Psychoanalysis - Knowledge

4158:"Psychoanalysis continues to be an important paradigm organizing the way many psychiatrists think about patients and treatment. However, its limitations are more widely recognized and it is assumed that many important advances in the future will come from other areas, particularly biologic psychiatry. As yet unresolved is the appropriate role of psychoanalytic thinking in organizing the treatment of patients and the training of psychiatrists after that biologic revolution has born fruit. Will treatments aimed at biologic defects or abnormalities become technical steps in a program organized in a psychoanalytic framework? Will psychoanalysis serve to explain and guide supportive intervention for individuals whose lives are deformed by biologic defect and therapeutic interventions, much as it now does for patients with chronic physical illness, with the psychoanalyst on the psychiatric dialysis program? Or will we look back on the role of psychoanalysis in the treatment of the seriously mentally ill as the last and most scientifically enlightened phase of the humanistic tradition in psychiatry, a tradition that became extinct when advances in biology allowed us to cure those we had so long only comforted?" 2553:

problem, the person requesting help must demonstrate a desire to start an analysis. The person wishing to start an analysis must have some capacity for speech and communication. As well, they need to be able to have or develop trust and insight within the psychoanalytic session. Potential patients must undergo a preliminary stage of treatment to assess their amenability to psychoanalysis at that time, and also to enable the analyst to form a working psychological model, which the analyst will use to direct the treatment. Psychoanalysts mainly work with neurosis and hysteria in particular; however, adapted forms of psychoanalysis are used in working with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis or mental disorder. Finally, if a prospective patient is severely suicidal a longer preliminary stage may be employed, sometimes with sessions which have a twenty-minute break in the middle. There are numerous modifications in technique under the heading of psychoanalysis due to the individualistic nature of personality in both analyst and patient.

2008:(1975), include the capacities to control oral, sexual, and destructive impulses; to tolerate painful affects without falling apart; and to prevent the eruption into consciousness of bizarre symbolic fantasy. Synthetic functions, in contrast to autonomous functions, arise from the development of the ego and serve the purpose of managing conflict processes. Defenses are synthetic functions that protect the conscious mind from awareness of forbidden impulses and thoughts. One purpose of ego psychology has been to emphasize that some mental functions can be considered to be basic, rather than derivatives of wishes, affects, or defenses. However, autonomous ego functions can be secondarily affected because of unconscious conflict. For example, a patient may have an hysterical amnesia (memory being an autonomous function) because of intrapsychic conflict (wishing not to remember because it is too painful). 1998:, Loewenstein, and Kris in a series of papers and books from 1939 through the late 1960s. Leo Bellak was a later contributor. This series of constructs, paralleling some of the later developments of cognitive theory, includes the notions of autonomous ego functions: mental functions not dependent, at least in origin, on intrapsychic conflict. Such functions include: sensory perception, motor control, symbolic thought, logical thought, speech, abstraction, integration (synthesis), orientation, concentration, judgment about danger, reality testing, adaptive ability, executive decision-making, hygiene, and self-preservation. Freud noted that inhibition is one method that the mind may utilize to interfere with any of these functions in order to avoid painful emotions. Hartmann (1950s) pointed out that there may be delays or deficits in such functions. 2970:(APA) was established in the early 1980s by several psychologists. Until the establishment of the Division of Psychoanalysis, psychologists who had trained in independent institutes had no national organization. The Division of Psychoanalysis now has approximately 4,000 members and approximately 30 local chapters in the United States. The Division of Psychoanalysis holds two annual meetings or conferences and offers continuing education in theory, research and clinical technique, as do their affiliated local chapters. The European Psychoanalytical Federation (EPF) is the organization which consolidates all European psychoanalytic societies. This organization is affiliated with the IPA. In 2002, there were approximately 3,900 individual members in 22 countries, speaking 18 different languages. There are also 25 psychoanalytic societies. 37: 2963:

11,500 members. In the US, there are 77 psychoanalytical organizations, institutes and associations, which are spread across the states. APsaA has 38 affiliated societies which have 10 or more active members who practice in a given geographical area. The aims of APsaA and other psychoanalytical organizations are: provide ongoing educational opportunities for its members, stimulate the development and research of psychoanalysis, provide training and organize conferences. There are eight affiliated study groups in the United States. A study group is the first level of integration of a psychoanalytical body within the IPA, followed by a provisional society and finally a member society.

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analysis are called) are asked to report whatever comes to mind without fear of reprisal. Freud called this the "fundamental rule". Analysands are asked to talk about their lives, including their early life, current life and hopes and aspirations for the future. They are encouraged to report their fantasies, "flash thoughts" and dreams. In fact, Freud believed that dreams were, "the royal road to the unconscious"; he devoted an entire volume to the interpretation of dreams. Freud had his patients lay on a couch in a dimly lit room and would sit out of sight, usually directly behind them, as to not influence the patient's thoughts by his gestures or expressions.

2810:. Psychoanalysis also applies because Freud used techniques that allowed him to get the subjective perceptions of his patients. He takes an objective approach by not facing his clients during his talk therapy sessions. He met with his patients wherever they were, such as when he used free association—where clients would say whatever came to mind without self-censorship. His treatments had little to no structure for most cultures, especially Asian cultures. Therefore, it is more likely that Freudian constructs will be used in structured therapy. In addition, Corey postulates that it will be necessary for a therapist to help clients develop a 2766:, Edith Schulhofer, and Gilbert Kliman. Psychoanalytically based couples therapy has been promulgated and explicated by Fred Sander. Techniques and tools developed in the first decade of the 21st century have made psychoanalysis available to patients who were not treatable by earlier techniques. This meant that the analytic situation was modified so that it would be more suitable and more likely to be helpful for these patients. Eagle (2007) believes that psychoanalysis cannot be a self-contained discipline but instead must be open to influence from and integration with findings and theory from other disciplines. 4099:"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be considered an unfortunately abbreviated description, Freud said that anyone who recognizes transference and resistance is a psychoanalyst, even if he comes to conclusions other than his own.… I prefer to think of the analytic situation more broadly, as one in which someone seeking help tries to speak as freely as he can to someone who listens as carefully as he can with the aim of articulating what is going on between them and why. 2831:

Since, in most locations in the United States, unlike in Ontario and Germany, classical analysis (which usually requires sessions three to five times per week) is not covered by health insurance, many analysts may negotiate their fees with patients whom they feel they can help, but who have financial difficulties. The modifications of analysis, which include psychodynamic therapy, brief therapies, and certain types of group therapy, are carried out on a less frequent basis—usually once, twice, or three times a week – and usually the patient sits facing the therapist. As a result of the

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another contributing factor for the indication and contraindication for psychoanalytic treatment. The analyst decides whether the patient is suitable for psychoanalysis. This decision made by the analyst, besides made on the usual indications and pathology, is also based to a certain degree by the "fit" between analyst and patient. A person's suitability for analysis at any particular time is based on their desire to know something about where their illness has come from. Someone who is not suitable for analysis expresses no desire to know more about the root causes of their illness.

106: 4141:"Psychoanalysis has existed before the turn of the 20th century and, in that span of years, has established itself as one of the fundamental disciplines within psychiatry. The science of psychoanalysis is the bedrock of psychodynamic understanding and forms the fundamental theoretical frame of reference for a variety of forms of therapeutic intervention, embracing not only psychoanalysis itself but also various forms of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and related forms of therapy using psychodynamic concepts." Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. 2007. 2401:). Later, Freud came to believe that, although child abuse occurs, neurotic symptoms were not associated with this. He believed that neurotic people often had unconscious conflicts that involved incestuous fantasies deriving from different stages of development. He found the stage from about three to six years of age (preschool years, today called the "first genital stage") to be filled with fantasies of having romantic relationships with both parents. Arguments were quickly generated in early 20th-century Vienna about whether adult seduction of children, i.e. 872:– not least with the means of enigma, censorship, internalised fear of punishment or mother-love withdrawal – while the affected instincts resist. All in all, an inner war rages between the id and the ego's conscious values, which manifests itself in more or less conspicuous mental disorders, although Freud did'nt equate the statistical normality of our society with ‘healthy’. "Health can only be described in metapsychological terms.." He discovered that the instinctive impulses are expressed most clearly - albeit still encoded - in the symbols of 1310: 7952: 2786:

to the aim of free association in adults. Psychoanalytic play therapy allows the child and analyst to understand children's conflicts, particularly defenses such as disobedience and withdrawal, that have been guarding against various unpleasant feelings and hostile wishes. In art therapy, the counselor may have a child draw a portrait and then tell a story about the portrait. The counselor watches for recurring themes—regardless of whether it is with art or toys.

2474:"Positive" and "negative" oedipal conflicts have been attached to the heterosexual and homosexual aspects, respectively. Both seem to occur in development of most children. Eventually, the developing child's concessions to reality (that they will neither marry one parent nor eliminate the other) lead to identifications with parental values. These identifications generally create a new set of mental operations regarding values and guilt, subsumed under the term 2374:. Relational psychoanalysis stresses how the individual's personality is shaped by both real and imagined relationships with others, and how these relationship patterns are re-enacted in the interactions between analyst and patient. Relational psychoanalysts have propounded their view of the necessity of helping certain detached, isolated patients, develop the capacity for "mentalization" associated with thinking about relationships and themselves. 1418:; while Freud formulated his hypothesis that 'Anna's' hysterical symptoms seemed to be caused by stressful but unconscious experiences that were more or less obvious related to sexuality, based his assumption on corresponding associations of the young women (who, with reference to the fairy tale about origin of babies also humorously called the talking cure "chimney sweeping"). Around the same time, , Freud had started to develop a neurological 3203: 2998: 2882: 2496: 2169: 1130: 2724:" is a concept that does not mean the analyst is silent. It refers to the analyst's position of not taking sides in the internal struggles of the patient. For example, if a patient feels guilty, the analyst might explore what the patient has been doing or thinking that causes the guilt, but not reassure the patient not to feel guilty. The analyst might also explore the identifications with parents and others that led to the guilt. 1501:, which theorised that unacceptable sexual wishes were repressed into the "System Unconscious". These wishes were made unconscious due to society's condemnation of premarital sexual activity, and this repression created anxiety. This "topographic theory" is still popular in much of Europe, although it has fallen out of favour in much of North America, where it has been largely supplanted by structural theory. In addition, 1089: 1837:. Bowlby was trained psychoanalytically but was concerned about some properties of psychoanalysis; he was troubled by the dogmatism of psychoanalysis at the time, its arcane terminology, the lack of attention to environment in child behaviour, and the concepts derived from talking therapy to child behaviour. In response, he developed an alternative conceptualization of child behaviour based on principles on 1804:, a psychiatrist trained in a psychoanalytic tradition, set out to test the psychoanalytic models of depression empirically and found that conscious ruminations of loss and personal failing were correlated with depression. He suggested that distorted and biased beliefs were a causal factor of depression, publishing an influential paper in 1967 after a decade of research using the construct of 3304:). Criticisms come from those who object to the notion that there are mechanisms, thoughts or feelings in the mind that could be unconscious. Criticisms also have been leveled against the idea of "infantile sexuality" (the recognition that children between ages two and six imagine things about procreation). Criticisms of theory have led to variations in analytic theories, such as the work of 3516: 1232: 2938:

review in which the psychoanalyst's work is vetted by psychoanalysts outside of their local community. After earning certification, these psychoanalysts undergo another hurdle in which they are specially vetted by senior members of their own institute and held to the highest ethical and moral standards. Moreover, they are required to have extensive experience conducting psychoanalyses.

2471:(1982)—refers to the powerful attachments that children make to their parents in the preschool years. These attachments involve fantasies of sexual relationships with either (or both) parent, and, therefore, competitive fantasies toward either (or both) parents. Humberto Nagera (1975) has been particularly helpful in clarifying many of the complexities of the child through these years. 1649:. In the book, he revised the whole theory of mental functioning, now considering that repression was only one of many defense mechanisms, and that it occurred to reduce anxiety. Hence, Freud characterised repression as both a cause and a result of anxiety. In 1926, in "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety", Freud characterised how intrapsychic conflict among drive and superego caused 2974:

Psychoanalysis. The organization was founded because although social workers represented the larger number of people who were training to be psychoanalysts, they were underrepresented as supervisors and teachers at the institutes they attended. AAPCSW now has over 1000 members and has over 20 chapters. It holds a bi-annual national conference and numerous annual local conferences.

2950:, and the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. At most psychoanalytic institutes in the United States, qualifications for entry include a terminal degree in a mental health field, such as Ph.D., Psy.D., M.S.W., or M.D. A few institutes restrict applicants to those already holding an M.D. or Ph.D., and most institutes in Southern California confer a Ph.D. or 2055:, and instead posits conscious and unconscious conflict among wishes (dependent, controlling, sexual, and aggressive), guilt and shame, emotions (especially anxiety and depressive affect), and defensive operations that shut off from consciousness some aspect of the others. Moreover, healthy functioning (adaptive) is also determined, to a great extent, by resolutions of conflict. 1952:" ("drives"). Unorganized and unconscious, it operates merely on the 'pleasure principle', without realism or foresight. The ego develops slowly and gradually, being concerned with mediating between the urging of the id and the realities of the external world; it thus operates on the 'reality principle'. The super-ego is held to be the part of the ego in which self-observation, 695: 1744:(IPA), and there are over 3000 graduated psychoanalysts practicing in the United States. The IPA accredits psychoanalytic training centers through such "component organisations" throughout the rest of the world, including countries such as Serbia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, and many others, as well as about six institutes directly in the United States. 1048:. This explanation of the origin of loss of mental health and analytical processes as a whole confronts the patients ego with the pathological defence mechanisms, makes him aware of them as well as the instinctive contents of the id that have been repressed by them, and thus helps him to better understand himself and the world in which he lives, was born and educated. ( 2584:, a wide variety of relationship problems (such as dating and marital strife), and a wide variety of character problems (for example, painful shyness, meanness, obnoxiousness, workaholism, hyperseductiveness, hyperemotionality, hyperfastidiousness). The fact that many of such patients also demonstrate deficits above makes diagnosis and treatment selection difficult. 3633:....those "clinical observations" which analysts naively believe confirm their theory cannot do this any more than the daily confirmations which astrologers find in their practice. And as for Freud's epic of the Ego, the Super-ego, and the Id, no substantially stronger claim to scientific status can be made for it than for Homer's collected stories from the Olympus. 3939:

form. Psychodynamic theory and therapy have evolved considerably since 1939 when Freud's bearded countenance was last sighted in earnest. Contemporary psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists no longer write much about ids and egos, nor do they conceive of treatment for psychological disorders as an archaeological expedition in search of lost memories.

2140:, Fine, and Bergman (1975) describe distinct phases and subphases of child development leading to "separation-individuation" during the first three years of life, stressing the importance of constancy of parental figures in the face of the child's destructive aggression, internalizations, stability of affect management, and ability to develop healthy 2852:

sessions. On average, classical analysis may last 5.7 years , but for phobias and depressions uncomplicated by ego deficits or object relations deficits, analysis may run for a shorter period of time. Longer analyses are indicated for those with more serious disturbances in object relations, more symptoms, and more ingrained character pathology.

3083:(IPA) a body with members on all five continents which safeguards professional and ethical practice. The Society is a member of the British Psychoanalytic Council (BPC); the BPC publishes a register of British psychoanalysts and psychoanalytical psychotherapists. All members of the British Psychoanalytic Council are required to undertake 2844:

to experience the same conflicts with his analyst that he experiences with key figures in his life such as his parents, his boss, his significant other, etc. It is the psychoanalyst's role to point out these conflicts and to interpret them. The transferring of these internal conflicts onto the analyst is called "

3391:, but these meta-analyses have been subjected to various criticisms. In particular, the inclusion of pre/post studies rather than randomized controlled trials, and the absence of adequate comparisons with control treatments, is a serious limitation in interpreting the results. A French 2004 report from 3706:

Psychoanalysis, is it a science? It does not meet the criteria (unified science, defined domain and methodology). It corresponds to the traits of a philosophical sect (closed organisation, highly personal initiation, a doctrine which is changeable but defined by its official adoption, cult and legend

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comparisons between psychodynamic treatment and a non-dynamic competitor, which had been published between 1974 and 2010, and among which 63 were deemed of adequate quality. Out of 39 comparisons with an active competitor, they found that 6 psychodynamic treatments were superior, 5 were inferior, and

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to indicate the analyst inevitably interacts with the analysand, and suggested the detailed inquiry as an alternative to interpretation. The detailed inquiry involves noting where the analysand is leaving out important elements of an account and noting when the story is obfuscated, and asking careful

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The notion of the "silent analyst" has been criticized. Actually, the analyst listens using Arlow's approach as set out in "The Genesis of Interpretation", using active intervention to interpret resistances, defenses creating pathology, and fantasies. Silence is not a technique of psychoanalysis (see

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Horde life and its violent abolition via introduction of monogamy (as an political agreement between the sons who murdered the polygamous forefather of the horde) embodies the evolutionary-theoretical as well as cultural-prehistorical core of psychoanalysis. Further important assumptions are based on

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A survey of scientific research suggested that while personality traits corresponding to Freud's oral, anal, Oedipal, and genital phases can be observed, they do not necessarily manifest as stages in the development of children. These studies also have not confirmed that such traits in adults result

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Psychoanalytic theory has, from its inception, been the subject of criticism and controversy. Freud remarked on this early in his career, when other physicians in Vienna ostracized him for his findings that hysterical conversion symptoms were not limited to women. Challenges to analytic theory began

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problems. Psychoanalysis modified by object relations techniques has been shown to be effective in many cases of ingrained problems of intimacy and relationship (cf. the many books of Otto Kernberg). Psychoanalytic treatment, in other situations, may run from about a year to many years, depending on

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Typically, this psychoanalysis must be conducted by a Supervising and Training Analyst. Most institutes (but not all) within the American Psychoanalytic Association, require that Supervising and Training Analysts become certified by the American Board of Psychoanalysts. Certification entails a blind

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The psychoanalyst uses various methods to help the patient to become more self-aware, insightful and uncover meanings of symptoms. Firstly, the psychoanalyst attempts to develop a safe and confidential atmosphere where the patient can report feelings, thoughts and fantasies. Analysands (as people in

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adapted psychoanalysis for children through play. This is still used today for children, especially those who are preadolescent. Using toys and games, children are able to symbolically demonstrate their fears, fantasies, and defenses; although not identical, this technique, in children, is analogous

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Ego psychological concepts of deficit in functioning led to refinements in supportive therapy. These techniques are particularly applicable to psychotic and near-psychotic (cf., Eric Marcus, "Psychosis and Near-psychosis") patients. These supportive therapy techniques include discussions of reality;

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Though a major influence on psychoanalysis in France and parts of Latin America, Lacan and his ideas have taken longer to be translated into English and he has thus had a lesser impact on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy in the English-speaking world. In the United Kingdom and the United States, his

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If you look at all of the complicated ideas that they have developed in an infinitesimal amount of time, if you compare to any other of the sciences how long it takes to get one idea after the other, if you consider all the structures and inventions and complicated things, the ids and the egos, the

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in psychoanalysis upon graduation, which involves completion of the necessary requirements for the state boards that confer that doctoral degree. The first training institute in America to educate non-medical psychoanalysts was The National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis (1978) in New

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The psychoanalyst's task, in collaboration with the analysand, is to help deepen the analysand's understanding of those factors, outside of his awareness, that drive his behaviors. In the safe environment psychoanalysis offers, the analysand becomes attached to the analyst and pretty soon he begins

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and the lack of access to the unfathomable elements of the unconscious, psychoanalysis can be an expansive process that involves 2 to 5 sessions per week for several years. This type of therapy relies on the belief that reducing the symptoms will not actually help with the root causes or irrational

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later called the "frame" of the therapy—the setup that included times of the sessions, payment of fees, and necessity of talking. In patients who made mistakes, forgot, or showed other peculiarities regarding time, fees, and talking, the analyst can usually find various unconscious "resistances" to

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mental problems, some believe that there are particular constellations of problems that are especially suited for analytic treatment (see below) whereas other problems might respond better to medicines and other interpersonal interventions. To be treated with psychoanalysis, whatever the presenting

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attempts to explain human relationships through a study of how mental representations of the self and others are organized. The clinical symptoms that suggest object relations problems (typically developmental delays throughout life) include disturbances in an individual's capacity to feel: warmth,

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The predominant psychoanalytic theories can be organised into several theoretical schools. Although these perspectives differ, most of them emphasize the influence of unconscious elements on the conscious. There has also been considerable work done on consolidating elements of conflicting theories.

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in infancy. Though in 1896 he had reported that his patients "had no feeling of remembering the scenes", and assured him "emphatically of their unbelief", in later accounts he claimed that they had told him that they had been sexually abused in infancy. By 1898 he had privately acknowledged to his

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of the disorders and to restore mental health. This is possible by enabling the ego to become aware of the id's needs that have been repressed into the unconscious and to find a realistic solution to resolve the conflicts. Freud summarised this goal of therapy in his demand ‘Where id was, ego shall

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Many aspects of Freudian theory are indeed out of date, and they should be: Freud died in 1939, and he has been slow to undertake further revisions. His critics, however, are equally behind the times, attacking Freudian views of the 1920s as if they continue to have some currency in their original

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in 2019 found psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy effective at improving psychosocial wellbeing, reducing suicidality, as well as self harm behavior in patients at a 6 month interval. There has also been evidence for psychoanalytic psychotherapy as an effective treatment for Attention Deficit

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Some psychoanalytic training has been set up as a post-doctoral fellowship in university settings, such as at Duke University, Yale University, New York University, Adelphi University and Columbia University. Other psychoanalytic institutes may not be directly associated with universities, but the

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priest in particular was badly damaged. The empty void that this institution left behind was swiftly occupied by the newborn psychoanalysis. In his writings, Kalo claims that psychoanalysis basic approach is erroneous. It represents the mainline wrong assumptions that happiness is unreachable and

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and social psychology, though a Freudian interpretation of unconscious mental activity is not held by the majority of cognitive psychologists. Recent developments in neuroscience have resulted in one side arguing that it has provided a biological basis for unconscious emotional processing in line

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Many psychoanalytic training centers in the United States have been accredited by special committees of the APsaA or the IPA. Because of theoretical differences, there are independent institutes, usually founded by psychologists, who until 1987 were not permitted access to psychoanalytic training

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A major objective of modern conflict-theory psychoanalysis is to change the balance of conflict in a patient by making aspects of the less adaptive solutions (also called "compromise formations") conscious so that they can be rethought, and more adaptive solutions found. Current theoreticians who

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assumptions. Therefore, the inclusive group of the different classical theories provides a cross-sectional view of human mental processes. There are six "points of view", five described by Freud and a sixth added by Hartmann. Unconscious processes can therefore be evaluated from each of these six

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and consists mainly of three parts complement each other through their specific function: a set of innate needs, a consciousness that serves to satisfy them, and a memory for the retrievable storage of the experiences made during this. Furtherhin it includes insights into the effects of traumatic

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The IPA is the world's primary accrediting and regulatory body for psychoanalysis. Their mission is to assure the continued vigor and development of psychoanalysis for the benefit of psychoanalytic patients. It works in partnership with its 70 constituent organizations in 33 countries to support

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The cost to the patient of psychoanalytic treatment ranges widely from place to place and between practitioners. Low-fee analysis is often available in a psychoanalytic training clinic and graduate schools. Otherwise, the fee set by each analyst varies with the analyst's training and experience.

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Analytical organizations such as the IPA, APsaA and the European Federation for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy have established procedures and models for the indication and practice of psychoanalytical therapy for trainees in analysis. The match between the analyst and the patient can be viewed as

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A meta-analysis of Long Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in 2012 found an overall effect size of 0.33, which is modest. This study concluded the recovery rate following LTPP was equal to control treatments, including treatment as usual, and found the evidence for the effectiveness of LTPP to be

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Many psychoanalysts who work with children have studied the actual effects of child abuse, which include ego and object relations deficits and severe neurotic conflicts. Much research has been done on these types of trauma in childhood, and the adult sequelae of those. In studying the childhood

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By 1899, Freud had theorised that dreams had symbolic significance and generally were specific to the dreamer. Freud formulated his second psychological theory—that the unconscious has or is a "primary process" consisting of symbolic and condensed thoughts, and a "secondary process" of logical,

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his educators as internalised in his superego since earliest childhood onto the analyst. As he once did as a baby and little child, he experiences the feelings of helpless dependence, the futile longing for love, anger, rage and urge for revenge, but now with the possibility of processing these

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in Paris, where he followed the clinical presentations of Charcot, particularly in the areas of hysteria, paralyses and the anaesthesias. Charcot had established hypnosis as a research tool whose experimental application was indeed able to completely eliminate symptoms like histeric paralysis.

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Thirty years ago, the cognitive revolution in psychology overthrew both Freud and the behaviorists, at least in academia.… The imperialistic Freudian view claims that emotion always drives thought, while the imperialistic cognitive view claims that thought always drives emotion. The evidence,

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in 1919. Soon after, the Institute of Psychoanalysis was established to administer the Society's activities. These include: the training of psychoanalysts, the development of the theory and practice of psychoanalysis, the provision of treatment through The London Clinic of Psychoanalysis, the

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When the patient reclines on a couch with the analyst out of view, the patient tends to remember more experiences, more resistance and transference, and is able to reorganize thoughts after the development of insight – through the interpretive work of the analyst. Although fantasy life can be

2051:, is a revised version of structural theory, most notably different by altering concepts related to where repressed thoughts were stored. Modern conflict theory addresses emotional symptoms and character traits as complex solutions to mental conflict. It dispenses with the concepts of a fixed 3650:

rejects Popper's arguments pointing to the theory of repression as an example of a Freudian theory that does have testable consequences. Scruton nevertheless concluded that psychoanalysis is not genuinely scientific, on the grounds that it involves an unacceptable dependence on metaphor. The

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Many studies have also been done on briefer "dynamic" treatments; these are more expedient to measure, and shed light on the therapeutic process to some extent. Brief Relational Therapy (BRT), Brief Psychodynamic Therapy (BPT), and Time-Limited Dynamic Therapy (TLDP) limit treatment to 20–30

1665:. Freud's theories, however, characterized no such phase. According to Freud, the Oedipus complex was at the centre of neurosis, and was the foundational source of all art, myth, religion, philosophy, therapy—indeed of all human culture and civilization. It was the first time that anyone in 2973:

The American Association of Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work (AAPCSW) was established by Crayton Rowe in 1980 as a division of the Federation of Clinical Societies of Social Work and became an independent entity in 1990. Until 2007 it was known as the National Membership Committee on

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Candidates generally have an hour of supervision each week per psychoanalytic case. The minimum number of cases varies between institutes. Candidates often have two to four cases; both male and female cases are required. Supervision extends at least a few years on one or more cases. During

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meet the developing self's needs for mirroring, idealization, and twinship, and thereby strengthen the developing self. The process of treatment proceeds through "transmuting internalizations" in which the patient gradually internalizes the selfobject functions provided by the therapist.

2318:. Due to his increasingly critical stance towards the deviation from Freud's thought, often singling out particular texts and readings from his colleagues, Lacan was excluded from acting as a training analyst in the IPA, thus leading him to create his own school in order to maintain an 2357:(id, ego, and super-ego), including the former's emphasis on trauma (though Langs looks to death-related traumas rather than sexual traumas). At the same time, Langs' model of the mind differs from Freud's in that it understands the mind in terms of evolutionary biological principles. 1580:

His early formulation included the idea that because of societal restrictions, sexual wishes were repressed into an unconscious state, and that the energy of these unconscious wishes could be result in anxiety or physical symptoms. Early treatment techniques, including hypnotism and

4004:'. Derrida also turns some of these ideas against Freud, to reveal tensions and contradictions in his work. For example, although Freud defines religion and metaphysics as displacements of the identification with the father in the resolution of the Oedipal complex, Derrida ( 1883:. Though most mainstream psychoanalysts subscribe to modern strains of psychoanalytical thought, there are groups who follow the precepts of a single psychoanalyst and their school of thought. Psychoanalytic ideas also play roles in some types of literary analysis such as 3957:

The idea of "unconscious" is contested because human behavior can be observed while human mental activity has to be inferred. However, the unconscious is now a popular topic of study in the fields of experimental and social psychology (e.g., implicit attitude measures,

3808:, blames the child for the abusive sexual behavior of adults. Psychologist Joel Kupfersmid investigated the validity of the Oedipus complex, examining its nature and origins. He concluded that there is little evidence to support the existence of the Oedipus complex. 3181:, a therapeutic approach which widens "the accessibility of psychoanalytic theory and clinical practices that had evolved over 100 plus years to a larger number of individuals." Other examples of well known therapies which also use insights of psychoanalysis are 2604:(1936) stressed that figuring out ways the patient distorted perceptions about the analyst led to understanding what may have been forgotten. In particular, unconscious hostile feelings toward the analyst could be found in symbolic, negative reactions to what 912:. The metapsychological specification of the functions and interlocking of the three instances was intended to ensure the full connectivity of this ‘psychic apparatus’ with biological sciences, in particular Darwin's theory of evolution of species, including 2955:

York City. It was founded by the analyst Theodor Reik. The Contemporary Freudian (originally the New York Freudian Society) an offshoot of the National Psychological Association has a branch in Washington, DC. It is a component society/institute or the IPA.

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Psychoanalytic training in the United States tends to vary according to the program, but it involves a personal psychoanalysis for the trainee, approximately 300 to 600 hours of class instruction, with a standard curriculum, over a two to five year period.

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Building on his claims that the patients reported infantile sexual abuse experiences, Freud subsequently contended that his clinical findings in the mid-1890s provided evidence of the occurrence of unconscious fantasies, supposedly to cover up memories of

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encouragement to stay alive (including hospitalization); psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming depressive affect or overwhelming fantasies (hallucinations and delusions); and advice about the meanings of things (to counter abstraction failures).

2121:", for example, hypothesized that unresolved grief was caused by the survivor's internalized image of the deceased becoming fused with that of the survivor, and then the survivor shifting unacceptable anger toward the deceased onto the now complex 1704:'s power grew, the Freud family and many of their colleagues fled to London. Within a year, Sigmund Freud died. In the United States, also following the death of Freud, a new group of psychoanalysts began to explore the function of the ego. Led by 1422:

about mental phenomenasuch as memory, but soon abandoned this attempt and left it unpublished. As a neurologist, it was clear to him that insights into the biochemical processes that permanently store experiences in the brain - like the proverbial

2478:. Besides superego development, children "resolve" their preschool oedipal conflicts through channeling wishes into something their parents approve of ("sublimation") and the development, during the school-age years ("latency") of age-appropriate 1858:

There are some persistent conflicts among psychoanalysts regarding specific causes of certain syndromes, and some disputes regarding the ideal treatment techniques. In the 21st century, psychoanalytic ideas have found influence in fields such as

2599:

The foundation of psychoanalysis is interpretation of the patient's unconscious conflicts that are interfering with current-day functioning – conflicts that are causing painful symptoms such as phobias, anxiety, depression, and compulsions.

3954:

from childhood experiences. However, these stages should not be viewed as crucial to modern psychoanalysis. What is crucial to modern psychoanalytic theory and practice is the power of the unconscious and the transference phenomenon.

2942:

supervision the trainee presents material from the psychoanalytic work that week. With the supervisor, the trainee then explores the patient's unconscious conflicts with examination of transference-countertransference constellations.

1716:

ego functions (e.g. memory and intellect). These "ego psychologists" of the 1950s paved a way to focus analytic work by attending to the defenses (mediated by the ego) before exploring the deeper roots to the unconscious conflicts.

1482:

desires. In the latter part of the 20th century, several Freud scholars challenged Freud's perception of the patients who informed him of childhood sexual abuse, arguing that he had imposed his preconceived notions on his patients.

5256: 1620:, Freud became dissatisfied with considering only oral and sexual motivations for behavior. By 1920, Freud addressed the power of identification (with the leader and with other members) in groups as a motivation for behavior in 2395:, caused by fantasy, stemming from their own drives. Freud, based on the data gathered from his patients early in his career, suspected that neurotic disturbances occurred when children were sexually abused in childhood (i.e. 765:'s and others clinical research, Freud continued to revise and refine theory and practice of the discipline until the end of his life in 1939. An encyclopaedic article quotes him with following cornerstones of psychoanalysis: 1728:

were challenged; this challenge led to the development of a variety of understandings of female sexual development, many of which modified the timing and normality of several of Freud's theories. Several researchers followed

3641:

wrote that "Freudians have been nonplussed by Popper's basic challenge concerning scientific honesty. Indeed, they have refused to specify experimental conditions under which they would give up their basic assumptions." In

3432:

meta-analysis of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) found effect sizes ranging from 0.84 for interpersonal problems to 1.51 for depression. Overall ISTDP had an effect size of 1.18 compared to no treatment.

3327:

were challenged; this challenge led to major research in the 1970s and 80s, and then to a reformulation of female sexual development that corrected some of Freud's concepts. Also see the various works of Eleanor Galenson,

2836:

drives. The analyst typically is a 'blank screen', disclosing very little about themselves in order that the client can use the space in the relationship to work on their unconscious without interference from outside.

1845:

based on the Oedipal model. For his work, Bowlby was shunned from psychoanalytical circles who did not accept his theories. Nonetheless, his conceptualization was adopted widely by mother-infant research in the 1970s.

3483:

concluded that no data exist demonstrating that psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective in treating schizophrenia and severe mental illness, and cautioned that medication should always be used alongside any type of

2289:

frequently used the phrase "retourner à Freud" ("return to Freud") in his seminars and writings, as he claimed that his theories were an extension of Freud's own, contrary to those of Anna Freud, the Ego Psychology,

10101:

Morley S, Eccleston C, Williams A (1999). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache".

2348:

interprets psychic conflict primarily in terms of conscious and unconscious adaptation to reality. Langs' recent work in some measure returns to the earlier Freud, in that Langs prefers a modified version of the

1585:, were designed to make the unconscious conscious in order to relieve the pressure and the apparently resulting symptoms. This method would later on be left aside by Freud, giving free association a bigger role. 1000:

back into amniotic fluid (as far as possible given the state of science at the time), but also devised a hypothesis of healthy emotional development, which by nature completes in three successive stages: the

3316:. In the past 30 years or so, the criticisms have centered on the issue of empirical verification. With it being difficult to substantiate the efficacy of psychoanalytic treatments in a psychiatric context. 2424:

about the narcissistic, the oral, the anal and the phallic phases and translates them into a two-couples-relationship model, with respect to dysfunctions in the relationship resulting from childhood trauma.

2860:

Psychoanalysis continues to be practiced by psychiatrists, social workers, and other mental health professionals; however, its practice has declined. It has been largely replaced by the similar but broader

1724:. Psychoanalysis has been used as a research tool into childhood development, and is still used to treat certain mental disturbances. In the 1960s, Freud's early thoughts on the childhood development of 1060:

has recently provided evidence that the brain stores experiences in specialised neuronal networks (memory function of the superego) and the ego focuses the highest forms of its conscious thinking in the

2659:

As well, the analyst can also use confrontation to bringing an aspect of functioning, usually a defense, to the patient's attention. The analyst then uses a variety of interpretation methods, such as:

1020:. In traditional Freudian setting, the patient lies on a couch, and the analyst sits just behind or somehow out of sight. The patient should express all his thoughts, all secrets and dreams, including 3561:

Both Freud and psychoanalysis have been criticized in extreme terms. Exchanges between critics and defenders of psychoanalysis have often been so heated that they have come to be characterized as the

2621:, masturbation fantasies are also important. The analyst is interested in how the patient reacts to and avoids such fantasies. Various memories of early life are generally distorted—what Freud called 1385: 1044:

From the sum of what is shown and communicated, the analyst deduces unconscious conflicts with imposed traumas that are causing the patient's symptoms, persona and character problems, and works out a

7524: 11640: 5978: 5456: 5416: 5386: 5316: 5264: 5222: 5181: 5155: 4971: 4945: 4911: 4842: 4815: 3726:. Others have speculated that patients had conditions that are now easily identifiable and unrelated to psychoanalysis; for instance, Anna O. is thought to have had an organic impairment such as 2977:

Experiences of psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists and research into infant and child development have led to new insights. Theories have been further developed and the results of

1353:

symptoms. During this time Freud was employed as a neurological consultant at the Children's Hospital, but he noted that many of the young patients were without any apparent organic disease. The

3857:

criticized the emphasis of some American and British psychoanalytical traditions on what he has viewed as the suggestion of imaginary "causes" for symptoms, and recommended the return to Freud.

1054:

means that the analyst himself projects something onto his patient; then he has an own open problem and has to go to his own analyst if he is not yet able to help himself due to inexperience.

3161:, will soon publish a new, revised and expanded Standard Edition. With the New Library of Psychoanalysis the Institute continues to publish the books of leading theorists and practitioners. 3068:, maintains a library, furthers research, and holds public lectures. The society has a Code of Ethics and an Ethical Committee. The society, the institute and the clinic are all located at 8294:

Smit Y, Huibers J, Ioannidis J, van Dyck R, van Tilburg W, Arntz A (2012). "The effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy — A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

5253: 857:

located in the ‘id’ - are repressed into the unconscious due to traumatic experiences during childhood and that the attempt to integrate them into the ego's conscious perception triggers

5438: 2946:

institutes of the APsaA. Currently there are between 75 and 100 independent institutes in the United States. As well, other institutes are affiliated to other organizations such as the

625: 3422:) ranging from 0.34 to 0.71 compared to no treatment and was found to be slightly better than other therapies in follow up. Other reviews have found an effect size of 0.78 to 0.91 for 8704:

And as for Freud's epic of the Ego, the Super-ego, and the Id, no substantially stronger claim to scientific status can be made for it than for Homer's collected stories from Olympus.

2746:

Although single-client sessions remain the norm, psychoanalytic theory has been used to develop other types of psychological treatment. Psychoanalytic group therapy was pioneered by

7639:"[Psychoanalytic Treatments without Medication and Behavioral Therapy Treatments with and without Medication in Children with the Diagnosis of ADHD and/or Conduct Disorder]" 1414:". Breuer remained nonspecific by writing that many factors could lead to such symptoms, including various types of emotional trauma, further referred to the work of others such as 4124:"All psychoanalytic theories include the idea that unconscious thoughts and feelings are central in mental functioning." Milton, Jane, Caroline Polmear, and Julia Fabricius. 2011. 2405:, was the basis of neurotic illness. There still is no complete agreement, although nowadays professionals recognize the negative effects of child sexual abuse on mental health. 3411:

28 showed no difference. The study found these results promising but explicited the necessity of further good quality trials replicating positive results on specific disorders.

3784:(1986), agreed that psychoanalytic theories have no more scientific basis than the theories of traditional native healers, "witchdoctors" or modern "cult" alternatives such as 1608:", he suggested that certain depressions were caused by turning guilt-ridden anger on the self. In 1919, through "A Child is Being Beaten", he began to address the problems of 3615:

cites false claims of a sound scientific verification of the theory and its elements as the strongest basis for classifying the work of Freud and his school as pseudoscience.

3379:. Meta-analysis in 2012 and 2013 found support or evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy. Other meta-analyses published in recent years showed psychoanalysis and 2798:, as long as the therapist or counselor understands the client's culture. For example, Tori and Blimes found that defense mechanisms were valid in a normative sample of 2,624 4626:

Centonze D, Siracusano A, Calabresi P, Bernardi G (November 2004). "The Project for a Scientific Psychology (1895): a Freudian anticipation of LTP-memory connection theory".

3772:

tensions and the forces, and the pushes and the pulls, I tell you they can't all be there. It's too much for one brain or a few brains to have cooked up in such a short time.

2151:(1950–1960s) described the 'identity crisis', that involves identity-diffusion anxiety. In order for an adult to be able to experience "Warm-ETHICS: (warmth, Empathy, Trust, 8081:

Gerber AJ, Kocsis JH, Milrod BL, Roose SP, Barber JP, Thase ME, et al. (2011). "A Quality-Based Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy".

936:- there was no well-founded primate research in the first half of 20th century. Without knowledge of the instinctive social behaviour and other abilities of our genetically 3360:

The psychoanalytic profession has been resistant to researching efficacy. Evaluations of effectiveness based on the interpretation of the therapist alone cannot be proven.

1427:

is engraved with some code - lead in a very different direction of research than the question of what effect moral content of traumatic upbringing has on the child's soul.

1669:

had characterised something other than the Oedipus complex as contributing to intrapsychic development, a notion that was rejected by Freud and his followers at the time.

6373: 2285:

philosophy, is especially popular in France and parts of Latin America. Lacanian psychoanalysis is a departure from the traditional British and American psychoanalysis.

9447: 4008:) insists that the prominence of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since 3323:), and has developed into a flexible, effective treatment for certain mental disturbances. In the 1960s, Freud's early (1905) thoughts on the childhood development of 2107:

Concepts regarding internal representation (aka 'introspect', 'self and object representation', or 'internalization of self and other'), although often attributed to

996:”, followed by investigations such as in the case study of “Little Hans”. However, Freud not only discovered this complex and the 'oral fixatet' Syndrom of Narzissos 754:

content back into the realm of consciousness, in particular the diagnostic interpretation of dreams. Overall, psychoanalysis represents a method for the treatment of

2947: 2959:

faculty at those institutes usually hold contemporaneous faculty positions with psychology Ph.D. programs and/or with medical school psychiatry residency programs.

1068:

Psychoanalysis has been a controversial discipline from the outset and its effectiveness as a treatment remains contested, although its influence on psychology and

11132: 3966:, and other indirect tests). The idea of unconscious, and the transference phenomenon, have been widely researched and, it is claimed, validated in the fields of 1374:

Although, as known, this effect is not permanent, it finally convinced Freud of his assumption that the various neurotic symptoms must have psychological causes.

5240: 5214: 928:: the optimal cooperation of all mental-organic functions), but Freud had to be modest. He had to leave his model of human's soul in the unfinished state of a ‘ 8145:

Abbass A, Kisely S, Kroenke K (2009). "Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Somatic Disorders. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials".

6689: 11398: 8665: 2682:

Analysts can also use reconstruction to estimate what may have happened in the past that created some current issue. These techniques are primarily based on

1457:, claiming to have uncovered repressed memories of incidents of sexual abuse for all his current patients, from which he proposed that the preconditions for 7534: 3691:(1993) that psychoanalytic based theories are falsifiable, but that the causal claims of psychoanalysis are unsupported by the available clinical evidence. 2591:

An evaluation may include one or more other analysts' independent opinions and will include discussion of the patient's financial situation and insurances.

7693: 2128:

Melanie Klein's hypotheses regarding internalization during the first year of life, leading to paranoid and depressive positions, were later challenged by

10248: 5308: 2370:

combines interpersonal psychoanalysis with object-relations theory and with inter-subjective theory as critical for mental health. It was introduced by

958:

on earth as an expression of divine will, but closer to the pre-sinister ploy to pacify political conflicts among the groups of Neolithic mankind (see

11137: 9294:

Drew Westen, "The Scientific Legacy of Sigmund Freud Toward a Psychodynamically Informed Psychological Science". November 1998 Vol. 124, No. 3, 333–371

8018:

Anestis, Michael D., Joye C. Anestis, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. 2011. "When it comes to evaluating psychodynamic therapy, the devil is in the details."

5020: 3271: 8859: 2155:, Identity, Closeness, and Stability) in relationships, the teenager must resolve the problems with identity and redevelop self and object constancy. 4597: 2136:, 1965), who divided the first year of life into a coenesthetic phase of the first six months, and then a diacritic phase for the second six months. 1509:, which asserted that young boys are sexually attracted to their mothers and envious of their fathers for being able to have sex with their mothers. 845:

Freud distinguished between the conscious and unconscious realms of the psyche and held the view that the contents of unconscious largely determine

11127: 4103:(1967a) once defined the analytic situation as carrying the method of interpersonal relationship to its last consequences." Gill, Merton M. 1999. " 1736:

In the first decade of the 21st century, there were approximately 35 training institutes for psychoanalysis in the United States accredited by the

1250: 7590:"The effectiveness of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm: systematic review and meta-analysis" 1636:, to try to begin to explain human destructiveness. Also, it was the first appearance of his "structural theory" consisting of three new concepts 11142: 491: 126: 2104:

of projections in the mother-child relationship where a mother understands an infants projections, modifies them and returns them to the child.

1924:

structures of the brain but, rather, mental processes. Although Freud retained this theory throughout his life, he largely replaced it with the

52: 5660: 2822:

Psychodynamic therapies refer therapies that draw from psychoanalytic approaches but are designed to be shorter in duration or less intensive.

2085:

empathy, trust, sense of security, identity stability, consistent emotional closeness, and stability in relationships with significant others.

8241:

Abbass A, Town J, Driessen E (2012). "Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcome Research".

6427: 3488:

in schizophrenia cases. A French review from 2004 found the same. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team advises against the use of

3348:, and others. Most recently, psychoanalytic researchers who have integrated attachment theory into their work, including Alicia Lieberman and 2001:

Frosch (1964) described differences in those people who demonstrated damage to their relationship to reality, but who seemed able to test it.

1442:

Freud called his new instrument and field of research soon 'psychoanalysis', introduced in his essay “Inheritance and Etiology of Neuroses” ("

974:). Nonetheless, due to the lack of ethological primate research, these ideas remained an unproven belief of palaeo-athropological science – a 6580: 5797: 2294:

and "self" theories and also claims the necessity of reading Freud's complete works, not only a part of them. Lacan's concepts concern the "

11375: 11285: 9927:. Part I of this volume, entitled "The Freudian Temptation," includes five essays critical of psychoanalysis written between 1975 and 1986. 3165:

is published by the Institute of Psychoanalysis. For over 100 years, it has one of the largest circulations of any psychoanalytic journal.

1622: 2708:(see the works of Augusta Alpert) led to new techniques with adults. These have sometimes been called interpersonal, intersubjective (cf. 1808:

to explain the depression. Beck developed this empirically supported hypothesis for the cause of depression into a talking therapy called

1676:. He widened the formulation that psychological symptoms were caused by and relieved conflict simultaneously. Moreover, symptoms (such as 11253: 6235: 6146: 3064: 2802:. The use of certain defense mechanisms was related to cultural values. For example, Thais value calmness and collectiveness (because of 2762:, and Wolfe. Child-centered counseling for parents was instituted early in analytic history by Freud, and was later further developed by 10213:

Ollinheimo, Ari — Vuorinen, Risto (1999): Metapsychology and the Suggestion Argument: A Reply to Grünbaum's Critique of Psychoanalysis.

5033:

Esterson, Allen. 1998. "Jeffrey Masson and Freud's seduction theory: A new fable based on old myths (synopsis in Human Nature Review)."

11391: 11277: 3921: 3080: 1741: 633: 8648: 8470:"Patterns of Usual Care for Schizophrenia: Initial Results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Client Survey" 7987:

Thombs, Brett D., Lisa R. Jewett, and Marielle Bassel. 2011. "Is there room for criticism of studies of psychodynamic psychotherapy?"

3352:, have explored the role of parental traumatization in the development of young children's mental representations of self and others. 3157:

was conceived, translated, and produced under the direction of the British Psychoanalytical Society. The Society, in conjunction with

1317:, combinated with findings of modern neurology. The drawing refers to the basic theses of Freuds metapsychology. According to it, the 11694: 11359: 901:

as a paradigm of universal desire, which according to Freud is identical with his ‘libido’ as the energy of all drives of the id).

11669: 8770:

originated by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) are relegated to the realm of pseudoscience where most of Freud's work justifiably belongs.

4163: 4104: 3062:

publication of books in The New Library of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Ideas. The Institute of Psychoanalysis also publishes

1956:

and other reflective and judgmental faculties develop. The ego and the super-ego are both partly conscious and partly unconscious.

1684:) each represented elements of some drive wish (sexual and/or aggressive), superego, anxiety, reality, and defenses. Also in 1936, 1560:, which categorised early childhood development into five stages depending on what sexual affinity a child possessed at the stage: 725: 606: 8533: 4534: 2434:

factors that start neurotic symptom development, Freud found a constellation of factors that, for literary reasons, he termed the

1598:. Freud characterized the difference between energy directed at the self versus energy directed at others using a system known as 11405: 11351: 11190: 10328: 8631: 5150: 2113: 1550: 428: 4403: 1345:

The idea of psychoanalysis began to receive serious attention in the 1890s; Freud called it first “Free Association”. He was a

11147: 8198:

Abass, Allen A., et al. (2010). "The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis".

1779:

as president for life. A third congress was held in Weimar in 1911. The London Psychoanalytical Society was founded in 1913 by

9869: 9820: 9282: 9237: 9185: 9153: 9111: 9003: 8934: 8735: 8697: 8611: 8557: 8518: 7144: 7010: 6923: 6454: 6280: 6129: 5954: 5828: 5772: 5702: 5580: 5506: 5134: 4694: 4364: 4185: 1194: 5370: 4420: 3985:

that flourished in the 19th century severely harmed religion and rejected whatever called spiritual. The institution of the

1337:. Written in 1895, he develops there the thesis that the brain is able to store experiences in its neuronal network through 11699: 11245: 1166: 417: 4346: 3368:

Numerous studies have shown that the efficacy of therapy is primarily related to the quality of the therapeutic alliance.

2678:

Dream interpretation: obtaining the patient's thoughts about their dreams and connecting this with their current problems.

2675:

interpretation: showing the patient ways old conflicts arise in current relationships, including that with the analyst; or

2639:, although Freud throughout his writings deviated from this considerably, depending on the problems of any given patient. 1520:

argues that Freud's biological theories like libido were rooted in the biological hypothesis that accompanied the work of

10432: 10060:

Grünbaum Adolf (1979). "Is Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Pseudo-Scientific by Karl Popper's Criterion of Demarcation?".

6750: 3084: 1737: 1334: 638: 3663:

inherent to science. According to Bunge, most psychoanalytic theories are either untestable or unsupported by evidence.

11662: 11152: 10380: 9812: 9491: 8656: 6493: 6406: 4613: 3403: 3375:

Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder when compared with behavioral management treatments with or without

3186: 2967: 2371: 36: 7246: 6774:"Cultural adaptations of psychotherapy: Therapists' applications of conceptual models with Asians and Asian Americans" 1661:, which analysed culture and philosophy in relation to separation anxiety which occurred before the development of an 1370: 1173: 11367: 10437: 10410: 10405: 10236: 10222: 10208: 10181: 10164: 10147: 10095: 10081: 10054: 10026: 10012: 9998: 9984: 9970: 9956: 9942: 9924: 9907: 9851: 9837: 9793: 9779: 9755: 9721: 9697: 9683: 9666: 9649: 9632: 9611: 9594: 9573: 9556: 9539: 9522: 9505: 9477: 9423: 9199: 9035: 5903: 5737: 5623: 5211: 5177: 4171: 4112: 4026: 3242: 3036: 2920: 2535: 2216: 1286: 1268: 1213: 1116: 1073: 1072:

is undisputed. Psychoanalytical concepts are also widely used outside the therapeutic field, for example in film and

643: 2198: 11317: 10533: 10152: 9624: 9586: 9047: 8995: 8829: 6686: 5097: 4788: 4146: 3756:

states that psychoanalytic circles have tried to stop historians from accessing documents about the life of Freud.

3189:(TFP). There is also a continuing influence of psychoanalytic thinking in mental health care and psychiatric care. 3150: 3088: 3058: 950: 619: 471: 8669:(13/14/15th ed.), edited by R. Atkinson, R. C. Atkinson, E. E. Smith, D. J. Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema. New York: 4967: 4943:

Freud, Sigmund. 1953 . "My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses." Pp. 269–79 in

11157: 11101: 10266: 3220: 3014: 2898: 2513: 2190: 1147: 1102: 916:

with her behaviour, natural thinking ability and technological creativity. Such insight is indispensable for the

7742: 3526: 1180: 11269: 10657: 8419:

Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, Dixon LB, Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) (2009).

8083: 7346: 6202: 6167: 3593:

The theoretical foundations of psychoanalysis lie in the same philosophical currents that lead to interpretive

3224: 3018: 2902: 2517: 2464: 2408:

The theory on origins of pathologically dysfunctional relationships was further developed by the specialist in

2303: 2194: 2060: 1653:, and how that anxiety could lead to an inhibition of mental functions, such as intellect and speech. In 1924, 1314: 1151: 988:

The author illustrated the conflict of today's son with his father over his wife and mother by naming it after

909: 854: 834: 614: 560: 511: 481: 17: 10197:

Anti-Freud-Literatur von ihren Anfängen bis heute. Zur wissenschaftlichen Fundierung von Psychoanalyse-Kritik.

9544: 11684: 11652: 11555: 11421: 10778: 10647: 10370: 8118:

Anderson EM, Lambert MJ (1995). "Short-term dynamically oriented psychotherapy: A review and meta-analysis".

7912: 6745: 6356: 5382: 5305: 5035: 5006: 3801: 3702:, argued that psychoanalysis was not scientific on the grounds of both its methodology and social structure: 3461: 3182: 2610: 1884: 1761: 1666: 1632: 1021: 451: 441: 4837: 11301: 11229: 11106: 10719: 10606: 10427: 10417: 8961:

Bunge M (2001). "Philosophy in Crisis: The Need for Reconstruction". Prometheus Lectures. pp. 229–235.

6172: 5526: 5075: 4569: 3963: 3897: 3835: 3428: 3396: 1904: 1809: 1800:. Behavioural models of psychotherapy started to assume a more central role in psychotherapy in the 1960s. 1489: 1162: 718: 555: 407: 9436: 1764:

in 1908 in the same year as the first international congress of psychoanalysis held in Salzburg, Austria.

11619: 11548: 11183: 10956: 10457: 10352: 10321: 10298:– world's primary regulatory body for psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud (archived 18 January 1998) 9712:(2006). "Beyond Oedipus. Feminist Thought, Psychoanalysis, and Mythical Figurations of the Feminine." In 9099: 8816: 8811: 3789: 3489: 3407: 3380: 3301: 2862: 2721: 1452: 869: 858: 191: 10285: 8849: 4864: 3990:

that the natural desire of a human being is to exploit his fellow men for his own pleasure and benefit.

3057:

with the expansion of psychoanalysis in the United Kingdom, the Society was reconstituted and named the

1964:

During the twentieth century, many different clinical and theoretical models of psychoanalysis emerged.

948:

it, such as the origin of Oedipus complex, the moral-totemic rules of behaviour and, not least, Freud's

11635: 10728: 10400: 8905: 8897: 8372:"Individual psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis for schizophrenia and severe mental illness" 7933: 7476:"Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations of self and others" 6560: 6327: 5236: 5195: 4985: 4159: 4021: 3744:

argue that Freud and his followers created an inaccurate legend of Freud to popularize psychoanalysis.

3594: 1757: 1398:, which was generally seen as the birth of psychoanalysis. The work was based on Breuer's treatment of 806:. Freud wrote some criticisms of them and emphatically denied that they were forms of psychoanalysis. 9441: 6507: 5764:

The Organizational Life of Psychoanalysis : Conflicts, Dilemmas, and the Future of the Profession

11718: 11344: 11309: 10783: 10766: 10553: 6474: 6331: 5061: 4906: 4332: 3975:, while the other side argues that such findings make psychoanalytic theory obsolete and irrelevant. 3924:), to suggest that, traditionally, psychoanalysis had always enthusiastically enjoyed and embraced a 3917: 3607:

Early critics of psychoanalysis believed that its theories were based too little on quantitative and

3177:

in which psychoanalytic thinking is practiced. Besides classical psychoanalysis there is for example

3092: 2663:

Dynamic interpretation: explaining how being too nice guards against guilt (e.g. defense vs. affect);

2366: 1616:. Based on his experience with depressed and self-destructive patients, and pondering the carnage of 1609: 970:

cut into isolated individuals by Zeus or the quarrel among Mesopotamian gods in the sinister epos of

905: 897:, an earlier midwife for birthing truth into daylight of consciousness. Thus Plato's demon ‘Eros’ in 580: 10295: 8255: 7825: 5666: 5434: 2448:, in which the protagonist unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother. The validity of the 1821: 131: 11565: 11435: 11413: 10652: 10467: 10390: 8603: 6431: 4928: 4031: 3879:

criticized the Oedipal and schizophrenic power structure of psychoanalysis and its connivance with

3785: 3261: 3087:, CPD. Members of the Society teach and hold posts on other approved psychoanalytic courses, e.g.: 2549: 2179: 2118: 2093: 1842: 1605: 1555: 1525: 1037: 1002: 940:

in realm of primates, his thesis of the Darwinian primordial horde (as presented for discussion in

161: 121: 59: 9772:

The First Year of Life: Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations

6946:"The four basic components of psychoanalytic technique and derived psychoanalytic psychotherapies" 3872:

to describe the exclusion of the woman both from Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalytical theories.

2727:

Interpersonal–relational psychoanalysts emphasize the notion that it is impossible to be neutral.

1771:

The second congress of psychoanalysis took place in Nuremberg, Germany in 1910. At this congress,

11844: 11758: 10761: 10543: 10482: 8421:"The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated Treatment Recommendations 2009" 7588:

Briggs S, Netuveli G, Gould N, Gkaravella A, Gluckman NS, Kangogyere P, et al. (June 2019).

7566: 5357: 4001: 3213: 3007: 2891: 2866: 2807: 2751: 2733: 2622: 2506: 2183: 2080: 1140: 873: 711: 570: 89: 9876:

Brockmeier Jens (1997). "Autobiography, narrative and the Freudian conception of life history".

8992:

Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis

4882: 1357:

he wrote on this subject is the first contains Freud's suspicion that neurotic symptoms such as

11647: 11176: 11091: 10692: 10571: 10561: 10538: 10314: 9548: 8250: 7820: 7160: 6915: 5845: 3982: 3821: 3731: 3727: 3492:

in cases of schizophrenia, arguing that more trials are necessary to verify its effectiveness.

3480: 3324: 2417: 2354: 2350: 2278: 1937: 1475: 8950:

Bunge M (1984). "What is pseudoscience?". Vol. 9. The Skeptical Inquirer. pp. 36–46.

8909: 8331:"Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis" 6243: 5496: 3604:, making the theory largely incompatible with positivist approaches to the study of the mind. 3395:

concluded that psychoanalytic therapy is less effective than other psychotherapies (including

2649:

Instructions: telling the patient to try to say what's on their mind, including interferences;

10793: 10642: 10596: 10449: 10365: 9825: 9406: 9373: 9023: 8051: 8020: 7989: 7958: 7762:

de Maat S, de Jonghe F, de Kraker R, Leichsenring F, Abbass A, Luyten P, et al. (2013).

4924: 3986: 3843: 3745: 3608: 3574: 3453: 3449: 2982: 2569: 1941: 1637: 997: 803: 799: 678: 545: 535: 9621:

Analysis of the Self: Systematic Approach to Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders

9472:, and J. B. Pontalis (1974). "The Language of Psycho-Analysis". W. W. Norton & Company. 9411:

An introduction that explains psychoanalytic theory with interpretations of major theorists.

7908:

Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis

3319:

Psychoanalysis has been used as a research tool into childhood development (cf. the journal

1470:

that he no longer believed in his theory, though he did not state this publicly until 1906.

1187: 11528: 11505: 11325: 11071: 10906: 10831: 10697: 10632: 8670: 8660: 7367: 5353: 5080: 3967: 3388: 2759: 2728: 2705: 2479: 2239: 2052: 1721: 1025: 937: 933: 822: 663: 376: 151: 9762:

Worlds of Experience: Interweaving Philosophical and Clinical Dimensions in Psychoanalysis

8753: 8486: 8469: 7764:"The Current State of the Empirical Evidence for Psychoanalysis: A meta-analytic approach" 5381:. London: International Psycho-Analytic Press. – via Library of Social Science. — 1955 . " 4356: 2769:

Psychoanalytic constructs have been adapted for use with children with treatments such as

1908:(1899). The theory hypothesizes that the mental apparatus can be divided into the systems 8: 11734: 11474: 11222: 10803: 10714: 10591: 10462: 8538: 6348: 5291: 4809: 4686: 3972: 3891: 3672: 3423: 2565: 2561: 2238:

through empathic contacts with other humans, primary significant others conceived of as '

1805: 1681: 1658: 1379: 1366: 1108: 1057: 1051: 186: 6772:

Hall GC, Kim-Mozeleski JE, Zane NW, Sato H, Huang ER, Tuan M, et al. (March 2019).

4758: 4723: 3533: 3280: 2111:, were actually first mentioned by Sigmund Freud in his early concepts of drive theory ( 2032:

Genetic (i.e. propositions concerning origin and development of psychological functions)

1246: 11742: 11726: 11609: 11293: 10931: 10746: 10637: 10566: 10127: 9510: 9225: 8445: 8420: 8396: 8371: 8276: 8223: 8180: 7888: 7846: 7732: 7674: 7500: 7475: 7442: 7395: 7211: 7112: 7087: 7068: 6978: 6945: 6885: 6825: 6798: 6773: 6414: 6394: 6352: 6074: 5729:

The discovery of the unconscious : the history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry

5478: 5412: 4869: 4659: 3920:, prominent members of the most respected psychoanalytical associations (including the 3793: 3419: 2978: 2581: 2402: 1984: 1948:. The id is present at birth as the repository of basic instincts, which Freud called " 1868: 1645: 461: 156: 10876: 10115: 7525:"Here's what psychoanalysis really is, and what research says about its effectiveness" 7474:

Schechter DS, Zygmunt A, Coates SW, Davies M, Trabka KA, McCaw J, et al. (2007).

7430: 5018:

Schimek, J. G. 1987. "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review."

4639: 3698:, who researched the history of Freud, Jung, Adler, and Janet, while writing his book 3337: 1772: 1309: 266: 11750: 11614: 11485: 11453: 11076: 11046: 11006: 10886: 10674: 10601: 10518: 10422: 10232: 10218: 10204: 10200: 10177: 10160: 10143: 10119: 10091: 10077: 10050: 10022: 10008: 9994: 9980: 9966: 9952: 9938: 9920: 9903: 9865: 9847: 9833: 9816: 9789: 9775: 9751: 9734: 9717: 9693: 9679: 9662: 9645: 9628: 9607: 9590: 9569: 9552: 9535: 9518: 9501: 9487: 9473: 9419: 9278: 9243: 9233: 9181: 9149: 9107: 9031: 9007: 8999: 8930: 8741: 8731: 8693: 8607: 8596: 8591: 8534:"washingtonpost.com: Dispatches from the Freud Wars: Psychoanalysis and Its Passions" 8514: 8491: 8450: 8401: 8352: 8311: 8268: 8215: 8172: 8131: 8100: 8064: 8033: 8002: 7971: 7925: 7880: 7838: 7793: 7785: 7724: 7716: 7678: 7666: 7658: 7619: 7611: 7505: 7434: 7399: 7387: 7203: 7195: 7140: 7117: 7072: 7006: 6983: 6965: 6919: 6877: 6869: 6803: 6727: 6668: 6572: 6535: 6527: 6450: 6286: 6276: 6151: 6125: 6121: 6066: 6058: 5960: 5950: 5909: 5899: 5865: 5824: 5778: 5768: 5743: 5733: 5708: 5698: 5629: 5619: 5576: 5502: 5482: 5286:

Freud, Sigmund. 1922 . "Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego," translated by

5130: 4763: 4745: 4690: 4651: 4643: 4609: 4440: 4436: 4360: 4036: 3753: 3737: 3695: 3664: 3660: 3570: 3569:

has criticized psychoanalysis for lacking a scientific basis. Evolutionary biologist

3131: 2832: 2811: 2683: 2577: 2460: 2319: 2235: 1826: 1692:, outlining numerous ways the mind could shut upsetting things out of consciousness. 1399: 1017: 898: 888:. Psychoanalysis, or short analytical therapy, was developed in order to clarify the 865: 699: 386: 146: 105: 47: 10131: 9268: 9171: 8987: 8227: 8184: 7946: 7893: 7737: 7446: 7267: 7215: 5816: 4078: 3876: 3684: 2669:

Resistance interpretation: showing the patient how they are avoiding their problems;

2391:

problems can be traced to unresolved conflicts from certain phases of childhood and

286: 11497: 11428: 11081: 11051: 10921: 10723: 10702: 10682: 10508: 10280: 10169: 10111: 9726: 9709: 9459: 9215: 8784: 8749: 8723: 8481: 8440: 8432: 8391: 8383: 8342: 8303: 8280: 8260: 8207: 8162: 8154: 8127: 8096: 8092: 8056: 8025: 7994: 7963: 7917: 7872: 7863:

Leichsenring F (2005), "Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective",

7850: 7830: 7775: 7708: 7650: 7601: 7571: 7552: 7529: 7495: 7487: 7426: 7379: 7187: 7107: 7099: 7064: 7060: 6973: 6957: 6911: 6889: 6859: 6851: 6793: 6785: 6755: 6723: 6719: 6660: 6523: 6519: 6117: 6091: 6078: 6050: 5857: 5535: 5531: 5524:. 1936. "The Principles of Multiple Function: Observations on Over-Determination." 5474: 5470: 5345: 5336: 5300: 5295: 5040: 4753: 4735: 4682: 4663: 4635: 4432: 4352: 3869: 3777: 3349: 3305: 3143: 3139: 3111: 2865:

in the mid-20th century. Psychoanalytic approaches continue to be listed by the UK

2397: 2291: 2152: 2005: 1917: 1872: 1725: 1712:

function of the ego as a mediator in psychic functioning, distinguishing such from

954:. They stand in contrast to the monotheistic enigmatic reports about the origin of 751: 668: 575: 381: 361: 261: 8569: 8049:

Tryon, Warren W., and Georgiana S. Tryon. 2011. "No ownership of common factors."

4062: 3909: 1760:

argues was the beginning of psychoanalysis as a movement. This society became the

11689: 11597: 11261: 11096: 11026: 11011: 10966: 10816: 10771: 10528: 10472: 10242: 9930: 9912: 9857: 9637: 9363: 9064: 8971: 8866:

The black book of psychoanalysis: living, thinking and doing better without Freud

8717: 8565: 8264: 7780: 7763: 6707: 6693: 6303: 6041:

Frosch J (1964). "The psychotic character: Clinical psychiatric considerations".

5818: 5341: 5312: 5260: 5218: 5124: 4602:

History of Countertransference: From Freud to the British Object Relations School

3993: 3913: 3865: 3827: 3817: 3764: 3749: 3700:

The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry

3668: 3625:

because its claims are not testable and cannot be refuted; that is, they are not

3465: 3376: 3174: 2709: 2573: 2435: 2315: 2255: 2230: 2137: 1662: 1506: 1479: 1013: 941: 913: 894: 810: 781: 755: 585: 346: 65: 7876: 7654: 7414: 6625: 2627:—and in any case, very early experiences (before age two)—cannot be remembered. 1643:

Three years later, in 1923, he summarised the ideas of id, ego, and superego in

11818: 11788: 11778: 11679: 11602: 11066: 11061: 11036: 11021: 10996: 10986: 10981: 10851: 10821: 10756: 9743: 9671: 9654: 9578: 9527: 9469: 9264: 9167: 8901: 8644: 7712: 7575: 7027: 6840:"A cost-utility analysis of psychoanalysis versus psychoanalytic psychotherapy" 6430:. National Center for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Archived from 5984: 5861: 5521: 5462: 5430: 5422: 5392: 5287: 5270: 5228: 5187: 5160: 5044: 4977: 4950: 4916: 4847: 4820: 4100: 4055: 3997: 3831: 3805: 3741: 3582: 3445: 3345: 3329: 3309: 3127: 3099: 2755: 2747: 2697: 2666:

Genetic interpretation: explaining how a past event is influencing the present;

2655:

Clarification: rephrasing and summarizing what the patient has been describing.

2601: 2048: 2035:

Adaptational (i.e. psychological phenomena as it relates to the external world)

2012: 1995: 1972: 1953: 1834: 1705: 1673: 1537: 1529: 1521: 1513: 1467: 1462: 1077: 1009:- between the ages of about 7 and 12 for benefit social-intellectual growth). 850: 830: 745:. It describes the human soul as an ‘apparatus’ that emerged along the path of 673: 565: 540: 371: 366: 341: 326: 301: 251: 236: 196: 8861:

Le livre noir de la psychanalyse: Vivre, penser et aller mieux sans Freud]

8745: 8387: 8347: 8330: 8307: 8211: 7921: 7491: 6855: 6759: 6664: 6583: 6290: 6144:

Rapaport, Gill. 1959. "The Points of View and Assumptions of Metapsychology."

4282:

Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis

4198:"By the 1960s it would assume a more central place in the psychotherapy arena" 3437:

limited and at best conflicting. Others have found effect sizes of 0.44–0.68.

11838: 11793: 11674: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11461: 11383: 11199: 11086: 10971: 10951: 10936: 10926: 10891: 10861: 10707: 10616: 10513: 10503: 10337: 10005:

A Final Accounting: Philosophical and Empirical Issues in Freudian Psychology

9599: 9583:

Depression; Comparative Studies of Normal, Neurotic, and Psychotic Conditions

9561: 9368: 9247: 9229: 9131: 9123: 8922: 7789: 7720: 7662: 7615: 7391: 7383: 7199: 7103: 6969: 6906:

Sharpless BA (2019). "The Process of Interpretation". In Sharpless BA (ed.).

6873: 6731: 6672: 6531: 6368: 6319: 6099: 6062: 6013: 5988: 5964: 5869: 5782: 5633: 5558: 5466: 5426: 5396: 5322: 5274: 5232: 5191: 5164: 4981: 4954: 4920: 4851: 4824: 4749: 4647: 4285: 4005: 3861: 3854: 3647: 3622: 3485: 3457: 3384: 3371: 3341: 3123: 3119: 2421: 2286: 2263: 2259: 2108: 1909: 1899: 1880: 1876: 1801: 1797: 1613: 1590: 1533: 885: 826: 742: 356: 331: 321: 296: 276: 141: 9767: 8436: 7638: 6648: 5913: 5712: 4989: 4677:

Fotopoulou A (May 2012), "The history and progress of neuropsychoanalysis",

4168:

The Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Solutions for the Future

4109:

The Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Solutions for the Future

3383:

to be effective, with outcomes comparable to or greater than other kinds of

2129: 1775:

called for the creation of an International Psychoanalytic Association with

1327:"spatial extension and composition of several parts can be attributed (...)" 11808: 11803: 11798: 11770: 11657: 11560: 11538: 11466: 11111: 11056: 11031: 10991: 10976: 10941: 10901: 10871: 10866: 10856: 10788: 10523: 10301: 10123: 9895: 9272: 9176: 8889: 8845: 8626: 8553: 8454: 8405: 8356: 8315: 8272: 8219: 8176: 8104: 8068: 8037: 8006: 7975: 7929: 7884: 7842: 7797: 7728: 7670: 7623: 7509: 7252: 7207: 7121: 6987: 6881: 6807: 6595: 6576: 6539: 6386: 6270: 6155: 6070: 6005: 5378: 4804: 4767: 4655: 3925: 3885: 3847: 3752:

argue that this legend has been adapted to different times and situations.

3638: 3612: 3578: 3566: 3501: 3333: 3297: 3293: 3158: 3103: 3050: 2845: 2778: 2770: 2763: 2701: 2672: 2605: 2341: 2331: 2307: 2295: 2148: 2097: 2089: 1913: 1780: 1765: 1730: 1701: 1415: 1411: 1395: 1062: 1033: 955: 818: 791: 762: 501: 306: 291: 256: 246: 241: 231: 226: 181: 176: 166: 136: 9676:

Dream-Life: A Re-Examination of the Psycho-Analytical Theory and Technique

8727: 8687: 8495: 7438: 6010:

Freud on a Precipice: How Freud's Fate pushed Psychoanalysis over the Edge

5762: 4444: 3573:

considered psychoanalysis influenced by pseudoscientific theories such as

3414:

Meta-analyses of Short Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STPP) have found

2700:, techniques with patients who had more severe problems with basic trust ( 1733:'s studies of societal pressures that influence the development of women. 11813: 11041: 11016: 10946: 10911: 10826: 10751: 10498: 10477: 9738: 9616: 9347: 9308: 9220: 9011: 8803: 8683: 7637:

Laezer KL, Tischer I, Gaertner B, Leuzinger-Bohleber M (September 2021).

7005:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 45–46. 6198: 5895:

Attachment theory : social, developmental, and clinical perspectives

5893: 5747: 5692: 5600:

Forty-Two Lives in Treatment: A Study of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy

4740: 4581: 3978: 3945: 3652: 3626: 3618: 3505: 3415: 3313: 3135: 3107: 3073: 3054: 2799: 2774: 2693: 2444: 2392: 2322:

for the many candidates who desired to continue their analysis with him.

2274: 2251: 2068: 1830: 1617: 1424: 944:) can'nt be tested and, where necessary, replaced by a realistic model. 814: 550: 336: 316: 281: 7606: 7589: 7191: 1028:. In addition to it's task of strengthening the ego with its ability to 829:'s work essentially represents a return to Freud. He described Freudian 11783: 11575: 11570: 11214: 11001: 10916: 10811: 10302:

Psychoanalysis – Division 39 – American Psychological Association (APA)

9251: 8663:

10 May 2013. — 2000/2003/2009. "Is Freud Still Alive? No, Not Really."

8167: 7636: 7368:"Otto Kernberg's Object Relations Theory: A Metapsychological Critique" 6789: 6054: 5550: 4241:

see Leon Hoffman, New York Psychoanalytic Institute Center for Children

4129: 3880: 3839: 3601: 3227: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3115: 3021: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2905: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2782: 2520: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2409: 2122: 1980: 1768:

was one of the most active members in this society in its early years.

1685: 1595: 1582: 1419: 1069: 975: 971: 959: 271: 9716:, edited by V. Zajko and M. Leonard. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9104:

Sexuality and its Discontents: Meanings, Myths, and Modern Sexualities

8158: 7473: 7175: 6961: 6864: 5727: 4462:. p. 31. Vorlesung: Die Zerlegung der psychischen Persönlichkeit. 3655:

argued that psychoanalysis is a pseudoscience because it violates the

3153:

is the foremost publisher of psychoanalytic literature. The 24-volume

1365:

may have mental causes. In 1885, Freud obtained a grant to study with

11543: 10961: 10896: 10881: 10611: 8060: 8029: 7998: 7967: 7947:

Methods and mechanisms in the efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy

7834: 7761: 7541: 5944: 5613: 5349: 4605: 3722:

Some have accused Freud of fabrication, most famously in the case of

3289: 3155:

Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud

2439: 1945: 1864: 1860: 1786: 1776: 1654: 1403: 1377:

Freud's first theory to explain hysterical symptoms was presented in

1354: 1346: 1045: 1029: 989: 917: 889: 846: 795: 746: 351: 311: 201: 7352: 4207:

also see Freud's paper "Repeating, Remembering, and Working Through"

3202: 2997: 2881: 2495: 2413: 2310:, and the claim that "the unconscious is structured as a language." 2168: 1129: 75: 10687: 10360: 10244:

The Freud Wars: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis

7692:

Leichsenring F, Abbass A, Luyten P, Hilsenroth M, Rabung S (2013).

7229: 6028:

Essays on Ego Psychology Selected Problems in Psychoanalytic Theory

4625: 3656: 3473: 3276: 2803: 2795: 2299: 2141: 1838: 1600: 1458: 1358: 1350: 881: 206: 10040:

Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy

9977:

Tales From the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context

9271:. 1984 . "The Disjunctive Synthesis of Recording." Section 2.4 in 7691: 6114:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

5846:"The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth" 3426:

compared to no treatment and 0.69 for treating depression. A 2012

1349:

trying to find an effective treatment for patients with so called

1005:(whereby the sexual drive of latter takes a ‘latency’ break - the 41:

The words "Die Psychoanalyse" in Sigmund Freud's handwriting, 1938

11492: 11479: 9198:

Lecercle JJ (October 2012). Ducange JN, Sibertin-Blanc G (eds.).

7951: 7811:

Shedler J (2010), "The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy",

5817:

John C. Norcross, Gary R. VandenBos, Donald K. Freedheim (2011).

3996:

incorporated aspects of psychoanalytic theory into his theory of

3875:

Together with Deleuze, the French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist

3723: 3598: 3469: 1921: 1650: 1478:. Only much later did he claim the same findings as evidence for 1407: 1362: 993: 963: 877: 837:

and primarily examined the logical structure of the unconscious.

790:

Using no less psychoanalytical terms, Freud's earlier colleagues

11168: 10306: 8418: 7034:, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) 6112:

Hauser S (1 January 2001). "Ego Psychology and Psychoanalysis".

3255:

Over a hundred years of case reports and studies in the journal

2556:

The most common problems treatable with psychoanalysis include:

2353:

of the mind (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious) over the

1487:

conscious thoughts. This theory was published in his 1899 book,

1032:- the "primacy of the intellect" -, therapy also aims to induce 798:

developed their own therapeutic methods, which the first called

11533: 9809:

The Syndetic Paradigm: The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung

8689:

Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge

6568: 6324:

The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis

5455:

Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety." In

4890: 4232:

see the child studies of Eleanor Galenson on "evocative memory"

3441: 3392: 2951: 2557: 2004:

According to ego psychology, ego strengths, later described by

1677: 171: 10019:

Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud.

9862:

The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis

9448:

McWilliams Nancy. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Practice Guide

8806:. 1990. "Science: Conjectures and Refutations." Pp. 104–10 in 5126:

The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis

4505:

Sigmund Freud: Der Mann Moses und die monotheistische Religion

4460:

Neue Folge der Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse

3611:, and too much on the clinical case study method. Philosopher 3585:, and others have also criticized the field as pseudoscience. 3444:, psychoanalysis was presumed or proven effective at treating 3296:(turn of the 20th century), continued with behaviorists (e.g. 1672:

By 1936 the "Principle of Multiple Function" was clarified by

1518:

Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend

1076:, analysis of fairy tales, philosophical perspectives such as 825:

developed or branched Psychoanalysis in different directions.

9704:

Freud and beyond: a history of modern psychoanalytic thought.

9211: 8892:. 1978. "The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes." 7587: 7134: 6844:

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care

5573:

Contemporary Psychoanalysis and the Legacy of the Third Reich

4009: 3834:

asserted that the institution of psychoanalysis has become a

3804:, including the Oedipus complex, which, according to her and 3456:, but did not find evidence of its effectiveness in treating 2618: 2388: 2282: 1594:(1914), Freud turned his attention to the titular subject of 1050:

All people ‘project’ irrational content everywhere. The term

929: 10231:

Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.

9547:(2005). "Psychoanalysis: A Paradigm For Clinical Thinking". 8719:

Quantum Information and Consciousness: A Gentle Introduction

8293: 6822:

The Ethic of Honesty: The Fundamental Rule of Psychoanalysis

2092:, creating a mental representation of external objects; and 1321:

with its innate needs, consciousness and memory resembles a

771:"the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, 761:

Founded in the early 1890s, initially in co-operation with

11823: 10074:

The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique

7694:"The Emerging Evidence for Long-Term Psychodynamic Therapy" 7032:

Brief Interventions and Brief Therapies for Substance Abuse

6463: 6374:

Television: A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment

4085: 4069: 3959: 2781:. Throughout her career, from the 1920s through the 1970s, 2548:

Using the various analytic and psychological techniques to

1394:), co-authored with his mentor the distinguished physician 10033:

The Scientific Credibility of Freud's Theories and Therapy

9760:

Stolorow, Robert, George Atwood, and Donna Orange (2002).

9604:

Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies

9305:

The Scientific Credibility of Freud's Theories and Therapy

7365: 7316: 6345:

The Literary Animal; Evolution and the Nature of Narrative

5946:

Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice

3479:

A 2001 systematic review of the medical literature by the

2712:), relational, or corrective object relations techniques. 27:

Set of therapeutic techniques established by Sigmund Freud

7774:(3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 107–137. 7291: 6771: 6569:

Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale

5926: 5334:"Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego" (review). 4408:. S. Fischer. pp. Gesammelte Werke, Band XVI, 57–99. 4216: 3541: 2948:

American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry

1841:. Bowlby's theory of attachment rejects Freud's model of 11133:

Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

10217:, 53. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. 9890:

After Freud Left: A Century of Psychoanalysis in America

9086:

Thou shalt not be aware: society's betrayal of the child

8978:(The Free Press, Simon & Schuster, 2002), pp. 64–65. 7366:

Christopher JC, Bickhard MH, Lambeth GS (October 2001).

6471:

Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child

5812: 5810: 5122: 3537: 2377: 1979:(1926), while major steps forward would be made through 10100: 9430:

Shrink: A Cultural History of Psychoanalysis in America

8080: 7558: 7176:"Training at the American Institute for Psychoanalysis" 6837: 5798:"A Brief History of the British Psychoanalytic Society" 3800:. She scrutinized and rejected the validity of Freud's 774:

recognition of the theory of repression and resistance,

9800: 9334: 9332: 9069:

The Meaning of It All: Thoughts of a Citizen-Scientist

9041: 8823: 8369: 7139:(2nd ed.). New York: Elsevier. pp. 348–356. 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 4724:"An Introduction and Brief Overview of Psychoanalysis" 4389:

Freud's Papers on Technique (Seminar of Jacques Lacan)

4164:

Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship

2234:

emphasizes the development of a stable and integrated

2011:

Taken together, the above theories present a group of

1959: 1796:

In the 1950s, psychoanalysis was the main modality of

1791: 1012:

Psychoanalysts place large emphasis on experiences of

11399:

Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work

10157:

Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science, and Psychoanalysis

9642:

Liberating Oedipus? Psychoanalysis as Critical Theory

8834:

Why Freud was Wrong: Sin, Science, and Psychoanalysis

6391:

Fundamentals of Adaptive Psychotherapy and Counseling

5929:

Dorpat, Theodore, B. Killingmo, and S. Akhtar. 1976.

5807: 5648:

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4539:. textlog.de. pp. X - Die Masse und die Urhorde. 2720:

also the studies and opinion papers of Owen Renik). "

1493:, which Freud thought of as his most significant work 982:

as a not unpleasant English critic wittily called it"

10047:

The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason

9532:

The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason

9052:

Why Freud was Wrong. Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis

6939: 6937: 6935: 6901: 6899: 6838:

Berghout CC, Zevalkink J, Roijen LH (January 2010).

5931:

Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association

4321: 4274: 3300:) into the 1940s and '50s, and have persisted (e.g. 2463:

in "On the Concept Superego" (1960) and modified by

9329: 8144: 7567:

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training

6485: 6483: 5594: 5592: 5103: 4421:"Working against Dorian Gray: analysis and the old" 4075: 4059: 3689:

Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis

3588: 3275:have analyzed the efficacy of analysis in cases of 3049:The London Psychoanalytical Society was founded by 1241:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

1154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 11138:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 9786:Mind and Its Treatment: A Psychoanalytic Approach. 8722:(1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 4. 8595: 8328: 8240: 7643:Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 5570: 5021:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 4721: 4588:. New York: Open Road. pp. 12–13. (points 1 to 6). 3895:(1980), the two volumes of their theoretical work 3767:wrote off psychoanalysts as mere "witch doctors": 3272:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 2096:, applying this mental representation to reality. 1787:Developments of alternative forms of psychotherapy 1740:(APsaA), which is a component organization of the 1688:, Sigmund's daughter, published her seminal book, 7516: 7088:"Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" 6932: 6896: 6207:Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory 6096:Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism 5094:Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory 3792:charged psychoanalysis with being similar to the 2741: 1505:contained Freud's first conceptualisation of the 11836: 11128:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy 10296:International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) 10031:Fisher, Seymour, and Roger P. Greenberg (1977). 9369:The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond 9073:Feynman was also speaking here of psychiatrists. 8467: 7757: 7755: 7135:Freedheim D, DiFilippo J, Klostermann S (2015). 6480: 6268: 6264: 6262: 6260: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5589: 4262:Feynman was also speaking here of psychiatrists. 4105:Psychoanalysis, Part 1: Proposals for the Future 3680:however, is that each drives the other at times. 3173:There are different forms of psychoanalysis and 11143:Association for Behavior Analysis International 9875: 9788:Madison, CT: International Universities Press. 9661:, edited by T. Moi. Columbia University Press. 9303:Fisher, Seymour, and Roger P. Greenberg. 1977. 9028:Remembering Anna O: A Century of Mystification. 8692:(4th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 38. 8197: 8117: 7000: 6343:Evans, Dylan. 2005. "From Lacan to Darwin." In 6272:A clinical guide to psychodynamic psychotherapy 6001: 5999: 5997: 5820:History of Psychotherapy: Continuity and Change 5686: 5684: 5682: 3440:According to a 2004 French review conducted by 3168: 2825: 2645:was summarized by Allan Compton as comprising: 2635:There is what is known among psychoanalysts as 2482:defensive maneuvers (rules, repetitive games). 2420:concept. The concept takes the observations of 2314:ideas are most widely used to analyze texts in 1747: 853:. He found that many of the drives - since his 840: 492:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis 10140:Dire Mastery: Discipleship from Freud to Lacan 10059: 9949:Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend 9844:Remembering Anna O: A Century of Mystification 9354:. UK: D.A.T. Publications. pp. 16, back cover. 9323:Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 9191: 8921: 4315:On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement 3284:the severity and complexity of the pathology. 1936:Structural theory divides the psyche into the 11184: 10322: 10142:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 9320: 8709: 8508: 8363: 7752: 6910:. Oxford University Press. pp. 152–176. 6600:Ground Rules in Psychotherapy and Counselling 6257: 5977:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . "The Unconscious." In 5876: 5546: 5544: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5407: 5405: 5206: 5204: 4939: 4937: 4901: 4899: 4799: 4797: 3734:, rather than Freud's diagnosis of hysteria. 3536:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 2340:of psychotherapy develops out of the work of 1708:, the group built upon understandings of the 1448:"), written and published in French in 1896. 1056:) This includes not least the fact that the 904:Therefore Freud attached great importance to 719: 11376:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood 11286:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 9515:The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique 9352:The Trousers – Parables for the 21st Century 8927:Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation 7906:Leichsenring, Falk, and Sven Rabung. 2011. " 7862: 7463:, New York: International Universities Press 6170:. 2006. "Psychoanalysis: Mind and Meaning." 5994: 5679: 5306:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 4552:Analyse der Phobie eines fünfjährigen Knaben 3079:The Society is a constituent society of the 2360: 1623:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 1443: 1389: 1331:"location ... is the brain (nervous system)" 11254:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious 8676: 8287: 7321:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 6559:INSERM Collective Expertise Centre. 2004. " 6308:The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant 6217: 6215: 6147:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 5725: 5494: 4681:, Oxford University Press, pp. 12–24, 4490:Gesammelte Werke. Bd. 14. Selbstdarstellung 3163:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 3065:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 2966:The Division of Psychoanalysis (39) of the 2794:Psychoanalysis can be adapted to different 2250:Self psychology was proposed originally by 2197:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1720:In addition, there was growing interest in 1439:are'nt concepts of physiological research. 1410:". Berta herself had dubbed the treatment " 1333:. Decisive for this view of Freud was his 1117:Learn how and when to remove these messages 962:' rebellion against Zeus until creation of 777:appreciation of the importance of sexuality 11392:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement 11278:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement 11191: 11177: 10329: 10315: 9935:The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute 9464:International dictionary of psychoanalysis 9274:Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 9177:Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 9143: 8799: 8797: 8780: 8778: 7003:An Introduction to Theories of Personality 6187:Borderline Patients: Clinical Perspectives 6185:Abend, Sandor, Porder, and Willick. 1983. 5843: 5541: 5501:. Global Professional Publishing Limited. 5444: 5402: 5201: 4934: 4896: 4794: 4676: 4317:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 5. 4143:Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry 3864:also criticized psychoanalysis, employing 3081:International Psychoanalytical Association 2630: 2269: 2074: 1742:International Psychoanalytical Association 1554:in which he laid out his discovery of the 932:’ because - as he stated one last time in 726: 712: 634:International Psychoanalytical Association 35: 10188: 9702:Mitchell, S. A., and M. J. Black (1995). 9498:Hypothesis and Evidence in Psychoanalysis 9418:(expanded ed.). Northvale: Jason Aronson. 9219: 8981: 8485: 8444: 8395: 8370:Malmberg L, Fenton M, Rathbone J (2001). 8346: 8254: 8166: 7892: 7824: 7779: 7736: 7605: 7499: 7412: 7111: 7025: 6977: 6905: 6863: 6814: 6797: 6649:"Analytic neutrality—a historical review" 6561:Psychotherapy: Three approaches evaluated 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6223:101 Defenses: How the Mind Shields Itself 5892:Goldberg S, Muir R, Kerr J, eds. (1995). 4757: 4739: 4412: 4000:in order to question what he called the ' 3860:Belgian psycholinguist and psychoanalyst 3243:Learn how and when to remove this message 3037:Learn how and when to remove this message 2921:Learn how and when to remove this message 2536:Learn how and when to remove this message 2217:Learn how and when to remove this message 2039: 1626:. In that same year, Freud suggested his 1287:Learn how and when to remove this message 1269:Learn how and when to remove this message 1253:, without removing the technical details. 1214:Learn how and when to remove this message 924:can only be realised as a deviation from 10159:, New York: Basic Books, HarperCollins. 9878:Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 9534:, . A critical view of Freudian theory. 9396:An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis 9197: 8715: 8511:Freud and the politics of psychoanalysis 8502: 7173: 7044: 6943: 6916:10.1093/med-psych/9780190676278.003.0013 6411:Influence and Autonomy in Psychoanalysis 6212: 5942: 4507:. pp. 180 (Kapitel 3, Abschnitt C). 4297: 3811: 2855: 2817: 1308: 1041:contents that have chaped his persona. 11406:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death 11352:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 10174:Freud: A Collection of Critical Essays. 9993:, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 9979:, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 9900:Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience 9832:, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 9432:. University of Nebraska Press. 253 pp. 9063: 8954: 8794: 8775: 8632:Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire 8552: 8376:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8074: 7865:International Journal of Psychoanalysis 7810: 7522: 7458: 7348:Nederlands Psychoanalytisch Genootschap 7241: 7239: 7028:"Chapter 7—Brief Psychodynamic Therapy" 6505: 5690: 5321:18, translated by J. Strachey. London: 5151:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 5123:Borch-Jacobsen M, Shamdasani S (2012). 5003:Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience 4405:Die endliche und die unendliche Analyse 4221:Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence 3667:, in particular, have also weighed in. 3267:International Journal of Psychoanalysis 2277:, which integrates psychoanalysis with 2114:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1822:Attachment theory § Psychoanalysis 1570:Phallic-oedipal or First genital (3–6); 1551:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1341:: one of the superego's main functions. 750:education and a technique for bringing 14: 11837: 11360:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva 11148:European Association for Psychotherapy 10049:. A critical view of Freudian theory. 9937:, New York: New York Review of Books. 9403:Psychoanalytic Theory: An Introduction 9350:. 1997. "Powerlessness as a Parable." 9082: 8943: 8682: 7180:The American Journal of Psychoanalysis 7128: 6646: 6546: 6111: 6040: 5823:. American Psychological Association. 5760: 5611: 4865:L'hérédité et l'étiologie des névroses 4722:Tarzian M, Ndrio M, Fakoya AO (2023). 4344: 4126:A Short Introduction to Psychoanalysis 3098:Members of the Society have included: 2789: 2617:understood through the examination of 1445:L'hérédité et l'étiologie des névroses 11172: 10310: 9919:, New York: Oxford University Press. 9500:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 8960: 8949: 8857: 8810:, edited by P. Grim. Albany, p. 109, 8590: 8487:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033303 7707:(3). Guilford Publications: 361–384. 7248:Nederlands Psychoanalytisch Instituut 7085: 6705: 6512:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 6444: 5949:. Pearson Longman. pp. 123–142. 5697:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5694:A historical dictionary of psychiatry 5662:IPA Component Organisations in Europe 5555:The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence 5375:International Psycho-Analytic Library 4992:via Michigan Mental Health Networker. 4873:4(6):161–69. via Psychanalyste Paris. 4549: 4457: 4401: 4312: 4186:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 3527:too many or overly lengthy quotations 3321:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 2692:evolved, supplemented by the work of 2452:is now widely disputed and rejected. 2378:Psychopathology (mental disturbances) 1989:The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence 1890: 1690:The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense 1402:, referred to in case studies by the 1251:make it understandable to non-experts 11246:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 10215:Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium 9774:. International Universities Press. 9706:New York: Basic Books. pp. xviii–xx. 9200:"Machinations deleuzo-guattariennes" 9128:Ecrits: A Selection and The Seminars 8808:Philosophy of Science and the Occult 8666:Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology 8649:Is Freud Still Alive? No, Not Really 7549:Psychology: Tenth edition in modules 7236: 6778:Asian American Journal of Psychology 6708:"Sullivan's Participant Observation" 6275:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. 6025: 5795: 4418: 4252:A Textbook in Analytic Group Therapy 3509: 3225:adding citations to reliable sources 3196: 3019:adding citations to reliable sources 2992: 2903:adding citations to reliable sources 2876: 2869:as possibly helpful for depression. 2518:adding citations to reliable sources 2489: 2428: 2382: 2325: 2254:, and has been further developed by 2195:adding citations to reliable sources 2162: 2026:Economic (the theory of energy flow) 1975:was initially suggested by Freud in 1931: 1815: 1225: 1152:adding citations to reliable sources 1123: 1082: 1058:neurlogical branch of psychoanalysis 628:Psychoanalytic Training and Research 418:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 10433:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 9801:Analyses, discussions and critiques 8858:Meyer C, et al., eds. (2005). 5803:. British Psychoanalytical Society. 5373:," translated by C. J. M. Hubback. 4838:Project for a Scientific Psychology 4357:10.18574/nyu/9780814743232.001.0001 3363: 3085:continuing professional development 2738:questions to open up the dialogue. 1960:Theoretical and clinical approaches 1792:Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) 1738:American Psychoanalytic Association 1339:"a permanent change after an event" 1335:Project for a Scientific Psychology 639:World Association of Psychoanalysis 24: 11153:Society for Psychotherapy Research 10381:Transference focused psychotherapy 10088:Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc 9813:State University of New York Press 9692:(new ed.). Karnac Books; reprint: 9466:1,2,&3. Detroit: Thomson/Gale. 9453: 9382: 9071:. London: Penguin. pp. 114–5. 8657:University of California, Berkeley 7564:Horvath, A. 2001. "The Alliance." 7480:Attachment & Human Development 7265: 6687:The Problem of Analytic Neutrality 6494:American Psychological Association 4687:10.1093/med/9780199600526.003.0002 4570:State University of New York Press 3931: 3796:, which she described in her book 3597:rather than in those that lead to 3404:American Psychological Association 3187:transference focused psychotherapy 2968:American Psychological Association 2652:Exploration: asking questions; and 2158: 1451:In 1896, Freud also published his 835:three-instance model of the psyche 833:as a technical elaboration of the 127:Psychosocial development (Erikson) 25: 11856: 11368:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming 11198: 10438:Rational emotive behavior therapy 10411:Functional analytic psychotherapy 10406:Acceptance and commitment therapy 10336: 10260: 9902:, Open Court Publishing Company. 8468:Lehman AF, Steinwachs DM (1998). 8335:The British Journal of Psychiatry 8329:Leichsenring F, Rabung S (2011). 7594:The British Journal of Psychiatry 7314: 7161:"Clinical depression – Treatment" 7059:(5713): 1197a. 25 February 2005. 6565:INSERM Collective Expert Reports. 5898:. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. 4640:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.006 4536:Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse 4532: 4517: 4502: 4487: 4475:Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse 4472: 4386: 4219:Marcus, I. and J. Francis. 1975. 4172:American Mental Health Foundation 4147:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 4113:American Mental Health Foundation 4027:List of schools of psychoanalysis 3971:with psychoanalytic theory i.e., 3826:Contemporary French philosophers 3091:and in academic departments, e.g. 2988: 1977:Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety 1967: 1898:was named and first described by 1098:This article has multiple issues. 644:List of schools of psychoanalysis 11318:Civilization and Its Discontents 10062:American Philosophical Quarterly 9991:Against Freud: Critics Talk Back 9963:Freud: The Making of an Illusion 9731:Destruction as cause of becoming 9625:International Universities Press 9587:International Universities Press 9388: 9357: 9341: 9314: 9297: 9288: 9258: 9161: 9137: 9117: 9093: 9076: 9057: 9017: 8996:International Universities Press 8965: 8915: 8883: 8839: 8638: 8620: 8584: 8546: 8526: 8461: 8412: 8322: 8234: 8191: 8147:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 8138: 8111: 8043: 8012: 7981: 7950: 7939: 7900: 7856: 7804: 7685: 7630: 7581: 7467: 7452: 7406: 7359: 7339: 7333: 7308: 7284: 7259: 7222: 7167: 7153: 7079: 7019: 6994: 6908:Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques 6831: 6765: 6738: 6699: 6696:. Contemp. Psychoanal., 22:76-86 6679: 6640: 6618: 5098:International Universities Press 4789:International Universities Press 4437:10.1111/j.1465-5922.1983.00051.x 4256: 4244: 4235: 4226: 3759: 3621:argued that psychoanalysis is a 3589:Debate over status as scientific 3514: 3355: 3201: 3089:British Psychotherapy Foundation 3059:British Psychoanalytical Society 2996: 2880: 2872: 2494: 2412:Jürg Willi (* 16. March 1934 in 2167: 2023:Dynamic (the theory of conflict) 1695: 1576:Mature genital (puberty–onward). 1230: 1128: 1087: 693: 620:British Psychoanalytical Society 472:Civilization and Its Discontents 104: 11158:World Council for Psychotherapy 9842:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1996). 6613:The Ego and Analysis of Defense 6605: 6589: 6499: 6491:Does the Oedipus complex exist? 6438: 6420: 6400: 6380: 6362: 6337: 6313: 6297: 6269:Abrahams D, Rohleder P (2021). 6228: 6192: 6179: 6161: 6138: 6105: 6085: 6034: 6019: 5971: 5936: 5920: 5837: 5789: 5754: 5719: 5653: 5640: 5605: 5564: 5515: 5488: 5363: 5328: 5280: 5246: 5170: 5143: 5086: 5067: 5050: 5027: 5012: 4995: 4960: 4887:Dictionnaire de la psychanalyse 4876: 4857: 4830: 4774: 4715: 4702: 4670: 4619: 4591: 4575: 4558: 4543: 4526: 4518:Plato. "Aristophanes' speech". 4511: 4496: 4481: 4466: 4451: 4395: 4348:Jacques Lacan's Return to Freud 4210: 4201: 4192: 4177: 4152: 4135: 3212:needs additional citations for 3006:needs additional citations for 2981:are now more integrated in the 2890:needs additional citations for 2505:needs additional citations for 2088:Klein discusses the concept of 1829:was developed theoretically by 1754:Psychological Wednesday Society 1630:of sexuality and aggression in 1139:needs additional citations for 1106:or discuss these issues on the 11270:Introduction to Psychoanalysis 9947:Crews, Frederick, ed. (1998). 9892:, University of Chicago Press. 9864:, Cambridge University Press. 9416:The History of Psychoanalysis. 8929:. Phoenix Books. p. 201. 8856:. Translated and published in 8789:Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists 8558:"The Professorial Provocateur" 8097:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.08060843 8084:American Journal of Psychiatry 7092:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 7065:10.1126/science.307.5713.1197a 7001:Hergenhahn B, Olson M (2007). 6746:Psychoanalysis and its critics 6724:10.1080/00107530.1977.10745493 6524:10.1080/00797308.1960.11822572 6122:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00393-4 5536:10.1080/21674086.1936.11925272 5475:10.1080/21674086.1936.11925270 5129:. Cambridge University Press. 4586:The Revision of Psychoanalysis 4380: 4338: 4329:Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy 4306: 4291: 4118: 4093: 4048: 3782:Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists 2806:beliefs), so they were low on 2742:Group therapy and play therapy 2067:(1982), include Sandor Abend, 1987:, first published in her book 1833:and formalized empirically by 1369:, a famed neurologist, at the 1080:and other cultural phenomena. 626:Columbia University Center for 615:British Psychoanalytic Council 512:The Sublime Object of Ideology 482:The Mass Psychology of Fascism 13: 1: 11422:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 10371:Mentalization-based treatment 10116:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00255-3 7913:British Journal of Psychiatry 7523:Vickers CB (15 August 2016). 7431:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91210-6 7137:Encyclopedia of Mental Health 6508:"On the Concept of Superego1" 6357:Northwestern University Press 5441:via University of Notre Dame. 5383:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 5371:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 5036:History of the Human Sciences 4351:. New York University Press. 4302:. Pelican Books. p. 343. 4268: 3462:obsessive compulsive disorder 3183:mentalization-based treatment 2594: 2266:, Marian Tolpin, and others. 2117:, 1905). Freud's 1917 paper " 1885:archetypal literary criticism 1762:Vienna Psychoanalytic Society 1633:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1543: 1003:oral, anal and genital phases 452:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 442:Psychology of the Unconscious 11302:The Question of Lay Analysis 11231:The Interpretation of Dreams 10428:Dialectical behavior therapy 10418:Cognitive behavioral therapy 10286:Resources in other libraries 9484:An Outline of Psychoanalysis 9428:Samuel, Lawrence R. (2013). 8850:Was Freud a Pseudoscientist? 8766:that are frequently used in 8564:(Interview). Interviewed by 8513:, Transaction, p. xxi, 8265:10.3109/10673229.2012.677347 8243:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 8132:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00027-m 7781:10.1097/hrp.0b013e318294f5fd 7768:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 6944:Kernberg OF (October 2016). 5527:The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 5076:The Interpretation of Dreams 4566:The Future of Psychoanalysis 4086: 4070: 3898:Capitalism and Schizophrenia 3495: 3429:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 3397:cognitive behavioral therapy 3179:psychoanalytic psychotherapy 3169:Psychoanalytic psychotherapy 2826:Cost and length of treatment 2814:as well as an ego identity. 2485: 2416:; † 8. April 2019) into the 2387:Freudian theories hold that 1905:The Interpretation of Dreams 1810:cognitive behavioral therapy 1748:Psychoanalysis as a movement 1503:The Interpretation of Dreams 1490:The Interpretation of Dreams 841:Theory and method in present 408:The Interpretation of Dreams 7: 10458:Emotionally focused therapy 10255:14(1):108–111. Feb., 2008. 10138:Roustang, Francois (1982). 10086:Macmillan, Malcolm (1997), 9888:Burnham, John, ed. (2012). 9856:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel and 8817:Conjectures and Refutations 7877:10.1516/rfee-lkpn-b7tf-kpdu 7655:10.13109/prkk.2021.70.6.499 6712:Contemporary Psychoanalysis 6626:"Psychoanalytic Techniques" 6306:, Fine, and Bergman. 1975. 5571:Kuriloff, Emily A. (2013). 4564:Chessick, Richard D. 2007. 4300:Psychoanalysis and Feminism 4015: 3844:those included and utilized 3192: 3151:Institute of Psychoanalysis 2863:psychodynamic psychotherapy 1849: 1313:The three instances of the 10: 11861: 10729:Systematic desensitization 10658:Practitioner–scholar model 10401:Clinical behavior analysis 9830:Lacan: The Absolute Master 9496:Edelson, Marshall (1984). 8906:Cambridge University Press 8716:Georgiev DD (2017-12-06). 8296:Clinical Psychology Review 8200:Clinical Psychology Review 8120:Clinical Psychology Review 7934:Cambridge University Press 7713:10.1521/pdps.2013.41.3.361 7576:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.365 6506:Sandler J (January 1960). 5862:10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759 5237:University of Pennsylvania 5196:University of Pennsylvania 5058:Freud: A Life for Our Time 5045:10.1177/095269519801100101 4986:University of Pennsylvania 4885:, and Michel Plon. 2011 . 4076: 4060: 4022:Glossary of psychoanalysis 3815: 3671:, a prominent academic in 3651:philosopher and physicist 3499: 3053:on 30 October 1913. After 2609:the flow of thoughts (aka 2329: 2100:introduced the concept of 1994:The theory was refined by 1819: 1812:(CBT) in the early 1970s. 1299: 429:Three Essays on the Theory 11769: 11719:Freud: The Secret Passion 11708: 11628: 11514: 11446: 11345:The Aetiology of Hysteria 11336: 11310:The Future of an Illusion 11206: 11120: 10844: 10802: 10739: 10673: 10666: 10625: 10584: 10552: 10491: 10448: 10389: 10351: 10344: 10281:Resources in your library 9961:Crews, Frederick (2017). 9750:. Yale University Press. 9606:. Yale University Press. 9517:(new ed.). Karnac Books. 9435:Freud, Sigmund (2014) . " 9401:Elliott, Anthony (2002). 9394:Brenner, Charles (1954). 9054:. London: Harper Collins. 8896:1, edited by I. Lakatos, 8836:. London: Harper Collins. 8671:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 8580:– via chomsky.info. 8388:10.1002/14651858.CD001360 8348:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082776 8308:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.11.003 8212:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.010 7922:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082776 7492:10.1080/14616730701453762 7174:Winarick K (2010-03-01). 6856:10.1017/S0266462309990791 6760:10.1037/0736-9735.24.1.10 6751:Psychoanalytic Psychology 6665:10.1080/07351698309533520 6236:"Object Relations Theory" 6043:The Psychiatric Quarterly 5732:. New York: Basic Books. 5575:. Routledge. p. 45. 5511:– via Google Books. 4968:An Autobiographical Study 4907:The Aetiology of Hysteria 4679:From the Couch to the Lab 4333:Stanford University Press 4077: 4061: 3918:Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel 3093:University College London 2704:, 1950) and a history of 2367:Relational psychoanalysis 2361:Relational psychoanalysis 1610:self-destructive behavior 1548:In 1905, Freud published 741:is a theory developed by 607:Boston Graduate School of 72: 58: 46: 34: 11794:Clement Freud (grandson) 11566:Psychosexual development 11436:Dostoevsky and Parricide 11414:Mourning and Melancholia 10740:Other individual therapy 10176:New York: Anchor Books. 10045:Gellner, Ernest (1993), 10035:. New York: Basic Books. 10017:Esterson, Allen (1993). 9764:. New York: Basic Books. 9690:The Kleinian Development 9366:, and Bass, Alan. 1987. 9338:Westen and Gabbard, 2002 8854:Butterflies & Wheels 8604:Harvard University Press 7701:Psychodynamic Psychiatry 7384:10.1177/0959354301115006 7230:"What is Certification?" 7104:10.1177/0706743717692306 6820:Thompson, M. Guy. 2004. 6744:Eagle, Morris N. 2007. " 6647:Leider RJ (1983-01-01). 6489:Kupfersmid, Joel. 1995. 6475:Farrar Straus and Giroux 6221:Blackman, Jerome. 2003. 6173:Psychoanalytic Quarterly 5850:Developmental Psychology 5498:Organisational Behaviour 5411:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 5252:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 5212:Mourning and Melancholia 5210:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 5176:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 5149:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 4966:Freud, Sigmund. 1959 . " 4929:University of Washington 4905:Freud, Sigmund. 1953 . " 4836:Freud, Sigmund. 1966 . " 4782:Sigmund Freud on Aphasia 4327:Birnbach, Martin. 1961. 4280:Mitchell, Juliet. 2000. 4115:. Archived 10 June 2009. 4090:, 'investigate'. 4042: 4032:Psychoanalytic sociology 3928:throughout its history. 3904:Deleuze and Guattari in 3717: 3534:summarize the quotations 3399:) for certain diseases. 3262:Psychoanalytic Quarterly 2119:Mourning and Melancholia 1920:. These systems are not 1843:psychosexual development 1606:Mourning and Melancholia 1573:Latency (6–puberty); and 1304: 122:Psychosexual development 11804:Walter Freud (grandson) 11799:Lucian Freud (grandson) 10762:Cognitive restructuring 10483:Person-centered therapy 10227:Robinson, Paul (1993). 10042:. New York: John Wiley. 9975:Dufresne, Todd (2000). 9748:Presentations of Gender 9482:Freud, Sigmund (1940). 9442:Encyclopædia Britannica 9106:. New York: Routledge. 9089:. NY: Meridan Printing. 7372:Theory & Psychology 6706:Green MR (1977-07-01). 5726:Ellenberger HF (1970). 5557:(revised ed.). London: 5369:Freud, Sigmund. 1920. " 5342:Nature Publishing Group 5301:2027/mdp.39015003802348 5254:A Child is Being Beaten 5073:Freud, Sigmund. 1913 . 4863:Freud, Sigmund. 1896. " 4710:Abriß der Psychoanalyse 4174:. Archived 6 June 2009. 4002:metaphysics of presence 3840:confessional techniques 3776:Likewise, psychiatrist 2867:National Health Service 2808:regressive emotionality 2690:object relations theory 2631:Variations in technique 2438:, based on the play by 2320:institutional structure 2275:Lacanian psychoanalysis 2270:Lacanian psychoanalysis 2081:Object relations theory 2075:Object relations theory 2071:, and Jerome Blackman. 868:‘want’ to maintain the 11819:Edward Bernay (nephew) 11695:Views on homosexuality 11658:London home and museum 11653:Vienna home and museum 10693:Contingency management 10572:Transtheoretical model 10562:Eclectic psychotherapy 10539:Transactional analysis 10253:Psychodynamic Practice 10229:Freud and his Critics. 10189:Responses to critiques 10003:Erwin, Edward (1996), 9965:, Metropolitan Books. 9826:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel 9784:Tähkä, Veikko (1993). 9549:Free Association Books 9321:Milton, Jane. (2000). 9024:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel 8598:Ontogeny and Phylogeny 8509:Brunner, José (2001), 8474:Schizophrenia Bulletin 8425:Schizophrenia Bulletin 6653:Psychoanalytic Inquiry 6449:(in German). rowolth. 6116:. pp. 4365–4369. 5435:JSTOR Daily Roundtable 5092:Arlow, Brenner. 1964. 4628:Brain Research Reviews 3983:scientific materialism 3941: 3822:Deinstitutionalisation 3774: 3732:temporal lobe epilepsy 3728:tuberculous meningitis 3715: 3682: 3635: 3481:Cochrane Collaboration 2418:Collusion (psychology) 2279:structural linguistics 2134:The First Year of Life 2045:Modern conflict theory 2040:Modern conflict theory 1540:as influencing Freud. 1476:infantile masturbation 1444: 1390: 1342: 966:; Plato's myth of the 11809:Amalia Freud (mother) 11784:Anna Freud (daughter) 11779:Martha Bernays (wife) 10643:Common factors theory 10607:Residential treatment 10195:Köhler, Thomas 1996: 10021:Chicago: Open Court. 9917:Skeptical Engagements 9846:, London: Routledge. 9807:Aziz, Robert (2007). 9414:Fine, Reuben (1990). 9407:Duke University Press 9374:University of Chicago 8728:10.1201/9780203732519 8437:10.1093/schbul/sbp130 8052:American Psychologist 8021:American Psychologist 7990:American Psychologist 7959:American Psychologist 7813:American Psychologist 7547:Myers, D. G. (2014). 7459:Blum HP, ed. (1977), 7355:on September 16, 2009 7051:"French Psychoflap". 7026:Treatment Cf (1999), 6685:Greenberg, J. (1986) 6469:Miller, Alice. 1984. 5844:Bretherton I (1992). 5239:. Also available via 4883:Roudinesco, Élisabeth 3936: 3853:French psychoanalyst 3816:Further information: 3812:Critical perspectives 3769: 3746:Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen 3704: 3677: 3631: 3609:experimental research 3575:recapitulation theory 3490:psychodynamic therapy 3454:personality disorders 3450:post-traumatic stress 3381:psychodynamic therapy 3257:Modern Psychoanalysis 2983:psychoanalytic theory 2856:Training and research 2818:Psychodynamic therapy 2459:—later explicated by 1638:id, ego, and superego 1524:, citing theories of 1497:Freud outlined a new 1466:friend and colleague 1391:Studien über Hysterie 1312: 804:analytical psychology 800:individual psychology 700:Psychology portal 679:Psychoanalytic theory 11814:Jacob Freud (father) 11789:Ernst L. Freud (son) 11759:Freud's Last Session 11529:Id, ego and superego 11506:Daniel Paul Schreber 11326:Moses and Monotheism 11072:Lorna Smith Benjamin 10907:Harry Stack Sullivan 10832:Sensitivity training 10633:Clinical formulation 9951:, New York: Viking. 9714:Laughing with Medusa 9486:. ePenguin.;General 9221:10.3917/amx.052.0108 9134:. London: Tavistock. 8894:Philosophical Papers 8812:Preview Google Books 8659:. Archived from the 8572:on 23 September 2015 7945:McKay, Dean. 2011. " 6428:"Child Sexual Abuse" 5943:Bressler CE (2011). 5495:Mustafa, A. (2013). 5429:. Lay summaries via 5292:Boni & Liveright 4946:The Standard Edition 4912:The Standard Edition 4803:Freud, Sigmund, and 4741:10.7759/cureus.45171 4250:cf. Slavson, S. R., 3968:cognitive psychology 3794:poisonous pedagogies 3665:Cognitive scientists 3646:(1986), philosopher 3424:somatoform disorders 3389:antidepressant drugs 3221:improve this article 3015:improve this article 2899:improve this article 2760:Harry Stack Sullivan 2734:participant-observer 2731:introduced the term 2706:maternal deprivation 2514:improve this article 2480:obsessive-compulsive 2469:The Mind in Conflict 2455:The shorthand term, 2191:improve this section 2147:During adolescence, 2065:The Mind in Conflict 2053:id, ego and superego 1722:child psychoanalysis 1667:Freud's inner circle 1148:improve this article 934:Moses and Monotheism 876:, as well as in the 823:Harry Stack Sullivan 664:Child psychoanalysis 152:Id, ego and superego 90:a series of articles 11735:Mahler on the Couch 11223:Studies on Hysteria 10804:Group psychotherapy 10715:Counterconditioning 10592:Brief psychotherapy 10463:Existential therapy 10247:. Routledge, 2005. 9659:The Kristeva Reader 9644:. Lexington Books. 9511:Etchegoyen, Horacio 9277:. London: Athlone. 9214:: P.U.F.: 108–120. 9180:. London: Athlone. 9144:Irigaray L (1974), 9030:London: Routledge. 8976:Authentic Happiness 8872:. Paris: Les Arènes 8556:(2 November 2003). 8539:The Washington Post 7607:10.1192/bjp.2019.33 7192:10.1057/ajp.2009.43 6447:Die Zweierbeziehung 5615:Feminine psychology 5598:Wallerstein. 2000. 5358:1923Natur.111T.321. 4990:Transcribed version 4810:Studies on Hysteria 4298:Mitchell J (1975). 4074:, 'soul' + 3973:neuropsychoanalysis 3892:A Thousand Plateaus 3673:positive psychology 2790:Cultural variations 2722:Analytic neutrality 2643:Classical technique 2637:classical technique 2582:sexual dysfunctions 2153:Holding environment 2059:follow the work of 1879:, and particularly 1659:The Trauma of Birth 1557:psychosexual phases 1380:Studies on Hysteria 1367:Jean-Martin Charcot 1323:"psychic apparatus" 1052:Countertransference 1036:. The patient thus 187:Countertransference 11743:A Dangerous Method 11610:Deferred obedience 11294:The Ego and the Id 10932:Milton H. Erickson 10767:Emotion regulation 10747:Autogenic training 10638:Clinical pluralism 10567:Multimodal therapy 10366:Analytical therapy 10172:, editor. (1974). 8645:Kihlstrom, John F. 8562:The New York Times 7413:Tallis RC (1996), 6790:10.1037/aap0000122 6692:2022-06-08 at the 6611:Gray, Paul. 1994. 6415:The Analytic Press 6395:Palgrave-MacMillan 6055:10.1007/bf01573368 5691:Shorter E (2005). 5413:The Ego and the Id 5391:18, translated by 5311:2021-01-08 at the 5263:." Pp. 175–204 in 5259:2020-08-06 at the 5217:2015-05-01 at the 5056:Gay, Peter. 1988. 4909:." Pp. 191–221 in 4870:Revue neurologique 4840:." Pp. 347–445 in 4780:Stengel, E. 1953. 4189:, academic journal 3981:explains that the 3908:take the cases of 3848:Christian religion 2979:empirical research 2833:defense mechanisms 2403:child sexual abuse 2258:, Frank Lachmann, 1985:defense mechanisms 1896:Topographic theory 1891:Topographic theory 1869:literary criticism 1752:Freud founded the 1646:The Ego and the Id 1499:topographic theory 1463:sexual excitations 1343: 1074:literary criticism 1016:, try to overcome 956:monogamous couples 866:defense mechanisms 529:Schools of thought 462:The Ego and the Id 11832: 11831: 11615:Reality principle 11498:Sergei Pankejeff 11486:Bertha Pappenheim 11166: 11165: 11092:William R. Miller 11077:Marsha M. Linehan 11047:Jean Baker Miller 11007:Salvador Minuchin 10887:Ludwig Binswanger 10840: 10839: 10675:Behaviour therapy 10602:Online counseling 10580: 10579: 10519:Narrative therapy 10423:Cognitive therapy 10267:Library resources 10201:Kohlhammer Verlag 10170:Wollheim, Richard 9870:978-0-521-72978-9 9821:978-0-7914-6982-8 9727:Spielrein, Sabina 9710:Pollock, Griselda 9460:de Mijolla, Alain 9283:978-0-485-30018-5 9239:978-2-13-059331-7 9186:978-0-485-30018-5 9155:978-2-7073-0024-9 9148:, Paris: Minuit, 9112:978-0-415-04503-2 9083:Miller A (1984). 9004:978-0-8236-6722-2 8936:978-1-85799-100-0 8785:Torrey, E. Fuller 8737:978-1-138-10448-8 8699:978-0-415-28594-0 8653:John F. Kihlstrom 8651:" (updated ed.). 8613:978-0-674-63940-9 8520:978-0-7658-0672-7 8159:10.1159/000228247 7537:on 19 March 2022. 7461:Female Psychology 7425:(9002): 669–671, 7146:978-0-12-397753-3 7012:978-0-13-194228-8 6962:10.1002/wps.20368 6925:978-0-19-067627-8 6602:. London: Karnac. 6456:978-3-499-62758-3 6407:Mitchell, Stephen 6282:978-1-351-13858-1 6131:978-0-08-043076-8 5956:978-0-205-79169-9 5830:978-1-4338-0762-6 5774:978-1-315-39006-2 5761:Eisold K (2017). 5704:978-0-19-803923-5 5612:Horney K (1973). 5582:978-1-136-93041-6 5508:978-1-908287-36-6 5431:Simply Psychology 5315:." Pp. 65–144 in 5221:." Pp. 243–58 in 5180:." Pp. 73–102 in 5156:Standard Editions 5136:978-0-521-72978-9 4843:Standard Editions 4816:Standard Editions 4696:978-0-19-960052-6 4366:978-0-8147-4323-2 4345:Julien P (2021). 4037:Training analysis 3798:For Your Own Good 3754:Isabelle Stengers 3738:Henri Ellenberger 3712:Henri Ellenberger 3696:Henri Ellenberger 3583:John F. Kihlstrom 3571:Stephen Jay Gould 3559: 3558: 3279:and character or 3253: 3252: 3245: 3132:Joseph J. Sandler 3047: 3046: 3039: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2812:cultural identity 2756:Samuel R. Slavson 2546: 2545: 2538: 2461:Joseph J. Sandler 2429:Oedipal conflicts 2383:Childhood origins 2351:topographic model 2346:adaptive paradigm 2338:adaptive paradigm 2326:Adaptive paradigm 2227: 2226: 2219: 2047:, a variation of 2013:metapsychological 1932:Structural theory 1926:structural theory 1827:Attachment theory 1816:Attachment theory 1628:dual drive theory 1400:Bertha Pappenheim 1297: 1296: 1289: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1198: 1121: 1030:think dialectical 1022:free associations 1018:infantile amnesia 951:Unease in Culture 938:closest relatives 736: 735: 220:Important figures 147:Psychic apparatus 83: 82: 16:(Redirected from 11852: 11754:(2020 TV series) 11620:Seduction theory 11556:Free association 11501: 11489: 11475:Irma's injection 11470: 11457: 11239: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11170: 11169: 11082:Vittorio Guidano 11052:Otto F. Kernberg 10922:Donald Winnicott 10779:Free association 10724:Exposure therapy 10703:Stimulus control 10683:Aversion therapy 10671: 10670: 10534:Systemic therapy 10509:Feminist therapy 10361:Adlerian therapy 10349: 10348: 10331: 10324: 10317: 10308: 10307: 10241:Gomez, Lavinia: 10153:Webster, Richard 10135: 10069: 9931:Crews, Frederick 9913:Crews, Frederick 9885: 9858:Shamdasani, Sonu 9678:. Karnac Books. 9638:Kovacevic, Filip 9377: 9364:Derrida, Jacques 9361: 9355: 9345: 9339: 9336: 9327: 9326: 9318: 9312: 9301: 9295: 9292: 9286: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9223: 9195: 9189: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9141: 9135: 9130:, translated by 9121: 9115: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9080: 9074: 9072: 9061: 9055: 9048:Webster, Richard 9045: 9039: 9021: 9015: 8985: 8979: 8972:Seligman, Martin 8969: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8919: 8913: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8871: 8843: 8837: 8830:Webster, Richard 8827: 8821: 8801: 8792: 8782: 8773: 8772: 8760:subconsciousness 8713: 8707: 8706: 8680: 8674: 8642: 8636: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8601: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8568:. 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Archived from 6232: 6226: 6219: 6210: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6168:Brenner, Charles 6165: 6159: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6109: 6103: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6023: 6017: 6003: 5992: 5980:Standard Edition 5975: 5969: 5968: 5940: 5934: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5889: 5874: 5873: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5688: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5665:, archived from 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5568: 5562: 5548: 5539: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5492: 5486: 5458:Standard Edition 5453: 5442: 5418:Standard Edition 5409: 5400: 5388:Standard Edition 5367: 5361: 5350:10.1038/111321d0 5332: 5326: 5318:Standard Edition 5303: 5284: 5278: 5266:Standard Edition 5250: 5244: 5241:Internet Archive 5224:Standard Edition 5208: 5199: 5183:Standard Edition 5174: 5168: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5120: 5101: 5090: 5084: 5071: 5065: 5054: 5048: 5031: 5025: 5016: 5010: 4999: 4993: 4973:Standard Edition 4964: 4958: 4941: 4932: 4903: 4894: 4880: 4874: 4861: 4855: 4834: 4828: 4801: 4792: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4761: 4743: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4623: 4617: 4598:Stefana, Alberto 4595: 4589: 4579: 4573: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4550:Freud S (1909). 4547: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4458:Freud S (1933). 4455: 4449: 4448: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4402:Freud S (1937). 4399: 4393: 4392: 4391:. Jacques Alain. 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4342: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4313:Freud S (1966). 4310: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4289: 4278: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4181: 4175: 4156: 4150: 4139: 4133: 4122: 4116: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4052: 3949: 3870:phallogocentrism 3778:E. Fuller Torrey 3713: 3707:of the founder). 3577:. Psychologists 3554: 3551: 3545: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3364:Research results 3350:Daniel Schechter 3325:female sexuality 3306:Ronald Fairbairn 3248: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3205: 3197: 3144:Donald Winnicott 3140:J. D. Sutherland 3112:Ronald Fairbairn 3042: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3000: 2993: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2884: 2877: 2752:Paul F. Schilder 2750:, Joseph Pratt, 2688:(see above). As 2611:free association 2541: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2498: 2490: 2398:seduction theory 2372:Stephen Mitchell 2355:structural model 2292:object relations 2222: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2171: 2163: 2016:points of view: 2006:Otto F. Kernberg 1873:cultural studies 1726:female sexuality 1614:sexual masochism 1564:Oral (ages 0–2); 1454:seduction theory 1447: 1393: 1388: 1315:Structural model 1292: 1285: 1274: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1234: 1233: 1226: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1163:"Psychoanalysis" 1156: 1132: 1124: 1113: 1091: 1090: 1083: 910:structural model 895:Socrates' method 864:These and other 855:structural model 796:Carl Gustav Jung 756:mental disorders 728: 721: 714: 698: 697: 696: 669:Depth psychology 571:Object relations 517: 507: 497: 487: 477: 467: 457: 447: 436: 423: 413: 108: 85: 84: 76:edit on Wikidata 68: 39: 32: 31: 21: 11860: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11765: 11710: 11704: 11700:Religious views 11690:Neo-Freudianism 11624: 11598:Oedipus complex 11516: 11510: 11499: 11483: 11469:("Little Hans") 11468: 11455: 11442: 11332: 11262:Totem and Taboo 11233: 11202: 11197: 11167: 11162: 11116: 11097:Steven C. Hayes 11027:Paul Watzlawick 11012:Paul Watzlawick 10967:Virginia Axline 10877:Sándor Ferenczi 10836: 10817:Couples therapy 10798: 10772:Affect labeling 10735: 10720:Desensitization 10662: 10648:Discontinuation 10621: 10576: 10548: 10529:Reality therapy 10487: 10473:Gestalt therapy 10444: 10392: 10385: 10340: 10335: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10275: 10274: 10270: 10263: 10258: 10191: 10186: 9803: 9798: 9744:Stoller, Robert 9672:Meltzer, Donald 9655:Kristeva, Julia 9579:Jacobson, Edith 9528:Gellner, Ernest 9470:Laplanche, Jean 9456: 9454:Reference works 9410: 9391: 9385: 9383:Further reading 9380: 9362: 9358: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9319: 9315: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9289: 9265:Deleuze, Gilles 9263: 9259: 9240: 9196: 9192: 9168:Deleuze, Gilles 9166: 9162: 9156: 9142: 9138: 9122: 9118: 9098: 9094: 9081: 9077: 9062: 9058: 9046: 9042: 9022: 9018: 8994:. Madison, CT: 8988:Grünbaum, Adolf 8986: 8982: 8970: 8966: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8944: 8937: 8920: 8916: 8888: 8884: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8844: 8840: 8828: 8824: 8802: 8795: 8783: 8776: 8738: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8681: 8677: 8643: 8639: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8551: 8547: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8507: 8503: 8466: 8462: 8417: 8413: 8382:(3): CD001360. 8368: 8364: 8327: 8323: 8292: 8288: 8256:10.1.1.668.6311 8239: 8235: 8196: 8192: 8143: 8139: 8116: 8112: 8079: 8075: 8048: 8044: 8017: 8013: 7986: 7982: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7905: 7901: 7861: 7857: 7826:10.1.1.607.2980 7809: 7805: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7635: 7631: 7586: 7582: 7563: 7559: 7546: 7542: 7521: 7517: 7472: 7468: 7457: 7453: 7415:"Burying Freud" 7411: 7407: 7364: 7360: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7325: 7323: 7313: 7309: 7300: 7298: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7276: 7274: 7264: 7260: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7172: 7168: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7133: 7129: 7084: 7080: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7035: 7024: 7020: 7013: 6999: 6995: 6942: 6933: 6926: 6904: 6897: 6836: 6832: 6819: 6815: 6770: 6766: 6743: 6739: 6704: 6700: 6694:Wayback Machine 6684: 6680: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6610: 6606: 6594: 6590: 6558: 6547: 6504: 6500: 6488: 6481: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6443: 6439: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6385: 6381: 6367: 6363: 6342: 6338: 6318: 6314: 6302: 6298: 6283: 6267: 6258: 6249: 6247: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6220: 6213: 6203:Charles Brenner 6197: 6193: 6184: 6180: 6166: 6162: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6110: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6039: 6035: 6024: 6020: 6004: 5995: 5976: 5972: 5957: 5941: 5937: 5925: 5921: 5906: 5890: 5877: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5705: 5689: 5680: 5672: 5670: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5646:Blum, H. 1979. 5645: 5641: 5626: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5569: 5565: 5549: 5542: 5522:Waelder, Robert 5520: 5516: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5454: 5445: 5410: 5403: 5368: 5364: 5333: 5329: 5313:Wayback Machine 5299: 5285: 5281: 5261:Wayback Machine 5251: 5247: 5219:Wayback Machine 5209: 5202: 5175: 5171: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5121: 5104: 5091: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5064:. pp. 3–4, 103. 5055: 5051: 5032: 5028: 5017: 5013: 5000: 4996: 4970:." Pp. 7–74 in 4965: 4961: 4942: 4935: 4904: 4897: 4881: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4835: 4831: 4802: 4795: 4779: 4775: 4720: 4716: 4708:Sigmund Freud: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4675: 4671: 4624: 4620: 4596: 4592: 4580: 4576: 4563: 4559: 4548: 4544: 4531: 4527: 4516: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4486: 4482: 4471: 4467: 4456: 4452: 4419:Zoja L (1983). 4417: 4413: 4400: 4396: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4343: 4339: 4326: 4322: 4311: 4307: 4296: 4292: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4182: 4178: 4160:Michels, Robert 4157: 4153: 4140: 4136: 4123: 4119: 4098: 4094: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4018: 3994:Jacques Derrida 3951: 3943: 3934: 3932:Freudian theory 3914:Bela Grunberger 3866:Jacques Derrida 3838:, and that its 3836:center of power 3828:Michel Foucault 3824: 3818:Anti-psychiatry 3814: 3788:. Psychologist 3765:Richard Feynman 3762: 3750:Sonu Shamdasani 3720: 3714: 3711: 3669:Martin Seligman 3591: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3540:or excerpts to 3531: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3498: 3466:specific phobia 3377:methylphenidate 3366: 3358: 3338:Françoise Dolto 3249: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3218: 3206: 3195: 3175:psychotherapies 3171: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3012: 2991: 2927: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2896: 2875: 2858: 2828: 2820: 2792: 2744: 2685:conflict theory 2633: 2624:screen memories 2597: 2574:anxiety attacks 2542: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2511: 2499: 2488: 2465:Charles Brenner 2450:Oedipus complex 2436:Oedipus complex 2431: 2385: 2380: 2363: 2334: 2328: 2316:literary theory 2304:the "Imaginary" 2272: 2256:Arnold Goldberg 2231:Self psychology 2223: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2188: 2172: 2161: 2159:Self psychology 2077: 2061:Charles Brenner 2042: 1970: 1962: 1934: 1893: 1852: 1824: 1818: 1794: 1789: 1756:in 1902, which 1750: 1698: 1663:Oedipal complex 1604:. By 1917, in " 1546: 1507:Oedipal complex 1384: 1307: 1302: 1293: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1247:help improve it 1244: 1235: 1231: 1220: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1157: 1155: 1145: 1133: 1092: 1088: 1014:early childhood 1007:Sleeping Beauty 942:Totem and Taboo 843: 802:and the latter 782:Oedipus complex 732: 694: 692: 685: 684: 683: 658: 650: 649: 648: 630: 627: 611: 608: 600: 592: 591: 590: 586:Self psychology 561:Intersubjective 530: 522: 521: 520: 515: 505: 495: 485: 475: 465: 455: 445: 437: 434: 430: 421: 411: 401: 400:Important works 393: 392: 391: 277:Freud (Sigmund) 221: 213: 212: 211: 116: 79: 64: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11858: 11848: 11847: 11845:Psychoanalysis 11830: 11829: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11755: 11747: 11739: 11731: 11723: 11714: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11641:complete works 11632: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11603:Father complex 11595: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11524:Psychoanalysis 11520: 11518: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11508: 11503: 11495: 11490: 11477: 11472: 11464: 11459: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11432: 11426: 11418: 11410: 11402: 11396: 11388: 11380: 11372: 11364: 11356: 11348: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11322: 11314: 11306: 11298: 11290: 11282: 11274: 11266: 11258: 11250: 11242: 11227: 11219: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11203: 11196: 11195: 11188: 11181: 11173: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11067:Arnold Lazarus 11064: 11062:Irvin D. Yalom 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11037:Eugene Gendlin 11034: 11029: 11024: 11022:Ogden Lindsley 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10997:Virginia Satir 10994: 10989: 10987:James Bugental 10984: 10982:Silvano Arieti 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10852:Philippe Pinel 10848: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10822:Family therapy 10819: 10814: 10808: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10764: 10759: 10757:Clean language 10754: 10749: 10743: 10741: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10717: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10690: 10685: 10679: 10677: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10617:Support groups 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10397: 10395: 10391:Cognitive and 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10378: 10376:Psychoanalysis 10373: 10368: 10363: 10357: 10355: 10346: 10342: 10341: 10334: 10333: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10289: 10288: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10272:Psychoanalysis 10265: 10264: 10262: 10261:External links 10259: 10257: 10256: 10239: 10225: 10211: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10167: 10150: 10136: 10098: 10084: 10070: 10057: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10015: 10001: 9987: 9973: 9959: 9945: 9928: 9910: 9893: 9886: 9873: 9854: 9840: 9823: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9782: 9765: 9758: 9741: 9724: 9707: 9700: 9686: 9669: 9652: 9635: 9614: 9600:Kernberg, Otto 9597: 9576: 9562:Irigaray, Luce 9559: 9542: 9525: 9508: 9494: 9492:978-0393001518 9480: 9467: 9462:, ed. (2005). 9455: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9437:Psychoanalysis 9433: 9426: 9412: 9399: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9356: 9340: 9328: 9325:. p. 440. 9313: 9296: 9287: 9269:Félix Guattari 9257: 9238: 9190: 9172:Félix Guattari 9160: 9154: 9136: 9124:Lacan, Jacques 9116: 9100:Weeks, Jeffrey 9092: 9075: 9056: 9040: 9016: 8980: 8964: 8953: 8942: 8935: 8923:Scruton, Roger 8914: 8882: 8838: 8822: 8804:Popper, Karl R 8793: 8774: 8768:psychoanalysis 8758:Terms such as 8736: 8708: 8698: 8675: 8637: 8619: 8612: 8583: 8545: 8525: 8519: 8501: 8460: 8411: 8362: 8321: 8286: 8233: 8190: 8137: 8126:(6): 503–514. 8110: 8073: 8055:66(2):151–52. 8042: 8024:66(2):149–51. 8011: 7993:66(2):148–49. 7980: 7938: 7916:199(1):15–22. 7899: 7855: 7803: 7751: 7748:on 2019-02-26. 7684: 7649:(6): 499–519. 7629: 7600:(6): 320–328. 7580: 7570:38(4):365–72. 7557: 7540: 7515: 7466: 7451: 7405: 7378:(5): 687–711. 7358: 7338: 7332: 7307: 7283: 7258: 7235: 7221: 7166: 7152: 7145: 7127: 7098:(5): 308–312. 7078: 7043: 7018: 7011: 6993: 6956:(3): 287–288. 6931: 6924: 6895: 6830: 6813: 6764: 6737: 6718:(3): 358–360. 6698: 6678: 6659:(4): 665–674. 6639: 6617: 6604: 6588: 6545: 6518:(1): 128–162. 6498: 6479: 6477:. pp. 105–227. 6462: 6455: 6437: 6434:on 2013-07-28. 6419: 6399: 6379: 6369:Lacan, Jacques 6361: 6336: 6320:Lacan, Jacques 6312: 6296: 6281: 6256: 6240:web.sonoma.edu 6227: 6211: 6191: 6178: 6160: 6137: 6130: 6104: 6092:Kernberg, Otto 6084: 6049:(1–4): 81–96. 6033: 6018: 6012:. Lanham, MD: 5993: 5983:14, edited by 5970: 5955: 5935: 5919: 5904: 5875: 5856:(5): 759–775. 5836: 5829: 5806: 5788: 5773: 5753: 5738: 5718: 5703: 5678: 5652: 5639: 5624: 5604: 5588: 5581: 5563: 5540: 5514: 5507: 5487: 5461:20, edited by 5443: 5421:19, edited by 5401: 5362: 5327: 5279: 5269:17, edited by 5245: 5227:17, edited by 5200: 5186:14, edited by 5169: 5142: 5135: 5102: 5085: 5066: 5049: 5026: 5011: 4994: 4976:20, edited by 4959: 4933: 4895: 4875: 4856: 4829: 4793: 4773: 4714: 4712:. (1938), p. 6 4701: 4695: 4669: 4634:(3): 310–314. 4618: 4614:978-1138214613 4590: 4574: 4557: 4542: 4525: 4510: 4495: 4480: 4465: 4450: 4425:J Anal Psychol 4411: 4394: 4379: 4365: 4337: 4320: 4305: 4290: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4255: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4176: 4151: 4134: 4117: 4101:David Rapaport 4092: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4014: 3998:deconstruction 3935: 3933: 3930: 3877:Félix Guattari 3868:'s concept of 3832:Gilles Deleuze 3813: 3810: 3806:Jeffrey Masson 3761: 3758: 3742:Frank Sulloway 3719: 3716: 3709: 3685:Adolf Grünbaum 3590: 3587: 3557: 3556: 3522: 3520: 3513: 3497: 3494: 3446:panic disorder 3365: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3346:Selma Fraiberg 3330:Nancy Chodorow 3310:Michael Balint 3251: 3250: 3209: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3170: 3167: 3128:Donald Meltzer 3100:Michael Balint 3045: 3044: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2989:United Kingdom 2987: 2929: 2928: 2887: 2885: 2874: 2871: 2857: 2854: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2791: 2788: 2748:Trigant Burrow 2743: 2740: 2698:Mary Ainsworth 2680: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2632: 2629: 2596: 2593: 2544: 2543: 2502: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2430: 2427: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2362: 2359: 2330:Main article: 2327: 2324: 2308:the "Symbolic" 2271: 2268: 2225: 2224: 2175: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2076: 2073: 2049:ego psychology 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 1973:Ego psychology 1969: 1968:Ego psychology 1966: 1961: 1958: 1954:self-criticism 1933: 1930: 1892: 1889: 1851: 1848: 1835:Mary Ainsworth 1817: 1814: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1758:Edward Shorter 1749: 1746: 1706:Heinz Hartmann 1697: 1694: 1674:Robert Waelder 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1545: 1542: 1538:Wilhelm Fliess 1530:Havelock Ellis 1522:Charles Darwin 1514:Frank Sulloway 1468:Wilhelm Fliess 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1277: 1276: 1259:September 2024 1238: 1236: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1204:September 2024 1136: 1134: 1127: 1122: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1086: 1078:Freudo-Marxism 893:became.’ (Cf. 886:Freudian slips 842: 839: 831:metapsychology 813:thinkers like 788: 787: 786: 785: 778: 775: 772: 739:Psychoanalysis 734: 733: 731: 730: 723: 716: 708: 705: 704: 703: 702: 687: 686: 682: 681: 676: 674:Psychodynamics 671: 666: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 647: 646: 641: 636: 631: 624: 622: 617: 612: 609:Psychoanalysis 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 541:Ego psychology 538: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 519: 518: 508: 498: 488: 478: 468: 458: 448: 438: 426: 424: 414: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 118: 117: 114: 113: 110: 109: 101: 100: 98:Psychoanalysis 94: 93: 81: 80: 73: 70: 69: 62: 56: 55: 50: 44: 43: 40: 26: 18:Psychoanalytic 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11857: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11761: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11707: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11675:Freudian slip 11673: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11592: 11591:Genital stage 11589: 11587: 11586:Latency stage 11584: 11582: 11581:Phallic stage 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11467:Herbert Graf 11465: 11463: 11462:Emma Eckstein 11460: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11438: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11429:Medusa's Head 11427: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11384:On Narcissism 11381: 11378: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11335: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11237: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11200:Sigmund Freud 11194: 11189: 11187: 11182: 11180: 11175: 11174: 11171: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11107:Jeffrey Young 11105: 11103: 11102:Michael White 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11087:Les Greenberg 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10972:Carl Whitaker 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10952:Viktor Frankl 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10937:Jacques Lacan 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10927:Wilhelm Reich 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10892:Melanie Klein 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10862:Sigmund Freud 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10708:Token economy 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10624: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10514:Music therapy 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10504:Dance therapy 10502: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10353:Psychodynamic 10350: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10338:Psychotherapy 10332: 10327: 10325: 10320: 10318: 10313: 10312: 10309: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10238: 10237:0-520-08029-7 10234: 10230: 10226: 10224: 10223:951-653-297-7 10220: 10216: 10212: 10210: 10209:3-17-014207-0 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10193: 10183: 10182:0-385-07970-2 10179: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10165:0-465-09128-8 10162: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10148:0-88048-259-1 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10110:(1–2): 1–13. 10109: 10105: 10099: 10097: 10096:0-262-63171-7 10093: 10089: 10085: 10083: 10082:0-520-05017-7 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10058: 10056: 10055:0-8101-1370-8 10052: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10028: 10027:0-8126-9230-6 10024: 10020: 10016: 10014: 10013:0-262-05050-1 10010: 10006: 10002: 10000: 9999:0-8047-5548-5 9996: 9992: 9988: 9986: 9985:0-8047-3885-8 9982: 9978: 9974: 9972: 9971:9781627797177 9968: 9964: 9960: 9958: 9957:0-14-028017-0 9954: 9950: 9946: 9944: 9943:1-86207-010-5 9940: 9936: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9925:0-19-503950-5 9922: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9908:0-8126-9385-X 9905: 9901: 9897: 9896:Cioffi, Frank 9894: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9853: 9852:0-415-91777-8 9849: 9845: 9841: 9839: 9838:0-8047-1556-4 9835: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9795: 9794:0-8236-3367-5 9791: 9787: 9783: 9781: 9780:0-8236-8056-8 9777: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9763: 9759: 9757: 9756:0-300-05474-2 9753: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9722:0-19-927438-X 9719: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9699: 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Continuum. 9567: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9557:1-85343-773-5 9554: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9540:0-8101-1370-8 9537: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9523:1-85575-455-X 9520: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9506:0-226-18432-3 9503: 9499: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9479: 9478:0-393-01105-4 9475: 9471: 9468: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9425: 9424:0-8264-0452-9 9421: 9417: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9389:Introductions 9375: 9371: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9335: 9333: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9291: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9132:Alan Sheridan 9129: 9125: 9120: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9096: 9088: 9085: 9079: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9053: 9049: 9044: 9037: 9036:0-415-91777-8 9033: 9029: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8977: 8973: 8968: 8957: 8946: 8938: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8911: 8907: 8904:. Cambridge: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8890:Lakatos, Imre 8886: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8846:Cioffi, Frank 8842: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8798: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8779: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8712: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8679: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8627:Eysneck, Hans 8623: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8529: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8431:(1): 94–103. 8430: 8426: 8422: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8249:(2): 97–108. 8248: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8194: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8153:(5): 265–74. 8152: 8148: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8077: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7962:66(2):147–8. 7961: 7960: 7953: 7948: 7942: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7871:(3): 841–68, 7870: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7819:(2): 98–109, 7818: 7814: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7756: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7486:(3): 187–20. 7485: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7342: 7336: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7297: 7296:www.ipa.world 7293: 7287: 7273: 7269: 7268:"Our history" 7262: 7255:on 2008-10-14 7254: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7240: 7232:. 2017-06-09. 7231: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7170: 7163:. 2017-10-24. 7162: 7156: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7014: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6927: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6900: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6627: 6621: 6615:. J. Aronson. 6614: 6608: 6601: 6597: 6596:Langs, Robert 6592: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6387:Langs, Robert 6383: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6349:J. Gottschall 6346: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6246:on 2020-09-27 6245: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6100:Jason Aronson 6097: 6093: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6014:Jason Aronson 6011: 6007: 6006:Langs, Robert 6002: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5989:Hogarth Press 5986: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5905:0-88163-184-1 5901: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5813: 5811: 5799: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767:. Routledge. 5766: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5739:0-465-01672-3 5735: 5731: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5669:on 2015-10-23 5668: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5625:0-393-00686-7 5621: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5559:Hogarth Press 5556: 5552: 5547: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5491: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5467:Hogarth Press 5464: 5460: 5459: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5427:Hogarth Press 5424: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5398: 5397:Hogarth Press 5394: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5377:4, edited by 5376: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5340:3(2784):321. 5339: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5323:Hogarth Press 5320: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5275:Hogarth Press 5272: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5233:Hogarth Press 5230: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5192:Hogarth Press 5189: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5178:On Narcissism 5173: 5166: 5165:Hogarth Press 5162: 5159:7, edited by 5158: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4982:Hogarth Press 4979: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4956: 4955:Hogarth Press 4952: 4949:7, edited by 4948: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4921:Hogarth Press 4918: 4915:3, edited by 4914: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4853: 4852:Hogarth Press 4849: 4846:3, edited by 4845: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4825:Hogarth Press 4822: 4819:2, edited by 4818: 4817: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4734:(9): e45171. 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4499: 4492:. p. 85. 4491: 4484: 4477:. p. 99. 4476: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4390: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4286:Penguin Books 4283: 4277: 4273: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3940: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910:Gérard Mendel 3907: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862:Luce Irigaray 3858: 3856: 3855:Jacques Lacan 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3760:Witch doctors 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3675:, wrote that: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3648:Roger Scruton 3645: 3644:Sexual Desire 3640: 3637:In addition, 3634: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3623:pseudoscience 3620: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3595:phenomenology 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3553: 3550:November 2022 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3523:This section 3521: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458:schizophrenia 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3406:reviewed 103 3405: 3402:In 2011, the 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385:psychotherapy 3382: 3378: 3373: 3372:Meta-analyses 3369: 3361: 3356:Effectiveness 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342:Melanie Klein 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3247: 3244: 3236: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3210:This section 3208: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124:Melanie Klein 3121: 3120:Harry Guntrip 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3038: 3030: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3004:This section 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2922: 2914: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2888:This section 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2873:United States 2870: 2868: 2864: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 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2054: 2050: 2046: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1900:Sigmund Freud 1897: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1881:psychotherapy 1878: 1877:mental health 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Aaron T. Beck 1799: 1798:psychotherapy 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696:1940s–present 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1591:On Narcissism 1586: 1584: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512:Psychologist 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1461:symptoms are 1460: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429:Consciousness 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1291: 1288: 1273: 1270: 1262: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1239:This article 1237: 1228: 1227: 1218: 1215: 1207: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1165: – 1164: 1160: 1159:Find sources: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1137:This article 1135: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 986: 985: 981: 980:just so story 977: 973: 969: 968:spherical men 965: 961: 957: 953: 952: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 902: 900: 896: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 838: 836: 832: 828: 827:Jacques Lacan 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 783: 779: 776: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 766: 764: 759: 757: 753: 748: 744: 743:Sigmund Freud 740: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 710: 709: 707: 706: 701: 691: 690: 689: 688: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 654: 653: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 629: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 610: 604: 603: 596: 595: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 556:Interpersonal 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 526: 525: 514: 513: 509: 504: 503: 499: 494: 493: 489: 484: 483: 479: 474: 473: 469: 464: 463: 459: 454: 453: 449: 444: 443: 439: 433: 432: 425: 420: 419: 415: 410: 409: 405: 404: 397: 396: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 217: 216: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 142:Consciousness 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 112: 111: 107: 103: 102: 99: 96: 95: 91: 87: 86: 77: 71: 67: 63: 61: 57: 54: 51: 49: 45: 38: 33: 30: 19: 11757: 11749: 11741: 11733: 11725: 11717: 11685:Inner circle 11636:Bibliography 11561:Transference 11539:Preconscious 11523: 11447:Case studies 11434: 11420: 11412: 11404: 11390: 11382: 11374: 11366: 11358: 11350: 11324: 11316: 11308: 11300: 11292: 11284: 11276: 11268: 11260: 11252: 11244: 11235: 11230: 11221: 11213: 11121:Associations 11112:Peter Fonagy 11057:Nathan Azrin 11032:Arthur Janov 10992:Joseph Wolpe 10977:Albert Ellis 10957:George Kelly 10942:Erik Erikson 10902:Karen Horney 10872:Alfred Adler 10867:Pierre Janet 10857:Josef Breuer 10789:Hypnotherapy 10524:Play therapy 10375: 10271: 10252: 10243: 10228: 10214: 10196: 10173: 10156: 10139: 10107: 10103: 10087: 10073: 10065: 10061: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10018: 10004: 9990: 9976: 9962: 9948: 9934: 9916: 9899: 9889: 9881: 9877: 9861: 9843: 9829: 9808: 9785: 9771: 9761: 9747: 9730: 9713: 9703: 9689: 9675: 9658: 9641: 9620: 9617:Kohut, Heinz 9603: 9582: 9566:Key Writings 9565: 9545:Green, André 9531: 9514: 9497: 9483: 9463: 9440: 9429: 9415: 9402: 9395: 9367: 9359: 9351: 9348:Kalo, Shlomo 9343: 9322: 9316: 9307:. 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D. Laing 11017:Haim Ginott 10947:Carl Rogers 10912:Fritz Perls 10827:Psychodrama 10752:Biofeedback 10554:Integrative 10499:Art therapy 10478:Logotherapy 10199:Stuttgart: 9768:Spitz, René 9405:(2nd ed.). 9372:. Chicago: 9309:Basic Books 9204:Actuel Marx 8655:. Berkley: 8168:10072/30557 6850:(1): 3–10. 6632:24 December 5985:J. Strachey 5551:Freud, Anna 5463:J. Strachey 5423:J. Strachey 5393:J. Strachey 5288:J. Strachey 5271:J. Strachey 5229:J. Strachey 5188:J. Strachey 5161:J. Strachey 4978:J. Strachey 4951:J. Strachey 4925:Lay summary 4917:J. Strachey 4848:J. Strachey 4821:J. Strachey 3979:Shlomo Kalo 3946:Drew Westen 3889:(1972) and 3846:within the 3661:methodology 3653:Mario Bunge 3627:falsifiable 3619:Karl Popper 3565:. Linguist 3506:Theory wars 3314:John Bowlby 3281:personality 3185:(MBT), and 3136:Hanna Segal 3108:John Bowlby 3074:West London 3070:Byron House 3055:World War I 2775:art therapy 2694:John Bowlby 2578:depressions 2566:compulsions 2562:conversions 2445:Oedipus Rex 2393:adolescence 2252:Heinz Kohut 2244:Selfobjects 2240:selfobjects 2102:containment 2069:Jacob Arlow 2020:Topographic 1983:'s work on 1918:Unconscious 1831:John Bowlby 1682:compulsions 1618:World War I 1567:Anal (2–4); 1528:, Molland, 1437:unconscious 1425:tabula rasa 1371:Salpêtrière 1347:neurologist 992:' tragedy “ 882:neuroticism 880:detours of 878:symptomatic 815:Erich Fromm 780:and of the 132:Unconscious 11824:Jofi (dog) 11711:depictions 11576:Anal stage 11571:Oral stage 11549:censorship 11215:On Aphasia 11002:Aaron Beck 10917:Anna Freud 10812:Co-therapy 10667:Techniques 10597:Counseling 10585:Approaches 10450:Humanistic 10393:behavioral 10155:. (1995). 10072:— (1985). 10068:: 131–141. 10038:— (1996). 9989:— (2007). 9898:. (1998). 9884:: 175–200. 9811:, Albany: 9688:— (1998). 9252:Cairn.info 8898:J. Worrall 8876:2023-06-13 8754:1390.81001 8746:1003273264 7326:2023-12-15 7301:2023-12-15 7277:2023-12-15 7038:2023-12-06 6865:2066/90761 6754:24:10–24. 6393:. London: 6291:1239743018 6250:2020-07-20 5987:. London: 5933:24:855–74. 5673:2012-11-20 5618:. Norton. 5465:. London: 5425:. London: 5395:. London: 5273:. London: 5231:. London: 5190:. London: 5163:. London: 5024:35:937–65. 5007:Open Court 4980:. London: 4953:. London: 4919:. London: 4893:. p. 1216. 4850:. London: 4823:. London: 4604:. London: 4568:. Albany: 4284:. London: 4269:References 3987:confession 3881:capitalism 3694:Historian 3687:argues in 3602:positivism 3599:scientific 3563:Freud Wars 3542:Wikisource 3504: and 3500:See also: 3116:Anna Freud 2783:Anna Freud 2595:Techniques 2570:obsessions 2410:psychiatry 2300:the "Real" 2130:René Spitz 2123:self-image 2094:projection 2029:Structural 1981:Anna Freud 1944:, and the 1922:anatomical 1820:See also: 1714:autonomous 1686:Anna Freud 1657:published 1596:narcissism 1583:abreaction 1544:1900–1940s 1459:hysterical 1420:hypothesis 1329:and whose 1174:newspapers 1103:improve it 1070:psychiatry 976:hypothesis 972:Atra-Hasis 960:Prometheus 918:diagnostic 870:repression 859:resistance 581:Relational 192:Resistance 162:Projection 11670:Interment 11544:Ego ideal 11493:"Rat Man" 11480:"Anna O." 11273:(1916–17) 11236:On Dreams 10962:Rollo May 10897:Otto Rank 10882:Carl Jung 10612:Self-help 9311:. p. 399. 9248:0994-4524 9230:1969-6728 9174:. 1984 . 9114:. p. 176. 9067:(2007) . 9065:Feynman R 8902:G. Currie 8848:. 2005. " 8814:See also 8684:Popper KR 8566:Solomon D 8554:Chomsky N 8251:CiteSeerX 7821:CiteSeerX 7790:1067-3229 7721:2162-2590 7679:239414619 7663:0032-7034 7616:0007-1250 7400:145583990 7392:0959-3543 7200:1573-6741 7073:220106659 6970:1723-8617 6874:1471-6348 6732:0010-7530 6673:0735-1690 6532:0079-7308 6371:. 1990 . 6063:0033-2720 5965:651487421 5870:0012-1649 5783:994873775 5634:780458101 5553:. 1968 . 5530:5:45–62. 5483:142804158 5081:Macmillan 4889:. Paris: 4807:. 1955 . 4750:2168-8184 4648:0165-0173 4606:Routledge 4572:. p. 125. 4533:Freud S. 4520:Symposion 4503:Freud S. 4488:Freud S. 4473:Freud S. 4387:Lacan J. 4288:. p. 341. 4162:. 1999. " 4149:. p. 190. 3964:PET scans 3842:resemble 3538:Wikiquote 3525:contains 3496:Criticism 3420:Cohen's d 3290:Otto Rank 2486:Treatment 2440:Sophocles 2178:does not 1946:super-ego 1910:Conscious 1865:education 1861:childcare 1710:synthetic 1655:Otto Rank 1404:pseudonym 1386:‹See Tfd› 1355:monograph 1325:to which 1109:talk page 1046:diagnosis 1026:fantasies 990:Sophocles 920:prozess ( 906:coherence 899:Symposion 851:behaviour 847:cognition 752:repressed 747:evolution 382:Winnicott 362:Spielrein 342:Laplanche 262:Fairbairn 202:Dreamwork 11839:Category 11709:Cultural 11648:Archives 11517:concepts 11515:Original 11347:" (1896) 10794:Modeling 10784:Homework 10688:Chaining 10626:Research 10468:Focusing 10132:21572242 10124:10204712 9933:(1995). 9915:(1986). 9860:(2012). 9828:(1991). 9770:(2006). 9746:(1993). 9739:44450080 9729:(1993). 9674:(1983). 9657:(1986). 9640:(2007). 9619:(2000). 9602:(1993). 9581:(1976). 9564:(2004). 9513:(2005). 9285:. p. 89. 9146:Speculum 9126:. 1977. 9102:. 1989. 9050:. 1996. 9026:. 1996. 9012:26895337 8990:. 1993. 8925:(1994). 8832:. 1995. 8791:. p. 76. 8787:. 1986. 8764:superego 8686:(1981). 8661:original 8647:2012 . 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