47:
174:, the term social pain is used to denote psychological pain caused by harm or threat to social connection; bereavement, embarrassment, shame and hurt feelings are subtypes of social pain. From an evolutionary perspective, psychological pain forces the assessment of actual or potential social problems that might reduce the individual's fitness for survival. The way people display their psychological pain socially (for example, crying, shouting, moaning) serves the purpose of indicating that they are in need.
269:, and a range of other conditions. Although the excruciatingly painful inner experience of the borderline patient is both unique and perplexing, it is often linked to severe childhood trauma of abuse and neglect. In clinical populations, the rate of suicide of patients with borderline personality disorder is estimated to be 10%, a rate far greater than that in the general population and still considerably greater than for patients with
133:, but it may also be called mental pain, emotional pain, psychic pain, social pain, spiritual or soul pain, or suffering. While these clearly are not equivalent terms, one systematic comparison of theories and models of psychological pain, psychic pain, emotional pain, and suffering concluded that each describe the same profoundly unpleasant feeling. Psychological pain is widely believed to be an inescapable aspect of human existence.
210:. Some advocate that, because similar brain regions are involved in both physical pain and psychological pain, pain should be seen as a continuum that ranges from purely physical to purely psychological. Moreover, many sources mention the fact that many metaphors of physical pain are used to refer to psychologically painful experiences. Further connection between physical and psychological pain has been supported through proof that
2576:
2570:
214:, an analgesic, can suppress activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the insular cortex when experiencing social exclusion, the same way that it suppresses activity when experiencing physical pain, and reduces the agitation of people with dementia. However, use of paracetamol for more general psychological pain remains disputed.
277:, though studies on suicidality in bipolar subjects have found that 4-19% of bipolar patients (mostly untreated) commit suicide. However, 60–70% of patients with borderline personality disorder make suicide attempts, so suicide attempts are far more frequent than completed suicides in patients with BPD.
296:
conditions. In a 1998 study entitled "The Pain of Being
Borderline: Dysphoric States Specific to Borderline Personality Disorder", 146 diagnosed borderline patients took a 50-item self-report measure test. The conclusions from this study suggest "that the subjective pain of borderline patients may be
145:
The adjective "psychological" is thought to encompass the functions of beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which may be seen as an indication for the many sources of psychological pain. One way of grouping these different sources of pain was offered by
Shneidman, who stated that psychological
136:
Other descriptions of psychological pain are "a wide range of subjective experiences characterized as an awareness of negative changes in the self and in its functions accompanied by negative feelings", "a diffuse subjective experience ... differentiated from physical pain which is often localized
237:
instead of sadness, shame and humiliation instead of mild embarrassment, rage instead of annoyance, and panic instead of nervousness. People with BPD are especially sensitive to feelings of rejection, isolation and perceived failure. Both clinicians and laymen alike have witnessed the desperate
154:
in 1938 as needs that motivate human behavior. Shneidman maintained that people rate the importance of each need differently, which explains why people's level of psychological pain differs when confronted with the same frustrated need. This needs perspective coincides with
125:, described it as "how much you hurt as a human being. It is mental suffering; mental torment." There are numerous ways psychological pain is referred to, using a different word usually reflects an emphasis on a particular aspect of mind life. Technical terms include
300:
Feelings of emptiness are a central problem for patients with personality disturbances. In an attempt to avoid this feeling, these patients employ defences to preserve their fragmentary selves. Feelings of emptiness may be so painful that suicide is considered.
238:
attempts to escape these subjective inner experiences of these patients. Borderline patients are severely impulsive and their attempts to alleviate the agony are often very destructive or self-destructive. Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, eating disorders (
228:
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has long been believed to be a disorder that produces the most intense emotional pain and distress in those who have this condition. Studies have shown that borderline patients experience chronic and significant emotional
162:
Unmet psychological needs in youth may cause an inability to meet human needs later in life. As a consequence of neglectful parenting, children with unmet psychological needs may be linked to psychotic disorders in childhood throughout life.
254:(cutting, overdosing, starvation, etc.), compulsive spending, gambling, sex addiction, violent and aggressive behavior, sexual promiscuity and deviant sexual behaviors, are desperate attempts to escape this pain.
1367:
Dewall CN, Macdonald G, Webster GD, Masten CL, Baumeister RF, Powell C, Combs D, Schurtz DR, Stillman TF, Tice DM, Eisenberger NI (July 2010). "Acetaminophen reduces social pain: behavioral and neural evidence".
1639:
Stiglmayr CE, Grathwol T, Linehan MM, Ihorst G, Fahrenberg J, Bohus M (May 2005). "Aversive tension in patients with borderline personality disorder: a computer-based controlled field study".
293:
182:
Physical pain and psychological pain share common underlying neurological mechanisms. Brain regions that were consistently found to be implicated in both types of pain are the anterior
297:
both more pervasive and more multifaceted than previously recognised and that the overall "amplitude" of this pain may be a particularly good marker for the borderline diagnosis".
137:
and associated with noxious physical stimuli", and "a lasting, unsustainable, and unpleasant feeling resulting from negative appraisal of an inability or deficiency of the self."
591:
146:
pain is caused by frustrated psychological needs. For example, the need for love, autonomy, affiliation, and achievement, or the need to avoid harm, shame, and embarrassment.
3057:
992:
1232:
Meerwijk EL, Ford JM, Weiss SJ (March 2013). "Brain regions associated with psychological pain: implications for a neural network and its relationship to physical pain".
190:(some subregions more than others), and may extend to other regions as well. Brain regions that were also found to be involved in psychological pain include the
1411:
Randles D, Heine SJ, Santos N (June 2013). "The common pain of surrealism and death: acetaminophen reduces compensatory affirmation following meaning threats".
488:
1772:, DeLuca CJ, Hennen J, Khera GS, Gunderson JG (1998). "The pain of being borderline: dysphoric states specific to borderline personality disorder".
1456:"Efficacy of treating pain to reduce behavioural disturbances in residents of nursing homes with dementia: cluster randomised clinical trial"
257:
The intrapsychic pain experienced by those diagnosed with BPD has been studied and compared to normal healthy controls and to others with
403:
1817:"The Experience of Emptiness in Narcissistic and Borderline States: II. The Struggle for a Sense of Self and the Potential for Suicide"
630:
3158:
1864:
809:
Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Sirota P, Gilboa-Schechtman E (2003). "Mental pain: a multidimensional operationalization and definition".
284:
states which patients diagnosed with BPD endure on a regular basis distinguishes them from those with other personality disorders:
1521:
422:
Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Sirota P (2003). "Mental pain and its relationship to suicidality and life meaning".
1503:
1623:
1598:
1124:
932:
380:
1189:
Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD (July 2004). "Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain".
2901:
2805:
159:'s description of physical pain that says that physical pain indicates a need state much more than a sensory experience.
40:
Suffering, mental agony, mental pain, emotional pain, algopsychalia, psychic pain, social pain, spiritual pain, soul pain
538:
3015:
1095:
364:
2817:
2889:
502:
Joffe WG, Sandler J (1967). "On the concept of pain, with special reference to depression and psychogenic pain".
223:
2775:
3105:
2750:
847:
Mee S, Bunney BG, Reist C, Potkin SG, Bunney WE (December 2006). "Psychological pain: a review of evidence".
1080:
3082:
1857:
1504:"Reducing agitation through pain relief - Living with dementia magazine October 2011 - Alzheimer's Society"
732:
3005:
1541:"Enhanced 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' in borderline personality disorder compared to healthy controls"
691:
Rehnsfeldt A, Eriksson K (September 2004). "The progression of suffering implies alleviated suffering".
3035:
233:
and mental agony. Borderline patients may feel overwhelmed by negative emotions, experiencing intense
3115:
3010:
2812:
285:
2968:
2933:
1974:
993:"Unmet need for professional mental health care among adolescents with high psychological distress"
458:
3110:
3025:
2869:
2592:
2084:
1850:
19:
This article is about non-physical pain. For physical pain caused by psychological factors, see
3163:
2953:
2896:
2760:
2690:
2542:
2281:
1877:
325:
262:
171:
1032:"Treatment Seeking and Unmet Need for Care Among Persons Reporting Psychosis-Like Experiences"
3040:
2685:
2490:
1919:
482:
243:
199:
60:
3052:
2995:
2985:
2973:
2884:
2879:
2864:
2849:
2765:
2715:
2710:
2655:
2515:
2266:
320:
266:
8:
3000:
2963:
2948:
2918:
2859:
2844:
2800:
2785:
2680:
2670:
2316:
1539:
Fertuck EA, Jekal A, Song I, Wyman B, Morris MC, Wilson ST, et al. (December 2009).
1142:"The neural bases of social pain: evidence for shared representations with physical pain"
1030:
DeVylder, Jordan E.; Oh, Hans Y.; Corcoran, Cheryl M.; Lukens, Ellen P. (June 20, 2014).
315:
147:
3153:
2958:
2938:
2923:
2913:
2854:
2834:
2795:
2790:
2755:
2740:
2700:
2660:
2532:
2271:
2261:
1909:
1797:
1710:
1683:
1664:
1565:
1540:
1480:
1455:
1436:
1393:
1349:
1301:
1276:
1257:
1214:
1166:
1141:
1112:
1056:
1031:
973:
791:
771:
752:
622:
569:
398:
156:
122:
2943:
2770:
2745:
2722:
2695:
2510:
2500:
2357:
2347:
2214:
2141:
2074:
2044:
1789:
1769:
1750:
1715:
1656:
1652:
1619:
1594:
1570:
1485:
1428:
1385:
1341:
1306:
1249:
1206:
1171:
1120:
1091:
1061:
1012:
965:
961:
928:
905:
900:
883:
864:
860:
826:
795:
756:
708:
704:
673:
669:
614:
561:
519:
515:
439:
360:
187:
167:
69:
1801:
1668:
1588:
1397:
1353:
1218:
626:
573:
46:
3148:
3100:
2906:
2874:
2547:
2505:
2421:
2416:
1781:
1742:
1705:
1695:
1648:
1560:
1552:
1475:
1467:
1440:
1420:
1377:
1333:
1296:
1288:
1261:
1241:
1198:
1161:
1153:
1051:
1043:
1004:
977:
957:
895:
856:
818:
787:
783:
744:
700:
665:
606:
592:"Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain"
553:
511:
470:
431:
384:
330:
289:
274:
258:
239:
183:
54:
20:
3062:
3030:
2928:
2735:
2727:
2665:
2552:
2171:
1337:
1157:
748:
474:
354:
247:
1816:
822:
610:
435:
3087:
3020:
2839:
2520:
2480:
2406:
2054:
1202:
884:"Psychogenic pain-what it means, why it does not exist, and how to diagnose it"
191:
90:
1785:
1746:
1556:
1292:
1245:
1047:
557:
3142:
3095:
2780:
2464:
2330:
2182:
2151:
2079:
1984:
1733:
Oldham JM (January 2006). "Borderline personality disorder and suicidality".
1700:
1424:
1381:
1008:
270:
211:
203:
3067:
2980:
2824:
2276:
2204:
2091:
1954:
1793:
1754:
1719:
1660:
1574:
1489:
1432:
1389:
1345:
1310:
1253:
1210:
1175:
1065:
1016:
909:
868:
830:
712:
677:
618:
565:
443:
151:
523:
2634:
2607:
2446:
2384:
2256:
2224:
2146:
2126:
2019:
969:
646:
Spiritual pain: 60,000 Google results. Soul pain: 237,000 Google results.
118:
64:, where a man weeps due to the unpleasant feelings of psychological pain.
1593:(4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1994.
3072:
2431:
2301:
2111:
2004:
1999:
1899:
1894:
808:
421:
207:
85:
78:
74:
1471:
2622:
2597:
2584:
2527:
2473:
2367:
2342:
2311:
2219:
2176:
2156:
2106:
2101:
2039:
2034:
2009:
1949:
1929:
1914:
1904:
1324:
Flaskerud JH (2011). "Heartbreak and physical pain linked in brain".
281:
251:
230:
117:) of a psychological, non-physical origin. A pioneer in the field of
114:
94:
1454:
Husebo BS, Ballard C, Sandvik R, Nilsen OB, Aarsland D (July 2011).
2617:
2612:
2602:
2537:
2374:
2296:
2286:
2251:
2238:
2121:
2064:
2014:
1994:
195:
1842:
656:
Morse JM (September 2001). "Toward a praxis theory of suffering".
3047:
2627:
2575:
2569:
2495:
2455:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2337:
2197:
2096:
2059:
2029:
2024:
1989:
1969:
1959:
1944:
1886:
1873:
1616:
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder
1277:"Is there such a thing as psychological pain? And why it matters"
310:
1675:
3077:
2411:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2243:
2190:
2049:
1964:
1767:
3058:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
1638:
1590:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
2559:
2485:
2379:
2352:
2231:
2166:
2161:
2131:
2069:
1939:
1934:
353:
Shneidman ES (1996). "Appendix A Psychological Pain Survey".
234:
1366:
2362:
2323:
2306:
2209:
2136:
2116:
1924:
1453:
2291:
1979:
1682:
Dome, Peter; Rihmer, Zoltan; Gonda, Xenia (August 2019).
1029:
990:
927:(70 ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1538:
948:
Wall PD (1979). "On the relation of injury to pain".
1188:
997:
The
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
846:
733:"Toward a unifying definition of psychological pain"
1684:"Suicide Risk in Bipolar Disorder: A Brief Review"
1410:
1110:
991:Sheppard, R.; Deane, F. P.; Ciarrochi, J. (2018).
690:
539:"Why does "pain management" exclude psychic pain?"
217:
1231:
487:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3140:
2453:
726:
724:
722:
585:
583:
348:
346:
1681:
1119:. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press.
1078:
684:
2328:
1317:
875:
589:
1858:
1522:"Don't take paracetamol for painful emotions"
1225:
730:
719:
580:
343:
2632:
2471:
2462:
2229:
1090:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
1088:Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
802:
530:
501:
459:"Grounded theory analysis of emotional pain"
16:Unpleasant feeling of a psychological nature
3131:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
2195:
1360:
1139:
916:
842:
840:
404:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis
1865:
1851:
1607:
763:
649:
450:
415:
383:. But see also psychalgia in the sense of
45:
1709:
1699:
1564:
1479:
1323:
1300:
1268:
1165:
1055:
941:
899:
881:
495:
390:
352:
1618:. New York: Guilford Press. p. 44.
837:
772:"On the capacity to endure psychic pain"
536:
359:. Oxford University Press. p. 173.
61:Sorrowing old man ('At Eternity's Gate')
1821:International Review of Psycho-Analysis
1761:
1613:
811:Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior
693:Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
424:Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior
3141:
1814:
1732:
1726:
1581:
922:
776:The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review
456:
1846:
1113:"The Evolution of Psychological Pain"
769:
655:
396:
1274:
1117:Sociobiology and the Social Sciences
947:
590:Macdonald G, Leary MR (March 2005).
381:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
1872:
13:
1808:
1735:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1532:
1111:Thornhill R, Thornhill NW (1989).
177:
14:
3175:
1086:. In Corr PJ, Matthews G (eds.).
504:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
2574:
2568:
1653:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00466.x
1281:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
901:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2000.00049.x
861:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.03.003
705:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2004.00281.x
670:10.1097/00012272-200109000-00007
3159:Borderline personality disorder
1632:
1514:
1496:
1447:
1404:
1326:Issues in Mental Health Nursing
1182:
1133:
1104:
1081:"Social Pain and Hurt Feelings"
1072:
1023:
984:
849:Journal of Psychiatric Research
546:Issues in Mental Health Nursing
224:Borderline personality disorder
218:Borderline personality disorder
1641:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1115:. In Bell RW, Bell NJ (eds.).
1079:MacDonald G, Philip J (2009).
882:Covington EC (December 2000).
788:10.1080/01062301.2011.10592880
731:Meerwijk EL, Weiss SJ (2011).
640:
373:
194:, posterior cingulate cortex,
1:
399:"Bodily pain and mental pain"
379:Psychalgia: mental distress.
336:
150:were originally described by
3083:Social emotional development
1774:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
1338:10.3109/01612840.2011.583714
1191:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1158:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182464dd1
962:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90047-2
749:10.1080/15325024.2011.572044
737:Journal of Loss & Trauma
516:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90058-X
475:10.1080/10503309912331332801
113:is an unpleasant feeling (a
7:
2329:
925:Explorations in personality
823:10.1521/suli.33.3.219.23219
658:Advances in Nursing Science
611:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202
436:10.1521/suli.33.3.231.23213
304:
10:
3180:
1234:Brain Imaging and Behavior
1203:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.010
292:, and virtually all known
221:
18:
3126:
2645:
2583:
2566:
1885:
1786:10.3109/10673229809000330
1747:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.20
1557:10.1017/S003329170900600X
1293:10.1007/s11013-010-9190-y
1246:10.1007/s11682-012-9179-y
1048:10.1176/appi.ps.201300254
558:10.1080/01612840902844890
294:DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II
286:major depressive disorder
140:
91:Antidepressant medication
84:
68:
53:
44:
36:
31:
3016:in virtual communication
1701:10.3390/medicina55080403
1425:10.1177/0956797612464786
1382:10.1177/0956797610374741
1275:Biro D (December 2010).
1009:10.1177/0004867417707818
537:Shattell MM (May 2009).
1140:Eisenberger NI (2012).
265:, schizophrenia, other
2633:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2230:
2196:
1545:Psychological Medicine
1146:Psychosomatic Medicine
599:Psychological Bulletin
477:(inactive 2024-09-12).
463:Psychotherapy Research
326:Psychosomatic medicine
263:substance use disorder
172:personality psychology
1413:Psychological Science
1370:Psychological Science
267:personality disorders
244:binge eating disorder
200:parahippocampal gyrus
3053:Group affective tone
1036:Psychiatric Services
321:Psychological trauma
261:, bipolar disorder,
95:Analgesic medication
3106:constructed emotion
2776:functional accounts
316:Psychological abuse
148:Psychological needs
3006:in decision-making
2247:(sense of purpose)
1614:Linehan M (1993).
923:Murray HA (2008).
457:Bolger EA (1999).
157:Patrick David Wall
123:Edwin S. Shneidman
103:Psychological pain
55:Vincent van Gogh's
32:Psychological pain
3136:
3135:
2723:Appeal to emotion
2501:Social connection
1815:Singer M (1977).
1688:Medicina (Kaunas)
1625:978-0-89862-183-9
1600:978-0-89-042061-4
1508:alzheimers.org.uk
1472:10.1136/bmj.d4065
1126:978-0-89672-161-6
934:978-0-19-530506-7
770:Wille RS (2011).
356:The Suicidal Mind
188:prefrontal cortex
168:social psychology
166:In the fields of
100:
99:
26:Medical condition
3171:
3111:discrete emotion
3011:in the workplace
2907:Empathy quotient
2638:
2578:
2572:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2334:
2235:
2201:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1027:
1021:
1020:
988:
982:
981:
945:
939:
938:
920:
914:
913:
903:
879:
873:
872:
844:
835:
834:
806:
800:
799:
767:
761:
760:
728:
717:
716:
688:
682:
681:
653:
647:
644:
638:
637:
635:
629:. Archived from
596:
587:
578:
577:
543:
534:
528:
527:
499:
493:
492:
486:
478:
454:
448:
447:
419:
413:
412:
397:Weiss E (1934).
394:
388:
385:psychogenic pain
377:
371:
370:
350:
331:Sensory overload
290:bipolar disorder
275:bipolar disorder
259:major depression
240:anorexia nervosa
184:cingulate cortex
49:
29:
28:
21:psychogenic pain
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3063:Jealousy in art
2806:in conversation
2728:Amygdala hijack
2641:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2553:sense of wonder
1881:
1871:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1809:
1766:
1762:
1731:
1727:
1680:
1676:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1551:(12): 1979–88.
1537:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1452:
1448:
1409:
1405:
1365:
1361:
1322:
1318:
1273:
1269:
1230:
1226:
1187:
1183:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1028:
1024:
989:
985:
946:
942:
935:
921:
917:
880:
876:
845:
838:
807:
803:
768:
764:
729:
720:
689:
685:
654:
650:
645:
641:
633:
594:
588:
581:
541:
535:
531:
500:
496:
480:
479:
455:
451:
420:
416:
395:
391:
378:
374:
367:
351:
344:
339:
307:
248:bulimia nervosa
226:
220:
180:
178:Neuropsychology
143:
58:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:somatic marker
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3088:Stoic passions
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3036:social sharing
3033:
3028:
3026:self-conscious
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2969:thought method
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2934:lateralization
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:classification
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Sentimentality
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:at first sight
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Disappointment
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1807:
1770:Frankenburg FR
1760:
1725:
1674:
1631:
1624:
1606:
1599:
1580:
1531:
1513:
1495:
1446:
1403:
1359:
1332:(12): 789–91.
1316:
1267:
1224:
1197:(7): 294–300.
1181:
1132:
1125:
1103:
1096:
1071:
1042:(6): 774–780.
1022:
983:
940:
933:
915:
874:
836:
801:
762:
718:
683:
648:
639:
636:on 2014-03-01.
579:
529:
494:
449:
414:
389:
372:
365:
341:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
306:
303:
222:Main article:
219:
216:
192:insular cortex
179:
176:
142:
139:
111:emotional pain
98:
97:
88:
82:
81:
72:
66:
65:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3176:
3165:
3164:Limbic system
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3130:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:dysregulation
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:interpersonal
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:in psychology
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:consciousness
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:Schadenfreude
2461:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:Mono no aware
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:Joie de vivre
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Gratification
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:Embarrassment
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Belongingness
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:Zanarini MC,
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1528:. 2013-04-22.
1527:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(6): 966–73.
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:(4): 658–67.
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:(2): 126–35.
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1097:9780521680516
1093:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:(3): 253–64.
955:
951:
944:
936:
930:
926:
919:
911:
907:
902:
897:
894:(4): 287–94.
893:
889:
888:Pain Medicine
885:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:(8): 680–90.
854:
850:
843:
841:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:(3): 219–30.
816:
812:
805:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:(5): 402–12.
742:
738:
734:
727:
725:
723:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:(3): 264–72.
698:
694:
687:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
643:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:(2): 202–23.
604:
600:
593:
586:
584:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
540:
533:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
498:
490:
484:
476:
472:
469:(3): 342–62.
468:
464:
460:
453:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:(3): 231–41.
429:
425:
418:
410:
406:
405:
400:
393:
386:
382:
376:
368:
366:9780195118018
362:
358:
357:
349:
347:
342:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
271:schizophrenia
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
225:
215:
213:
212:acetaminophen
209:
205:
204:basal ganglia
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
164:
160:
158:
153:
149:
138:
134:
132:
128:
127:algopsychalia
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
62:
57:1890 painting
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
3128:
3068:Meta-emotion
2981:Emotionality
2954:responsivity
2902:and bullying
2897:intelligence
2707:Affectivity
2691:neuroscience
2661:in education
2244:
2205:Homesickness
2181:
2107:Enthrallment
2092:Emotion work
1955:Anticipation
1829:. Retrieved
1827:(4): 471–479
1824:
1820:
1810:
1780:(4): 201–7.
1777:
1773:
1763:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1647:(5): 372–9.
1644:
1640:
1634:
1615:
1609:
1589:
1583:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1376:(7): 931–7.
1373:
1369:
1362:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1116:
1106:
1087:
1074:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1003:(1): 59–67.
1000:
996:
986:
953:
949:
943:
924:
918:
891:
887:
877:
852:
848:
814:
810:
804:
779:
775:
765:
740:
736:
696:
692:
686:
664:(1): 47–59.
661:
657:
651:
642:
631:the original
602:
598:
549:
545:
532:
510:(1): 69–75.
507:
503:
497:
483:cite journal
466:
462:
452:
427:
423:
417:
408:
402:
392:
375:
355:
299:
280:The intense
279:
256:
227:
181:
165:
161:
152:Henry Murray
144:
135:
130:
126:
110:
106:
102:
101:
59:
2996:and culture
2801:recognition
2786:homeostatic
2686:forecasting
2635:Weltschmerz
2608:Misanthropy
2385:grandiosity
2267:Inspiration
2257:Infatuation
2225:Humiliation
2147:Frustration
2020:Contentment
1831:25 February
1741:(1): 20–6.
1240:(1): 1–14.
119:suicidology
107:mental pain
37:Other names
3143:Categories
3073:Pathognomy
2974:well-being
2890:and gender
2885:expression
2880:exhaustion
2865:detachment
2850:competence
2831:Emotional
2813:regulation
2796:perception
2791:in animals
2741:and memory
2677:Affective
2585:Worldviews
2447:melancholy
2432:Resentment
2302:Loneliness
2277:Irritation
2262:Insecurity
2252:Indulgence
2127:Excitement
2112:Enthusiasm
2045:Depression
2005:Confidence
2000:Compassion
1975:Attraction
1900:Admiration
1895:Acceptance
1694:(8): 403.
1526:www.nhs.uk
552:(5): 344.
337:References
208:cerebellum
131:psychalgia
86:Medication
79:psychology
75:Psychiatry
3154:Suffering
3101:appraisal
3041:sociology
2992:Emotions
2964:symbiosis
2949:reasoning
2919:isolation
2860:contagion
2845:blackmail
2771:expressed
2766:evolution
2756:and sleep
2746:and music
2681:computing
2628:Reclusion
2623:Pessimism
2598:Defeatism
2528:Suffering
2474:Sehnsucht
2417:Rejection
2368:self-pity
2343:Nostalgia
2312:limerence
2282:Isolation
2220:Hostility
2177:Happiness
2157:Gratitude
2102:Emptiness
2085:vicarious
2035:Curiosity
2010:Confusion
1950:Annoyance
1930:Amusement
1920:Agitation
1915:Affection
1910:Aesthetic
1905:Adoration
1466:: d4065.
796:144997538
782:: 23–30.
757:144462525
282:dysphoric
252:self-harm
231:suffering
115:suffering
70:Specialty
2959:security
2939:literacy
2924:lability
2914:intimacy
2855:conflict
2835:aperture
2732:Emotion
2716:negative
2711:positive
2701:spectrum
2666:measures
2618:Optimism
2613:Nihilism
2603:Fatalism
2593:Cynicism
2538:Sympathy
2533:Surprise
2375:Pleasure
2297:Kindness
2287:Jealousy
2272:Interest
2239:Hysteria
2122:Euphoria
2065:Distrust
2015:Contempt
1995:Calmness
1887:Emotions
1874:Emotions
1802:10093822
1794:10370445
1755:16390884
1720:31344941
1669:30951552
1661:15819731
1575:19460187
1490:21765198
1433:23579320
1398:13800603
1390:20548058
1354:12451262
1346:22077752
1311:20835887
1254:22660945
1219:15893740
1211:15242688
1176:22286852
1066:24534875
1017:28486819
910:15101873
869:16725157
831:14582833
713:15355520
678:11554533
627:10540325
619:15740417
574:29799238
566:19437255
444:14582834
305:See also
196:thalamus
3149:Emotion
3129:Italics
3092:Theory
3048:Feeling
3001:history
2986:bounded
2944:prosody
2751:and sex
2736:and art
2696:science
2652:Affect
2646:Related
2521:chronic
2496:Shyness
2456:Saudade
2442:Sadness
2437:Revenge
2427:Remorse
2358:Passion
2348:Outrage
2338:Neglect
2198:Hiraeth
2097:Empathy
2075:Ecstasy
2060:Disgust
2030:Cruelty
2025:Courage
1990:Boredom
1970:Arousal
1960:Anxiety
1945:Anguish
1711:6723289
1566:3427787
1481:3137923
1441:2890442
1302:2952112
1262:8755398
1167:3273616
1057:6483726
978:6412475
524:6049033
411:: 1–13.
311:Emotion
3096:affect
3078:Pathos
3031:social
2875:eating
2548:Wonder
2516:Stress
2506:Sorrow
2422:Relief
2412:Regret
2400:vanity
2395:insult
2390:hubris
2245:Ikigai
2215:Horror
2191:Hatred
2050:Desire
2040:Defeat
1965:Apathy
1800:
1792:
1753:
1718:
1708:
1667:
1659:
1622:
1597:
1573:
1563:
1488:
1478:
1439:
1431:
1396:
1388:
1352:
1344:
1309:
1299:
1260:
1252:
1217:
1209:
1174:
1164:
1123:
1094:
1064:
1054:
1015:
976:
970:460933
968:
931:
908:
867:
829:
794:
755:
711:
676:
625:
617:
572:
564:
522:
442:
363:
246:, and
206:, and
141:Causes
3021:moral
2929:labor
2781:group
2560:Worry
2543:Trust
2511:Spite
2491:Shock
2486:Shame
2380:Pride
2353:Panic
2232:Hygge
2172:Guilt
2167:Grief
2162:Greed
2132:Faith
2070:Doubt
1940:Angst
1935:Anger
1925:Agony
1798:S2CID
1665:S2CID
1437:S2CID
1394:S2CID
1350:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1215:S2CID
1084:(PDF)
974:S2CID
792:S2CID
753:S2CID
634:(PDF)
623:S2CID
595:(PDF)
570:S2CID
542:(PDF)
235:grief
109:, or
2840:bias
2825:work
2407:Rage
2363:Pity
2324:Lust
2307:Love
2210:Hope
2142:Flow
2137:Fear
2117:Envy
1878:list
1833:2021
1790:PMID
1751:PMID
1716:PMID
1657:PMID
1620:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1571:PMID
1486:PMID
1429:PMID
1386:PMID
1342:PMID
1307:PMID
1250:PMID
1207:PMID
1172:PMID
1121:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1062:PMID
1013:PMID
966:PMID
950:Pain
929:ISBN
906:PMID
865:PMID
827:PMID
709:PMID
674:PMID
615:PMID
562:PMID
520:PMID
489:link
440:PMID
361:ISBN
273:and
186:and
170:and
129:and
2292:Joy
1980:Awe
1782:doi
1743:doi
1739:163
1706:PMC
1696:doi
1649:doi
1645:111
1561:PMC
1553:doi
1476:PMC
1468:doi
1464:343
1460:BMJ
1421:doi
1378:doi
1334:doi
1297:PMC
1289:doi
1242:doi
1199:doi
1162:PMC
1154:doi
1052:PMC
1044:doi
1005:doi
958:doi
896:doi
857:doi
819:doi
784:doi
745:doi
701:doi
666:doi
607:doi
603:131
554:doi
512:doi
471:doi
432:doi
250:),
3145::
1823:.
1819:.
1796:.
1788:.
1776:.
1749:.
1737:.
1714:.
1704:.
1692:55
1690:.
1686:.
1663:.
1655:.
1643:.
1569:.
1559:.
1549:39
1547:.
1543:.
1524:.
1506:.
1484:.
1474:.
1462:.
1458:.
1435:.
1427:.
1417:24
1415:.
1392:.
1384:.
1374:21
1372:.
1348:.
1340:.
1330:32
1328:.
1305:.
1295:.
1285:34
1283:.
1279:.
1256:.
1248:.
1236:.
1213:.
1205:.
1193:.
1170:.
1160:.
1150:74
1148:.
1144:.
1060:.
1050:.
1040:65
1038:.
1034:.
1011:.
1001:52
999:.
995:.
972:.
964:.
952:.
904:.
890:.
886:.
863:.
853:40
851:.
839:^
825:.
815:33
813:.
790:.
780:34
778:.
774:.
751:.
741:16
739:.
735:.
721:^
707:.
697:18
695:.
672:.
662:24
660:.
621:.
613:.
601:.
597:.
582:^
568:.
560:.
550:30
548:.
544:.
518:.
508:11
506:.
485:}}
481:{{
465:.
461:.
438:.
428:33
426:.
409:15
407:.
401:.
345:^
288:,
242:,
202:,
198:,
121:,
105:,
93:,
77:,
1880:)
1876:(
1866:e
1859:t
1852:v
1835:.
1825:4
1804:.
1784::
1778:6
1757:.
1745::
1722:.
1698::
1671:.
1651::
1628:.
1603:.
1577:.
1555::
1510:.
1492:.
1470::
1443:.
1423::
1400:.
1380::
1356:.
1336::
1313:.
1291::
1264:.
1244::
1238:7
1221:.
1201::
1195:8
1178:.
1156::
1129:.
1100:.
1068:.
1046::
1019:.
1007::
980:.
960::
954:6
937:.
912:.
898::
892:1
871:.
859::
833:.
821::
798:.
786::
759:.
747::
715:.
703::
680:.
668::
609::
576:.
556::
526:.
514::
491:)
473::
467:9
446:.
434::
387:.
369:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
