33:
65:
533:
3317:
541:
459:
1040:
503:
reach greater heights based on current knowledge of living trees: 379 and 331 feet (116 and 101* m), respectively. At
Quinault, Washington, is found a collection of the largest Douglas-firs in one area. Quinault Rain Forest hosts most of the top ten known largest Douglas-firs.
1071:
building due to its ability to resist bending loads without fracturing. This was based on using older native forest wood with a high number of growth rings per inch. This sort of wood is seldom available new but can be sourced from merchants dealing in
736:
populations, whereas others have proposed multiple separate species in Mexico and multiple varieties in the United States. Morphological and genetic evidence suggest that
Mexican Douglas-fir should probably be considered a distinct variety within
749:. The taxonomy of the Asian Douglas-firs continues to be disputed, but the most recent taxonomic treatment accepts four species: three Chinese and one Japanese. The three Chinese species have been variously considered varieties of
1448:
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021).
1067:-free lengths. Most timber now comes from plantation forests in North America which are managed to produce faster growing timber with fewer knots. This timber is generally lighter but weaker. Traditionally, Oregon pine was used in
489:), measured in 1924 by Dr. Richard E. McArdle, former chief of the U.S. Forest Service. The volume of that tree was 515 cubic metres (18,190 cu ft). The tallest living individual is the Brummitt (Doerner) Fir in
744:
All of the other species are of restricted range and little-known outside of their respective native environments, where they are often rare and of scattered occurrence in mixed forests; all those have unfavorable
805:
337:
Nineteenth-century botanists had problems in classifying
Douglas firs, due to the species' similarity to various other conifers better known at the time; they have at times been classified in
1084:, but with far better bending characteristics than cedar. Large-sized Oregon pine, as used in beams, is inclined to split as it dries, like oak, but this does not reduce its strength.
1507:
1051:
is used for structural applications that are required to withstand high loads. It is used extensively in the construction industry. Other examples include its use for homebuilt
3358:
732:
or "interior
Douglas-fir", in the interior west of the continent. According to some botanists, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir extends south into Mexico to include all
882:
326:(Douglas fir proper) is widespread in western North America and is an important source of timber. The number of species has long been debated, but two in western
893:
4738:
3028:
408:
in 1827. Douglas is known for introducing many native
American tree species to Europe. The hyphenated form "Douglas-fir" is used by some to indicate that
3016:
3022:
1289:
1743:"Southward Pleistocene migration of Douglas-fir into Mexico: phylogeography, ecological niche modeling, and conservation of 'rear edge' populations"
2832:
4661:
3034:
787:
4856:
3164:
1997:
4700:
3351:
1697:
2844:
1345:
485:
has attained heights of 393 feet (120* m). That was the estimated height of the tallest conifer ever well-documented, the
Mineral Tree (
439:
are flat, soft, linear, 2–4 centimetres (0.8–1.6 in) long, generally resembling those of the firs, occurring singly rather than in
2960:
1899:
4746:
1099:. Douglas-fir Christmas trees are usually trimmed to a near perfect cone instead of left to grow naturally like noble and grand firs.
4609:
3406:
3344:
1666:
4674:
4622:
4851:
1185:
that hid inside the scales of the tree's cones during forest fires, and the tree was kind enough to be its enduring sanctuary.
801:
1178:
855:
4679:
1933:
823:
476:
447:
are pendulous, with persistent scales (unlike true firs), and are distinctive in having a long tridentine (three-pointed)
1990:
1432:
835:
4800:
2040:
48:
4705:
4648:
2035:
4764:
4795:
451:
that protrudes prominently above each scale (it resembles the back half of a mouse, with two feet and a tail).
4687:
3385:
2119:
2109:
2092:
1983:
1059:, which is becoming increasingly difficult to source in aviation quality grades. Oregon pine is also used in
3411:
3401:
1286:
1108:
3336:
1451:"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"
4846:
4531:
1736:
4601:
4588:
1234:
64:
4759:
729:
4627:
435:, 20–120 metres (70–390 ft) tall (although only coast Douglas-firs reach such great height). The
4715:
1536:
755:
or broken down into additional species and varieties. In the current treatment, the
Chinese species
443:; they completely encircle the branches, which can be useful in recognizing the species. The female
3396:
1975:
1195:
466:
388:
4751:
1712:
1349:
4841:
4596:
2124:
1738:
1370:
865:
783:
4583:
4484:
1695:
1424:
1417:
777:
649:
4666:
4728:
4522:
2087:
1523:
1190:
1152:
704:
602:
400:
322:
185:
3325:
1911:
372:
192:
169:
4836:
4557:
3320:
3066:
1462:
990:
972:
919:
904:
750:
629:
575:
494:
1737:
Gugger, Paul F.; González-Rodríguez, Antonio; Rodríguez-Correa, Hernando; Sugita, Shinya;
517:
Tichipawa (Quinault Lake Rain Forest-Olympic
National Park) 10,870 cubic feet (308 m)
8:
2485:
2468:
2378:
2226:
1550:
Li, Peng; W. T. Adams (1989). "Rangewide patterns of allozyme variation in
Douglas-fir".
1001:
910:
746:
733:
490:
486:
1674:
367:. Because of their distinctive cones, Douglas firs were finally placed in the new genus
4808:
3391:
2761:
2512:
2495:
2337:
2221:
2216:
2104:
2082:
2070:
2045:
1813:
1488:
499:
212:
59:
52:
4723:
4544:
4167:
3227:
3128:
3116:
2939:
2653:
2473:
2404:
2394:
2324:
2114:
2077:
2065:
2055:
1821:
1764:
1759:
1742:
1492:
1480:
1450:
1428:
1081:
721:
514:
Queets Fir (Queets River Valley-Olympic
National Park) 11,710 cubic feet (332 m)
462:
440:
1515:
520:
Rex (Quinault Lake Rain Forest-Olympic National Park) 10,200 cubic feet (290 m)
4813:
4207:
3368:
3140:
3134:
3098:
2781:
2643:
2528:
2429:
2029:
1803:
1754:
1559:
1511:
1472:
1146:
1130:
1055:
such as the RJ.03 IBIS canard. Very often, these aircraft were designed to utilize
709:
241:
4549:
4536:
1696:
Reyes-Hernández, VJ; Vargas-Hernández JJ; López-Upton J; Vaquera-Huerta H (2006).
1308:
Check List of native and naturalized trees of the United States (including Alaska)
4353:
4250:
4061:
3681:
3650:
3232:
3215:
3122:
2648:
2631:
2414:
2373:
2241:
2231:
2211:
1937:
1310:. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA Agricultural Handbook 41.
1293:
1073:
1012:
846:
363:
4787:
4692:
4443:
4318:
4243:
3152:
3092:
2966:
2933:
2891:
2804:
2732:
2727:
2675:
2145:
2060:
2007:
1476:
1161:
1126:
1088:
1068:
861:
89:
1467:
511:
Red Creek Tree (Red Creek, SW British Columbia) 12,320 cubic feet (349 m)
32:
4830:
4507:
4436:
4394:
4371:
4346:
4295:
4277:
4187:
3998:
3938:
3924:
3873:
3839:
3565:
3242:
3086:
3049:
3006:
2919:
2895:
2712:
2434:
2409:
2291:
2236:
1962:
1262:
1181:
myth explains that each three-ended bract is the tail and two tiny legs of a
1122:
1060:
1023:
810:
699:
458:
327:
4777:
4311:
4261:
4227:
4176:
4158:
4097:
4012:
3977:
3970:
3945:
3896:
3830:
3366:
3303:
3158:
3146:
2886:
2717:
2707:
2507:
2459:
2332:
1970:
1825:
1768:
1484:
1157:
1077:
1056:
532:
523:
Ol' Jed (Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park) 10,040 cubic feet (284 m)
444:
405:
177:
4635:
4516:
4415:
4401:
4304:
4270:
4236:
4136:
4129:
4115:
4070:
4052:
3991:
3963:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3737:
3690:
3641:
3579:
3558:
3443:
3110:
3104:
2899:
2880:
2838:
2788:
2595:
2538:
2479:
2424:
2357:
2307:
2277:
2259:
2251:
1390:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1118:
1064:
795:
297:
152:
507:
As of 2009, the largest known Douglas-firs in the world are, by volume:
4614:
4422:
4408:
4325:
4216:
4033:
4019:
3889:
3758:
3744:
3600:
3551:
3497:
3434:
3425:
3372:
3310:
3237:
3205:
3191:
3174:
2722:
2399:
2188:
2179:
1817:
1335:
Forest Giants of the World Past and Present by Al Carder 1995, pp. 3–4.
717:
102:
1091:
species in the United States, where they are sold alongside firs like
4640:
4570:
4450:
4429:
4380:
4360:
4005:
3862:
3661:
3586:
3517:
3488:
3479:
2975:
2871:
2737:
2621:
2419:
2199:
2168:
1698:"Phenotypic similarity among Mexican populations of Pseudotsuga Carr"
1096:
1092:
429:
286:
283:
4653:
4478:
2005:
1808:
1783:
1563:
4772:
4501:
4339:
4284:
4196:
4081:
3984:
3848:
3714:
3632:
3247:
2680:
2663:
2099:
1052:
1039:
395:
392:
293:
142:
4575:
4332:
4122:
3855:
3797:
3705:
3623:
3572:
3200:
2903:
2702:
2159:
725:
713:
540:
132:
122:
112:
1623:
Flous, F. (1934). "Diagnoses d'espèces et variétés nouvelles de
4026:
3931:
3730:
3670:
3456:
1971:
Arboretum de Villardebelle: Images of Pseudotsuga species cones
1199:
818:
814:
4562:
2594:
247:
4387:
4143:
3811:
3804:
3790:
3765:
3751:
3593:
3533:
3506:
3186:
2599:
2297:
2011:
1296:," a podcast by the National Trust for Scotland; 27 June 2009
1182:
1114:
448:
357:
351:
345:
339:
268:
250:
76:
2971:
2690:
1346:"Richard McArdle Bio, USFS History, Forest History Society"
1048:
436:
432:
331:
289:
274:
256:
2299:
698:
By far the best-known is the very widespread and abundant
1910:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
1447:
708:, a taxonomically complex species divided into two major
413:
271:
1629:
Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse
1606:
Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse
2013:
375:
in 1867. The genus name has also been hyphenated as
265:
244:
465:
seed cone, from a tree grown from seed collected by
262:
253:
1646:Martínez, M. (1949). "Las Pseudotsugas de México".
259:
2821:
1844:Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera
1781:
1416:
1076:. Native Oregon pine is considerably heavier than
2770:
2494:
1784:"Internal transcribed spacer region evolution in
1364:
1087:Douglas-fir is one of the most commonly marketed
962:
371:(meaning "false hemlock") by the French botanist
300:). Common names for species in the genus include
4828:
2323:
428:Douglas-firs are medium-size to extremely large
3002:
759:is further subdivided into two varieties: var.
2952:
2601:
1894:
1892:
1837:
1835:
3352:
2143:
1991:
1600:Flous, F. (1934). "Deux espèces nouvelles de
1549:
1113:Douglas-firs are used as food plants by the
1889:
1832:
1323:Forest Giants of the World Past and Present
3359:
3345:
3316:
1998:
1984:
1423:. University of Washington Press. p.
31:
3433:
2870:
2619:
1807:
1758:
1466:
1257:
1255:
791:bigcone Douglas-fir – southern California
3487:
1645:
1414:
1408:
1229:
1227:
1038:
539:
531:
527:
457:
16:Genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae
3713:
1908:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1506:Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021).
1383:
1287:Trust Walks: "Dunkeld and The Hermitage
493:, 99.4 metres (326 ft) tall. Only
4829:
1885:. Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books.
1841:
1576:
1320:
1305:
1280:
1252:
4483:
4482:
3340:
2593:
1979:
1934:"National Christmas Tree Association"
1622:
1599:
1505:
1224:
1102:
1063:when it is available in long, fairly
856:Pseudotsuga menziesii var. lindleyana
387:The tree takes its English name from
4801:9a48941d-db1c-4fbb-a3cf-b9a0262f31cb
4716:5743ff62-be6c-4612-860f-c9797f6495a3
1508:"main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre"
1080:, which is about the same weight as
1936:. Christmastree.org. Archived from
1782:Gernandt, D.S.; Liston, A. (1999).
1348:. Foresthistory.org. Archived from
1165:have been specifically recorded on
13:
4765:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005513-2
1419:Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast
14:
4868:
1956:
1664:
1581:(Douglas-fir) in North America".
4857:Taxa named by Élie-Abel Carrière
3315:
1760:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03559.x
1648:Anales del Instituto de Biología
1577:Little, E.L. (1952). "The genus
770:
240:
63:
49:Anacortes Community Forest Lands
1926:
1775:
1730:
1689:
1658:
1639:
1616:
1593:
1570:
1543:
1516:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1
1499:
1441:
1043:The buds of a coast Douglas-fir
724:or "green Douglas-fir", on the
544:Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir twig
3326:Current definitions of Plantae
1338:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1212:
889:short-leaf Chinese Douglas-fir
423:
1:
4852:Forestry in the United States
1205:
1711:(4): 545–556. Archived from
1109:List of Douglas-fir diseases
416:, which belong to the genus
7:
1219:Sunset Western Garden Book,
334:are commonly acknowledged.
330:and two to four in eastern
10:
4873:
1796:American Journal of Botany
1667:"The Gymnosperm Database:
1477:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4
1263:"The Gymnosperm Database:
1172:
1106:
851:Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir
730:Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir
4491:
4370:
4294:
4260:
4226:
4206:
4186:
4166:
4157:
4107:
4089:
4080:
4060:
4051:
3955:
3881:
3872:
3838:
3829:
3775:
3722:
3704:
3680:
3660:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3543:
3525:
3516:
3496:
3478:
3451:
3442:
3424:
3420:
3380:
3298:
3214:
3173:
3062:
3047:
2998:
2989:
2948:
2928:
2917:
2866:
2857:
2817:
2802:
2798:
2758:
2754:
2689:
2662:
2630:
2615:
2611:
2589:
2537:
2521:
2503:
2457:
2453:
2387:
2366:
2354:
2350:
2319:
2290:
2268:
2250:
2198:
2178:
2158:
2154:
2139:
2023:
1900:"GRIN Species Records of
1468:10.1101/2021.03.13.435279
1415:Van Pelt, Robert (2001).
646:
626:
619:
599:
592:
572:
565:
218:
211:
204:
199:
183:
176:
60:Scientific classification
58:
39:
30:
23:
1739:Cavender-Bares, Jeannine
1292:12 November 2012 at the
536:Coast Douglas-fir branch
1395:The Gymnosperm Database
1188:A Douglas-fir species,
1034:
875:
382:
1963:Gymnosperm Database –
1669:Pseudotsuga lindleyana
1531:Cite journal requires
1391:"Sequoia sempervirens"
1306:Little, E. L. (1953).
1044:
887:W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu
883:Pseudotsuga brevifolia
778:Pseudotsuga macrocarpa
545:
537:
469:
1583:Leafl. Western Botany
1373:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1371:Gymnosperm Database:
1191:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1153:Chionodes periculella
1042:
894:Pseudotsuga forrestii
837:Pseudotsuga menziesii
825:Pseudotsuga menziesii
796:Pseudotsuga menziesii
712:(treated as distinct
705:Pseudotsuga menziesii
543:
535:
528:Species and varieties
478:Pseudotsuga menziesii
461:
412:species are not true
401:Pseudotsuga menziesii
398:who first introduced
323:Pseudotsuga menziesii
186:Pseudotsuga douglasii
41:Pseudotsuga menziesii
3321:List of plant orders
3201:Pinopsida (conifers)
3187:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3179:(living gymnosperms)
2676:Leiosporocerotopsida
2395:Nephroselmidophyceae
1914:on 24 September 2015
991:Cathaya argyrophylla
973:Keteleeria davidiana
951:Pseudotsuga sinensis
939:Pseudotsuga sinensis
930:Pseudotsuga sinensis
926:Chinese Douglas-fir
920:Pseudotsuga sinensis
915:Japanese Douglas-fir
905:Pseudotsuga japonica
720:by some botanists):
634:(Shirasawa) Beissner
404:into cultivation at
3029:Archaeopteridopsida
2762:Polysporangiophytes
2486:Klebsormidiophyceae
2469:Mesostigmatophyceae
2415:Chlorodendrophyceae
2379:Pyramimonadophyceae
2333:Prasinodermophyceae
2227:Compsopogonophyceae
1842:Farjon, A. (1990).
1718:on 20 February 2015
1321:Carder, Al (1995).
1121:species, including
1002:Keteleeria fortunei
963:Formerly placed in
869:Mexican Douglas-fir
747:conservation status
734:Mexican Douglas-fir
491:Coos County, Oregon
487:Mineral, Washington
4847:Forestry in Canada
3367:Classification of
3220:(flowering plants)
3141:Lyginopteridopsida
2934:Eophyllophytopsida
2887:Zosterophyllopsida
2825:Paratracheophytes*
2603:sensu strictissimo
2513:Coleochaetophyceae
2496:Phragmoplastophyta
2338:Palmophyllophyceae
2260:Glaucocystophyceae
2222:Stylonematophyceae
2217:Porphyridiophyceae
2006:Classification of
1940:on 5 December 2005
1677:on 18 January 2012
1352:on 4 December 2010
1103:Pests and diseases
1045:
977:(Bertrand) Beissn.
947:Taiwan Douglas-fir
900:Yunnan Douglas-fir
607:(de Mirbel) Franco
546:
538:
500:Eucalyptus regnans
470:
4824:
4823:
4739:genus-pseudotsuga
4724:Open Tree of Life
4485:Taxon identifiers
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4168:Cunninghamioideae
4153:
4152:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3700:
3699:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3334:
3333:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3228:Basal angiosperms
3129:Gigantopteridales
3078:seed plant groups
3076:and other extinct
3043:
3042:
3017:Noeggerathiopsida
2985:
2984:
2940:Trimerophytopsida
2913:
2912:
2853:
2852:
2809:(vascular plants)
2774:Protracheophytes*
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2713:Andreaeobryopsida
2654:Jungermanniopsida
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2474:Chlorokybophyceae
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2405:Chloropicophyceae
2346:
2345:
2325:Prasinodermophyta
2286:
2285:
1235:"Flora of China:
1082:western red cedar
985:
978:
946:
925:
914:
899:
888:
868:
850:
832:coast Douglas-fir
808:
790:
722:coast Douglas-fir
696:
695:
691:
690:
682:
681:
673:
672:
664:
663:
655:
635:
608:
581:
474:
473:
463:Coast Douglas-fir
232:
231:
226:
172:
4864:
4817:
4816:
4804:
4803:
4791:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4768:
4767:
4755:
4754:
4742:
4741:
4732:
4731:
4719:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4696:
4695:
4693:NHMSYS0000462102
4683:
4682:
4670:
4669:
4657:
4656:
4644:
4643:
4631:
4630:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4480:
4479:
4208:Athrotaxidoideae
4164:
4163:
4087:
4086:
4058:
4057:
3882:Phyllocladoideae
3879:
3878:
3836:
3835:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3710:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3523:
3522:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3407:Acrogymnospermae
3369:Acrogymnospermae
3361:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3319:
3318:
3233:Core angiosperms
3221:
3180:
3175:Acrogymnospermae
3153:Peltaspermopsida
3135:Glossopteridales
3117:Corystospermales
3099:Callistophytales
3079:
3071:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3023:Aneurophytopsida
3005:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2950:
2949:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2881:Barinophytopsida
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2782:Horneophytopsida
2773:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2696:
2681:Anthocerotopsida
2669:
2664:Anthocerotophyta
2644:Haplomitriopsida
2637:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2591:
2590:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2529:Zygnematophyceae
2519:
2518:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2430:Trebouxiophyceae
2400:Picocystophyceae
2364:
2363:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2303:
2205:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2052:
2032:
2017:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1811:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1753:(4): 1185–1199.
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:. Archived from
1662:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1552:Can. J. For. Res
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1470:
1461:(8): 1015–1025.
1445:
1439:
1438:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1387:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1147:Chionodes abella
996:P. argyrophylla)
983:
976:
945:
923:
908:
897:
886:
859:
844:
799:
781:
653:
633:
622:
621:
606:
595:
594:
579:
568:
567:
561:
560:
548:
547:
454:
453:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
224:
168:
68:
67:
35:
21:
20:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4807:
4799:
4794:
4786:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4763:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4722:
4714:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4691:
4686:
4678:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4639:
4634:
4626:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4487:
4477:
4456:
4366:
4354:Neocallitropsis
4290:
4256:
4222:
4202:
4182:
4149:
4103:
4076:
4062:Sciadopityaceae
4039:
3951:
3868:
3817:
3771:
3696:
3682:Welwitschiaceae
3676:
3656:
3606:
3539:
3512:
3462:
3416:
3397:Marchantiophyta
3376:
3365:
3335:
3330:
3254:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3123:Czekanowskiales
3077:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3003:
2990:
2981:
2953:Moniliformopses
2944:
2918:
2909:
2859:Eutracheophytes
2858:
2849:
2822:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2771:
2759:
2742:
2733:Polytrichopsida
2728:Tetraphidopsida
2694:
2693:
2685:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2649:Marchantiopsida
2635:
2634:
2632:Marchantiophyta
2620:
2607:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2517:
2490:
2458:
2441:
2383:
2374:Mamiellophyceae
2355:
2342:
2311:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2264:
2246:
2242:Florideophyceae
2232:Rhodellophyceae
2212:Cyanidiophyceae
2203:
2202:
2194:
2174:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2050:
2028:
2019:
2004:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1840:
1833:
1809:10.2307/2656581
1780:
1776:
1747:New Phytologist
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1621:
1617:
1598:
1594:
1575:
1571:
1564:10.1139/x89-022
1548:
1544:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1504:
1500:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:. pp. 3–4.
1319:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1294:Wayback Machine
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1179:Native American
1175:
1111:
1105:
1074:recycled timber
1037:
1013:Abies magnifica
968:
878:
773:
692:
683:
674:
665:
530:
426:
385:
243:
239:
195:
189:
167:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Conifer genera
4839:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:wfo-4000031734
4805:
4792:
4782:
4769:
4756:
4743:
4733:
4720:
4710:
4697:
4684:
4671:
4658:
4645:
4632:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4513:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4444:Hesperocyparis
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4319:Pilgerodendron
4315:
4308:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4244:Sequoiadendron
4240:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4091:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3957:
3956:Podocarpoideae
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:Polypodiophyta
3399:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3313:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:Pentoxylopsida
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3093:Calamopityales
3089:
3082:
3080:
3057:
3050:Spermatophytes
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3007:Progymnosperms
2993:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2972:Polypodiopsida
2969:
2967:Cladoxylopsida
2963:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2920:Euphyllophytes
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2892:Lycopodiopsida
2889:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2833:Cooksoniopsida
2828:
2826:
2812:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Oedipodiopsida
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2625:
2609:
2608:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2367:Prasinophytina
2361:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2314:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2270:incertae sedis
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2149:
2146:Archaeplastida
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:Mesomycetozoea
2122:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2061:Diaphoretickes
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2008:Archaeplastida
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1957:External links
1955:
1952:
1951:
1925:
1888:
1831:
1802:(5): 711–723.
1774:
1729:
1688:
1657:
1638:
1615:
1592:
1569:
1558:(2): 149–161.
1542:
1533:|journal=
1498:
1440:
1433:
1407:
1382:
1363:
1337:
1328:
1313:
1298:
1279:
1251:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1174:
1171:
1162:Cydia illutana
1131:engrailed moth
1127:bordered white
1107:Main article:
1104:
1101:
1089:Christmas tree
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1009:
998:
987:
967:
961:
960:
959:
958:
957:
948:
936:
916:
901:
890:
877:
874:
873:
872:
871:
870:
852:
833:
792:
772:
769:
700:North American
694:
693:
689:
688:
685:
684:
680:
679:
676:
675:
671:
670:
667:
666:
662:
661:
658:
657:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
625:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
598:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
571:
566:
564:
559:
556:
555:
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
472:
471:
425:
422:
384:
381:
318:Bigcone spruce
292:in the family
282:is a genus of
230:
229:
228:
227:
216:
215:
209:
208:
202:
201:
197:
196:
190:
181:
180:
174:
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160:
156:
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110:
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105:
100:
93:
92:
87:
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79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4869:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:Xanthocyparis
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4395:Chamaecyparis
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4372:Cupressoideae
4369:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:Widdringtonia
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4296:Callitroideae
4293:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:Glyptostrobus
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4188:Taiwanioideae
4185:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:Cephalotaxeae
4088:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3999:Falcatifolium
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3939:Lepidothamnus
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3925:Lagarostrobos
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Podocarpaceae
3871:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3840:Araucariaceae
3837:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:Encephalartos
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:Bennettitales
3084:
3083:
3081:
3068:
3067:Pteridosperms
3061:
3058:
3054:(seed plants)
3051:
3046:
3036:
3035:Protopityales
3032:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2806:
2805:Tracheophytes
2801:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Andreaeopsida
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2543:(land plants)
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2436:
2435:Chlorophyceae
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Pedinophyceae
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:Chlorophytina
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:Viridiplantae
2289:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Bangiophyceae
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Stramenopiles
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:(major groups
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1627:Américains".
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1604:Américains".
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Nature Plants
1452:
1444:
1436:
1434:0-295-98140-7
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1177:A California
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:autumnal moth
1120:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:boat building
1058:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:Abies procera
1021:
1019:
1018:P. magnifica)
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
992:
988:
982:
975:
974:
970:
969:
966:
956:
952:
949:
944:
940:
937:
935:
931:
928:
927:
922:
921:
917:
912:
907:
906:
902:
896:
895:
891:
885:
884:
880:
879:
867:
863:
858:
857:
853:
848:
843:
842:
838:
834:
831:
830:
826:
822:
821:
820:
816:
812:
811:North America
807:
803:
798:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:North America
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
742:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
687:
686:
678:
677:
669:
668:
660:
659:
656:
652:
651:
650:P. macrocarpa
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
632:
631:
624:
623:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
605:
604:
597:
596:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
578:
577:
570:
569:
563:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:Phylogeny of
550:
549:
542:
534:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
502:
501:
496:
495:coast redwood
492:
488:
484:
483:
479:
468:
467:David Douglas
464:
460:
456:
455:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
394:
390:
389:David Douglas
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
335:
333:
329:
328:North America
325:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
279:
238:
237:
223:
220:
219:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
198:
194:
188:
187:
182:
179:
175:
171:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:Tracheophytes
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
4492:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4312:Austrocedrus
4310:
4303:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:Taxodioideae
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:Sequoioideae
4215:
4195:
4177:Cunninghamia
4175:
4159:Cupressaceae
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4098:Cephalotaxus
4096:
4069:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4013:Retrophyllum
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3978:Pherosphaera
3976:
3971:Microcachrys
3969:
3962:
3946:Phyllocladus
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3897:Pectinopitys
3895:
3888:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3831:Araucariales
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3689:
3669:
3649:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3532:
3505:
3455:
3412:Angiospermae
3304:paraphyletic
3216:Angiospermae
3193:
3192:Ginkgoales (
3165:Petriellales
3147:Medullosales
3074:(seed ferns)
2787:
2708:Sphagnopsida
2703:Takakiopsida
2636:(liverworts)
2602:
2596:Embryophytes
2550:(see below↓)
2508:Charophyceae
2478:
2460:Streptophyta
2312:land plants)
2300:
2269:
2187:
2180:Rhodelphidia
2167:
2110:Opisthokonta
2014:
1964:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1907:
1901:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1750:
1746:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1713:the original
1708:
1704:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1668:
1665:Earle, C.J.
1660:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1524:cite journal
1510:. Figshare.
1501:
1458:
1454:
1443:
1418:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1340:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1264:
1242:. Retrieved
1236:
1221:1995:606–607
1218:
1214:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1167:P. menziesii
1166:
1160:
1158:tortrix moth
1151:
1145:
1112:
1086:
1078:Sitka spruce
1057:Sitka spruce
1047:Douglas-fir
1046:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1007:P. fortunei)
1006:
1000:
995:
989:
981:P. davidiana
980:
971:
964:
954:
950:
942:
938:
933:
929:
918:
903:
892:
881:
854:
840:
836:
828:
824:
794:
776:
764:
760:
756:
751:
743:
739:P. menziesii
738:
703:
697:
654:(Vasey) Mayr
648:
647:
628:
627:
603:P. menziesii
601:
600:
574:
573:
552:
506:
498:
481:
477:
475:
427:
417:
409:
406:Scone Palace
399:
386:
377:Pseudo-tsuga
376:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
336:
321:
317:
313:
310:Douglas tree
309:
305:
301:
235:
234:
233:
221:
205:
184:
178:Type species
163:
162:
103:Gymnospermae
96:
83:
44:
40:
24:
18:
4837:Pseudotsuga
4636:iNaturalist
4523:Pseudotsuga
4517:Wikispecies
4493:Pseudotsuga
4416:Platycladus
4402:Tetraclinis
4305:Papuacedrus
4271:Cryptomeria
4237:Metasequoia
4137:Pseudotaxus
4130:Austrotaxus
4116:Amentotaxus
4071:Sciadopitys
4053:Cupressales
3992:Dacrycarpus
3964:Saxegothaea
3918:Parasitaxus
3911:Prumnopitys
3904:Sundacarpus
3784:Pseudotsuga
3738:Pseudolarix
3723:Abietoideae
3691:Welwitschia
3642:Ephedraceae
3580:Ceratozamia
3559:Lepidozamia
3444:Ginkgoaceae
3384:Supergroup
3373:Gymnosperms
3111:Cordaitales
3105:Caytoniales
2991:Lignophytes
2974:(ferns and
2900:spikemosses
2839:Rhyniopsida
2789:Aglaophyton
2668:(hornworts)
2539:Embryophyta
2522:Anydrophyta
2480:Spirotaenia
2425:Ulvophyceae
2358:Chlorophyta
2308:green algae
2278:Algospongia
2252:Glaucophyta
2204:(red algae)
1965:Pseudotsuga
1902:Pseudotsuga
1874:Pseudotsuga
1854:Pseudolarix
1792:(Pinaceae)"
1790:Pseudotsuga
1705:Agrociencia
1625:Pseudotsuga
1602:Pseudotsuga
1579:Pseudotsuga
1265:Pseudotsuga
1237:Pseudotsuga
1139:turnip moth
1135:pine beauty
1119:Lepidoptera
1029:P. nobilis)
965:Pseudotsuga
757:P. sinensis
752:P. sinensis
728:coast; and
630:P. japonica
576:P. sinensis
553:Pseudotsuga
424:Description
410:Pseudotsuga
369:Pseudotsuga
361:, and even
314:Oregon pine
306:Douglas-fir
302:Douglas fir
298:Laricoideae
296:(subfamily
236:Pseudotsuga
164:Pseudotsuga
153:Laricoideae
149:Subfamily:
25:Pseudotsuga
4831:Categories
4654:30005513-2
4423:Calocedrus
4409:Microbiota
4326:Libocedrus
4217:Athrotaxis
4034:Podocarpus
4020:Afrocarpus
3890:Halocarpus
3759:Keteleeria
3745:Nothotsuga
3601:Microcycas
3552:Macrozamia
3544:Zamioideae
3498:Cycadaceae
3435:Ginkgoales
3426:Ginkgoidae
3238:Magnoliids
3206:Gnetopsida
2976:horsetails
2904:quillworts
2896:clubmosses
2872:Lycophytes
2845:Renaliales
2622:Bryophytes
2200:Rhodophyta
2189:Rhodelphis
1918:2 December
1862:Nothotsuga
1858:Keteleeria
1722:17 January
1681:12 January
1654:: 129–184.
1635:: 329–346.
1612:: 211–224.
1589:: 181–198.
1400:1 February
1272:17 January
1244:17 January
1206:References
1196:state tree
1143:gelechiids
955:gaussenii
943:wilsoniana
809:– western
765:wilsoniana
718:subspecies
287:coniferous
109:Division:
53:Washington
4451:Juniperus
4430:Cupressus
4381:Thujopsis
4361:Callitris
4108:Taxoideae
4006:Dacrydium
3863:Araucaria
3776:Pinoideae
3662:Gnetaceae
3587:Stangeria
3526:Diooideae
3518:Zamiaceae
3489:Cycadales
3480:Cycadidae
3392:Bryophyta
2738:Bryopsida
2691:Bryophyta
2420:UTC clade
2169:Picomonas
2105:Amoebozoa
2083:Alveolata
2071:Cryptista
2046:Eukaryota
1493:232282918
1377:menziesii
1194:, is the
1097:grand fir
1093:noble fir
913:) Beissn.
829:menziesii
763:and var.
710:varieties
482:menziesii
441:fascicles
430:evergreen
284:evergreen
206:See text
191:(Lindl.)
123:Pinopsida
113:Pinophyta
73:Kingdom:
45:menziesii
4796:VicFlora
4785:VASCAN:
4778:40018646
4773:Tropicos
4502:Wikidata
4340:Fitzroya
4285:Taxodium
4197:Taiwania
4082:Taxaceae
3985:Acmopyle
3849:Wollemia
3715:Pinaceae
3633:Gnetales
3371:(living
3248:Eudicots
3243:Monocots
2961:Ibykales
2695:(mosses)
2600:Plantae
2298:Plantae
2100:Amorphea
2078:Rhizaria
2066:Hacrobia
2056:Excavata
2041:Bacteria
2012:Plantae
1826:10330075
1769:21118265
1741:(2011).
1485:34282286
1290:Archived
1156:and the
1117:of some
1053:aircraft
984:Bertrand
934:sinensis
866:Carrière
849:) Franco
761:sinensis
702:species
396:botanist
393:Scottish
373:Carrière
294:Pinaceae
213:Synonyms
200:Species
193:Carrière
170:Carrière
143:Pinaceae
139:Family:
4729:1075718
4667:1300353
4615:2685775
4508:Q158771
4333:Diselma
4251:Sequoia
4123:Torreya
3856:Agathis
3798:Cathaya
3706:Pinales
3651:Ephedra
3624:Pinidae
3573:Bowenia
3311:extinct
2160:Picozoa
2115:Animals
2036:Archaea
1944:9 March
1870:Cathaya
1818:2656581
1463:bioRxiv
1356:9 March
1173:Culture
911:Shiras.
847:Beissn.
726:Pacific
714:species
364:Sequoia
222:Abietia
159:Genus:
133:Pinales
129:Order:
119:Class:
77:Plantae
4752:PSEUD7
4747:PLANTS
4713:NZOR:
4680:183418
4602:127289
4589:127289
4537:173778
4027:Nageia
3932:Manoao
3731:Cedrus
3671:Gnetum
3457:Ginkgo
3306:groups
3194:Ginkgo
2902:&
2760:
2356:
2093:Plants
2030:Domain
1850:Cedrus
1824:
1816:
1767:
1491:
1483:
1465:
1431:
1379:(2006)
1200:Oregon
1141:. The
1115:larvae
841:glauca
819:Oaxaca
815:Alaska
806:Franco
437:leaves
391:, the
4736:PPE:
4662:IRMNG
4641:48257
4628:10022
4576:1PSTG
4563:34208
4388:Thuja
4144:Taxus
3812:Pinus
3805:Picea
3791:Larix
3766:Abies
3752:Tsuga
3594:Zamia
3534:Dioon
3507:Cycas
3386:Plant
2310:&
2120:Fungi
1882:Picea
1878:Larix
1866:Tsuga
1846:Abies
1814:JSTOR
1786:Larix
1716:(PDF)
1701:(PDF)
1489:S2CID
1375:var.
1183:mouse
953:var.
941:var.
932:var.
898:Craib
862:Roezl
839:var.
827:var.
813:from
802:Mirb.
784:Vasey
480:var.
449:bract
445:cones
433:trees
418:Abies
358:Tsuga
352:Abies
346:Picea
340:Pinus
290:trees
97:Clade
84:Clade
43:var.
4788:1596
4760:POWO
4706:3356
4701:NCBI
4675:ITIS
4649:IPNI
4623:GRIN
4610:GBIF
4571:EPPO
4550:73Y7
4532:APNI
3309:† =
2301:s.s.
2015:s.l.
1946:2011
1920:2010
1880:and
1822:PMID
1788:and
1765:PMID
1724:2012
1683:2012
1537:help
1481:PMID
1429:ISBN
1402:2009
1358:2011
1274:2012
1246:2012
1150:and
1137:and
1095:and
1069:mast
1065:knot
1049:wood
1035:Uses
1027:(as
1016:(as
1005:(as
994:(as
979:(as
924:Dode
876:Asia
788:Mayr
580:Dode
497:and
414:firs
383:Name
332:Asia
316:and
225:Kent
4809:WFO
4688:NBN
4597:FoC
4584:FNA
4558:EoL
4545:CoL
2598:or
2296:or
2010:or
1804:doi
1755:doi
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1560:doi
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