1218:(Book VII, from the end of chapter 15 through chapter 19). It begins with Hystaspes awaking from a dream, and needing to have it interpreted for him. This is duly accomplished by a young boy, "here representing, according to convention, the openness of youth and innocent to divine visitations. " As interpreted by the boy, the dream "predicts" the iniquity of the last age, and the impending destruction of the wicked by fire. The divine fire will burn both the righteous and the wicked, but only the wicked will be hurt and neither will be destroyed. During the eschatological inferno, the "followers of truth" will separate themselves from the wicked and ascend a mountain. The evil king who dominates the world will be angered on hearing this, and he will resolve to encircle the mountain with his army. The righteous implore to "Jupiter", who sends them a saviour, who will descend from heaven accompanied by angels and before him a flaming sword. Hystaspes "prophesies" that the wicked king (i.e. the Roman emperor) will survive the destruction of his armies, but will lose power. It was "presumably" the prophecy of the destruction of a victorious power (i.e. the Roman empire) that caused the work to be proscribed by Rome; according to Justin Martyr (
2947:
966:
2961:
953:) ā the identification of Vishtaspa as a grandfather of "Ardashir" (Artaxerxes I/II) was once perceived to substantiate the "traditional date" of Zoroaster, which places the prophet in the 6th century BCE. The traditional descriptions of Vishtaspa's ancestors as having chariots (a description that puts them fully in the Bronze Age) also contribute to the academic debate on the dating of Zoroaster; for a summary of the role of Vishtaspa's ancestors in this issue, see
930:(early 3rdāearly 7th century) claim of descent from Artaxerxes, and the claim of relationship to the Kayanids, that is, with Vishtaspa and his ancestors. The full adoption of Kayanid names, titles and myths from the Avesta by the Sassanids was a "main component of ideology. " The association of Artaxerxes with the Kayanids occurred through the identification of Artaxerxes II's title ('Mnemon' in Greek) with the name of Vishtaspa's legendary grandson and successor,
3780:
3292:
470:
842:, were princely rulers. Presumably the gift of prophecy, of mantic poetry, was hereditary in their family. " Both scripture and tradition refer to Vishtaspa's ancestors but do not mention Vishtaspa's successors; Vishtaspa was apparently the last of his line, and the last of the kavis. In Zoroastrian apocalyptic chronology, the dynasties of the world are divided into seven ages, each named after a metal. According to this chronology (
907:(942ā1094). In the myth, Zoroaster cures each of the horse's four legs in exchange for four concessions: first, that Vishtaspa himself accept Zoroaster's message; secondly, that Vishtaspa's son Spentodata (MP: Esfandiar) do the same; third, that Vishtaspa's wife Hutaosa (MP: Hutos) also convert; and finally that the men who maligned Zoroaster be put to death. When these four wishes are granted, the horse stands up rejuvenated.
2954:
58:
870:'s allusions to conflicts are amplified in the 9thā11th century books of Zoroastrian tradition, where the conflicts are portrayed as outright battles of the faith. So for example the surviving fragments of a fragmentary text that celebrates the deeds of Zairivairi, Vishtaspa's brother and captain of his forces against Arejat.aspa, chief of the Hyonas. According to that text (
910:
the resurrection. Zoroaster replies that these are too great to all be given to one man, and that he should choose one. Vishtaspa agrees, and chooses the first. Zoroaster then gives him consecrated wine to drink, which puts
Vishtaspa in a trance in which he has an epiphany; he sees his spirit ascend to heaven where it beholds the glories of God.
874:, 10ā11), upon hearing of Vishtaspa's conversion, Arejat.aspa sent messengers to demand that Vishtaspa "abandon 'the pure Mazda-worshipping religion which he had received from Ohrmazd', and should become once more 'of the same religion'" as himself. The battle that following Vishtaspa's refusal left Vishtaspa victorious.
938:"Good Mind(ed)"; Middle Persian 'Wahman' is a contraction of the Avestan name, while Greek 'Mnemon' is a calque of it. The Sassanid association of their dynasty with Vishtaspa's is a development dated to the end of the 4th century, and which "arose to some extent because this was when the Sasanians conquered
895:
only to be maligned by his enemies to
Vishtaspa, who then had the prophet imprisoned. But, from prison, Zoroaster cured one of Vishtaspa's favourite horses (which had suddenly become paralyzed), for which the prophet then gained Vishtaspa's support and admiration. The tale is obliquely referred to in the
1233:
was apparently based on the genuine
Zoroastrian myths, and "the argument for ultimate magian composition is a strong one. As prophecies they have a political context, a function, and a focus which radically distinguish them from the philosophical and encyclopedic wisdom of the other pseudepigrapha.
909:
Vishtaspa, having accepted the faith from
Zoroaster, then asks for four favours in return: first, that he, Vishtaspa, should know his place in the next world; secondly, that he should become invulnerable; third, that he should know the future; and fourth that his body should not leave his soul until
894:
s), with whom he disputed at a great assemblyāa tradition which may well be based on reality, for must have had his own priests and seers, who would hardly have welcomed a new prophet claiming divine authority. " The tradition goes on to relate that
Zoroaster triumphed after three days of debate,
1351:
does not demonstrate significant differences to the older Middle
Persian tractates. However, the untypical focus on the figure of Zoroaster on the one hand, and the assimilation of the figure of Zoroaster with the prophetic "type" intrinsic to Mohammed on the other hand, are unmistakable. Without
784:
13 mentions
Zairiuuairi, PiÅ”Ć Å”iiaoĪøna (Vishtaspa's eschatological son PiÅ”iÅ”Åtan), SpÉį¹tÅĪ“Äta (SpandyÄd), Bastauuairi (Bastwar), Kauuarazman, FraÅ”aoÅ”tra and JÄmÄspa (the HuuÅguua brothers in the Gathas), all of whom are featured in the Pahlavi narrative about the war between Vishtaspa and ArzÄsp
1234:" Although "rophecies of woes and iniquities in the last age are alien to orthodox Zoroastrianism", there was probably a growth of Zoroastrian literature in the late fourth-early third centuries denouncing the evils of the Hellenistic age, and offering hope of the coming kingdom of Ahura Mazda.
1271:
The sixth century
Agathias was more ambivalent, observing that it wasn't clear to him whether the name of Zoroaster's patron referred to the father of Darius or to another Hystaspes (ii. 24). As with the medieval Zoroastrian chronology that identifies Vishtaspa with "Ardashir" (see
877:
The conversion of
Vishtaspa is likewise a theme of the 9thā11th century books, and these legends remain the "best known and most current" among Zoroastrians today. According to this tradition, when Zoroaster arrived at Vishtaspa's court, the prophet was "met with hostility from the
1077:(etc.), and so on. However, in the Sistan legends, Goshtasb/Goshtasf (etc.) is an abominable figure, altogether unlike the hero of Zoroastrian tradition. The reason for this discrepancy is unknown. According to the Sistan tradition, Goshtasb demands the throne from his father
649:
28. 1ā28. 7, Zoroaster appeals to Mazda for several boons, including the power to vanquish their foes for
Vishtaspa and himself. Considered collectively, the Gathas celebrate Vishtaspa as the "patron of Zoroaster and the establisher of the first Zoroastrian community. "
1352:
losing its Zoroastrian character, the text portrays Zoroaster as the bearer of the perfect book, as the figure of a prophet in the Islamic sense. The perhaps most obvious example of the Islamization of Zoroaster's functions is in the scene in which, according to the
667:
5. 98, where the boon is asked for the Haugvan and Naotara families, and in which Vishtaspa is said to be a member of the latter. Later in the same hymn, Zoroaster is described as appealing to Mazda to "bring Vishtaspa, son of Aurvataspa, to think according to
1390:, a lesser service at which he consecrates wine, milk, incense and a pomegranate. The wine he gives to Vistaspa, who then falls into a dream in which he learns of his soul's ascent to heaven. The remaining three favors are distributed among Vishtaspa's son
837:
28. 11 is also used of Zoroaster's enemies. In the Younger Avesta the term is also applied to wise men generally, to include Vishtaspa and his ancestors. In tradition however, the kavis are kings, "evidently because VÄ«Å”tÄspa and his forebears, the 'kavis'
584:, and his patron, and instrumental in the diffusion of the prophet's message. Although Vishtaspa is not epigraphically attested, he is ā like Zoroaster ā traditionally assumed to have been a historical figure, although obscured by accretions from
1112:. Esfandiar is again successful, and upon his return Goshtasb hedges once again and ā aware of a prediction that foretells the death of Esfandiar at the hand of Rostam ā sends him off on a mission in which Esfandiar is destined to die. In the
1097:'. Goshtasb subsequently becomes a military commander for the Roman emperor, and encourages the emperor to demand tribute from Iran. Again Zareh is sent to fetch Goshtasb, who is then promised the throne, and is thus persuaded to return.
811:
horse has) come in ready (for riding, etc.)'"; "'he who has trained horses'"; and "'whose horses are released (for the race)'". It agrees with the description from Yasht 5.132 in which was a prototypical winner of the chariot race.
859:) ascent to the throne ended the reign of silver, and his reign was over the age of gold. In tradition, the works of Zoroaster were said to have been kept in a royal library that was then destroyed by Alexander the Great. In
1155:
of a set of prophecies written under his name. Although the works attributed to Pseudo-Hystaspes draw on real Zoroastrian sources, the Greek and Roman portraits of his person are just as fanciful as those of the other two
3392:
1056:
In several respects, for instance in Goshtasb's/Goshtasf's (etc.) mythological genealogy, the Sistan cycle texts continue the Zoroastrian tradition. So, for example, Goshtasp is identified as a member of the
1394:(MP: Peshotan), who becomes undying by drinking the milk: Vishtaspa's minister Jamasp, who gains all knowledge by inhaling the incense; and Spentodata, who attains invincibility by eating the pomegranate.
1168:. While Pseudo-Zoroaster was identified as the "inventor" of astrology, and Pseudo-Ostanes was imagined to be a master sorcerer, Pseudo-Hystaspes seems to have been stereotyped as an apocalyptic prophet.
713:. 5. 112ā113), Vishtaspa also pleads for strength on behalf of Zairivairi (Pahl. ZarÄr), who in later tradition is said to be Vishtaspa's younger brother. The allusions to conflicts (perhaps battles, see
1456:
or in the later royal genealogies" was because tradition identified Cyrus with Vishtaspa, with the use of Vishtaspa's name instead of Cyrus', thus leading to "complete oblivion for Cyrus in Zoroastrian
758:
13. 99ā103) and elsewhere have enabled commentators to infer family connections between Vishtaspa and several other figures named in the Avesta. The summaries of several lost Avestan texts (
1151:. Besides referring to historically attested persons named Vishtaspa, it was also applied to Zoroaster's patron, who the Greeks and Romans imagined to be a sage of great antiquity, and the
1108:. Goshtasb promises Esfandiar the throne in return for his help, but when Esfandiar is successful, his father stalls and instead sends him off on another mission to suppress a rebellion in
2946:
804:
23.2 and 26.5, the fravashi of Gaiia MarÉtÄn, Zarathustra, Vishtaspa, and Isaį¹Æ.vÄstra (another of Zarathustra's eschatological sons) are listed as the principal fighters for Asha.
1171:
None of the works attributed to him are still extant, but quotations and references have survived in the works of others, especially in those of two early Christian writers ā
793:
9.31, Vishtaspa prays to DruuÄspÄ that he may successfully fight and kill various opponents and, apparently, turn HumaiiÄ and VarÉĪ“akanÄ away from the lands of the Xiiaonas.
1415:", Bactria was not the only region that claimed Vishtaspa for its own; as recorded in post-Sassanid sources (but apparently older), at least four other Iranian provinces ā
521:
2136:
Hinnels, John R. (1973), "The Zoroastrian Doctrine of Salvation in the Roman World: A Study of the Oracles of Hystaspes", in Sharpe, Eric John; Hinnels, John R. (eds.),
627:, the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism which were considered to have been composed by Zoroaster himself. In these hymns, the poet speaks of Vishtaspa as his ally (
912:
Vishtaspa's conversion is traditionally said to have taken place during Zoroaster's forty-second year, "a figure undoubtedly reached by later calculation".
780:(respectively 8. 11, 8. 13, 8. 14, and 9. 33. 5), suggest that there once existed a detailed "history" of Vishtaspa and his ancestors in scripture. The
965:
1179:
in North Africa ā who drew on them by way of confirmation that what themselves held to be revealed truth had already been uttered. Only one of these
1116:, the nobles upbraid Goshtasb as a disgrace to the throne; his daughters denounce him as a heinous criminal; and his younger son Bashutan (Avestan
498:
1104:(Esfandiar/Isfandiar etc., Avestan Spentodata), but then has to seek Esfandiar's help in defeating Arjasp (Avestan Aurvataspa) who is threatening
1300:
53 (Gatha 5), Zoroaster is the celebrant priest at the marriage of his daughter, Pouruchista, to Jamaspa Hvogva. In Zoroastrian tradition (e.g.
537:
2026:
Beck, Roger (1991), "Thus Spake Not Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Greco-Roman World", in Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.),
213:
3328:
1237:
The Greco-Roman obsession with Zoroaster as the "inventor" of astrology also influenced the image of Hystaspes. So for example in
1356:, Zoroaster presents himself to Vishtaspa with 'I am the prophet that God has sent to you' , in which the originally Arabic word
1253:
in the circle of Zoroaster and Hystaspes and the Egyptians" for the creation of the seven-day week after the number of planets.
945:
As was also the case for the fourth century Roman identification of Zoroaster's patron with the late-6th century BCE father of
800:
12, the Zarathustra, Vishtaspa, FraÅ”aoÅ”tra and JÄmÄspa, and the three SaoÅ”iiaį¹ts, Zarathustra's eschatological sons, and in
491:
3746:
2357:
2188:, Iranisches Personennamenbuch, vol. I(1), Vienna: Verlag der Ćsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, n. 379, p. 97
420:
3814:
567:
3250:
1195:ā is known by name. This work (or set of works) of the first century BCE is referred to by Lactantius, Justin Martyr,
916:
In medieval Zoroastrian chronology, Vishtaspa is identified as a grandfather of "Ardashir", i.e. the 5th century BCE
863:
3. 420, it is Vishtaspa who is said to have been the king who had those texts made and placed in the royal library.
17:
2115:
Daryaee, Touraj (1995), "National History or Keyanid History?: The Nature of Sasanid Zoroastrian Historiography",
484:
1262:
3809:
3767:
3762:
3709:
3321:
2508:
3699:
3104:
450:
430:
747:
13. 100, Vishtaspa is proclaimed to have set his adopted faith "in the place of honor" amongst peoples.
3741:
3025:
2716:
2175:
Lukonin, V. G. (1983), "Political, Social and Administrative Institutions", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.),
1453:
1144:
31:
1276:), Ammianus' identification was once considered to substantiate the "traditional date" of Zoroaster.
552:
3704:
3255:
3174:
1325:(Fortune) is said to have fled from the "swift-horsed" Naotaras. The meaning of this myth is obscure.
977:
1238:
1200:
1148:
3736:
1304:
21. 17), one of Zoroaster's wives, Hvovi, is the daughter of the other named Hvogva, Frashaoshtra.
599:, Vishtaspa is a righteous king who helped propagate and defend the faith. In the non-Zoroastrian
3784:
3714:
3663:
3314:
2350:
1123:
As in Zoroastrian tradition, in the Sistan cycle texts Goshtasp is succeeded by Esfandiar's son,
733:
19. 84ā87, where Zoroaster, Vishtaspa and Vishtaspa's ancestors are additionally said to possess
405:
41:
3391:
2235:
3731:
3157:
3081:
562:
168:
899:(24. 6), which seems to presume that the reader already knows it, and it is summarized in the
807:
The meaning of Vishtaspa's name is uncertain. Interpretations include "'he whose horses have (
705:
5. 109, Vishtaspa pleads for strength that he may "crush Tathryavant of the bad religion, the
3673:
3222:
1196:
455:
358:
3668:
3182:
3166:
2626:
2581:
2526:
2478:
2440:
2225:
1258:
532:
410:
353:
2696:
2561:
8:
3678:
3482:
2706:
2586:
380:
1317:
15. 95ā96, Vishtaspa's wife Hutaosa is also said to be a member of the Naotara clan. In
1292:
YAv. Haugvan is Gathic Hvogva. Named members of this clan are Jamaspa and Frashaoshtra (
3804:
3566:
3500:
3295:
3266:
3149:
2960:
2881:
2856:
2851:
2782:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2571:
2387:
2343:
2269:
2163:
2083:
903:(7. 4. 64ā86), and ā as "workings of popular fancy" ā described in detail in the later
844:
293:
223:
3277:
3272:
3245:
3190:
2641:
2087:
1261:(xxiii. 6. 32) identifies Zoroaster's patron with another Vishtaspa, better known as
739:. While the chief hero of the conflicts is said to be Vishtaspa's son, Spentodhata, (
608:
2229:
1373:
9. 25ā26, Hutaosa is said to have been the first to listen to Zoroaster's teachings.
1085:(Zareh/Zarer etc., Avestan Zairivairi) is sent to fetch him, but Goshtasb flees to "
684:
49. 7, the prophet makes the same appeal with regard to Hutaosa, wife of Vishtaspa.
672:(Religion), to speak according to the Religion, to act according to the Religion." (
3683:
3487:
3477:
3198:
3041:
2914:
2551:
2450:
2261:
2203:
2155:
2124:
2075:
1161:
1058:
729:, and the rescuers and furtherers of the religion. This description is repeated in
604:
547:
515:
385:
208:
203:
3240:
3230:
2924:
2656:
2556:
2194:
Russell, James R. (1993), "On Mysticism and Esotericism among the Zoroastrians",
2177:
Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
1452:, pp. 68ā69 speculates that the reason why " name is never mentioned in the
1445:
1180:
996:
985:
474:
691:
9.30, Vishtaspa himself appeals for the ability to drive off the attacks of the
3581:
3576:
3525:
3467:
3337:
3091:
3086:
2929:
2919:
2488:
1203:, and Aristokritos, all of whom describe it as foretelling the downfall of the
1152:
1128:
1094:
853:
660:
612:
577:
308:
303:
253:
193:
49:
2207:
2128:
2079:
1081:, but storms off to India ("Hind") when the king declines. Goshtasb's brother
3798:
3719:
3495:
3406:
3260:
2808:
2516:
1172:
921:
425:
218:
123:
2611:
541:
3586:
3571:
3540:
3530:
3462:
3457:
3426:
3235:
2759:
1204:
973:
917:
833:, which is etymologically a term for a mantic seer, or poet-priest, and in
313:
298:
258:
188:
183:
148:
2463:
2458:
3658:
3472:
3351:
2992:
2987:
2871:
2473:
2468:
2296:
1078:
1062:
992:
343:
198:
73:
2777:
2734:
2631:
2335:
3596:
3561:
3452:
3366:
3051:
2764:
2483:
2327:
2252:
Williams Jackson, A. V. (1893), "Where Was Zoroaster's Native Place?",
1428:
1176:
1124:
935:
931:
634:
288:
178:
88:
2729:
2273:
2167:
942:, the birthplace of Vishtasp and the 'holy land' of Zoroastrianism. "
725:
of Zoroaster and Vishtaspa are described as victorious combatants for
3653:
3648:
3376:
3356:
3071:
3000:
2979:
2891:
2616:
2536:
2493:
2425:
2367:
2305:
1420:
1407:
times and beyond, both Zoroaster and his patron Vishtaspa with the
1391:
1117:
1101:
1074:
1070:
1050:
1033:
735:
581:
571:
338:
333:
98:
78:
57:
1207:, the return of rule to the east, and of the coming of the saviour.
3591:
3515:
3510:
3096:
3020:
2886:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2769:
2739:
2621:
2576:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2372:
2319:
2265:
2159:
2066:
Boyce, Mary (1984), "On the Antiquity of Zoroastrian Apocalyptic",
1993:
1404:
1266:
1090:
946:
927:
786:
722:
469:
243:
238:
143:
3622:
3556:
3535:
3381:
3306:
3076:
3015:
3005:
2909:
2831:
2826:
2754:
2749:
2724:
2691:
2651:
2646:
2498:
2410:
2400:
1416:
1408:
1250:
1165:
776:
595:
In Zoroastrian tradition, which builds on allusions found in the
363:
283:
263:
103:
2541:
1334:
For a review of older (early 20th century) interpretations, see
680:
9. 25ā26, the last part of which is an adaptation of the Gathic
3724:
3601:
3447:
3442:
3411:
3217:
3056:
3010:
2953:
2876:
2861:
2803:
2744:
2701:
2686:
2666:
2606:
2601:
2521:
2430:
1432:
1424:
1016:
981:
624:
600:
596:
585:
415:
373:
368:
228:
173:
128:
2596:
2591:
2219:, Costa Mesa: University of California Press, pp. 171ā176
1086:
607:
who intentionally sends his eldest son to a certain death. In
3643:
3617:
3520:
3505:
3421:
3416:
3066:
3061:
3046:
2866:
2818:
2676:
2636:
2566:
2546:
2531:
2040:, Le MusĆ©on 512, Paris: SociĆ©tĆ© d'Ćditions Les Belles Lettres
1444:
Additionally, and within the framework of the arguments that
1435:ā also attributed events in their local history to Vishtaspa.
1412:
1109:
1105:
1082:
1066:
999:
uniformly reflects the regular development of Middle Persian
939:
693:
669:
655:
641:. 51. 16), and committed to spreading the prophet's message (
629:
248:
233:
138:
133:
709:-worshipper Peshana, and the wicked Arejataspa." Elsewhere (
3627:
3371:
3361:
2792:
2435:
2420:
1322:
1131:
Wahman). The identification of Bahman with 'Ardashir' (see
726:
589:
580:
scripture and tradition, portrayed as an early follower of
93:
83:
1296:
51. 17-18, Gatha 3), two members of Vishtaspa's court. In
1621:
1879:
1222:, I. 44. 12), reading the work was punishable by death.
576:) is the Avestan-language name of a figure appearing in
2068:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1360:ā in Islam used for the 'Prophet of God' ā is used. "
556:
526:
1966:
1903:
1540:
1538:
1175:(ca. 100-165 CE) in Samaria and the mid-3rd century
1641:
1639:
1550:
1483:
603:cycle texts, Vishtaspa is a loathsome ruler of the
1843:
1513:
1511:
2146:Kent, Roland G. (1945), "The Name of Hystaspes",
2107:Zoroastrianism: Its Antiquity and Constant Vigour
1746:
1744:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1594:
1592:
1535:
1265:in English, the (late-6th century BCE) father of
3796:
2280:
2251:
2231:Kauui ViÅ”tÄspa, Kay WiÅ”tÄsp, Kay BeÅ”tÄsb/GoÅ”tÄsb
1999:
1855:
1813:
1692:
1690:
1636:
1567:
1565:
1508:
1135:) reappears in the Sistan cycle texts as well.
1100:Back in Sistan, Goshtasb imprisons his own son
615:of a set of prophecies written under his name.
1780:
1741:
1714:
1702:
1604:
1589:
1210:Lactantius provides a detailed summary of the
1120:) condemns him as a wanton destroyer of Iran.
1093:(Katayun/Katayoun etc.), the daughter of the '
697:-worshipping Arejat.aspa and other members of
663:. The appeal to Mazda for a boon reappears in
3322:
2351:
2140:, Manchester: Manchester UP, pp. 125ā148
1687:
1562:
1225:Unlike the works attributed to the other two
1138:
960:
492:
2184:Mayrhofer, Manfred, ed. (1977), "ViÅ”tÄspa",
1577:
1470:, vol. I: pp. 215ā223; vol. II: pp. 359ā377.
815:
2094:
2035:
2015:
1972:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1885:
1630:
1467:
820:
3390:
3329:
3315:
2358:
2344:
499:
485:
56:
2365:
2241:
2183:
1774:
1762:
1735:
1681:
970:Gushtasp Slays the Dragon of Mount Saqila
2254:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2224:
2179:, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 681ā747
1502:
964:
829:46. 14, 51. 16, 53. 2) referred to as a
825:In the Gathas, Vishtaspa is repeatedly (
2214:
2193:
2174:
2135:
2114:
1948:
1897:
1861:
1837:
1825:
1645:
1517:
611:literature, Zoroaster's patron was the
14:
3797:
2283:Zoroaster, the prophet of ancient Iran
2215:Shabazi, A. Shapur (2003), "GoÅ”tÄsp",
1147:" in the Greek and Latin texts of the
30:For other people named Vishtaspa, see
3310:
2339:
2104:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2036:Bidez, Joseph; Cumont, Franz (1938),
1849:
1798:
1786:
1750:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1669:
1615:
1598:
1583:
1571:
1556:
1544:
1529:
1449:
954:
717:) are again obliquely referred to in
2145:
2095:Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (1991),
2025:
1987:
1960:
1873:
1657:
1335:
2028:A History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 3
1369:In an alternate tradition based on
1065:/Lohrasb (etc.), is the brother of
551:
519:
421:Zoroastrianism in the United States
24:
3336:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2244:Die Religion Zarathushtras, vol. I
934:: both are theophorics of Avestan
653:The Gathic allusions recur in the
25:
3826:
2097:History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 3
2058:History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 2
2048:History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 1
2030:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 491ā565
633:46. 14), follower of the path of
3779:
3778:
3291:
3290:
3120:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)
2281:Williams Jackson, A. V. (1899),
1403:In "a legend persisted down to
1069:/Zarer (etc.), is the father of
852:140), Vishtaspa (in Zoroastrian
623:Vishtaspa is referred to in the
468:
2020:, Copenhagen: AF HĆøst & SĆøn
1978:
1954:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1891:
1867:
1831:
1819:
1804:
1792:
1768:
1756:
1726:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1460:
1438:
1397:
1376:
1363:
1341:
1328:
1073:/Isfandiar (etc.) and Bashutan/
618:
1523:
1307:
1286:
991:Non-Zoroastrian literature in
13:
1:
3129:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)
2217:Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 11
1477:
1466:For the primary sources, see
1273:
1256:
1132:
950:
915:
645:. 51. 16, 46. 15, 53. 2). In
3132:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan
2016:Christensen, Arthur (1931),
1347:"On theological issues, the
714:
701:Hyaona family. Similarly in
572:
542:
7:
2242:Stausberg, Michael (2002),
1249:II. 4), which credits "the
1183:works ā referred to as the
1139:In Greek and Roman thought
961:In the Sistan heroic cycle
908:
557:
527:
451:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
431:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
3831:
3126:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid
3123:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)
2008:
566:
536:
29:
3815:History of Zoroastrianism
3776:
3755:
3692:
3636:
3610:
3549:
3435:
3399:
3388:
3344:
3286:
3210:
3142:
3113:
3034:
2970:
2943:
2900:
2817:
2791:
2715:
2507:
2449:
2386:
2379:
2324:
2301:
2293:
2208:10.1080/00210869308701787
2129:10.1080/00210869508701832
2109:, Costa Mesa: Mazda Press
2080:10.1017/S0041977X0002214X
1386:, Zoroaster performs the
1143:The name "Visthaspa" is "
978:Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp
926:This myth is tied to the
816:In tradition and folklore
721:13. 99ā100, in which the
3478:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1279:
821:In Zoroastrian tradition
204:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
27:Figure in Zoroastrianism
3664:Three Persian religions
2303:Legendary Kings of the
2285:, New York: Columbia UP
2246:, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
1973:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1934:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1922:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1910:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1886:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1468:Bidez & Cumont 1938
613:pseudo-anonymous author
3256:Rostam's Seven Labours
3135:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)
2964:
2957:
2950:
1007:, with Middle Persian
988:
774:), as reported in the
169:Zoroastrian literature
3768:Fire temples in India
3436:Scripture and worship
3251:Rostam and Esfandiyar
2963:
2956:
2949:
2226:Skjaervo, Prods Oktor
2186:Die avestischen Namen
2138:Man and His Salvation
2000:Williams Jackson 1899
1990:, p. 524, n. 83.
1936:, p. 379, n. 68.
1814:Williams Jackson 1899
1672:, p. 187, n. 36.
1547:, p. 187, n. 35.
1216:Divinae Institutiones
1197:Clement of Alexandria
968:
957:, p. 62, n. 38.
897:Anthology of Zadspram
785:(ArjÄsp, king of the
456:Zoroastrian cosmology
406:Zoroastrians in India
162:Scripture and worship
3810:Shahnameh characters
3763:Fire temples in Iran
3550:Accounts and legends
2707:Eskandar (Alexander)
2236:EncyclopƦdia Iranica
2105:Boyce, Mary (1992),
2056:Boyce, Mary (1982),
2046:Boyce, Mary (1975),
2038:Les Mages HellƩnisƩs
1963:, p. 493, n. 4.
1259:Ammianus Marcellinus
1231:Oracles of Hystaspes
1227:les Mages hellƩnisƩs
1212:Oracles of Hystaspes
1189:Oracles of Hystaspes
1158:les Mages hellƩnisƩs
411:Zoroastrians in Iran
277:Accounts and legends
3637:History and culture
3483:Udvada Atash Behram
2002:, pp. 158ā160.
1951:, pp. 127ā128.
1924:, pp. 378ā379.
1888:, pp. 376ā377.
1852:, pp. 275ā276.
1840:, pp. 697ā698.
1816:, pp. 158ā160.
1448:was a Zoroastrian,
1257:The fourth century
1089:" where he marries
475:Religion portal
327:History and culture
3567:Book of Arda Viraf
3501:Cypress of Kashmar
3267:Khosrow and Shirin
3105:Other locations...
2965:
2958:
2951:
1043:Mojmal al-tawarikh
1019:national history (
989:
845:Zand-i Wahman yasn
760:Wishtasp sast nask
676:. 5. 104ā105). In
294:Book of Arda Viraf
224:Cypress of Kashmar
3792:
3791:
3304:
3303:
3278:Persian mythology
3273:Bijan and Manijeh
3246:Rostam and Sohrab
2941:
2940:
2717:Female characters
2697:Rostam FarrokhzÄd
2642:Zangay-i Shavaran
2334:
2333:
2325:Succeeded by
1876:, pp. 491ff.
1633:, pp. 24ā25.
1384:Book of Zoroaster
1354:Book of Zoroaster
1349:Book of Zoroaster
1338:, pp. 55ā57.
1185:Book of Hystaspes
905:Book of Zoroaster
872:Ayadgar i Zareran
772:Varshtmansar nask
509:
508:
16:(Redirected from
3822:
3782:
3781:
3747:in United States
3488:Adur Burzen-Mihr
3394:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3294:
3293:
2915:House of Goudarz
2384:
2383:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2294:Preceded by
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2247:
2238:
2220:
2210:
2189:
2180:
2170:
2141:
2131:
2123:(3/4): 129ā141,
2110:
2100:
2090:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1631:Christensen 1931
1625:
1619:
1613:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1442:
1436:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1290:
1270:
1162:Pseudo-Zoroaster
1061:, is the son of
1059:Kayanian dynasty
925:
911:
750:Passages in the
605:Kayanian dynasty
575:
570:
560:
555:
545:
540:
530:
525:
524:
522:š¬¬š¬š¬±š¬š¬š¬Æš¬š¬
501:
494:
487:
473:
472:
209:Adur Burzen-Mihr
60:
37:
36:
21:
18:Pseudo-Hystaspes
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3772:
3751:
3688:
3632:
3606:
3577:Story of Sanjan
3545:
3431:
3400:Divine entities
3395:
3386:
3340:
3335:
3305:
3300:
3282:
3241:Zal and Rudabeh
3231:Derafsh Kaviani
3206:
3178:of Shah Tahmasp
3138:
3109:
3030:
2972:
2966:
2937:
2925:House of Nowzar
2902:
2896:
2813:
2787:
2711:
2509:Male characters
2503:
2445:
2375:
2364:
2330:
2310:
2299:
2289:
2196:Iranian Studies
2117:Iranian Studies
2099:, Leiden: Brill
2060:, Leiden: Brill
2050:, Leiden: Brill
2011:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:, pp. 126.
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1446:Cyrus the Great
1443:
1439:
1402:
1398:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1312:
1308:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1181:pseudepigraphic
1153:putative author
1149:Hellenistic era
1141:
1021:Tarikh-e Sistan
986:Aga Khan Museum
972:. Miniature by
963:
823:
818:
752:Frawardin Yasht
621:
520:
505:
467:
462:
461:
460:
445:
437:
436:
435:
400:
392:
391:
390:
349:
348:
328:
320:
319:
318:
304:Story of Sanjan
278:
270:
269:
268:
163:
155:
154:
153:
118:
117:Divine entities
110:
109:
108:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3582:Chinvat Bridge
3579:
3574:
3572:Book of Jamasp
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:Khordeh Avesta
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:Airyaman ishya
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Amesha Spentas
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3345:Primary topics
3342:
3341:
3338:Zoroastrianism
3334:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3092:Mount Damavand
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3026:White Elephant
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:House of Sasan
2927:
2922:
2920:House of Viseh
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Humay Chehrzad
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2266:10.2307/592356
2249:
2239:
2222:
2212:
2191:
2181:
2172:
2160:10.2307/409718
2143:
2133:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1977:
1975:, p. 382.
1965:
1953:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1912:, p. 378.
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1864:, p. 174.
1854:
1842:
1830:
1828:, p. 136.
1818:
1803:
1791:
1789:, p. 281.
1779:
1775:Stausberg 2002
1767:
1763:Stausberg 2002
1755:
1753:, p. 280.
1740:
1736:Stausberg 2002
1725:
1723:, p. 279.
1713:
1711:, p. 288.
1701:
1686:
1682:Mayrhofer 1977
1674:
1662:
1650:
1648:, p. 175.
1635:
1620:
1618:, p. 249.
1603:
1601:, p. 187.
1588:
1576:
1574:, p. 188.
1561:
1559:, p. 187.
1549:
1534:
1522:
1520:, p. 171.
1507:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1459:
1437:
1396:
1375:
1362:
1340:
1327:
1306:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1166:Pseudo-Ostanes
1140:
1137:
1027:in Firdausi's
1011:thus becoming
962:
959:
854:Middle Persian
840:par excellence
822:
819:
817:
814:
661:Younger Avesta
620:
617:
507:
506:
504:
503:
496:
489:
481:
478:
477:
464:
463:
459:
458:
453:
447:
446:
444:Related topics
443:
442:
439:
438:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
389:
388:
383:
378:
377:
376:
371:
361:
356:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
317:
316:
311:
309:Chinvat Bridge
306:
301:
299:Book of Jamasp
296:
291:
286:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
267:
266:
261:
256:
254:Khordeh Avesta
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
194:Airyaman ishya
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
124:Amesha Spentas
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
70:
69:
67:Primary topics
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
50:Zoroastrianism
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3827:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3787:
3786:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:in Azerbaijan
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Adur Gushnasp
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:Davazdah Rokh
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:Great Mongol
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:Koulad-Ghandi
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:Kharvazan Div
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2809:Mehrab Kaboli
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:Les Kayanides
2014:
2013:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1801:, p. 60.
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1777:, p. 48.
1776:
1771:
1765:, p. 46.
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1738:, p. 46.
1737:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1699:, p. 11.
1698:
1693:
1691:
1684:, p. 97.
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1660:, p. 57.
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1586:, p. 67.
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1532:, p. 65.
1531:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:Skjaervo 2013
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1454:Pahlavi books
1451:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:On the months
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Justin Martyr
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:Book of Kings
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:, c. 1530-35
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
958:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
913:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
875:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
813:
810:
805:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
768:Chihrdad nask
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
657:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
569:
564:
563:Ancient Greek
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
523:
517:
513:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
482:
480:
479:
476:
471:
466:
465:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
441:
440:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
396:
395:
387:
384:
382:
379:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
324:
323:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
274:
273:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Adur Gushnasp
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
159:
158:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
114:
113:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3783:
3587:Frashokereti
3541:Atash Behram
3531:The Revayats
3492:Adur Farnbag
3473:Fire Temples
3463:Yenghe hatam
3458:Ahuna Vairya
3427:Angra Mainyu
3265:
3236:Babr-e Bayan
3224:
3223:Abu-Mansuri
3200:
3192:
3183:
3175:
3168:
3163:(or Demotte)
3159:
3151:
2934:House of SÄm
2760:Banu Goshasp
2366:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2282:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2230:
2216:
2202:(2): 73ā94,
2199:
2195:
2185:
2176:
2154:(2): 55ā58,
2151:
2147:
2137:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2096:
2074:(1): 57ā75,
2071:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2017:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1949:Hinnels 1973
1945:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1898:Hinnels 1973
1893:
1881:
1869:
1862:Shabazi 2003
1857:
1845:
1838:Lukonin 1983
1833:
1826:Daryaee 1995
1821:
1810:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1732:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1646:Shabazi 2003
1627:
1623:
1579:
1552:
1525:
1518:Shabazi 2003
1462:
1440:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1330:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:Roman empire
1192:
1188:
1184:
1170:
1157:
1142:
1122:
1113:
1099:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
969:
944:
918:Artaxerxes I
914:
904:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
871:
867:
865:
860:
856:
849:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
824:
808:
806:
801:
797:
795:
790:
781:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
744:
743:13. 103) in
740:
734:
730:
718:
710:
706:
702:
698:
692:
688:
686:
681:
677:
673:
664:
654:
652:
646:
642:
638:
628:
622:
619:In scripture
594:
538:š»šš«š šæš±
511:
510:
314:Frashokereti
259:The Rivayats
214:Adur Farnbag
199:Fire Temples
189:Yenghe hatam
184:Ahuna Vairya
149:Angra Mainyu
3742:in Pakistan
3700:Persecution
3659:Khurramites
3372:Persia/Iran
3357:Zarathustra
3352:Ahura Mazda
3167:Baysonghor
3143:Manuscripts
2993:Div-e Sepid
2988:Arzhang Div
2973:and animals
2474:Kay Lohrasp
2469:Kay Khosrow
2297:Kay Lohrasp
2260:: 221ā232,
1457:tradition".
1411:capital of
1247:de Mensibus
993:New Persian
609:Greco-Roman
578:Zoroastrian
533:Old Persian
344:Khurramites
94:Persia/Iran
79:Zarathustra
74:Ahura Mazda
3799:Categories
3705:in Armenia
3597:Hamistagan
3453:Ashem Vohu
3367:Vohu Manah
3186:of Rashida
3114:Structures
3087:Alborzkouh
3082:Mazandaran
3052:Zabulistan
2971:Creatures
2910:Kashvadian
2765:Gordafarid
2612:EsfandiyÄr
2484:Kay Bahman
2388:Pishdadian
2380:Characters
2328:Kay Bahman
1850:Boyce 1975
1799:Boyce 1984
1787:Boyce 1975
1751:Boyce 1975
1721:Boyce 1975
1709:Boyce 1975
1697:Boyce 1975
1670:Boyce 1975
1616:Boyce 1975
1599:Boyce 1975
1584:Boyce 1975
1572:Boyce 1975
1557:Boyce 1975
1545:Boyce 1975
1530:Boyce 1975
1478:References
1450:Boyce 1982
1429:Atropatene
1388:dron yasht
1177:Lactantius
955:Boyce 1984
936:Vohu Manah
764:Spand nask
635:Vohu Manah
364:Initiation
179:Ashem Vohu
89:Vohu Manah
3805:Kayanians
3693:Adherents
3674:Festivals
3654:Mazdakism
3649:Zurvanism
3562:BundahiŔn
3377:Faravahar
3225:Shahnameh
3201:Shahnameh
3193:Shahnameh
3184:Shahnameh
3176:Shahnameh
3169:Shahnameh
3160:Shahnameh
3152:Shahnameh
3150:Florence
3101:Kasa-Roud
3072:Ctesiphon
3001:Huma bird
2980:Akvan Div
2901:Clans and
2892:Biderafsh
2537:Kayanoush
2494:Kay Darab
2464:Kay KÄvus
2459:Kay KawÄd
2426:Manuchehr
2368:Shahnameh
2316:2871ā2991
2312:120 years
2088:170804351
1988:Beck 1991
1961:Beck 1991
1874:Beck 1991
1658:Kent 1945
1421:Drangiana
1392:Peshotanu
1336:Kent 1945
1263:Hystaspes
1251:Chaldeans
1193:Hystaspes
1145:Hystaspes
1118:Peshotanu
1114:Shahnameh
1102:Esfandiar
1071:Esfandiar
1051:Al-Tabari
1047:Beshtashb
1034:Shahnameh
976:from the
974:Mirza Ali
736:khvarenah
723:fravashis
582:Zoroaster
573:HustĆ”spÄs
512:Vishtaspa
399:Adherents
359:Festivals
339:Mazdakism
334:Zurvanism
289:BundahiŔn
99:Faravahar
32:Hystaspes
3785:Category
3715:in India
3679:Marriage
3669:Calendar
3592:Xrafstar
3516:Visperad
3511:Vendidad
3296:Category
3191:Windsor
3097:Tammisha
3021:Shabrang
2903:families
2887:Nastihan
2847:Afrasiab
2842:Garsivaz
2837:Aghrirat
2819:Turanian
2778:KatÄyoun
2774:Manizheh
2770:Farangis
2740:Sindukht
2735:ShahrnÄz
2632:SiyĆ¢vash
2627:Fariborz
2622:Faramarz
2617:Pashotan
2582:Gershasp
2577:Gostaham
2527:Shahrasp
2479:Goshtasb
2451:Kayanian
2441:Garshasp
2416:Fereydun
2406:Tahmuras
2396:Keyumars
2373:Ferdowsi
2320:Keyumars
2306:ShÄhnÄma
2228:(2013),
2148:Language
1409:Bactrian
1405:Sasanian
1267:Darius I
1220:Apologia
1191:or just
1091:Katayoun
1075:Beshotan
1039:Goshtasf
1025:Goshtasp
1013:Goshtasb
1009:Wishtasp
947:Darius I
928:Sassanid
857:Wishtasp
850:Dabistan
787:Xiiaonas
699:drujvant
568:į½ĻĻĪ¬ĻĻĪ·Ļ
543:ViÅ”tÄspa
528:ViÅ”tÄspa
381:Marriage
354:Calendar
244:Visperad
239:Vendidad
144:Fravashi
42:a series
40:Part of
3737:in Iraq
3732:in Iran
3623:Kashmar
3557:DÄnkard
3536:Ab-Zohr
3412:Yazatas
3382:Avestan
3211:Related
3199:Davari
3077:Estakhr
3016:Shabdiz
3006:Simurgh
2832:Pashang
2827:Zadashm
2755:Tahmina
2750:Sudabeh
2730:ArnavÄz
2725:Faranak
2692:Shaghad
2652:Goudarz
2647:Kashvad
2587:Nariman
2499:Dara II
2411:Jamshid
2401:Hushang
2009:Sources
1417:Parthia
1382:In the
1302:Denkard
1214:in his
1187:or the
1079:Lohrasp
1063:Lohrasp
1041:in the
901:Denkard
892:karapan
861:Denkard
848:2. 16,
777:Denkard
659:of the
558:GuÅ”tÄsp
548:Persian
516:Avestan
284:DÄnkard
264:Ab-Zohr
129:Yazatas
104:Avestan
3725:Parsis
3684:Burial
3644:Parsis
3611:Cities
3602:Duzakh
3521:Yashts
3448:Gathas
3443:Avesta
3422:Daevas
3417:Ahuras
3218:Daqiqi
3057:Sistan
3035:Places
3011:Rakhsh
2882:Barman
2877:Houman
2862:Arjasp
2857:Shideh
2852:Tageuo
2804:Zahhak
2800:Mardas
2793:Tazian
2783:Azadeh
2745:Rudaba
2702:Barbad
2687:Zavara
2682:Gorgin
2672:Bahram
2667:Rohham
2662:Bizhan
2607:Sohrab
2602:Rostam
2522:Siamak
2517:Jamasp
2431:Nowzar
2318:after
2274:592356
2272:
2168:409718
2166:
2086:
1433:Persia
1425:Sistan
1229:, the
1127:(<
1125:Bahman
1095:qaysar
1017:Sistan
997:Arabic
982:Tabriz
932:Wahman
890:s and
882:s and
789:). In
770:, and
656:Yashts
625:Gathas
601:Sistan
597:Avesta
586:legend
553:ŚÆŲ“ŲŖŲ§Ų³Ł¾
426:Iranis
416:Parsis
386:Burial
374:Sedreh
369:Kushti
249:Yashts
229:Gathas
174:Avesta
139:Daevas
134:Ahuras
3756:Lists
3720:Irani
3618:Balkh
3506:Yasna
3067:Balkh
3062:Kabul
3047:Turan
2872:Piran
2867:Viseh
2677:Hojir
2637:Farud
2567:Qaren
2562:QobƔd
2547:Arash
2532:Abtin
2270:JSTOR
2164:JSTOR
2084:S2CID
1413:Balkh
1371:Yasht
1358:rasul
1319:Yasht
1315:Yasht
1298:Yasna
1280:Notes
1274:above
1239:Lydus
1201:Lydus
1133:above
1110:Turan
1106:Balkh
1083:Zareh
1067:Zareh
1003:into
951:below
949:(see
940:Balkh
884:karab
880:kayag
868:Yasht
835:Yasna
802:Yasna
798:Yasna
791:Yasht
782:Yasht
745:Yasht
731:Yasht
719:Yasht
715:below
707:daeva
703:Yasht
694:daeva
689:Yasht
682:Yasna
678:Yasht
670:Daena
665:Yasht
647:Yasna
630:Yasna
234:Yasna
3628:Yazd
3362:Asha
3042:Iran
2572:Tous
2552:Salm
2542:KÄve
2436:Zaav
2421:Iraj
1985:cf.
1946:cf.
1811:cf.
1733:cf.
1628:cf.
1431:and
1323:Ashi
1321:17,
1164:and
1087:Rome
995:and
920:(or
888:kavi
866:The
831:kavi
756:Yt.
741:Yt.
727:Asha
590:myth
588:and
84:Asha
2657:Giv
2597:ZÄl
2592:SÄm
2557:Tur
2371:of
2262:doi
2204:doi
2156:doi
2125:doi
2076:doi
1427:),
1313:In
1049:by
1037:),
1023:),
1015:in
1005:gu-
1001:wi-
886:s (
827:Y.
796:In
687:In
3801::
2322:)
2268:,
2258:15
2256:,
2234:,
2200:26
2198:,
2162:,
2152:21
2150:,
2121:28
2119:,
2082:,
2072:47
2070:,
1743:^
1689:^
1638:^
1606:^
1591:^
1564:^
1537:^
1510:^
1485:^
1419:,
1241:'
1199:,
1160:,
1129:MP
1053:.
1045:,
980:.
924:).
922:II
809:or
766:,
762:,
711:Yt
674:Yt
592:.
565::
561:;
550::
546:;
535::
531:;
518::
44:on
3330:e
3323:t
3316:v
2359:e
2352:t
2345:v
2314:(
2277:.
2264::
2248:.
2221:.
2211:.
2206::
2190:.
2171:.
2158::
2142:.
2132:.
2127::
2111:.
2101:.
2091:.
2078::
2062:.
2052:.
2042:.
2032:.
2022:.
1505:.
1423:(
1294:Y
1269:.
1245:(
1031:(
754:(
643:Y
639:Y
637:(
514:(
500:e
493:t
486:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
