700:
current use for some considerable time. Hence, it may be inferred that they were prefixed to the evangelical narratives as early as the first part of that same century. That however, they do not go back to the first century of the
Christian era, or at least that they are not original, is a position generally held at the present day. It is felt that since they are similar for the four Gospels, although the same Gospels were composed at some interval from each other, those titles were not framed and consequently not prefixed to each individual narrative, before the collection of the four Gospels was actually made. Besides as well pointed out by Prof. Bacon, "the historical books of the New Testament differ from its apocalyptic and epistolary literature, as those of the Old Testament differ from its prophecy, in being invariably anonymous, and for the same reason. Prophecies, whether in the earlier or in the later sense, and letters, to have authority, must be referable to some individual; the greater his name, the better. But history was regarded as common possession. Its facts spoke for themselves. Only as the springs of common recollection began to dwindle, and marked differences to appear between the well-informed and accurate Gospels and the untrustworthy ... become worth while for the Christian teacher or apologist to specify whether the given representation of the current tradition was 'according to' this or that special compiler, and to state his qualifications". It thus appears that the present titles of the Gospels are not traceable to the Evangelists themselves.
489:, as now used often among both Protestants and Roman Catholics (allegedly for the clarity it brings to the discussion), may make it difficult to discuss questions of pseudepigraphical authorship of canonical books dispassionately with a lay audience. To confuse the matter even more, Eastern Orthodox Christians accept books as canonical that Roman Catholics and most Protestant denominations consider pseudepigraphical or at best of much less authority. There exist also churches that reject some of the books that Roman Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants accept. The same is true of some
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They instead appear to have come from followers writing in Paul's name, often using material from his surviving letters. Some choose to believe that these followers may have had access to letters written by Paul that no longer survive, although this theory still depends on someone other than Paul writing these books. Some theologians prefer to simply distinguish between "undisputed" and "disputed" letters, thus avoiding the term "pseudepigraphical".
754:. These six books are referred to as "deutero-Pauline letters", meaning "secondary" standing in the corpus of Paul's writings. They internally claim to have been written by Paul, but some biblical scholars present strong evidence that they could not have been written by Paul. Those known as the "Pastoral Epistles" (Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus) are all so similar that they are thought to be written by the same unknown author in Paul's name.
25:
124:
2273:
1769:
662:, yet there are strong reasons to believe it was not written until centuries after Daniel's death, such as references to the book only appearing in the 2nd century BCE and onward. The book is an apocalypse wherein Daniel offers a series of predictions of the future, and is meant to reassure the Jews of the period that the tyrant
683:, hold that only seven of Paul's epistles are convincingly genuine. All of the other 20 books in the New Testament appear to many scholars to be written by unknown people who were not the well-known biblical figures to whom the early Christian leaders originally attributed authorship. The Catholic Encyclopedia notes,
837:), but it is not clear which James is meant. According to some Christian traditions, this is the same James as the author of the Epistle of James, who was allegedly a brother of Jesus; and so, this Jude should also be a brother of Jesus, despite the fact he does not indicate any such thing in his text.
726:
and are foundational for the
Christian Church. Therefore, those letters which some think to be pseudepigraphic are not considered any less valuable to Christians. Some of these epistles are termed as "disputed" or "pseudepigraphical" letters because they do not appear to have been written by Paul.
699:
bear distinct witness to the existence of those headings in the latter part of the second century of our era. Indeed, the manner in which
Clement (Strom. I, xxi), and St. Irenaeus (Adv. Haer. III, xi, 7) employ them implies that, at that early date, our present titles to the gospels had been in
570:
The term pseudepigrapha is also commonly used to describe numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 300 BCE to 300 CE. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical. It also refers to books of the New
Testament canon whose authorship is misrepresented. Such works
810:. However, most modern scholars agree the second epistle was probably not written by Peter, because it appears to have been written in the early 2nd century, long after Peter had died. Yet, opinions on the first epistle are more divided; many scholars do think this letter is authentic. (see:
418:
refers particularly to works which purport to be written by noted authorities in either the Old and New
Testaments or by persons involved in Jewish or Christian religious study or history. These works can also be written about biblical matters, often in such a way that they appear to be as
666:
would soon be overthrown. By backdating the book to the 6th century BCE and providing a series of correct prophecies as to the history of the past 400 years, the authorship claim of Daniel would have strengthened a later author's predictions of the coming fall of the
446:. It is considered pseudepigraphical because it was not actually written by Solomon but instead is a collection of early Christian (first to second century) hymns and poems, originally written not in Hebrew, and apocryphal because they were not accepted in either the
988:. This, too, turned out to be false. While earlier Russian Monarchs had on some occasions used the title "Tsar", Ivan the Terrible previously known as "Grand Prince of all the Russias" was the first to be formally crowned as Tsar of All Rus (
238:
In addition to the sets of generally agreed to be non-canonical works, scholars will also apply the term to canonical works who make a direct claim of authorship, yet this authorship is doubted. For example, the
1316:
soldier", each volume prefaced by a long semi-scholarly
Explanatory Note stating that "additional packets of Flashman's papers have been found and are here presented to the public". A similar device was used by
795:, despite the fact that none of the epistles mentions any author. Most modern scholars believe the author is not John the Apostle, but there is no scholarly consensus for any particular historical figure. (see:
1078:. A church leader obtains sufficient prominence that, either before or after his death, people seek to exploit his legacy by forging letters in his name, presenting him as a supporter of their own ideas.
1541:
The consensus of modern biblical scholarship is that the book was composed in the second century B.C., that it is a pseudonymous work, and that it is indeed an example of prophecy after the fact.
704:
The earliest and best manuscripts of
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John were all written anonymously. Furthermore, the books of Acts, Hebrews, 1 John, 2 John and 3 John were also written anonymously.
362:
In secular literary studies, when works of antiquity have been demonstrated not to have been written by the authors to whom they have traditionally been ascribed, some writers apply the prefix
1072:. A church leader dies, and admirers seek to honor him by writing letters in his name as a tribute to his influence and in a sincere belief that they are responsible bearers of his tradition.
1031:
Scholars have identified seven levels of authenticity which they have organized in a hierarchy ranging from literal authorship, meaning written in the author's own hand, to outright forgery:
148:
is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. The name of the author to whom the work is falsely attributed is often prefixed with the particle "
1280:
books – as pseudepigrapha, prefacing each book with a detailed introduction presenting the supposed actual author, with
Burroughs himself pretending to be no more than the literary editor.
350:" was recognized as pseudepigraphical, that is, not actually written by Homer. The only surviving Ancient Roman book on cooking is pseudepigraphically attributed to a famous gourmet,
534:("Against avarice") under the name of Timothy; the letter in which he explained to his former pupil, Bishop Salonius, his motives for so doing survives. There is also a category of
1066:
A church leader dies, and disciples who had been authorized to speak for him while he was alive continue to do so by writing letters in his name years or decades after his death.
440:, which originally connoted "secret writings", those that were rejected for liturgical public reading. An example of a text that is both apocryphal and pseudepigraphical is the
1245:
654:
Various canonical works accepted as scripture have since been reexamined and considered by modern scholars in the 19th century onward as likely cases of pseudepigraphica. The
821:). It is not known which James this is supposed to be. There are several different traditional Christian interpretations of other New Testament texts which mention a
687:
The first four historical books of the New
Testament are supplied with titles, which however ancient, do not go back to the respective authors of those sacred texts.
1198:
1136:, has theorized that de León was the actual author, as textual analysis points to a Medieval Spanish Jewish writer rather than one living in Roman-ruled Palestine.
2131:
Lehtovirta, J. (2002). "The Use of Titles in
Herberstein's 'Commentarii'. Was the Muscovite Tsar a King or an Emperor?". In Kӓmpfer, F.; Frӧtschner, R. (eds.).
679:
Some Christian scholars maintain that nothing known to be pseudepigraphical was admitted to the New Testament canon. However, many biblical scholars, such as
1121:
of the 2nd century during the Roman persecution who, according to Jewish legend, hid in a cave for thirteen years studying the Torah and was inspired by the
1158:, collected numerous Greek and Latin manuscripts in his function as librarian of the Imperial Library in Vienna. In a 1504 letter to the Venetian publisher
477:
for works that appeared as though they ought to be part of the biblical canon, because of the authorship ascribed to them, but which stood outside both the
1180:. Even so, many contemporary scholars believed Celtes and continued to write about the existence of the missing books until well into the 17th century.
2691:
730:
Authorship of 6 out of the 13 canonical epistles of Paul has been questioned by both Christian and non-Christian biblical scholars. These include the
1842:
1352:
1217:
1524:
869:, which begins by presenting itself as "the secret account of the revelation that Jesus spoke in conversation with Judas Iscariot".
270:; who claim that most hadiths are fabrications created in the 8th and 9th century CE, and falsely attributed to the Islamic prophet
1172:. However, it turned out that the purported Ovid verses had actually been composed by an 11th-century monk and were known to the
1701:
1924:
481:
recognized by Protestants and Catholics. These works were also outside the particular set of books that Roman Catholics called
312:, "name" or "inscription" or "ascription"; thus when taken together it means "false superscription or title"; see the related
2696:
2526:
2256:
2221:
2196:
1964:
1934:
1907:
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which are attributed to Paul and are still considered by Christians to carry Paul's authority. These letters are part of the
89:
2782:
2330:
1358:
1221:
1060:
A church leader dies, and his disciples finish a letter that he had intended to write, sending it posthumously in his name.
61:
2879:
2857:
2726:
2631:
739:
643:
2043:
1440:
957:('greater privilege') was a document composed in 1358 or 1359 – but purporting to be much older. Its text elevated the
811:
825:. However, most modern scholars tend to reject this line of reasoning, since the author himself does not indicate any
68:
2713:
2653:
2314:
2073:
1752:
1604:
1568:
1534:
1507:
855:
are both examples of pseudepigrapha that were not included in the New Testament canon. They are often referred to as
796:
108:
1128:
to write the Zohar. This accords with the traditional claim by adherents that Kabbalah is the concealed part of the
1368:
368:
2469:), the Platonic Epistles, Jewish-Hellenistic literature, and the characteristics particular to religious forgeries
1256:
791:, the son of Zebedee and one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Consequently, these letters have been labelled the
523:
127:
42:
75:
2777:
2010:
1818:
508:
46:
392:, but to a "pseudo-Eratosthenes". The prefix may be abbreviated, as in "ps-Apollodorus" or "ps-Eratosthenes".
2063:
1660:
2392:
Splendide Mendax: Rethinking Fakes and Forgeries in Classical, Late Antique, and Early Christian Literature
1323:
57:
2742:
219:, which in Catholic usage includes the pseudepigrapha. In addition, two books considered canonical in the
977:
500:
when describing works later than about 300 CE when referring to biblical matters. But the late-appearing
427:, whom Eusebius records as having said: "But those writings which are falsely inscribed with their name (
419:
authoritative as works which have been included in the many versions of the Judeo-Christian scriptures.
2869:
2789:
2641:
2636:
2038:. Commentary by Bart D. Ehrman. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. pp. 1, 4–5, 7, 43].
966:
950:
arguments in 1439–1440, although the document's authenticity had been repeatedly contested since 1001.
490:
1101:, lit. Splendor or Radiance), foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as
2647:
2519:
2373:
Antiquarian Voices: The Roman Academy and the Commentary Tradition on Ovid's Fasti (Text and Context)
1687:
1596:
Forged : writing in the name of God : why the Bible's authors are not who we think they are
851:
747:
735:
688:
346:
but which attributions were generally disregarded. Already in Antiquity the collection known as the "
319:
232:
2178:
1054:
A church leader describes the basic content of an intended letter to a disciple or to an amanuensis.
2884:
2718:
2686:
930:. Composed probably in the 8th century, it was used, especially in the 13th century, in support of
900:
743:
731:
659:
244:
165:
2990:
2809:
2608:
2563:
2479:
2288:
1309:
931:
911:
856:
822:
777:
35:
473:". Accordingly, there arose in some Protestant biblical scholarship an extended use of the term
2852:
1737:
Pseudepigraphic Perspectives: The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls
1012:
1001:
781:
768:
There are seven letters in the New Testament which are attributed to several apostles, such as
663:
470:
243:
is considered by some to have been written in the 2nd century BCE, 400 years after the prophet
188:
2834:
2279:
1897:
1427:
1132:. Modern academic analysis of the Zohar, such as that by the 20th century religious historian
2304:
2247:
2147:
1787:
1363:
1298:
1286:
915:
692:
535:
373:
331:
2033:
787:
Three of the seven letters are anonymous. These three have traditionally been attributed to
82:
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2708:
2703:
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1151:
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distinguishes only between the deuterocanonical and all other books; the latter are called
806:, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Therefore, they have traditionally been called the
485:
and to which Protestants had generally applied the term Apocryphal. Accordingly, the term
247:
lived, and thus the work is pseudepigraphic. A New Testament example might be the book of
8:
2752:
2593:
1860:
1304:
623:
585:
424:
2995:
2919:
2772:
2554:
2447:
1836:
1405:
1177:
1155:
1008:
997:
792:
613:
502:
405:
216:
2929:
2603:
2578:
2549:
2310:
2252:
2238:
2217:
2192:
2069:
2039:
1960:
1954:
1930:
1903:
1824:
1814:
1807:
1748:
1705:
1645:
1610:
1600:
1594:
1564:
1530:
1503:
1478:
1468:
1436:
1423:
1336:
1213:
1114:
981:
970:
954:
892:
826:
763:
633:
628:
343:
220:
141:
2118:
Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589
1251:
179:
can refer to an assorted collection of Jewish religious works thought to be written
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2819:
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2439:
2184:
2159:
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1397:
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1173:
1016:
989:
958:
807:
788:
773:
751:
713:
603:
550:
411:
228:
208:
172:
157:
153:
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Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
1561:
Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
1235:
1110:
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1208:
1133:
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865:
846:
723:
668:
514:
466:
442:
212:
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2334:
2031:
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but its earliest manuscripts are in Syriac which question its Greek-authorship.
137:
2924:
2558:
2482:
Online texts of the Pseudepigrapha n their original or extant ancient languages
2408:
2283:
2188:
2133:
450 Jahre Sigismund von Herbersteins Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 1549–1999
1556:
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1203:
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896:
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680:
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291:
240:
2251:. Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 647–64.
2183:. Translated by Spinks, Bryan. Gorgias Press. 17 January 2010. pp. 9–12.
1744:
2984:
2829:
2430:
Metzger, Bruce M. (1972). "Literary forgeries and canonical pseudepigrapha".
1782:
1778:
1773:
1614:
1313:
1312:
similarly pretend to be transcriptions of the papers left by an "illustrious
1144:
976:
In Russian history, in 1561 Muscovites supposedly received a letter from the
935:
903:, the work is clearly Christian, and features several apostles being seen in
719:
591:
546:
542:
526:", are classic examples of pseudepigraphy. In the fifth century the moralist
451:
347:
335:
224:
184:
160:": these terms refer to the anonymous authors of works falsely attributed to
1828:
2814:
2598:
2583:
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2242:
1498:
Collins, John J. (1992). "Daniel, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.).
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to their names. Thus the encyclopedic compilation of Greek myth called the
204:
1956:
Lost Christianities: the battle for Scripture and the faiths we never knew
149:
2939:
2804:
2794:
2535:
1318:
1261:
1189:
996:). This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "
803:
769:
580:
575:
554:
252:
2496:
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1026:
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ascribed to Apuleius), and the author traditionally referred to as the "
2615:
2466:
2451:
1735:(1999). "Pseudepigraphy and Group Formation in Second Temple Judaism".
1409:
1292:
1193:
1129:
1045:
881:
553:(both of which are canonical in Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity and the
196:
1274:
also presented many of his works – including the most well-known, the
2944:
2907:
2757:
2658:
2588:
1230:
1020:
947:
877:
829:. A similar problem presents itself with the Epistle of Jude (Ἰούδας
493:. Many works that are "apocryphal" are otherwise considered genuine.
436:
401:
314:
192:
161:
2443:
1401:
1192:
technique. Authors who have made notable use of this device include
24:
2799:
2032:
Kasser, Rodolphe; Meyer, Marvin Meyer; Wurst, Gregor, eds. (2006).
1772: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1629:
1102:
939:
914:
is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor
833:): the writer names himself a brother of James (ἀδελφὸς δὲ Ἰακώβου
696:
638:
608:
420:
275:
271:
259:, harbored doubts as to the authenticity of the book's authorship.
123:
2358:
Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art
907:. However, the text is significantly shorter than the Apocalypse.
354:, even though it is not clear who actually assembled the recipes.
2747:
2465:— Contributions on pseudopythagorica (the literature ascribed to
1148:
1122:
1004:– for which the supposed approval by the Patriarch added weight.
527:
351:
339:
267:
263:
248:
200:
1809:
Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why
1502:. Vol. 2. New York London Toronto : Doubleday. p. 30.
1388:
Bauckham, Richard (September 1988). "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters".
1109:
in the 13th century, and was published by a Jewish writer named
251:, considered by some to be written approximately 80 years after
2934:
1982:
Paul and the Gospels: Christologies, Conflicts and Convergences
1276:
1125:
1044:. A church leader dictates a letter almost word for word to an
904:
859:. Further examples of New Testament pseudepigrapha include the
648:
519:
447:
256:
145:
2504:
2013:(January 2002). "The Gospel of Barnabas and the Diatessaron".
891:, date to the 11th century CE, although textual peculiarities
231:, are categorized as pseudepigrapha from the point of view of
1302:
written by characters within the novels. The twelve books of
1118:
1106:
1089:
888:
817:
In one epistle, the author only calls himself James (Ἰάκωβος
395:
303:
2237:
Scholem, Gershom; Hellner-Eshed, Melila (2007). "Zohar". In
1997:
Pseudepigraphy and Ethical Argument in the Pastoral Epistles
195:(Protestant), the books that appear in extant copies of the
2148:"The origin of the anaphora of Nestorius: Greek or Syriac?"
1163:
985:
927:
884:
1199:
The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner
946:, is credited with first exposing the forgery with solid
545:
pseudepigrapha from the Protestant point of view are the
1162:
Celtes claimed to have discovered the missing books of
2309:. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Publishing House. p. 24.
1523:
Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper (1998).
2493:
online historical source book, at VirtualReligion.net
2120:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 178.
1899:
The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary
1435:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. pp. 62, 382–83.
1027:
Authorship and pseudepigraphy: levels of authenticity
2424:. Bible Seminar. Vol. 4. Sheffield: JSOT Press.
2236:
2093:. Salisbury, MA: Regina Orthodox Press. p. 113.
382:, recounting the translations of mythic figure into
338:
authors often refer to texts which claimed to be by
330:
There have probably been pseudepigrapha almost from
2401:
A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research 1850–1999
2104:
K. Valishevsky, "Ivan the Terrible" (К. Валишевский
1704:. Translated by Charlesworth, James. Archived from
1522:
918:supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1806:
887:. The earliest surviving manuscripts, composed in
388:and constellations, not to the serious astronomer
2390:Cueva, Edmund P.; Martínez, Javier, eds. (2016).
2277:
1621:
1327:and by various other writers of popular fiction.
802:Two of the letters claim to have been written by
325:
2982:
1652:
1038:A church leader writes a letter in his own hand.
318:) is the plural of "pseudepigraphon" (sometimes
2491:Into His Own: Perspective on the World of Jesus
2091:Two Paths: Papal Monarchy – Collegial Tradition
1491:
1381:
2426:— Colossians as a non-deceptive school product
2180:Mar Nestorius and Mar Theodore The Interpreter
2520:
2389:
1659:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
183:300 BCE to 300 CE. They are distinguished by
1658:
1218:An Examination of the Works of Herbert Quain
423:indicates this usage dates back at least to
140:as "pseudepigraph" or "pseudepigraphs") are
2498:Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha
2302:
2278:Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac (1901–1906).
1563:. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–88.
1529:. InterVarsity Press. p. unpaginated.
1353:Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha
932:claims of political authority by the papacy
2527:
2513:
2130:
1881:Sanders, E. P. "Saint Paul, the Apostle".
1876:
1874:
1841:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1551:
1549:
965:, thus greatly increasing the prestige of
396:Old Testament and intertestamental studies
2458:
2398:
2360:. University of Chicago Press. p. 8.
2115:
880:text purportedly written by the biblical
434:Many such works were also referred to as
431:), we as experienced persons reject...."
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2265:
1979:
1922:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1422:
1387:
895:that the text was originally written in
674:
496:There is a tendency not to use the word
122:
2624:
2429:
2370:
2145:
2088:
2061:
2009:
1948:
1946:
1871:
1854:
1852:
1731:
1712:
1694:
1546:
1497:
840:
457:Protestants have also applied the word
199:in the fourth century or later and the
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2407:
2403:. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
2211:
2205:
2057:
2055:
2025:
1952:
1804:
1667:. Trustees of Tufts University, Oxford
1592:
1555:
1467:
1188:Pseudepigraphy has been employed as a
376:, but to "pseudo-Apollodorus" and the
2508:
2419:
1959:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1895:
1800:
1798:
1777:
1599:(1st ed.). New York: HarperOne.
1456:
1183:
658:directly claims to be written by the
2355:
2177:"3. The Anaphora Of Mar Nestorius".
2152:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
1994:
1943:
1923:Marshall, I. Howard (14 July 1978).
1858:
1849:
1791:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1627:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1359:List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha
1222:Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote
757:
262:The term has also been used by some
255:'s death. Early Christians, such as
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2052:
1880:
1098:
849:and the attribution to Paul of the
740:Second Epistle to the Thessalonians
707:
644:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
469:manuscripts. Catholics call those "
465:scriptures which were not found in
357:
13:
2415:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1795:
812:Authorship of the Petrine epistles
718:There are thirteen letters in the
14:
3007:
2473:
2135:. Harrassowitz. pp. 196–198.
2106:. «Иван Грозный»), pages 144–145.
1980:Willitts, Joel; Bird, Michael F.
1577:
1296:as translated from the fictional
797:Authorship of the Johannine works
2965:
2964:
2333:. Orthodox Union. Archived from
2292:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2271:
1859:Just, Felix (17 February 2012).
1785:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1767:
1646:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x
1369:Criticism of Mormon sacred texts
827:familial relationship with Jesus
372:is often now attributed, not to
23:
2534:
2364:
2349:
2323:
2296:
2230:
2216:. Baker Academic. p. 224.
2170:
2139:
2124:
2109:
2097:
2082:
2065:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
2003:
1988:
1973:
1916:
1889:
1761:
1725:
1679:
1257:Nazi Literature in the Americas
1113:. De León ascribed the work to
524:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
461:to texts found in Catholic and
128:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
34:needs additional citations for
2480:Online Critical Pseudepigrapha
2432:Journal of Biblical Literature
2375:. Ohio State University Press.
1929:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1896:Brown, Raymond Edward (1988).
1526:Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
1516:
1429:The Canon of the Old Testament
1416:
1390:Journal of Biblical Literature
509:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
326:Classical and biblical studies
1:
2459:von Fritz, Kurt, ed. (1972).
2356:Wood, Christopher S. (2008).
2214:Introducing the New Testament
332:the invention of full writing
180:
2422:Colossians as Pseudepigraphy
2146:Gelston, A. (1 March 1996).
2062:Vauchez, Andre, ed. (2001).
1374:
1082:
980:which asserted the right of
281:
7:
2463:. Geneva: Foundation Hardt.
2399:DiTommaso, Lorenzo (2001).
1885:(Online Academic ed.).
1500:The Anchor Bible dictionary
1330:
978:Patriarch of Constantinople
518:(author of a fifth-century
191:(Catholic and Orthodox) or
144:works, texts whose claimed
10:
3012:
2870:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2383:
2189:10.31826/9781463219710-003
2068:. Routledge. p. 445.
2015:Harvard Theological Review
1813:(1st ed.). New York.
761:
711:
541:Examples of books labeled
491:Jewish religious movements
399:
304:
2960:
2900:
2880:Massacre of the Innocents
2843:
2735:
2679:
2672:
2648:Lectio difficilior potior
2542:
2331:"Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai"
2306:Jewish History and You II
2303:Scharfstein, Sol (2004).
1861:"Deutero-Pauline Letters"
1745:10.1163/9789004350328_005
1739:. Brill. pp. 43–58.
1477:. McGraw-Hill Education.
993:
852:Epistle to the Laodiceans
748:Second Epistle to Timothy
736:Epistle to the Colossians
295:
233:Chalcedonian Christianity
2371:Fritsen, Angela (2015).
2212:Powell, Mark A. (2009).
1953:Ehrman, Bart D. (2003).
1805:Ehrman, Bart D. (2005).
1593:Ehrman, Bart D. (2011).
1290:presents that story and
1154:scholar and poet of the
1070:Honorable pseudepigraphy
901:Greek Apocalypse of Ezra
744:First Epistle to Timothy
732:Epistle to the Ephesians
557:branch of Judaism); the
166:Dionysius the Areopagite
152:", such as for example "
16:Falsely attributed works
2609:Comparative linguistics
2289:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1883:Encyclopædia Britannica
1665:A Greek-English Lexicon
1628:Musa, Aisha Y. (2010).
1474:Understanding The Bible
1310:George MacDonald Fraser
1139:
912:Donation of Constantine
857:New Testament apocrypha
823:James, brother of Jesus
776:, and Jesus's brothers
571:include the following:
322:as "pseudepigraphum").
2632:Contextual credibility
2394:. Groningen: Barkhuis.
2286:; et al. (eds.).
2116:Ostrowski, D. (2002).
1064:Apprentice authorship.
1058:Posthumous authorship.
1002:Fall of Constantinople
984:to claim the title of
702:
664:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
471:deuterocanonical books
189:deuterocanonical books
130:
2858:Sources and parallels
2248:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1788:Catholic Encyclopedia
1364:Prophecy of the Popes
1299:Red Book of Westmarch
1287:The Lord of the Rings
1052:Delegated authorship.
916:Constantine the Great
693:Clement of Alexandria
689:The Canon of Muratori
685:
675:New Testament studies
536:modern pseudepigrapha
374:Apollodorus of Athens
126:
2951:Vaticinium ex eventu
2692:Acts of the Apostles
2654:Multiple attestation
2420:Kiley, Mark (1986).
2089:Whelton, M. (1998).
1926:The Epistles of John
1902:. Liturgical Press.
1783:"Gospel and Gospels"
1324:The Spy Who Loved Me
1272:Edgar Rice Burroughs
1105:, first appeared in
967:Rudolf IV of Austria
963:Archduchy of Austria
944:Renaissance humanist
841:Other pseudepigrapha
619:Life of Adam and Eve
599:Second Book of Enoch
560:Life of Adam and Eve
43:improve this article
2594:Cognitive philology
2164:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.6
2035:The Gospel of Judas
1995:Donelson, Lewis R.
1305:The Flashman Papers
1247:Imaginary Magnitude
1036:Literal authorship.
1019:, is attributed to
835:adelphos de Iakóbou
624:Ascension of Isaiah
586:Assumption of Moses
425:Serapion of Antioch
2920:Hadith terminology
2555:Biblical criticism
2461:Pseudepigraphica 1
2239:Berenbaum, Michael
1865:Catholic Resources
1688:Historia Ecclesiae
1469:Harris, Stephen L.
1424:Beckwith, Roger T.
1184:As literary device
1178:William of Rubruck
1156:German Renaissance
1015:, employed in the
861:Gospel of Barnabas
793:Johannine epistles
614:Letter of Aristeas
503:Gospel of Barnabas
406:Biblical apocrypha
217:biblical apocrypha
142:falsely attributed
131:
2978:
2977:
2930:Religious studies
2896:
2895:
2885:Geography of the
2748:Bardiya / Smerdis
2668:
2667:
2604:Textual criticism
2579:Demythologization
2485:Smith, Mahlon H.
2258:978-0-02-866097-4
2223:978-0-8010-2868-7
2198:978-1-4632-1971-0
1966:978-0-19-514183-2
1936:978-1-4674-2232-1
1909:978-0-8146-1283-5
1708:on 14 April 2004.
1702:"Odes of Solomon"
1634:Religious Compass
1484:978-0-07-340744-9
1337:False attribution
1214:Jorge Luis Borges
1115:Shimon bar Yochai
982:Ivan the Terrible
971:House of Habsburg
969:(1358–65) of the
955:Privilegium maius
764:Catholic epistles
758:Catholic epistles
634:Sibylline Oracles
629:Psalms of Solomon
487:pseudepigraphical
429:ta pseudepigrapha
344:Musaeus of Athens
221:Orthodox Tewahedo
209:Protestant Bibles
203:, but not in the
119:
118:
111:
93:
3003:
2968:
2967:
2945:Myth § Mythology
2865:Founding of Rome
2758:Caligula's horse
2677:
2676:
2622:
2621:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:official website
2464:
2455:
2425:
2416:
2404:
2395:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2337:on 30 April 2012
2327:
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2121:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2050:
2049:
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2023:
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2007:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1971:
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1941:
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1793:
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1729:
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1716:
1710:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1630:"The Qur'anists"
1625:
1619:
1618:
1590:
1575:
1574:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1465:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1385:
1347:Literary forgery
1241:A Perfect Vacuum
1226:Vladimir Nabokov
1174:Empire of Nicaea
1100:
1017:Eastern Churches
995:
959:Duchy of Austria
893:strongly suggest
808:Petrine epistles
789:John the Apostle
774:John the Apostle
752:Epistle to Titus
714:Pauline epistles
708:Pauline epistles
604:Book of Jubilees
551:Book of Jubilees
532:Contra avaritiam
483:deuterocanonical
463:Eastern Orthodox
412:biblical studies
358:Literary studies
307:
306:
297:
229:Book of Jubilees
182:
173:biblical studies
168:, respectively.
158:pseudo-Dionysius
154:pseudo-Aristotle
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Pseudepigrapha"
51:
27:
19:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2956:
2892:
2875:Kurukshetra War
2845:
2839:
2731:
2664:
2620:
2538:
2533:
2476:
2444:10.2307/3262916
2386:
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2369:
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2340:
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2329:
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2317:
2301:
2297:
2284:Singer, Isidore
2272:
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2266:
2259:
2235:
2231:
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2008:
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1993:
1989:
1978:
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1967:
1951:
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1755:
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1700:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1661:"ψευδεπίγραφος"
1657:
1653:
1626:
1622:
1607:
1591:
1578:
1571:
1557:Ehrman, Bart D.
1554:
1547:
1537:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1466:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1432:
1421:
1417:
1402:10.2307/3267581
1386:
1382:
1377:
1333:
1266:The Lenz Papers
1209:Sartor Resartus
1186:
1142:
1134:Gershom Scholem
1085:
1029:
866:Gospel of Judas
847:Gospel of Peter
843:
766:
760:
724:Christian Bible
716:
710:
677:
669:Seleucid Empire
515:Pseudo-Apuleius
479:biblical canons
443:Odes of Solomon
408:
398:
360:
334:. For example,
328:
284:
213:Catholic Church
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2991:Pseudepigraphy
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Historiography
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2913:Pseudepigrapha
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2877:
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2867:
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2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2714:Book of Mormon
2711:
2709:Book of Joshua
2706:
2704:Book of Esther
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2683:
2681:
2674:
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2666:
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2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:Hadith studies
2552:
2550:Bayes' theorem
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2487:Pseudepigrapha
2483:
2475:
2474:External links
2472:
2471:
2470:
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2427:
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2405:
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2045:978-1426200427
2044:
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2002:
1987:
1972:
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1779:Gigot, Francis
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1442:978-1606082492
1441:
1415:
1396:(3): 469–494.
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1342:False document
1339:
1332:
1329:
1282:J.R.R. Tolkien
1252:Roberto Bolaño
1204:Thomas Carlyle
1185:
1182:
1160:Aldus Manutius
1141:
1138:
1117:("Rashbi"), a
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1039:
1028:
1025:
994:Царь Всея Руси
876:is an ancient
874:Vision of Ezra
842:
839:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
712:Main article:
709:
706:
681:Bart D. Ehrman
676:
673:
660:prophet Daniel
656:Book of Daniel
652:
651:
646:
641:
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621:
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611:
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498:pseudepigrapha
475:pseudepigrapha
416:pseudepigrapha
397:
394:
359:
356:
327:
324:
302:, "false" and
288:pseudepigrapha
283:
280:
241:Book of Daniel
223:churches, the
177:pseudepigrapha
134:Pseudepigrapha
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31:
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2642:Embarrassment
2640:
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2637:Dissimilarity
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2012:
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1999:. p. 42.
1998:
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1984:. p. 32.
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1774:public domain
1764:
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1754:9789004111646
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1733:Collins, John
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32:This article
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2835:William Tell
2815:Prester John
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2599:Decipherment
2584:Palaeography
2574:Bibliography
2566:Ilm al-rijāl
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2557: /
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2409:Ehrman, Bart
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2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
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176:
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72:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2940:Linguistics
2790:King Arthur
2773:myth theory
2543:Methodology
2536:Historicity
2438:(1): 3–24.
2021:(1): 73–96.
1691: 6,12.
1448:23 November
1319:Ian Fleming
1262:Stefan Heym
942:priest and
899:. Like the
804:Simon Peter
770:Saint Peter
581:4 Maccabees
576:3 Maccabees
555:Beta Israel
369:Bibliotheca
253:Saint Peter
185:Protestants
175:, the term
2985:Categories
2853:The Exodus
2844:Events and
2820:Robin Hood
2795:King David
2753:The Buddha
2616:Provenance
2467:Pythagoras
1820:0060738170
1685:Eusebius,
1308:series by
1293:The Hobbit
1194:James Hogg
1147:, a noted
1130:Oral Torah
1046:amanuensis
998:Third Rome
878:apocryphal
530:published
400:See also:
290:(from the
197:Septuagint
138:anglicized
69:newspapers
2996:Apocrypha
2908:Apocrypha
2659:Mutawatir
2589:Philology
2489:entry in
1837:cite book
1718:Salvian,
1615:639164332
1375:Citations
1314:Victorian
1231:Pale Fire
1083:The Zohar
1042:Dictation
1021:Nestorius
1009:Anaphorae
597:Slavonic
594:(1 Enoch)
590:Ethiopic
459:Apocrypha
437:Apocrypha
402:Apocrypha
385:asterisms
320:Latinized
315:epigraphy
310:epigraphḗ
286:The word
282:Etymology
193:Apocrypha
187:from the
162:Aristotle
99:July 2018
2970:Category
2825:Socrates
2810:Muhammad
2800:Lei Feng
2625:Criteria
2411:(2013).
2245:(eds.).
1829:59011567
1781:(1913).
1559:(2012).
1471:(2010).
1426:(2008).
1331:See also
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1103:Kabbalah
961:into an
940:Catholic
863:and the
639:2 Baruch
609:3 Baruch
421:Eusebius
305:ἐπιγραφή
276:Quranism
272:Muhammad
2935:Legends
2901:Related
2887:Odyssey
2830:Sun Tzu
2783:Sources
2743:Abraham
2697:Gospels
2452:3262916
2384:Sources
2280:"Zohar"
1776::
1720:Epistle
1671:17 July
1410:3267581
1123:Prophet
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990:Russian
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450:or the
364:pseudo-
352:Apicius
340:Orpheus
300:pseudḗs
268:hadiths
264:Muslims
249:2 Peter
201:Vulgate
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245:Daniel
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2282:. In
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1433:(PDF)
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