Church
8545:Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg
8458:Christianization of Pomerania
8335:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
8305:Free City of Danzig 1807–1814
7387:States of the Weimar Republic
7330:Dualismus und Gleichschaltung
5931:
5853:and the northern half of the
5205:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
4737:church congress of 1927 was "
4044:state parliamentary elections
3986:German Völkisch Freedom Party
1838:
1829:Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont
122:"Free State of Prussia March"
9417:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
9267:Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
9038:
8956:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
8663:Pentecostal Church in Poland
8624:Protestant Church in Germany
8360:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998
8340:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975
7102:Jones, Larry Eugene (2017).
6183:Handbook of Prussian History
5759:, from the remainder of the
5581:to the Province of Hanover.
4807:Even after the formation of
4627:Völkisch National Bloc (VNB)
4282:at the Reich level in 1926.
3661:
1794:the vote on 10 February 1920
1504:
1499:
1251:1919 German federal election
684:[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːtˈpʁɔʏsn̩]
7:
9411:German–Polish Border Treaty
9405:German Reunification Treaty
8656:Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław
8395:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
8282:State of the Teutonic Order
8072:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
7949:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
7334:Dualism and Gleichschaltung
6196:Haffner, Sebastian (1979).
6010:Clark, Christopher (2007).
5969:The Appearance of Normality
5709:Everything east of the Oder
5670:Federal Republic of Germany
5133:1932 Prussian coup d'état (
3657:Grand coalition (1921–1925)
3646:Weimar Republic (1921–1933)
3113:Federal Republic of Germany
541:Territory of the Saar Basin
10:
9535:
9300:Polish Partitions Treaties
6143:Ribhegge, Wilhelm (2008).
5666:German Democratic Republic
5645:Control Council Law No. 46
5603:
5144:
4854:
4767:International Workers' Day
4724:Prussian Union of Churches
3649:
3628:
3191:Communist Party of Germany
3181:, DDP), social democracy (
2374:Prussian Provinces (1925)
2366:
2052:
1427:Unrest and the Kapp Putsch
860:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
832:Margraviate of Brandenburg
9280:
9184:
9048:
9044:
9033:
8981:
8931:
8924:
8891:
8795:
8704:
8700:
8683:
8616:
8586:
8577:
8522:
8504:Prelature of Schneidemühl
8449:
8440:
8436:
8425:
8315:Posen-West Prussia Region
8202:
8087:
7959:
7770:
7766:
7755:
7707:
7621:
7594:
7576:
7530:
7523:
7495:
7484:
7394:
7311:"Reichsstatthaltergesetz"
6342:Petzina, Dietmar (1978).
5965:Der Schein der Normalität
5692:Ceded to the Soviet Union
5147:1932 Prussian coup d'état
4788:). With the exception of
3544:Magnus Freiherr von Braun
3505:political break from the
3123:Relationship to the Reich
3091:1932 Prussian coup d'état
1076:, then from January 1919
1047:, Prussian leader of the
778:Establishment (1918–1920)
621:
481:
477:
473:
469:
456:
443:
428:
411:
396:
392:
376:
362:
350:
338:
334:
330:
321:
314:
305:
298:
294:
280:
276:
267:
257:
248:
238:
234:
224:
201:
189:
182:
178:
168:
164:
156:
146:
138:
128:
115:
108:
97:
63:
58:
46:
34:
9435:Treaty of Accession 2003
8892:Major demographic events
8464:Diocese of Wollin/Cammin
8154:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
8149:Brandenburgian Pomerania
8009:Brandenburgian Pomerania
7712:10,000 BC – 600 AD
6875:, pp. 383–387, 399.
5877:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
5749:reunification of Germany
5717:. This included most of
5303:(parties that won seats)
4919:(parties that won seats)
4880:to mark the evacuation.
4422:(parties that won seats)
4058:(parties that won seats)
3693:(parties that won seats)
3674:(DDP) lost seats to the
3018:previously Centre Party,
2363:Administrative divisions
2358:State and administration
1276:(parties that won seats)
1100:House of Representatives
1098:) was abolished and the
703:after the defeat of the
573:Polish People's Republic
370:House of Representatives
118:Freistaat Preußen Marsch
9302:(1772/1773, 1793, 1795)
8705:Archaeological cultures
7864:Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp
7249:Lilla, Joachim (2005).
7083:Schulze, Hagen (1977).
6348:Social History Workbook
6202:Prussia Without Legends
5869:, from the province of
5849:, from the province of
5839:, from the province of
5829:, from the province of
5801:: the remainder of the
5783:: the remainder of the
5769:, from the bulk of the
5761:Province of Brandenburg
5585:(Hanover) was ceded to
5528:Reichsstatthaltergesetz
5196:province of Brandenburg
4363:Rural People's Movement
3684:1920 Reichstag election
3672:German Democratic Party
3195:German-Hanoverian Party
3187:Social Democratic Party
3179:German Democratic Party
3143:State-owned enterprises
3084:German National Railway
2828:(Full text in English)
1442:first Silesian uprising
1259:German Democratic Party
1090:Prussian House of Lords
952:Revolution of 1918–1919
946:Revolution of 1918–1919
884:(1918 – 1947)
878:(1701 – 1918)
872:(1618 – 1701)
852:(1525 – 1618)
846:(1356 – 1806)
840:(1224 – 1525)
729:Social Democratic Party
559:Allied-occupied Germany
89:Coat of arms of Prussia
9330:Peace of Prague (1866)
8925:Languages and dialects
8595:Protestant Reformation
8390:Pomeranian Voivodeship
8293:Pomeranian Voivodeship
8192:Pomeranian Voivodeship
8137:Pomeranian Voivodeship
8077:Pomeranian Voivodeship
7939:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
5847:North Rhine-Westphalia
5781:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
5695:The northern third of
5685:
5676:Post-war dismemberment
5565:(part of Hamburg) and
5527:
5517:
5507:
5494:Prussian State Council
5300:1933 Prussian Election
5292:
5260:
5234:
5191:
5174:
5135:
5107:1932 Prussian election
4916:1932 Prussian Election
4887:sharply attacked the "
4828:
4785:Roter Frontkämpferbund
4784:
4739:
4700:
4419:1928 Prussian Election
4402:
4316:
4308:
4276:Hermann Höpker-Aschoff
4055:1924 Prussian Election
3990:
3941:
3913:
3690:1921 Prussian Election
3638:
3586:
3580:
3571:
3556:
3469:east of the Elbe River
2863:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2778:
2774:Prussian State Council
2772:and the corresponding
2763:
2753:
2747:
2047:Province of Westphalia
1827:The annexation of the
1460:
1273:1919 Prussian Election
1246:
1156:People's Navy Division
1154:in Berlin between the
1152:Christmas Eve fighting
1104:
1094:
1067:, Adolph Hoffmann and
1052:
985:, the chairman of the
954:that brought down the
937:(1947–1952, from 1990)
907:(1920–1939, from 1945)
864:Royal (Polish) Prussia
844:Elector of Brandenburg
763:Allied Control Council
675:
282:
211:
117:
38:
9479:Free State of Prussia
9171:(1448/1468/1472/1479)
8540:Archdiocese of Gdańsk
8530:Archdiocese of Berlin
7921:Bezirk Neubrandenburg
7792:Principality of Rügen
6372:, pp. 15–21, 42.
5785:Province of Pomerania
5737:, and the portion of
5683:
5664:) became part of the
5290:
5258:
5189:
4826:
4643:Centre (Lower Saxony)
4314:
4306:
3908:
3676:German People's Party
3636:
3587:Regierungspräsidenten
3569:
3507:three-class franchise
3490:Frankfurt an der Oder
3473:1928 federal election
3175:German People's Party
3082:establishment of the
3039:(Reich Commissioner)
3015:(Reich Commissioner)
2718:Free State of Prussia
1458:
1411:German People's Party
1244:
1043:
1036:Revolutionary cabinet
993:. Ebert then charged
919:Recovered Territories
882:Free State of Prussia
816:(965 – 983)
663:Free State of Prussia
447:Nazi seizure of power
35:Free State of Prussia
9164:Thorn, Second (1466)
8565:Diocese of Włocławek
8535:Diocese of Bydgoszcz
8144:Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn
8014:Starostwo of Draheim
7859:Pomerania-Rügenwalde
7849:Pomerania-Neustettin
7701:History of Pomerania
7437:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
7432:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
6198:Preußen ohne Legende
5883:and the province of
5861:Rhineland-Palatinate
5741:not ceded to Russia.
5606:Abolition of Prussia
5217:Prussian coup d'état
5164:of 17 July 1932. In
5162:Altona Bloody Sunday
4803:Bulwark of democracy
4375:Carl Heinrich Becker
3966:reparations payments
3906:. Otto Braun stated:
2369:Provinces of Prussia
1853:Free State of Saxony
1762:Hultschiner Ländchen
1734:Treaty of Versailles
1628:Free City of Danzig
1263:Berlin March battles
960:Maximilian von Baden
772:abolition of Prussia
740:Prussian coup d'état
433:Prussian coup d'état
416:Constitution adopted
364:• Lower Chamber
352:• Upper Chamber
9255:Wehlau and Bromberg
8513:Gorzów Wielkopolski
8479:Diocese of Roskilde
8298:Chełmno Voivodeship
8267:Duchy of Białogarda
7315:Verfassung der Welt
7297:Verfassung der Welt
7279:Verfassung der Welt
7227:, pp. 548–555.
7143:, pp. 457–461.
6995:, pp. 723–724.
6983:, pp. 439–448.
6789:, pp. 328–330.
5803:Province of Silesia
5658:inner German border
5559:Greater Hamburg Act
5547:Frederick the Great
5523:Reich Governors Law
5305:
4921:
4874:Paul von Hindenburg
4424:
4344:Agricultural policy
4060:
3900:Organisation Consul
3695:
3208:
3036:Kurt von Schleicher
2877:
2375:
2059:
1862:
1661:East Upper Silesia
1533:language in %
1511:
1278:
1215:Weimar Constitution
1192:Province of Hanover
1164:Spartacist Uprising
1088:On 14 November the
870:Brandenburg-Prussia
856:Malbork Voivodeship
820:Lutician federation
761:, by decree of the
738:As a result of the
731:(SPD) provided the
18:Prussian Free State
9359:Molotov–Ribbentrop
9347:Prussian Concordat
9281:1700–present
9142:Eberswalde, Second
8951:Central Pomeranian
8868:German Pomeranians
8833:Slavic Pomeranians
8722:Ertebølle-Ellerbek
8550:Diocese of Pelplin
8474:Diocese of Chełmno
8469:Diocese of Kolberg
8370:Słupsk Voivodeship
8272:Duchy of Lubiszewo
8245:Duchy of Pomerelia
8183:Słupsk Voivodeship
8115:House of Pomerania
8110:Duchy of Pomerania
8063:Słupsk Voivodeship
8036:List of placenames
7977:House of Pomerania
7972:Duchy of Pomerania
7894:List of placenames
7854:Pomerania-Stargard
7802:House of Pomerania
7797:Duchy of Pomerania
7747:1945–present
5831:Schleswig-Holstein
5827:Schleswig-Holstein
5771:Province of Saxony
5735:Posen-West Prussia
5701:Kaliningrad Oblast
5686:
5299:
5293:
5261:
5215:On the day of the
5200:Gerd von Rundstedt
5192:
5158:Reich commissioner
5156:time to appoint a
4915:
4829:
4813:Reichstag election
4809:Heinrich Brüning's
4740:Volk und Vaterland
4734:Emperor William II
4696:Kingdom of Prussia
4684:Prussian Concordat
4672:Religious politics
4418:
4410:its stated goals.
4369:Educational policy
4330:Walter von Keudell
4317:
4309:
4054:
3896:Matthias Erzberger
3689:
3639:
3572:
3307:Schleswig-Holstein
3204:
2875:
2836:Reich constitution
2676:Hohenzollern Lands
2571:Schleswig-Holstein
2487:Posen-West Prussia
2373:
2331:Hohenzollern Lands
2290:Hohenzollern Lands
2210:Schleswig-Holstein
2146:Posen-West Prussia
2057:
1858:
1736:affected Prussia.
1644:(Memel Territory)
1572:Southeast Prussia
1509:
1481:Schleswig-Holstein
1461:
1272:
1247:
1145:Felix von Hartmann
1053:
925:Kaliningrad Oblast
876:Kingdom of Prussia
733:Minister President
701:Kingdom of Prussia
510:Kingdom of Prussia
460:Formally abolished
384: •
226:Minister President
9451:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9124:Eberswalde, First
9029:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9020:
8752:Nordic Bronze Age
8679:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8573:
8572:
8421:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8381:Toruń Voivodeship
8096:Farther Pomerania
7962:Farther Pomerania
7901:Enclave of Police
7874:Swedish Pomerania
7839:Pomerania-Wolgast
7834:Pomerania-Schlawe
7829:Pomerania-Stettin
7773:Western Pomerania
7667:
7666:
7617:
7616:
7260:978-3-770-05271-4
7239:, pp. 558 f.
7131:, pp. 422 f.
7073:, pp. 729 f.
7049:, pp. 350 f.
6947:, pp. 100 f.
6935:, pp. 412 f.
6923:, pp. 321 f.
6887:, pp. 270 f.
6839:, pp. 351 f.
6816:documentArchiv.de
6753:, pp. 262 f.
6714:, pp. 719 f.
6702:, pp. 339 f.
6642:, pp. 400 f.
6396:, pp. 36–38.
6025:978-3-89331-786-8
5897:Baden-Württemberg
5893:Württemberg-Baden
5789:Western Pomerania
5713:Neisse line plus
5551:Otto von Bismarck
5534:Reichsstatthalter
5475:
5474:
5304:
5090:
5089:
4920:
4657:
4656:
4423:
4322:Albert Grzesinski
4259:
4258:
4059:
4024:Gustav Stresemann
3962:occupied the Ruhr
3860:
3859:
3694:
3548:Wernher von Braun
3465:
3464:
3073:Ministry of State
3070:
3069:
2988:20 February 1925
2985:18 February 1925
2909:12 November 1918
2743:
2742:
2326:
2325:
2034:
2033:
1750:League of Nations
1730:
1729:
1398:
1397:
1277:
1204:Province of Posen
1078:Walther Reinhardt
1015:council communism
943:
942:
725:1920 constitution
676:Freistaat Preußen
659:
658:
617:
616:
613:
612:
601:Republic of Gniew
515:
514:
401:German Revolution
316:• 1935–1945
300:• 1933–1935
284:Reichsstatthalter
259:• 1933–1945
191: • Type
39:Freistaat Preußen
16:(Redirected from
9526:
9494:1930s in Prussia
9489:1920s in Prussia
9484:1910s in Prussia
9423:Polish Concordat
9387:Helsinki Accords
9341:Polish Concordat
9102:Stralsund (1370)
9097:Stralsund (1354)
9046:
9045:
9035:
9034:
8929:
8928:
8899:Migration Period
8787:Dębczyn (Denzin)
8702:
8701:
8685:
8684:
8584:
8583:
8560:Diocese of Toruń
8447:
8446:
8438:
8437:
8427:
8426:
8277:Duchy of Świecie
8240:Danish Pomerelia
8235:Polish Pomerelia
8228:
8103:
7916:Bezirk Frankfurt
7889:Stralsund Region
7824:Pomerania-Demmin
7768:
7767:
7757:
7756:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7671:
7670:
7569:
7528:
7527:
7490:
7474:
7466:
7457:Schaumburg-Lippe
7380:
7373:
7366:
7357:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7011:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6899:, pp. 49 f.
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6808:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6724:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6607:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6492:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6410:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6153:
6152:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6082:, pp. 74 f.
6077:
6071:
6070:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6007:
6001:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5942:
5620:Oder–Neisse line
5616:occupation zones
5530:
5520:
5510:
5324:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5237:
5177:
5138:
4940:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4837:Reich government
4787:
4742:
4729:summus episcopus
4703:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4405:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4012:Beer Hall Putsch
4004:Rhenish Republic
3993:
3956:Crisis year 1923
3944:
3933:Walther Rathenau
3884:London ultimatum
3696:
3692:
3688:
3680:Weimar coalition
3589:
3583:
3559:
3209:
3203:
3156:Political system
3048:30 January 1933
3045:3 December 1932
3025:30 January 1933
3006:6 February 1933
2972:23 January 1925
2969:7 November 1921
2958:5 November 1921
2900:Heinrich Ströbel
2878:
2874:
2866:
2827:
2821:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2781:
2766:
2756:
2750:
2748:Regierungsbezirk
2376:
2372:
2337:Social structure
2060:
2056:
1863:
1857:
1697:North Schleswig
1531:German as native
1512:
1508:
1421:Weimar Coalition
1279:
1275:
1271:
1107:
1097:
1074:Heinrich Schëuch
1065:Heinrich Ströbel
901:area (from 1918)
850:Duchy of Prussia
806:
801:
782:
781:
759:Second World War
744:Reich Chancellor
694:
693:
692:
686:
681:
670:
609:
608:
595:
594:
581:
580:
567:
566:
549:
548:
535:
534:
519:
518:
506:
505:
499:
498:
483:
482:
465:25 February 1947
448:
435:
424:
423:30 November 1920
418:
403:
388:
372:
345:State Parliament
326:
325:
310:
309:
287:
272:
271:
262:
253:
252:
243:
220:
216:
207:
192:
120:
102:
85:
75:Flag (1918–1933)
71:
41:
32:
31:
21:
9534:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9525:
9524:
9523:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9439:
9353:Reichskonkordat
9276:
9185:1500–1700
9180:
9153:Brześć Kujawski
9113:Raciążek (1404)
9049:1200–1500
9040:
9017:
8977:
8973:Standard German
8966:West Pomeranian
8961:East Pomeranian
8920:
8887:
8791:
8696:
8667:
8612:
8569:
8518:
8432:
8413:
8400:Gmina Biały Bór
8324:Polish Corridor
8257:Duchy of Gdańsk
8223:
8218:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8198:
8098:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8089:Lauenburg-Bütow
8083:
8002:Pomerania-Stolp
7965:
7964:
7955:
7869:Pomerania-Barth
7844:Pomerania-Stolp
7775:
7762:
7751:
7742:1933–1945
7737:1806–1933
7732:1500–1806
7727:1300–1500
7722:1100–1300
7703:
7698:
7668:
7663:
7623:
7613:
7590:
7572:
7567:
7565:Weimar-Eisenach
7519:
7491:
7482:
7472:
7464:
7390:
7384:
7354:
7353:
7345:
7341:
7326:
7322:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7261:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7223:
7219:
7206:
7205:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7100:
7096:
7081:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7033:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7009:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6991:
6987:
6979:
6975:
6967:
6963:
6955:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6883:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6797:
6793:
6785:
6781:
6773:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6725:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6698:
6694:
6686:
6682:
6674:
6670:
6662:
6658:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6634:
6627:
6608:
6604:
6596:
6592:
6584:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6561:
6541:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6493:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6400:
6392:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6340:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6261:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6237:
6233:
6225:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6194:
6190:
6175:
6171:
6163:
6156:
6141:
6137:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5980:
5976:
5961:
5957:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5706:Ceded to Poland
5678:
5650:Konrad Adenauer
5608:
5602:
5325:
5322:
5315:
5312:
5301:
5274:Konrad Adenauer
5253:
5190:Franz von Papen
5153:Franz von Papen
5149:
5143:
4941:
4938:
4931:
4928:
4917:
4913:
4871:Reich President
4859:
4853:
4833:Joseph Goebbels
4805:
4762:
4757:
4713:Lutheran Church
4674:
4440:
4432:
4420:
4416:
4371:
4346:
4301:
4268:
4076:
4068:
4056:
4052:
4032:
3958:
3873:grand coalition
3869:Adam Stegerwald
3711:
3703:
3691:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3631:
3608:
3581:Oberpräsidenten
3536:
3502:Eduard Spranger
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3206:
3173:), liberalism (
3163:
3158:
3150:Hans Staudinger
3145:
3137:Federal Council
3125:
3117:Konrad Adenauer
3104:
3095:Franz von Papen
3075:
3038:
3029:
3028:3 December 1932
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Franz von Papen
3005:
3003:
2948:Adam Stegerwald
2923:3 January 1919
2912:3 January 1919
2905:
2898:
2869:
2813:
2810:
2764:Landeshauptmann
2754:Oberpräsidenten
2396:
2391:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2339:
2075:
2071:Skilled Trades
2070:
2055:
2039:
1861:(in thousands)
1860:
1841:
1822:Alsace–Lorraine
1786:Polish Corridor
1754:Memel Territory
1683:Czechoslovakia
1679:
1643:
1624:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1507:
1502:
1429:
1286:
1274:
1239:
1176:
1138:Konrad Haenisch
1124:Adolph Hoffmann
1086:
1038:
1030:Adolph Hoffmann
1011:Independent SPD
983:Friedrich Ebert
976:King of Prussia
956:German monarchy
948:
905:Klaipėda Region
780:
747:Franz von Papen
713:Weimar Republic
688:
687:
679:
666:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
606:
592:
578:
564:
558:
546:
532:
527:Klaipėda Region
526:
503:
462:
452:30 January 1933
449:
446:
436:
431:
422:
419:
414:
407:9 November 1918
404:
399:
380:
368:
365:
353:
317:
301:
263:
260:
250:Friedrich Ebert
244:
241:
218:
217:
202:
190:
171:
149:
123:
121:
103:
93:
92:
91:
86:
78:
77:
72:
49:Weimar Republic
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9532:
9522:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9449:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9437:
9432:
9426:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9402:
9396:
9390:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9368:
9362:
9356:
9350:
9344:
9338:
9332:
9327:
9321:
9315:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9291:
9284:
9282:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9258:
9252:
9246:
9244:Stettin (1653)
9241:
9235:
9233:Stettin (1630)
9230:
9224:
9222:Stettin (1570)
9219:
9213:
9207:
9201:
9195:
9188:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9172:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9150:
9148:Łęczyca (1433)
9145:
9139:
9133:
9127:
9121:
9115:
9110:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9076:
9071:
9065:
9059:
9052:
9050:
9042:
9041:
9031:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9008:
8998:
8993:
8987:
8985:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8975:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8937:
8935:
8926:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8901:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8828:Vistula Veneti
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8727:Linear Pottery
8724:
8719:
8714:
8708:
8706:
8698:
8697:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8620:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8590:
8588:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8526:
8524:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8453:
8451:
8444:
8442:Roman Catholic
8434:
8433:
8431:Ecclesiastical
8423:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8392:
8384:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8242:
8237:
8231:
8229:
8220:Tuchola Forest
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8186:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8146:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8106:
8104:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8066:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8026:Stettin Region
8018:
8017:
8016:
8006:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7968:
7966:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7933:
7928:
7926:Bezirk Rostock
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7884:Stettin Region
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7794:
7789:
7787:Northern March
7784:
7778:
7776:
7771:
7764:
7763:
7761:Administrative
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7717:600–1100
7714:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7697:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7674:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7582:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7501:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7467:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7391:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7360:
7352:
7351:
7349:, p. 753.
7339:
7320:
7302:
7284:
7266:
7259:
7241:
7229:
7217:
7199:
7197:, p. 500.
7187:
7185:, p. 531.
7175:
7173:, p. 520.
7163:
7145:
7133:
7121:
7114:
7094:
7075:
7063:
7061:, p. 488.
7051:
7039:
7037:, p. 448.
7027:
6997:
6985:
6973:
6971:, p. 397.
6961:
6959:, p. 391.
6949:
6937:
6925:
6913:
6911:, p. 314.
6901:
6889:
6877:
6865:
6863:, p. 387.
6853:
6851:, p. 400.
6841:
6829:
6803:
6801:, p. 351.
6791:
6779:
6777:, p. 163.
6767:
6765:, p. 329.
6755:
6743:
6741:, p. 718.
6731:
6729:, p. 350.
6716:
6704:
6692:
6690:, p. 101.
6680:
6678:, p. 719.
6668:
6656:
6654:, p. 413.
6644:
6632:
6625:
6602:
6600:, p. 227.
6590:
6588:, p. 175.
6578:
6576:, p. 198.
6566:
6559:
6535:
6523:
6521:, p. 319.
6511:
6499:
6497:, p. 327.
6484:
6482:, p. 172.
6472:
6454:
6452:, p. 111.
6442:
6430:
6398:
6386:
6374:
6362:
6353:
6334:
6332:, p. 322.
6322:
6320:, p. 130.
6310:
6298:
6296:, p. 322.
6286:
6284:, p. 305.
6274:
6255:
6243:
6241:, p. 204.
6231:
6219:
6217:, p. 305.
6207:
6188:
6169:
6167:, p. 706.
6154:
6135:
6120:
6118:, p. 705.
6108:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6065:
6043:
6031:
6024:
6002:
5993:
5974:
5955:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5874:
5864:
5858:
5855:Rhine Province
5844:
5834:
5823:
5822:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5796:
5791:) merged into
5778:
5764:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5742:
5707:
5704:
5693:
5677:
5674:
5610:At the end of
5604:Main article:
5601:
5598:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5320:
5317:
5310:
5281:Reichstag fire
5252:
5249:
5225:Hermann Heller
5145:Main article:
5142:
5131:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4926:
4912:
4909:
4855:Main article:
4852:
4849:
4845:Sturmabteilung
4841:Hermann Müller
4818:Ernst Heilmann
4804:
4801:
4797:Ernst Thälmann
4761:
4760:Blood May 1929
4758:
4756:
4753:
4673:
4670:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4415:
4412:
4370:
4367:
4345:
4342:
4300:
4297:
4267:
4264:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4051:
4048:
4031:
4028:
4020:German October
4009:Adolf Hitler's
3957:
3954:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3647:
3644:
3630:
3627:
3607:
3604:
3540:Wolfgang Heine
3535:
3532:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3435:Rhine Province
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3144:
3141:
3124:
3121:
3103:
3100:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:23 April 1945
3064:
3063:11 April 1933
3061:
3056:
3054:Hermann Göring
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:21 April 1921
2953:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2942:10 March 1921
2940:
2939:27 March 1920
2937:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2926:25 March 1920
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2868:
2859:
2809:
2806:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2634:Rhine Province
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2445:Greater Berlin
2441:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2367:Main article:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2338:
2335:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:Rhine Province
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2054:
2051:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1849:Rhine Province
1840:
1837:
1766:Czechoslovakia
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:Eupen-Malmedy
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1483:, Hanover and
1428:
1425:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1238:
1235:
1221:(MSPD) of the
1219:Otto Landsberg
1180:Rhine Province
1175:
1172:
1110:Wolfgang Heine
1085:
1082:
1069:Kurt Rosenfeld
1037:
1034:
972:German Emperor
947:
944:
941:
940:
939:
938:
928:
922:
908:
902:
893:
892:
888:
887:
886:
885:
879:
873:
867:
853:
847:
841:
838:Teutonic Order
835:
829:
823:
817:
814:Northern March
808:
807:
794:
793:
779:
776:
755:Hermann Göring
742:instigated by
657:
656:
646:Czech Republic
623:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
603:
597:
596:
589:
583:
582:
575:
569:
568:
561:
551:
550:
543:
537:
536:
529:
516:
513:
512:
507:
495:
494:
489:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
457:
454:
453:
450:
444:
441:
440:
437:
429:
426:
425:
420:
412:
409:
408:
405:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
378:
377:Historical era
374:
373:
366:
363:
360:
359:
354:
351:
348:
347:
342:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
323:Hermann Göring
318:
315:
312:
311:
302:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:Hermann Göring
264:
258:
255:
254:
245:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
222:
221:
208:
199:
198:
193:
187:
186:
184:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
113:
112:
106:
105:
95:
94:
87:
80:
79:
73:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
56:
55:
44:
43:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9531:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9436:
9433:
9430:
9427:
9424:
9421:
9418:
9415:
9412:
9409:
9406:
9403:
9400:
9399:Two Plus Four
9397:
9394:
9391:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9382:Warsaw (1970)
9380:
9378:
9377:Moscow (1970)
9375:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9360:
9357:
9354:
9351:
9348:
9345:
9342:
9339:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9325:
9322:
9319:
9316:
9313:
9310:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9294:Frederiksborg
9292:
9290:(1719 / 1720)
9289:
9286:
9285:
9283:
9279:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9173:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9159:Soldin (1466)
9157:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9143:
9140:
9137:
9134:
9131:
9128:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9092:
9089:
9086:
9083:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9074:Soldin (1309)
9072:
9069:
9066:
9063:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9036:
9032:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8980:
8974:
8971:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8933:West Germanic
8930:
8927:
8923:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8890:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8632:
8631:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8615:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8576:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8514:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8428:
8424:
8408:
8405:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8386:Contemporary
8385:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:Royal Prussia
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8201:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8188:Contemporary
8187:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8167:
8166:Köslin Region
8164:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8132:Royal Prussia
8130:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8120:List of Dukes
8118:
8116:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8097:
8093:classified as
8090:
8086:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8068:Contemporary
8067:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8031:Köslin Region
8029:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8007:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7992:Schlawe-Stolp
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7982:List of Dukes
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7958:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7935:Contemporary
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7807:List of Dukes
7805:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7782:Billung March
7780:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7695:
7690:
7688:
7683:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7620:
7610:
7609:Sondershausen
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7489:
7479:
7476:
7471:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7381:
7376:
7374:
7369:
7367:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7348:
7343:
7335:
7331:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7306:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7262:
7256:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7237:Ribhegge 2008
7233:
7226:
7225:Ribhegge 2008
7221:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7196:
7191:
7184:
7183:Ribhegge 2008
7179:
7172:
7171:Ribhegge 2008
7167:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7142:
7137:
7130:
7125:
7117:
7115:9781469619682
7111:
7107:
7106:
7098:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7067:
7060:
7059:Ribhegge 2008
7055:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7035:Ribhegge 2008
7031:
7015:
7007:
7001:
6994:
6989:
6982:
6981:Ribhegge 2008
6977:
6970:
6965:
6958:
6953:
6946:
6941:
6934:
6933:Ribhegge 2008
6929:
6922:
6917:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6897:Ribhegge 2008
6893:
6886:
6881:
6874:
6873:Ribhegge 2008
6869:
6862:
6861:Ribhegge 2008
6857:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6837:Ribhegge 2008
6833:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6800:
6799:Ribhegge 2008
6795:
6788:
6787:Ribhegge 2008
6783:
6776:
6771:
6764:
6763:Ribhegge 2008
6759:
6752:
6747:
6740:
6735:
6728:
6727:Ribhegge 2008
6723:
6721:
6713:
6708:
6701:
6696:
6689:
6684:
6677:
6672:
6666:, p. 17.
6665:
6660:
6653:
6648:
6641:
6636:
6628:
6626:3-89331-000-2
6622:
6618:
6614:
6606:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6582:
6575:
6570:
6562:
6560:9783515088831
6556:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6520:
6519:Ribhegge 2008
6515:
6509:, p. 15.
6508:
6503:
6496:
6495:Ribhegge 2008
6491:
6489:
6481:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6440:, p. 79.
6439:
6434:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6395:
6390:
6384:, p. 38.
6383:
6378:
6371:
6366:
6357:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6326:
6319:
6314:
6308:, p. 16.
6307:
6302:
6295:
6294:Ribhegge 2008
6290:
6283:
6278:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6253:, p. 12.
6252:
6247:
6240:
6235:
6229:, p. 14.
6228:
6223:
6216:
6215:Ribhegge 2008
6211:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6117:
6112:
6106:, p. 93.
6105:
6100:
6094:, p. 85.
6093:
6088:
6081:
6076:
6068:
6066:9783487110080
6062:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6041:, p. 66.
6040:
6035:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6006:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5907:Divided into
5906:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5767:Saxony-Anhalt
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5583:Wilhelmshaven
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5321:
5318:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5257:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5141:
5137:
5136:Preußenschlag
5130:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4937:
4934:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:Joseph Stalin
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4692:Pope Pius XII
4689:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:Aufbauschulen
4398:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4305:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4272:Hohenzollerns
4263:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:Carl Severing
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3653:
3643:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3621:Schutzpolizei
3616:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:August Winnig
3588:
3582:
3577:
3576:Carl Severing
3570:Carl Severing
3568:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3153:
3151:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3108:State Council
3102:State Council
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:7 April 1933
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3002:20 July 1932,
3001:
2999:6 April 1925
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:Carl Severing
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Upper Silesia
2527:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Lower Silesia
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Upper Silesia
2176:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Lower Silesia
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Upper Silesia
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:Eupen-Malmedy
1735:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:West Prussia
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1497:
1494:
1493:Carl Severing
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Upper Silesia
1435:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1267:Ruhr uprising
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Emil Eichhorn
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
895:
894:
890:
889:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:Old Prussians
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:
810:
809:
805:
800:
796:
795:
792:
788:
784:
783:
775:
773:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:German Empire
702:
698:
691:
685:
677:
673:
669:
664:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
622:Today part of
620:
604:
602:
599:
598:
590:
588:
585:
584:
576:
574:
571:
570:
562:
560:
557:
553:
552:
544:
542:
539:
538:
530:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
511:
508:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
455:
451:
442:
438:
434:
427:
421:
417:
410:
406:
402:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
361:
358:
357:State Council
355:
349:
346:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
319:
313:
308:
303:
297:
293:
289:
286:
285:
279:
275:
270:
265:
256:
251:
246:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:"God with us"
215:
214:
209:
206:
203: •
200:
197:
194:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
119:
114:
111:
107:
101:
96:
90:
84:
76:
70:
62:
57:
54:
50:
47:State of the
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
9499:West Prussia
9118:Thorn, First
8946:Low Prussian
8903:
8747:Comb Ceramic
8732:Funnelbeaker
8694:anthropology
8593:
8511:with see in
8456:
8310:West Prussia
8225:Chełmno Land
7622:Unrecognized
7568:(until 1920)
7473:(until 1929)
7446:
7342:
7333:
7329:
7323:
7317:(in German).
7314:
7305:
7299:(in German).
7296:
7287:
7281:(in German).
7278:
7269:
7250:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7211:
7202:
7195:Winkler 1993
7190:
7178:
7166:
7160:(in German).
7157:
7148:
7141:Winkler 1993
7136:
7129:Winkler 1993
7124:
7104:
7097:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7047:Winkler 1993
7042:
7030:
7018:. Retrieved
7013:
7000:
6988:
6976:
6969:Winkler 1985
6964:
6957:Winkler 1985
6952:
6945:Winkler 1985
6940:
6928:
6921:Winkler 1993
6916:
6909:Winkler 1993
6904:
6892:
6885:Winkler 1985
6880:
6868:
6856:
6849:Winkler 1985
6844:
6832:
6820:. Retrieved
6815:
6806:
6794:
6782:
6775:Winkler 1993
6770:
6758:
6751:Winkler 1993
6746:
6734:
6707:
6700:Winkler 1984
6695:
6688:Schulze 2002
6683:
6671:
6664:Schulze 2002
6659:
6652:Winkler 1985
6647:
6640:Winkler 1985
6635:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6593:
6586:Petzina 1978
6581:
6569:
6550:
6545:
6538:
6533:, p. 6.
6531:Schulze 2002
6526:
6514:
6507:Schulze 2002
6502:
6480:Petzina 1978
6475:
6467:gonschior.de
6466:
6457:
6450:Winkler 1985
6445:
6438:Petzina 1978
6433:
6421:. Retrieved
6417:
6394:Petzina 1978
6389:
6382:Petzina 1978
6377:
6370:Petzina 1978
6365:
6356:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6330:Winkler 1984
6325:
6318:Winkler 1993
6313:
6306:Schulze 2002
6301:
6289:
6282:Winkler 1984
6277:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6251:Schulze 2002
6246:
6234:
6227:Schulze 2002
6222:
6210:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6133:, p. 7.
6131:Schulze 2002
6111:
6104:Winkler 1984
6099:
6092:Winkler 1984
6087:
6080:Winkler 1984
6075:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6039:Winkler 1984
6034:
6015:
6011:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5885:Hohenzollern
5871:Hesse-Nassau
5837:Lower Saxony
5819:West Germany
5805:merged into
5739:East Prussia
5699:. Today the
5697:East Prussia
5687:
5654:
5642:
5612:World War II
5609:
5594:World War II
5591:
5556:
5543:
5532:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5485:enabling act
5476:
5294:
5284:governments.
5278:
5270:
5262:
5245:
5229:Carl Schmitt
5214:
5210:
5203:
5193:
5180:Franz Bracht
5150:
5139:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5104:
5091:
4885:Franz Seldte
4882:
4860:
4830:
4806:
4794:
4763:
4749:
4727:
4721:
4717:Freethinkers
4710:
4677:
4675:
4658:
4642:
4626:
4609:
4590:
4573:
4555:
4537:
4519:
4501:
4483:
4465:
4447:
4408:
4399:
4379:
4372:
4355:
4347:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4284:
4269:
4260:
4245:Poland Party
4244:
4227:
4209:
4191:
4173:
4155:
4137:
4119:
4101:
4083:
4041:
4037:Wilhelm Marx
4033:
3996:
3983:
3959:
3945:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3881:
3877:
3861:
3665:
3640:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3573:
3560:
3537:
3516:Ernst Reuter
3512:
3498:
3482:
3466:
3403:Hesse-Nassau
3243:East Prussia
3189:, USPD, and
3171:Centre Party
3164:
3161:Party system
3146:
3130:
3126:
3105:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3042:Independent
3023:20 July 1932
3004:acting until
2978:Wilhelm Marx
2917:Paul Hirsch
2890:Left office
2887:Took office
2870:
2861:Parliament (
2856:
2848:
2830:
2822:– via
2816:
2811:
2808:Constitution
2784:
2759:Hesse-Nassau
2744:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2655:Hesse-Nassau
2492:Schneidemühl
2403:East Prussia
2352:
2344:
2340:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2258:Hesse-Nassau
2082:East Prussia
2069:Industry and
2066:Agriculture
2044:
2040:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1826:
1782:East Prussia
1774:West Prussia
1731:
1680:(Hultschin)
1642:East Prussia
1623:West Prussia
1490:
1485:East Prussia
1462:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1248:
1231:
1227:
1208:
1200:Polish state
1184:Centre Party
1177:
1149:
1131:
1121:
1114:
1087:
1054:
1049:Majority SPD
1019:
987:Majority SPD
980:
949:
881:
766:
737:
662:
660:
587:Soviet Union
555:
523:
492:Succeeded by
491:
486:
439:20 July 1932
386:World War II
307:Adolf Hitler
240:• 1918
213:Gott mit uns
170:• 1925
53:Nazi Germany
29:
9272:Lund (1679)
9085:Ueckermünde
8983:West Slavic
8905:Ostsiedlung
8883:Slovincians
8742:Corded Ware
8717:Maglemosian
7944:Brandenburg
7659:Würzburg SR
7634:Bavarian SR
7596:Schwarzburg
7497:City-states
7478:Württemberg
7465:(from 1920)
7389:(1919–1933)
7016:(in German)
6818:(in German)
6598:Möller 2001
6574:Möller 2001
6423:13 November
6239:Möller 2001
5925:Brandenburg
5917:Berlin Wall
5913:West Berlin
5909:East Berlin
5881:Württemberg
5793:Mecklenburg
5757:Brandenburg
5731:Brandenburg
5662:West Berlin
5648:Chancellor
5633:Kaliningrad
5579:Bremerhaven
5112:Hanns Kerrl
4745:Antisemitic
4701:Kulturkampf
4679:Kulturkampf
4395:Württemberg
3678:(DVP), the
3552:Kapp Putsch
3177:, DVP, and
2993:Otto Braun
2963:Otto Braun
2896:Paul Hirsch
2801:Stadtkreise
2681:Sigmaringen
2424:Brandenburg
2347:Reichsmarks
2098:Brandenburg
1465:Kapp Putsch
1188:Westphalian
1133:Kulturkampf
1061:Eugen Ernst
1045:Paul Hirsch
1028:(MSPD) and
995:Paul Hirsch
962:, the last
935:Brandenburg
927:(from 1945)
921:(from 1945)
834:(1157–1618)
787:Brandenburg
785:History of
709:World War I
654:Netherlands
487:Preceded by
340:Legislature
148:• 1925
124:(1922–1935)
9458:Categories
9335:Versailles
9238:Westphalia
9011:Slovincian
9001:Pomeranian
8941:Low German
8873:Kashubians
8767:Pomeranian
8690:Demography
8587:Historical
8579:Protestant
8450:Historical
8289:1466–1793
8250:Samborides
8125:Partitions
7997:Partitions
7817:Partitions
7644:Bottleneck
7625:separatist
7604:Rudolstadt
7560:Saxe-Gotha
7524:Until 1920
7347:Clark 2007
7071:Clark 2007
6993:Clark 2007
6822:26 January
6739:Clark 2007
6712:Clark 2007
6676:Clark 2007
6165:Clark 2007
6116:Clark 2007
5932:References
5851:Westphalia
5729:region of
5721:, Eastern
5629:Königsberg
5563:Geesthacht
5499:ex officio
5398:(as KSWR)
4867:Young Plan
4351:East Elbia
4292:Babelsberg
4000:Rentenmark
3974:Westphalia
3950:Nazi Party
3888:Düsseldorf
3865:Otto Braun
3650:See also:
3524:Max Brauer
3478:Nazi Party
3371:Westphalia
3089:After the
2932:Otto Braun
2852:Otto Braun
2824:Wikisource
2812:See also:
2795:Landkreise
2613:Westphalia
2408:Königsberg
2392:in 1,000s
2390:Population
2242:Westphalia
2076:Transport
2074:Trade and
2017:Königsberg
1979:Düsseldorf
1839:Population
1818:referendum
1806:plebiscite
1752:, and the
1647:Lithuania
1589:Pomerania
1528:in 1,000s
1526:Population
1473:Elbe River
1469:East Elbia
1434:Reichswehr
1211:Hugo Preuß
1128:Bismarck's
1095:Herrenhaus
1026:Otto Braun
1003:Bill Drews
968:Wilhelm II
751:Nazi Party
680:pronounced
183:Government
174:38,175,986
157:Population
9371:Zgorzelec
9288:Stockholm
9227:Franzburg
9136:Perleberg
9006:Kashubian
8863:Velunzani
8823:Vidivarii
8737:Havelland
8515:1945–1972
8383:1975–1998
8372:1975–1998
8204:Pomerelia
8185:1975–1998
8101:Pomerelia
8065:1975–1998
7639:Bremen SR
7627:movements
7555:Meiningen
7540:Altenburg
7462:Thuringia
7442:Oldenburg
7417:Brunswick
6418:Gonschior
5787:(most of
5775:Thuringia
5733:, all of
5723:Pomerania
5631:(renamed
5587:Oldenburg
5326:vs. 1932
5240:Reichsrat
5235:Staatsrat
4942:vs. 1928
4905:Comintern
4863:Stahlhelm
4790:Brunswick
4771:Blood May
4686:with the
4441:vs. 1924
4383:Thuringia
4077:vs. 1921
3970:Rhineland
3712:vs. 1919
3668:elections
3662:Formation
3520:Magdeburg
3492:(55.2%),
3133:Reichsrat
2779:Staatsrat
2770:Reichsrat
2555:Magdeburg
2466:Pomerania
2379:Province
2350:average.
2130:Pomerania
1878:Increase
1790:Schleswig
1758:Lithuania
1625:(Danzig)
1518:Ceded to
1505:Territory
1500:Structure
1477:Stuttgart
1450:Freikorps
1446:Pomerania
991:Reichstag
958:, Prince
899:Działdowo
668:‹See Tfd›
638:Lithuania
59:1918–1947
9210:Augsburg
9204:Grimnitz
9169:Prenzlau
9039:Treaties
8991:Polabian
8838:Prissani
8777:Wielbark
8757:Lusatian
8215:Kociewie
8210:Kashubia
5895:to form
5751:in 1990:
5571:Cuxhaven
5272:Council
4903:and the
4337:movement
4335:völkisch
4288:Bellevue
3892:Duisburg
3557:Landräte
3494:Liegnitz
2382:Capital
1998:Dortmund
1941:Duisburg
1764:went to
1740:went to
1717:Belgium
1700:Denmark
1606:Silesia
1265:and the
1105:Landräte
382:Interwar
196:Republic
9365:Potsdam
9079:Templin
9056:Kremmen
8813:Lemovii
8796:Peoples
8772:Oksywie
8762:Jastorf
8712:Hamburg
7812:Gützkow
7654:Rhenish
7649:Bavaria
7510:Hamburg
7470:Waldeck
7447:Prussia
7412:Bavaria
7020:28 June
5841:Hanover
5727:Neumark
5719:Silesia
5715:Stettin
5266:Gestapo
5238:), the
5221:Leipzig
5170:Hamburg
4893:Koblenz
4889:Marxist
4878:Koblenz
4688:Vatican
4391:Bavaria
4324:(SPD).
4016:Bavaria
3904:Görlitz
3629:Justice
3212:Region
2982:Centre
2952:Centre
2864:Landtag
2728:291,700
2702:Arolsen
2697:Waldeck
2664:15,790
2643:23,974
2639:Koblenz
2622:20,215
2618:Münster
2601:38,788
2597:Hanover
2592:Hanover
2580:15,073
2559:25,528
2517:26,600
2513:Breslau
2475:30,270
2471:Stettin
2433:39,039
2429:Potsdam
2412:36,991
2397:per km
2395:Density
2306:Prussia
2226:Hanover
2063:Region
2053:Economy
1922:Breslau
1903:Cologne
1798:Denmark
1792:74% of
1742:Belgium
1678:Silesia
1664:Poland
1609:Poland
1592:Poland
1575:Poland
1561:15,865
1558:Poland
1544:26,042
1541:Poland
1515:Region
1413:(DVP).
1196:Silesia
1142:Cologne
917:within
915:Masuria
891:Present
862:within
791:Prussia
768:de jure
697:Germany
650:Belgium
642:Denmark
626:Germany
458:•
445:•
430:•
413:•
398:•
242:(first)
129:Capital
9431:(1996)
9425:(1993)
9419:(1991)
9413:(1991)
9407:(1990)
9401:(1990)
9395:(1989)
9389:(1975)
9373:(1951)
9367:(1945)
9361:(1939)
9355:(1933)
9349:(1929)
9343:(1925)
9337:(1919)
9326:(1866)
9320:(1815)
9318:Vienna
9314:(1814)
9308:(1807)
9306:Tilsit
9296:(1720)
9263:(1660)
9257:(1657)
9251:(1656)
9249:Labiau
9240:(1648)
9229:(1627)
9218:(1569)
9216:Lublin
9212:(1555)
9206:(1529)
9200:(1525)
9198:Kraków
9194:(1521)
9177:(1493)
9175:Pyritz
9155:(1435)
9144:(1427)
9138:(1427)
9132:(1422)
9126:(1415)
9120:(1411)
9109:(1390)
9107:Pyzdry
9093:(1343)
9091:Kalisz
9087:(1327)
9081:(1317)
9070:(1282)
9064:(1250)
9062:Landin
9058:(1236)
8996:Polish
8858:Lutici
8853:Veleti
8848:Ukrani
8803:Gepids
8782:Gustow
8617:Extant
8523:Extant
7987:Cammin
7545:Coburg
7532:Ernest
7515:Lübeck
7505:Bremen
7452:Saxony
7402:Anhalt
7395:States
7257:
7112:
6623:
6557:
6063:
6022:
5921:Berlin
5904:Berlin
5807:Saxony
5799:Saxony
5725:, the
5575:Bremen
5567:Lübeck
5364:Centre
5319:Seats
5316:votes
5309:Party
5166:Altona
4980:Centre
4935:Seats
4932:votes
4925:Party
4775:Moscow
4706:Aachen
4484:Centre
4436:Seats
4433:votes
4428:Party
4387:Saxony
4120:Centre
4072:Seats
4069:votes
4064:Party
3734:Centre
3707:Seats
3704:votes
3699:Party
3528:Altona
3339:Oppeln
3275:Berlin
3226:Centre
2884:Party
2819:
2789:Kreise
2733:38,206
2723:Berlin
2706:1,055
2685:1,142
2667:2,397
2660:Kassel
2646:7,257
2625:4,811
2604:3,191
2583:1,519
2562:3,277
2550:Saxony
2541:1,379
2538:9,714
2534:Oppeln
2520:3,132
2496:7,715
2478:1,879
2460:4,554
2457:4,024
2450:Berlin
2436:2,592
2415:2,256
2387:in km
2194:Saxony
2114:Berlin
1894:4,339
1891:4,024
1888:2,071
1884:Berlin
1780:, and
1778:Poland
1760:. The
1746:Danzig
1720:1,036
1703:3,992
1667:3,213
1650:2,657
1631:1,914
1547:1,946
1538:Posen
1523:in km
1309:Centre
1290:Seats
1287:votes
1285:Pct of
1282:Party
1130:1870s
1051:(MSPD)
931:Berlin
911:Warmia
765:, the
721:Berlin
672:German
634:Russia
630:Poland
290:
261:(last)
230:
160:
142:
133:Berlin
110:Anthem
9261:Oliva
9192:Thorn
9130:Melno
9068:Kępno
8878:Poles
8818:Rugii
8808:Goths
7586:Reuss
7578:Reuss
7550:Gotha
7427:Lippe
7422:Hesse
7407:Baden
7332:[
7087:[
7010:(PDF)
6615:[
6549:[
6346:[
6267:[
6200:[
6181:[
6147:[
6055:[
6014:[
5986:[
5967:[
5948:[
5889:Baden
5867:Hesse
5384:13.2
5368:14.2
5352:16.6
5336:43.2
5332:NSDAP
5000:12.9
4984:15.3
4968:21.2
4958:+156
4952:36.7
4948:NSDAP
4665:state
4661:Reich
4592:NSDAP
4507:11.9
4489:14.5
4471:17.4
4453:29.0
4439:+ / -
4125:17.6
4107:23.7
4089:24.9
4075:+ / -
3770:14.2
3754:18.1
3738:17.2
3722:26.3
3710:+ / -
3461:15.3
3451:29.8
3441:34.1
3424:18.7
3419:13.9
3409:49.4
3397:13.8
3392:16.1
3387:25.5
3377:34.3
3355:32.3
3345:43.2
3333:10.7
3328:22.2
3318:10.1
3313:53.2
3301:30.1
3296:22.5
3281:31.3
3264:14.6
3254:11.3
3249:56.5
3216:NSDAP
3059:NSDAP
2936:MSPD
2920:MSPD
2906:USPD
2881:Name
2297:26.0
2294:53.7
2284:18.6
2281:50.9
2278:13.3
2268:18.9
2265:39.6
2262:21.9
2252:14.2
2249:56.8
2246:13.3
2236:16.9
2233:33.9
2230:31.7
2220:20.4
2217:33.3
2214:23.0
2204:16.0
2201:42.2
2198:23.5
2188:13.8
2185:36.5
2182:30.7
2172:15.7
2169:37.1
2166:27.4
2156:12.8
2153:19.4
2150:47.5
2140:14.8
2137:23.5
2134:41.2
2124:28.1
2121:46.2
2108:13.9
2105:36.6
2102:31.5
2092:12.9
2089:19.6
2086:45.4
2011:153%
1973:126%
1960:Essen
1897:110%
1875:1939
1872:1925
1869:1910
1866:City
1770:Posen
1726:81.7
1709:24.1
1692:14.6
1673:29.6
1656:51.1
1637:95.2
1618:34.6
1567:42.7
1550:34.4
1387:SHBLD
1339:11.2
1326:16.2
1313:22.2
1300:36.4
556:1946:
524:1919:
205:Motto
9312:Kiel
8843:Rani
8692:and
7255:ISBN
7110:ISBN
7022:2002
6824:2023
6621:ISBN
6555:ISBN
6425:2009
6061:ISBN
6020:ISBN
5891:and
5549:and
5465:0.2
5449:0.7
5445:DStP
5433:0.9
5429:CSVD
5417:2.1
5407:+12
5401:8.9
5396:DNVP
5358:-14
5342:+49
5339:211
5313:% of
5279:The
5080:0.3
5070:New
5064:1.2
5060:CSVD
5054:-19
5048:1.5
5044:DStP
5038:-35
5032:1.7
5022:-51
5016:7.0
5012:DNVP
4974:-43
4955:162
4929:% of
4663:and
4653:New
4647:0.7
4637:New
4631:1.1
4621:New
4615:1.3
4597:1.8
4579:2.5
4574:CNVL
4561:4.5
4543:4.5
4525:8.5
4495:-13
4477:-27
4466:DNVP
4456:137
4431:% of
4393:and
4385:and
4290:and
4255:New
4249:0.4
4233:1.4
4215:2.5
4203:New
4197:2.5
4192:NSFP
4179:5.9
4167:+13
4161:9.6
4149:-13
4143:9.8
4113:+34
4110:109
4102:DNVP
4092:114
4067:% of
4042:New
3972:and
3890:and
3856:New
3850:1.2
3834:2.7
3824:-39
3818:6.2
3802:6.6
3798:USPD
3792:New
3786:7.4
3776:+35
3760:+27
3750:DNVP
3744:-12
3728:-31
3725:114
3718:MSPD
3702:% of
3522:and
3476:the
3459:14.3
3456:9.8
3454:17.3
3449:35.1
3446:6.5
3429:9.0
3422:32.2
3417:14.8
3414:4.9
3412:10.0
3395:10.4
3390:27.0
3385:27.4
3382:6.7
3365:9.3
3363:12.7
3360:6.9
3358:12.6
3353:40.0
3350:7.5
3348:17.1
3326:35.3
3323:1.0
3316:23.0
3299:29.6
3294:34.0
3291:4.7
3286:9.1
3284:15.7
3269:8.7
3262:26.8
3259:6.5
3252:31.4
3221:DNVP
2996:SPD
2966:SPD
2904:MSPD
2844:DNVP
2670:152
2649:303
2628:238
2586:101
2576:Kiel
2565:128
2544:142
2523:118
2499:332
2454:884
2385:Area
2321:17.5
2316:41.3
2311:22.0
2300:7.1
2118:0.8
2030:51%
2027:372
2024:280
2021:246
2008:542
2005:322
2002:214
1992:51%
1989:541
1986:433
1983:359
1970:667
1967:470
1964:295
1954:90%
1951:434
1948:272
1945:229
1935:23%
1932:629
1929:557
1926:512
1916:50%
1913:772
1910:700
1907:516
1814:Saar
1772:and
1706:166
1686:316
1670:893
1653:141
1634:331
1612:512
1601:100
1598:0.2
1578:501
1564:965
1521:Area
1391:0.4
1378:0.5
1365:5.7
1352:7.4
1348:USPD
1335:DNVP
1303:145
1296:MSPD
1166:of 5
1150:The
974:and
933:and
858:and
789:and
661:The
139:Area
51:and
8099:or
5525:" (
5515:" (
5471:+1
5461:DHP
5455:+1
5439:+1
5423:+1
5413:DVP
5404:43
5390:+6
5387:63
5380:KPD
5374:+1
5371:68
5355:80
5348:SPD
5323:+/–
5086:-3
5076:DHP
5028:DVP
5019:31
5006:+1
5003:57
4996:KPD
4990:-4
4987:67
4971:94
4964:SPD
4939:+/–
4839:of
4743:".
4610:VRP
4603:-5
4582:12
4567:-6
4564:21
4556:DDP
4549:10
4546:21
4531:-5
4528:40
4520:DVP
4513:12
4510:56
4502:KPD
4492:68
4474:82
4459:23
4448:SPD
4239:-5
4228:DHP
4221:+7
4218:11
4200:11
4185:+1
4182:27
4174:DDP
4164:44
4156:KPD
4146:45
4138:DVP
4128:81
4084:SPD
4014:in
3840:+9
3837:11
3830:DHP
3821:26
3814:DDP
3808:+4
3805:28
3789:31
3782:KPD
3773:58
3766:DVP
3757:75
3741:81
3526:in
3518:in
3444:9.5
3439:1.6
3427:8.0
3407:3.6
3380:8.9
3375:1.3
3343:1.0
3331:7.9
3321:1.1
3311:4.0
3289:3.3
3279:1.4
3267:9.5
3257:7.4
3247:0.8
3236:KPD
3231:SPD
3201:.)
2792:or
2782:).
2738:131
2712:53
2709:56
2691:63
2688:72
2607:82
2502:43
2481:62
2439:66
2418:61
1723:60
1689:48
1615:26
1595:10
1584:36
1581:25
1374:DHP
1368:23
1361:DVP
1355:24
1342:48
1329:65
1322:DDP
1316:93
970:as
707:in
9460::
8222:,
8217:,
8212:,
7012:.
6719:^
6487:^
6465:.
6401:^
6157:^
6123:^
5652:.
5589:.
5468:2
5452:3
5436:3
5420:8
5223:.
5083:1
5067:2
5051:2
5035:7
4650:3
4634:2
4618:2
4600:6
4585:6
4538:WP
4365:.
4252:2
4236:6
4210:WP
4131:0
4095:0
3981:.
3853:4
3846:WP
3115:,
1744:,
1394:1
1381:2
1269:.
1017:.
913:,
678:,
674::
8326:)
8322:(
8227:)
8208:(
7693:e
7686:t
7679:v
7379:e
7372:t
7365:v
7263:.
7214:.
7118:.
7024:.
6826:.
6629:.
6563:.
6469:.
6427:.
6069:.
6028:.
5899:.
5821::
5809:.
5795:.
5777:.
5763:.
5711:–
5232:(
5140:)
5126:–
4782:(
3988:(
3946:)
3939:(
3623:)
3561:)
2867:)
2826:.
2776:(
1168:–
1092:(
665:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.