1700:
171:
The original works were probably four books on dyeing: one on how to give base metals a yellow tinge (i.e., to 'dye' them gold), one on how to give base metals a white tinge (i.e., to 'dye' them silver), one on 'dyeing' stones (i.e., to create precious stones), and one on dyeing fabrics purple (using
78:
writings attributed to
Democritus, whose author has sometimes likewise been identified as Bolos of Mendes, but who is now thought to have been an anonymous author active during the second half of the first century AD, most likely c. 54–68 AD. These writings are some of the oldest
266:, it is supposed to summarize the entire teaching of Ostanes to pseudo-Democritus, encapsulating the fundamental rules by which the elements or natures of things combine. This aphorism, which also occurs in a number of earlier
208:, Christianus, and 'the philosopher Anonymous'. Their authority among later Greek alchemists was such that the latter often presented their own theories and practices as an interpretation of the
168:
papyri (3rd century AD). However, the preserved parts focus more strongly on the production of silver and gold, thus reflecting the main interests of later Greek alchemists.
79:
alchemical works in existence, and have played an important role in defining alchemy as a discipline. In their original form, they probably consisted of a series of four books on
188:
are some of the most ancient works known in
Western alchemy, and played a central role in its earliest development. They were frequently cited by alchemists such as
270:
writings dealing with the concepts of sympathy and antipathy, links the pseudo-Democritean writings back to earlier works attributed to 'Persian' authors such as
862:
1472:
1249:
90:
The alchemical works of pseudo-Democritus are also responsible for popularizing the aphorism attributed to the legendary
Persian alchemist
68:
83:: two books on dyeing metals gold and silver, one on dyeing stones, and one on dyeing wool purple. They were highly regarded by later
1284:
1729:
1303:
1256:
293:, pp. 39–41. On the various proposals for the dating of Bolos of Mendes, see the references in Martelli 2013, p. 37.
1680:
1486:
592:
Alchimie: art, histoire et mythes. Actes du I" Colloque international de la Société d'Étude de l'Histoire de l'Alchimie
716:
644:
621:
599:
560:
500:
1621:
1270:
1236:
474:, pp. 33–34. On Ostanes and the Persian elements in pseudo-Democritus, see further Martelli 2013, pp. 69–73.
1082:
1671:
1666:
1553:
1207:
1152:
1724:
1525:
1511:
378:, pp. 1–2. Edition and translation in Martelli 2013, pp. 78–103, 104–115, and 116–121, respectively.
1404:
1390:
1328:
161:
1734:
1383:
1376:
1147:
1041:
971:
590:
Letrouit, Jean (1995). "Chronologie des alchimistes grecs". In Kahn, Didier; Matton, Sylvain (eds.).
488:
1504:
842:
748:
1449:
1107:
847:
758:
205:
31:
639:, vol. 60, suppl. 1). Leeds: Maney Publishing/Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry.
1641:
961:
674:
Wellmann, Max (1928). "Die
Physika des Bolos Demokritos und der Magier Anaxilaos aus Larissa".
635:. Sources of Alchemy and Chemistry: Sir Robert Mond Studies in the History of Early Chemistry (
246:
Hē physis tēi physei terpetai, kai hē physis tēn physin nikai, kai hē physis tēn physin kratei
1626:
1362:
1263:
1112:
996:
709:
895:
793:
788:
676:
Abhandlungen der
Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse
189:
8:
1636:
1532:
1479:
1441:
1397:
1127:
778:
201:
1178:
223:
and written by the alchemist
Petasius, is now lost. However, another commentary, called
1539:
1465:
733:
654:
531:
1676:
1601:
1546:
1290:
1230:
1137:
1087:
1001:
976:
683:
662:
640:
617:
595:
556:
539:
496:
1703:
1355:
1322:
1223:
1193:
1067:
1057:
1036:
920:
915:
870:
811:
702:
519:
271:
165:
1684:
1429:
1410:
1183:
1157:
1062:
1016:
981:
956:
880:
803:
773:
153:
64:
510:
Hershbell, Jackson P. (1987). "Democritus and the
Beginnings of Greek Alchemy".
1616:
1606:
1458:
1309:
1072:
60:
27:
1102:
1718:
1646:
1560:
1423:
1173:
1122:
986:
905:
666:
570:
173:
87:, who cited them frequently and even wrote a number of commentaries on them.
84:
687:
523:
1341:
1142:
1097:
1092:
1077:
1021:
1006:
966:
609:
543:
98:, which went on to become an often repeated quote among later alchemists.
1596:
1518:
1369:
1348:
1031:
1026:
991:
821:
267:
149:
145:
23:
438:, pp. 48–49. Edition and translation in Martelli 2013, pp. 122–149.
253:
Nature delights in nature, nature conquers nature, nature masters nature
96:
Nature delights in nature, nature conquers nature, nature masters nature
1611:
1277:
1188:
1132:
940:
935:
925:
826:
574:
144:). The original books dealt with a wide range of topics, including the
134:), as well as in a collection of lists of alchemical substances called
111:
75:
35:
22:
is the name used by scholars for the anonymous authors of a number of
1631:
1011:
910:
900:
885:
875:
768:
244:
197:
139:
129:
119:
106:
The original alchemical works attributed to
Democritus, known as the
54:
694:
1661:
1117:
930:
890:
852:
193:
1586:
1581:
816:
783:
725:
263:
91:
306:, p. 47, n. 270, this identification was first proposed by
225:
The
Philosopher Synesius to Dioscorus: Notes on Democritus' Book
1656:
753:
1651:
1591:
16:
Anonymous author(s) of works falsely attributed to
Democritus
157:
274:
and Ostanes, as well as to the works of Bolos of Mendes.
80:
114:
extracts of them survive in two extant treatises called
555:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis Routledge.
45:
Several of these writings, most notably the lost works
594:. Paris and Milan: S.É.H.A and Arche. pp. 11–93.
215:
Some Greek alchemists also wrote commentaries on the
239:, and often quoted by later writers, is as follows:
310:, p. 69, who was followed by such scholars as
235:One aphorism that is often repeated throughout the
553:Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook
152:into silver or gold, the artificial production of
551:Irby-Massie, Georgia L.; Keyser, Paul T. (2002).
550:
323:
1716:
1473:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
160:, all of which are subjects also covered in the
495:. Vol. I–III. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
262:to pseudo-Democritus' legendary Persian master
196:(c. 373–414 AD), as well as by later
1250:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
710:
881:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
614:The Origins of Alchemy in Graeco-Roman Egypt
230:
997:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
717:
703:
179:
1285:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
509:
335:
673:
653:
630:
589:
530:
471:
459:
447:
435:
423:
411:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
315:
311:
307:
303:
290:
74:There are also a number of extant Greek
608:
319:
1717:
1073:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
487:
331:
1153:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
724:
698:
569:
327:
402:, p. 17; on dyeing purple cf. p. 11.
326:, p. 235. It was criticized by
1304:De consideratione quintae essentiae
633:The Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus
192:(fl. c. 300 AD) and
172:cheaper substitutes for the costly
13:
71: 3rd or 2d century BC).
14:
1746:
258:Ascribed in the narrative of the
110:, are now lost. However, several
1699:
1698:
1271:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
616:. New York: Barnes & Noble.
538:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
59:), were probably written by the
1238:Liber de compositione alchemiae
962:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
921:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
769:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
465:
453:
441:
429:
1487:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
481:
417:
405:
393:
381:
369:
357:
345:
296:
284:
219:. One such commentary, called
1:
1554:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
330:, p. 231, as well as by
324:Irby-Massie & Keyser 2002
277:
101:
63:physician and pharmacologist
47:On Sympathies and Antipathies
39:
1730:Ancient Greek pseudepigrapha
245:
140:
130:
120:
116:Natural and Secret Questions
55:
7:
1526:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
1512:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
156:, and the purple-dyeing of
10:
1751:
1405:Rosary of the Philosophers
1391:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
1330:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
1694:
1574:
1496:
1215:
1206:
1166:
1068:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
1050:
949:
901:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
871:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
861:
835:
802:
741:
732:
631:Martelli, Matteo (2013).
231:Nature delights in nature
916:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
749:Agathodaemon (legendary)
659:The Origins of Chemistry
221:Democritean Commentaries
42: 460–370 BC).
1108:Jan Baptist van Helmont
848:Stephanus of Alexandria
524:10.1179/amb.1987.34.1.5
322:, pp. 90–130, and
180:Historical significance
126:On the Making of Silver
941:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
575:"Bolos und Demokritos"
338:, pp. 8, 15, and
256:
1377:Nabataean Agriculture
1264:Books of the Balances
1113:Johann Rudolf Glauber
1083:Giovanni da Correggio
661:. London: Oldbourne.
241:
51:Artificial Substances
1622:In art/entertainment
1032:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
794:Zosimos of Panopolis
789:Paphnutia the Virgin
493:Ptolemaic Alexandria
366:, pp. 1, 13–18.
190:Zosimos of Panopolis
131:Peri asēmou poiēseōs
1642:Philosophers' stone
1637:Pill of Immortality
1533:Fasciculus chemicus
1480:Turba philosophorum
1398:Physika kai mystika
1128:Michael Sendivogius
1007:pseudo-Michael Scot
843:pseudo-Olympiodorus
784:Ostanes (legendary)
655:Multhauf, Robert P.
318:, pp. 94–101,
227:, is still extant.
202:pseudo-Olympiodorus
121:Physika kai Mystika
26:writings that were
1725:Ancient alchemists
1540:Musaeum Hermeticum
1466:Summa perfectionis
1445:(pseudo-Aristotle)
1435:Secret of Creation
1384:Ordinal of Alchemy
1027:pseudo-Ramon Llull
931:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
334:, vol. I, 440ff.,
314:, pp. 25–26,
28:falsely attributed
1712:
1711:
1570:
1569:
1547:Theatrum chemicum
1363:Mirror of Alchimy
1315:Tabula Smaragdina
1292:Clavis sapientiae
1231:Aurora consurgens
1202:
1201:
1138:Pierre-Jean Fabre
1088:Heinrich Khunrath
1002:Magister Salernus
977:Guido di Montanor
764:pseudo-Democritus
726:Alchemy (general)
532:Holmyard, Eric J.
354:, pp. 29–31.
20:Pseudo-Democritus
1742:
1735:Greek alchemists
1702:
1701:
1416:Step of the Sage
1356:Mappae clavicula
1323:Leyden papyrus X
1224:Atalanta fugiens
1213:
1212:
1194:Mary Anne Atwood
1179:Eugène Canseliet
1058:Andreas Libavius
1037:Taddeo Alderotti
812:Fang (alchemist)
759:pseudo-Cleopatra
739:
738:
719:
712:
705:
696:
695:
691:
670:
650:
627:
605:
586:
566:
547:
527:
506:
489:Fraser, Peter M.
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
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421:
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409:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
300:
294:
288:
272:pseudo-Zoroaster
248:
200:writers such as
143:
133:
123:
85:Greek alchemists
70:
58:
41:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1690:
1685:Suns in alchemy
1566:
1492:
1431:Sirr al-khalīqa
1412:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
1296:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
1198:
1184:Frater Albertus
1162:
1158:Wilhelm Homberg
1063:Basil Valentine
1046:
1017:Paul of Taranto
982:Hugh of Evesham
957:pseudo-Albertus
945:
891:pseudo-Avicenna
857:
831:
804:Ancient Chinese
798:
774:Mary the Jewess
728:
723:
647:
624:
602:
563:
503:
484:
479:
478:
470:
466:
458:
454:
446:
442:
434:
430:
422:
418:
410:
406:
398:
394:
390:, pp. 1–2.
386:
382:
374:
370:
362:
358:
350:
346:
301:
297:
289:
285:
280:
233:
182:
154:precious stones
104:
65:Bolos of Mendes
17:
12:
11:
5:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1695:
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1689:
1688:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Iatrochemistry
1614:
1609:
1607:Elixir of life
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
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1543:
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1508:
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1476:
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1459:Splendor solis
1455:
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1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
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1338:
1326:
1319:
1311:Emerald Tablet
1307:
1300:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1210:
1204:
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1199:
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1186:
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908:
903:
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896:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
893:
888:
883:
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863:Arabic-Islamic
859:
858:
856:
855:
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829:
824:
819:
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771:
766:
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745:
743:
742:Greco-Egyptian
736:
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721:
714:
707:
699:
693:
692:
671:
651:
645:
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571:Kroll, Wilhelm
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483:
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368:
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344:
336:Hershbell 1987
295:
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103:
100:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1647:Prima materia
1645:
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1561:Tripus aureus
1558:
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1555:
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1548:
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1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:Aureum vellus
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1451:Sirr al-asrār
1448:
1446:
1444:
1443:Sirr al-asrār
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1424:Seventy Books
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
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1371:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1334:Liber dabessi
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
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1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:
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1268:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1257:Book of Mercy
1254:
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1251:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
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1228:
1226:
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1192:
1190:
1187:
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1177:
1175:
1172:
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1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Samuel Norton
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Michael Maier
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
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1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
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1071:
1069:
1066:
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1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1042:Thomas Norton
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:Johann of Laz
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:George Ripley
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
950:Late medieval
948:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
906:Ibn Waḥshiyya
904:
902:
899:
897:
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892:
889:
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838:
834:
828:
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823:
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815:
813:
810:
809:
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629:
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623:9780389010067
619:
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611:
610:Lindsay, Jack
607:
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601:9788872521786
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585:(2): 228–232.
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498:
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473:
472:Martelli 2013
468:
462:, p. 11.
461:
460:Martelli 2013
456:
450:, p. 11.
449:
448:Martelli 2013
444:
437:
436:Martelli 2013
432:
426:, p. 48.
425:
424:Martelli 2013
420:
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412:Martelli 2013
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389:
388:Martelli 2013
384:
377:
376:Martelli 2013
372:
365:
364:Martelli 2013
360:
353:
352:Martelli 2013
348:
342:, p. 17.
341:
340:Letrouit 1995
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:Multhauf 1966
313:
312:Holmyard 1957
309:
308:Wellmann 1928
305:
304:Martelli 2013
299:
292:
291:Martelli 2013
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251:Translation:
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174:Tyrian purple
169:
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146:transmutation
142:
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1704:All articles
1559:
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1497:Compilations
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1342:Liber ignium
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1143:Robert Boyle
1098:Isaac Newton
1093:Hennig Brand
1078:Gerhard Dorn
1051:Early modern
1022:Petrus Bonus
967:pseudo-Geber
779:pseudo-Moses
763:
679:
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320:Lindsay 1970
302:As noted by
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50:
46:
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34:philosopher
32:pre-Socratic
19:
18:
1627:Magnum opus
1597:Chrysopoeia
1519:De alchemia
1370:Mutus liber
1349:Liber lucis
1216:Major Works
1103:Jakob Böhme
992:John Dastin
936:al-Ṭughrāʾī
822:Master Geng
518:(1): 5–20.
482:Works cited
332:Fraser 1972
268:Hellenistic
150:base metals
61:Pythagorean
56:Cheirokmēta
1719:Categories
1672:Substances
1612:Homunculus
1278:Cantong Qi
1189:Fulcanelli
1133:Paracelsus
926:al-Jildakī
827:Wei Boyang
734:Alchemists
328:Kroll 1934
278:References
260:Four Books
237:Four Books
217:Four Books
210:Four Books
186:Four Books
136:Catalogues
112:epitomized
108:Four Books
102:Four Books
76:alchemical
36:Democritus
1667:Processes
1632:Ouroboros
1453:(al-Rāzī)
1174:Carl Jung
1012:Ortolanus
911:al-ʿIrāqī
886:Artephius
876:Alphidius
836:Byzantine
667:977570829
206:Stephanus
198:Byzantine
162:Stockholm
141:Katalogoi
1662:Yliaster
1242:Morienus
1208:Writings
1118:John Dee
853:Synesius
688:10314574
657:(1966).
612:(1970).
573:(1934).
534:(1957).
491:(1972).
194:Synesius
138:(Greek:
128:(Greek:
118:(Greek:
53:(Greek:
1681:Unicode
1677:Symbols
1602:Element
1587:Athanor
1582:Alembic
1575:Various
817:Ge Hong
544:2080637
536:Alchemy
264:Ostanes
243:Greek:
92:Ostanes
30:to the
1657:Takwin
1167:Modern
754:Chymes
686:
665:
643:
620:
598:
579:Hermes
559:
542:
499:
166:Leyden
124:) and
81:dyeing
1652:Rebis
1592:Azoth
637:Ambix
512:Ambix
24:Greek
684:OCLC
663:OCLC
641:ISBN
618:ISBN
596:ISBN
557:ISBN
540:OCLC
497:ISBN
184:The
164:and
158:wool
49:and
520:doi
176:).
148:of
69:fl.
1721::
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682:.
678:.
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514:.
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204:,
94:,
40:c.
1687:)
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1240:(
718:e
711:t
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546:.
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522::
505:.
67:(
38:(
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