Psychological typologies

1252:, understanding of certain fundamental statistical concepts is required. "There are at least three various theories of the psychological types worked out by psychologists. Some authors represent types as separate classes that exclude each other. Some others psychologists accept the theory of types as more or less detailed trait theory, defining the types as poles of one and same continuum between which people may be ranked by the law of normal distribution. The adepts of the third view believe that the types differ from the traits by having multimodal distributions in which the people are grouped with in definite points, representing pure types". Stagner, 1948. 1748:

instrumental values are beliefs that a certain way of performance (for instant, honesty, rationalism) is from personal and social points of view preferable in any situations. In fact, the distinction between the terminal and instrumental values coincides with already existing, rather traditional differentiations of values-goals and values means. The system of personality values orientation as well as any psychological system can be represented as "multidimensional dynamic space".

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place separately, as two different means to get knowledge (information) about situations in the world. Because of this, for instance, estimations of personality characteristics with the help of projective tests (which are addressed mostly to unconscious properties) often contradict the results of self-estimations made with help of questionnaires (which are based on consciousness).

1765:"). These orientations describe how a person has developed in regard to how he responds to conflicts in his or her life; he also considered that people were never pure in any such orientation. These two factors form four types of malignant character, which he calls Receptive, Exploitative, Hoarding and Marketing. He also described a positive character, which he called Productive. 862: 1862:) and taking into account their holistic character, to master the knowledge of steady variants of these systems and skills to compare their properties. The comparing and estimating the systems are more difficult in the absence of the reliable methodological base: there is not a generally accepted opinion on what to compare and how to estimate. 1485:. However the person himself was an independent system with his own inner world, with his contradictions, unique way of life and experience, a disposition and levels of development of inner selves. The philosophers looked upon the person from a far distance, doctors had to see the particulars his physical and psychical organization. 1358:

present time in the living tradition and are now reconstructed only some with some degree of authenticity. Original astrological systems arose, probably, in other regions of the world as well, but they were quite regional (astrology of inks or original Javano-Balyiskian astrology, based on a "vuku" calendar.

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Training qualified specialists in the field of research and diagnostics of psychological types is a particular problem. Here a whole complex of specific knowledge and skills is required. For measuring psychological types it is important to have the ability to see not separate fragments of the psychic

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For determining of psychological type of a person, it is important to have a measuring instrument (test, inventory etc.), that is calibrated to reveal not the present and actual situational characteristics, but the opens which are typical, repeating with higher probability in the course of life. That

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we study consciousness with the help of consciousness. Here new possibilities are opened and the same time new limitations occurred, in part, due to the subjectivity and the necessity to overcome it as it is known, in the psyche there are conscious and unconscious cognitive processes. They often take

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The classification more often touched on the characteristics connected with the sphere of social interaction. They were built as a set of bipolar traits in which the dominance of certain traits were accentuated in the person's character. The characteristics of specific classifications are the absence

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Superpersonal type. Their aspirations similarly to those of the first type, are as if given outside, but their source is not in the physical needs of the body, but in the factors of higher order, namely: in higher religious, scientific and aesthetic strivings. Such people act as if not on behalf of

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become a combination of theoretical ideas and practical methods. Remaining on the positions of cosmologists concerning the nature of human soul, he raised the questions about the structure and functioning of different psychical and physical organizations of humans as social creatures, and developed

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So, the second stage of the individuation is awareness of the shadow. The third stage is meeting still other components of the psyche – called Anima and Animus. The last stage of individuation – development of the Self, that which becomes the new center of the soul. It brings unity and integrates a

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Rokeach distinguishes two classes of values – terminal and instrumental. He defines the terminal values as convictions that a certain final goal in individual life (for instance, happy family life, peace in the whole world) from the personal and the social point of view is worth to be pursued. The

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Kretschmer's classification system was based on three main body types: asthenic/leptosomic (thin, small, weak), athletic (muscular, large–boned), and pyknic (stocky, fat). (The athletic category was later combined into the category asthenic/leptosomic.) Each of these body types was associated with

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The system classifications proceeded from the postulate that the whole is not a sum of its parts, but rather, a system of higher organization. This classification is frequently based on the laws of the functioning Universe. The properties of this classification are: strictness (everyone belongs to

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conscious and unconscious material. All the mentioned stages intersect. The person constantly and repeatedly returns to old problems. Individuation may be depicted as a spiral in which the person continues once and again to deal with the same fundamental problems, each time in a more subtle form.

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A somewhat different approach to problems of astrological knowledge can be observed in Carl Jung's works. Astrology, as Jung believed, "is the top of all psychological knowledge in antiquity", the gist of which is in imprinting the symbolical configurations in the form of collective unconscious.

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The foundation of development of practices, known nowadays as "the western astrology", was the Mesopotamian astrology whereas the Chinese tradition became a core of systems so-called "Eastern astrology". As to astrological systems of meso-American Indians and druids, they haven't survived till

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of psychological classifications development demanded a parallel existence of two scientific approaches: one of which was named "psychology of types", and the other—"psychology of traits". In the course of time, both approaches shifted towards each other: the psychology of types—in attempts to

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The characteristics of the classifications: combination of strictness and flexibility. There are laws of Universe, which determine strict classifications and there are earthly laws which act on another level, not destroying the strict classification, and creating variations within one class,

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The theory of leading tendencies laid in the basis of methodology of psychodiagnostical research, allows to understand the complex construct of personality in all its completeness. According to this theory, the integral image of the personality includes emotional sphere, individual style of

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Classifications that included stable types singled out on the basis of some psychological or anatomo-physiological traits refer to formal typologies. The formal typology may have quote varies scale. Often these are typologies are based on the behavior of particulars in a certain activity.

1374:"In his exposition astrology became similar to the physical theory of resonance. The stars themselves do not influence the destiny of people, but the soul of person at the moment of a birth imprinted the angles between the stars and the following life reacted to them in specific ways". 1327:

More complex and systematized models take into account the fact that they may meet both quantitative, and qualitative distinctions or traits. The distributions of these traits have clear connections and may form types which in term will have a constent distribution in society.

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The theoretical analysis and empirical verification of the classification systems of the psyche have been undertaken by a number of authors in the 20th century (C. Jung, H. Eysenck, R. Meily, V.S. Merlin, L.N. Sobchik, L.Ja. Dorfman, E.P. Ilyin, N.L. Nagibina and others).

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cognition, the type of interpersonal behavior, strength and direction of motivation. The comparative analysis of the psychodiagnostical indicators received in successive studies of different levels of self-consciousness (objective unconscious, actual-subjective and ideal "

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is why the methods, which allow to see the present characteristics through the prism of the person whole life: biographical, structured talk, longitudinal observation in real situations) are very important for the psychologists. Such methods are well developed in the

1508:, Ludmila Sobchik, Leonid Dorfman, Natali Nagibina and others. The authors of contemporary systematic conceptions try to generalize as much as possible the results of empirical research of individual characteristics within the frameworks of one typological 1219:

confluence of her/his conscious and unconscious. The first stage of the individuation is the acquisition of the element in the structure of the personality psyche called - person or mask, hiding the real self and the unconscious, called the shadow.

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Analyticals tend to perceive separate parts and properties, and have difficulty catching whole structures oriented on distinctions. Synthetics tend to perceive the phenomena as an integrated whole, seeing the similarities in the parts.

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of a clear borders between classes—the person can pass from one class into another under the influence of the external and internal forces. The number of classes depends on the position of the author of the classification.

1268:) are constructed so that the trait could be normalized with the normal distribution term, if distinctions are to have quantitative character. For instance, the traits which enter the base of the personality named the 1134:

and orderliness. Everything including the principle of psychological classification, has mathematical accuracy and clearness. The typology has the subordinated role, it reflects the natural belonging to cosmic laws.

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The objectivists are characterized by steady, narrowly directed and precise perception. The subjectivists are characterized by a broader field of perception, with subjective interpretation supplementing perception.

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Domination of one of the four cognitive functions (thinking, feeling, sensation or intuition) is the basis for the classification that Carl Jung theorized from his clinical experience. This typology was expanded by

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It is very seldom that a certain quality is consistently absent in a psyche. Therefore, in most cases, it is useful to use mild classifications which reflect the real character of the distribution more precisely.

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Hedonistic type with domination of lower, sensual drives suppressing all higher aspirations. The people of this type are completely under the influence of the biological nature. Their self is not yet mature.

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For example, Rokeach treats the values as a kind of steady conviction that a certain goal or way of living is preferable to some other. The human values are characterized by the following main properties:

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one and only one class and remains in it for the whole life), quantity of classes determined by laws of the Universe, and the organization of the psyche as a part of a more general system of a functioning

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9. McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & Ozer, D. J. (2006). Person-factors in the California adult Q-set: Closing the door on personality types? European Journal of Personality, 20, 29-44.

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As examples of such systematic classification may serve the Theory of leading tendencies by Ludmila Sobchik, Psycosmology by Natali Nagibina, the Concept of the meta-individual world by Leonid Dorfman.

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Egoistic type. Their self is quite mature and decorates all the striving deeds and feelings. The Self (I) prevails in their consciousness and they are striving to broadly expose it in their activities.

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5. Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2005). Personality Traits, Types, and Disorders: An Examination of the Relationship Between Three Self-Report Measures. European Journal of Personality, 19, 167-184.

988:, received general recognition immediately appeared as the necessity to reveal the fundamental factors behind the traits. Haimans and Virsma as well as other scientists after them tried to solve the 1248:

becomes very important. It is also important, if the distinctions of trait have a quantitative or qualitative character for the adequate interpretation of practically every research in the field of

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Rationals go by a defined set of criteria via logic or value as their primary mode of functioning. Irrationals go by mere events via sensations and intuitions as their primary mode of functioning.

992:. However all these researches had a fragmentary character, their results have been caused by preliminary hypotheses, and the choice of traits as a rule was determined by the personal view of the 1757:

describes the ways an individual relates to the world and constitutes his general character, and develops from two specific kinds of relatedness to the world: acquiring and assimilating things ("

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The entire history of human studies from the system-classification position reveals itself as an arena of struggle of two opposite methodological directions, the goals of which were:

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For investigation the types it is necessary to be able to use both the qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical reality research, taking into account the following factors:

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The Characters by Theophrastus contains thirty brief, vigorous and trenchant outlines of moral types, which form a picture of the life of his time, and of human nature in general.

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and senses with its unique picture of the world is the core of personality. Most bright psychological ideas concerning the sphere values and senses are presented in the work of

1167:. The field dependent do not see a simple figure in a complex geometrical background. The field independent can single out the figure from a complex geometrical background. 1568:

associates body types with human temperament types.Sheldon proposed that the human physique be classed according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements,

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character traits to the elementary mental elements and to the elementary forms of the basic psychological laws, revealing the nature of the discovered ties" (Polan, 1894).

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Losski points out that it is impossible the sharp boundary between the three types, as there are intermediate types, that are transitional from one category to the other.

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The specific classifications are often build by practical workers on the basis of concrete activity. Within any activity one can find many very different classifications.

2443:Артемцева Н. Г., Губанкова Н. Г., Ильясов И. И., Миронычева А. В., Нагибина Н. Л. Психологические типы. Когнитивные стили. Ч.4. Московский гуманитарный университет, 2003 964:

At present there are several thousand various psychological classifications that point to these or other distinctions between people, or mental characteristics, as such.

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The dynamic typologies are connected with change and transformations of people, and with going through stages in their development (biological, psychological, social).

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Every person, as a rule, possesses all the possible types of love, but in different proportion. Which can be expressed by the profile characteristic with ups and downs.

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The Religious, whose highest value is unity. A passion to seek out and pursue the highest meaning in life, in the divine or the ideal, and achieve a system for living.

1379:"Astrology as collective unconscious to which the psychology addresses, consists of symbolical configurations:" planets "are Gods, the symbols of power unconscious". 2363:

11. Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers (1980, 1995). Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. pp. xi–xii.

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2. Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17, 327–346.

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The Aesthetic, whose highest value is form and harmony. A passion to experience impressions of the world and achieve form and harmony in life; self-actualization.

2464:Куталёв Денис . Астрология как историко-культурный феномен. Диссертация на соискание учёной степени кандидата наук по специальности "Теория и история культуры". 2335:

8. Pittenger, D. J. (2004). The limitations of extracting typologies from trait measures of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 779–787.

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1) to "catch" the central organizing link, some kind of motor of all design, and to distribute people by the qualitative specificity of these central links;

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10. McCrae, R. M., & John, O. P. (1992). "An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications" (PDF). Journal of Personality 60 (2): 175–215.

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are classifications used by psychologists to describe the distinctions between people. The problem of finding the essential basis for the classification of

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From the psychoanalytical point of view, the child in her development undergoes a number of psychosexual stages which creates a particular make up of the

5015: 4566: 1164: 1105:", which has all traits, properties, and characteristics, but they are distributed according to certain systemic laws, which have yet to be discovered. 2324:

7. Keirsey, David (May 1, 1998) . Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence (1st Ed. ed.). Prometheus Nemesis Book Co. pp. 3.

2108: 1512:. Such a model, as a rule, is the center of the construction uniting the general, typological and individual psychological characteristics of humans. 2446:Артемцева Н. Г., Ильясов И. И., Миронычева А. В.,Нагибина Н. Л. Фивейский В. Ю. Познание и личность: типологический подход. М., Книга и бизнес, 2004 1810:

The Social, whose highest value is love of people. A passion to invest myself, my time, and my resources into helping others achieve their potential.

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E. Spranger distinguishes six types of personality, which connect cognition and values correlating the personality type with cognition of the world.

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with the following reduction of variety of individual forms to a small number of the groups uniting around the representative type" (Meily, 1960).

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12. William H. Sheldon, The varieties of human physique: An introduction to constitutional psychology (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940).

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The Hippocratic school held that four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm consists the basis for the four types of temperaments.

5020: 2509:Нагибина Н. Л., Миронычева А. В. Психология типов. Системный подход. Тело и душа. Ч.2. М., Московская гуманитано-социальная академия, 2002. 2403:

Ernst Kretschmer Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten. Springer Berlin 1921

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The Political, whose interest is primarily in power. A passion to achieve position and to use that position to affect and influence others.

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The Theoretical, whose dominant interest is the discovery of truth. A passion to discover, systematize and analyze; a search for knowledge.

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understand the structure of psychological traits of every type, trait psychology—in attempts to achieve a higher system of generalizations.

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and classification play a very important role. With the development of statistics in the description of weight of the trait (or type) in

130: 2458:Кеплер И. О более достоверных основаниях астрологии. / Герметизм, магия, натурфилософия в европейской культуре XIII-XIX вв. М., 1999. 2307:

4. Daniels, David; and Price, Virginia (Updated and Revised 2009). The Essential Enneagram: Test and Self-Discovery Guide. HarperOne.

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The Economic, who is interested in what is useful. A passion to gain a return on all investments involving time, money and resources.

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1. The scale and the complex character of research (the possibility of keeping under control several plans of different scales).

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characterized by medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist; usually referred to as muscular.

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to its components in order to understand the work of its parts and to create a classification based on the differences in the

5025: 4712: 2512:Нагибина Н. Л., Грекова Т. Н. Психология типов. Стратегии развития. Ч.3. М., Московская гуманитано-социальная академия, 2002 2518:Петров В.М., Грибков В.С., Каменский В.С. Поверить гармонию... экспериментом. / Число и мысль. М., 1980. Вып.3, с.145-168. 2614: 1366:'s works which continued the traditions of astro-musical systems, having joined physical and mental laws in the theory of 116: 4704: 4309: 3451: 3082: 1215:, the one of order and wholeness of personality. Jung called ability of humans to self-cognition and self-development as 4342: 3077: 1286:

If characteristics have qualitative rather than quantitative distinctions, they are usually described as strict sets.

4954: 4647: 2419: 2392: 2368: 2329: 2312: 2164: 288: 270: 208: 149: 98: 52: 5158: 5058: 4251: 3503: 2506:Нагибина Н. Л. Психология типов. Системный подход. Психодиагностические методики. Ч.1. М., Институт молодежи, 2000 1384: 885: 809: 2491:Мейли Р.Структура личности / Поль Фресс, Жан Пиаже. Экспериментальная психология. Выпуск 5, М., «Прогресс», 1975. 2482:Либин А.В. Дифференциальная психология: на пересечении европейских, российских и американских традиций. М., 1999. 5209: 5139: 4450: 4187: 5168: 5005: 4275: 3576: 4539: 4144: 3798: 3639: 3498: 2949: 1871:

2. The character and specificity of distribution of properties and characteristics in the studied environment.

804: 632: 87: 3556: 2503:Нагибина Н. Л., Артемцева Н. Г., Грекова Т. Н. Психология искусства. Типологический подход. М., «МосГУ», 2005 1589:

characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage; receding chin, usually referred to as slim.

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The developing person is viewed as an auto-erotic creature that receives sensual pleasure from stimulation of

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The sphere of personality values and senses is situated at the crossing point of two large areas of psychic:

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characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure, usually referred to as fat.

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Bounded complexes of cognitive characteristics, values and motives as ground for personality classifications

4919: 4893: 4357: 4092: 4002: 3538: 3160: 2550:Шадриков В.Д. Способности в структуре психики. / Диагностика познавательных способностей. Ярославль, 1986. 2437:Абульханова-Славская К.А. Типология активности личности. // Психологический журнал, 1985, т.6, №5, с.3-18. 2380:

14. Jung, Carl (1976). Campbell, Joseph. ed. The Portable Jung. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. 178.

2008: 844: 757: 2228:Мейли Р.Структура личности / Поль Фресс, Жан Пиаже. Экспериментальная психология. Выпуск 5, М., "Прогресс" 2214:Мейли Р.Структура личности / Поль Фресс, Жан Пиаже. Экспериментальная психология. Выпуск 5, М., "Прогресс" 4337: 3644: 3566: 2159: 2138: 2113: 1988: 1524:"), reveals the zone of the inner conflict, level of self-understanding and ability of the individual to 1481:

contributing the system flexibility. The person as a part entered more general systems—the Universe, the

1392: 1269: 878: 3561: 1576:, (develops into the digestive tract), the mesoderm, (becomes muscle, heart and blood vessels), and the 4435: 3361: 2659: 2143: 2052: 2047: 1353:

Astrological (Egypt, Babylon, Greece, the Classical antiquity), astro-musical system of types (India).

348: 2544:Торшилова Е.М. Можно ли поверить алгеброй гармонию? (Критика «экспериментальной эстетики»). М., 1988. 1460:

democratic characterized by moral instability, and aspiration to constant change of sensual pleasures;

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A network for the profile characteristic is worked out which is typical for rationals and irrationals.

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The Types of people with similar profile characteristics combined into classification of higher level.

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The classifications may have different ground scales of generalizations, degrees of inner-strictness.

123: 4625: 3906: 3634: 3493: 3485: 3115: 2849: 2725: 2569: 2470:Кречмер Э. Строение тела и характер / Психология и психоанализ характера. Хрестоматия. Самара, 1997. 2174: 1698: 799: 790: 712: 532: 413: 242: 5035: 1881: 1657:

In thinkers, the second signal system is dominant. In artists, the first signal system is dominant.

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Sheldon's "somatotypes" and their supposed associated physical traits can be summarized as follows:

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Plato's is one of the first typologies, based on his values. Plato singled out the following types:

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The influence of the values can be traced practically in all social phenomena, deserving studying.

912:—that is, the basis of determining a broader spectrum of derivative characteristics—is crucial in 4984: 4582: 4302: 4270: 4049: 3937: 3832: 3518: 3125: 3047: 2805: 2770: 2755: 2750: 2740: 2689: 2524:Психология индивидуальных различий: Тексты. (Под ред. Ю.Б.Гиппенрейтер, В.Я.Романова), М., 1982. 2042: 1565: 1316: 1249: 1102: 913: 824: 722: 493: 458: 443: 438: 428: 377: 337: 76: 2118: 1260:

The normal distribution is fundamental and does not depend on cultural factors. The majority of

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themselves, but on behalf of the higher will, which they recognize as the rules of their deeds.

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These classifications are more often used by the clinical psychologists and the psychiatrists.

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According to Plato, a state made up of different kinds of souls will, overall, decline from an

1245: 839: 772: 662: 572: 527: 503: 478: 408: 396: 362: 1034:– an affectionate love that slowly develops from friendship, based on similarity ( kindred to 4888: 4332: 4082: 4072: 4034: 4007: 3969: 3942: 3852: 3761: 3680: 3670: 3513: 3508: 3193: 3135: 3087: 2914: 2879: 2854: 2745: 2634: 1828:

The problems of psychological classifications are caused the high complexity and mobility of

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The sources of human values can be tracked down in culture, society and its institutions etc.

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aristocratic characterized by dominant of the higher side of soul, aspiration to true search;

1261: 1011: 819: 814: 732: 597: 562: 537: 433: 332: 327: 2494:Мельников В.М., Ямпольский Л.Т. Введение в экспериментальную писхологию личности. М., 1985. 2411: 1609:

Cognitive characteristics as a basis for classification become popular in the 20th century.

5000: 4939: 4430: 4402: 4387: 4029: 3869: 3842: 3837: 3734: 3120: 3057: 2959: 2869: 2699: 2684: 2535:Собчик Л.Н. Психология индивидуальности. Теория и практика психодиагностики. - СПб., 2005. 2488:Марутаев М.А. Гармония как закономерность природы. / Золотое сечение. М., 1990, с.130-233. 2321:

6. Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature. New York: Basic Books.

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3. The adequate number of sub-scales, not violating the completeness and the constructive

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reality but operating with the systems (cognition, motivation, values, will, emotions,

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timocratic characterized by strong development of ambition and inclination to struggle;

1200: 1022:– a passionate physical and emotional love based on aesthetic enjoyment; stereotype of 742: 687: 682: 617: 557: 518: 448: 3551: 2412:

Karl Leonhard Classification of Endogenous Psychoses and their Differentiated Etiology

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of classifications based on concrete methods of receiving and processing information.

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Extraversion/introversion. Most people have ambivalent characteristics on this scale.

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Values and motivational characteristics as grounds for personality classifications

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1. Anastasi, A. (1981). Differential psychology. (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan.

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List of important theorists of psychological typology and differential psychology

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Classification used by psychologists to describe the distinctions between people

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Right-handed people and left-handed people. The deaf and the hearing. Types in

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Systems of views about the material and mental world is based on principles of

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Psycosmology model in the context of the general, typological and individual.

5203: 4914: 4873: 4868: 4574: 4486: 4476: 4352: 4215: 4171: 4134: 4064: 4039: 3949: 3847: 3793: 3788: 3381: 3366: 3351: 3306: 3271: 3236: 3216: 3206: 3201: 3180: 3140: 3072: 2974: 2969: 2528:Популярная психология типов Часть 1 /ред. Н. Л. Нагибиной. IIDP, Москва, 2009 2414:, 2nd edition edited by Helmut Beckmann. New York/Wien: Springer-Verlag 1999 2278: 2087: 2072: 1963: 1943: 1913: 1893: 1848:. In the work with healthy people the use of these methods is rather narrow. 1762: 1216: 1087: 970: 777: 737: 657: 652: 5126: 2574: 2425:

Die Populäre Psychologie der Typen. Teil 1 /W.Red. N. Nagibina. Berlin, 2010

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13. William H. Sheldon, Atlas of Men. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954.

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on one side and the world outlooking structure on the other. The sphere of

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certain personality traits and, in a more extreme form, psychopathologies.

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of the body by the parents or other people during the process of rearing.

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and a practice, the understanding has developed that the individual is a "

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believed that for every such stage there is a particular erogenous zone.

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3. Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease.

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Pragma – love that is driven by the head, not the heart; undemonstrative

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Bodily and formal-dynamic characteristics as grounds for classification

993: 577: 473: 309: 4847: 4445: 4318: 3994: 3891: 3820: 3714: 3687: 3441: 3226: 3130: 2077: 1948: 1832:. To classify the objects of the material world is more easy a task. 1501: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1367: 1293: 1212: 1204: 1072: 949: 727: 2563: 317: 65: 3155: 3150: 3110: 1577: 1573: 1344: 985: 936:"The typological approach consists in the global perception of the 752: 747: 707: 4259: 3592: 1572:, named after the three germ layers of embryonic development: the 1500:

Contemporary systemic classifications are represented by works of

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An interesting development of this idea can be found in Johannes

1241: 1119: 1098: 1007: 5010: 2825: 2455:Ильин Е.П. Психология индивидуальных различий. "Питер"., 2004. 1734:

All people have the same values, although in different degrees.

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tyrannic characterized by dominant of lowest animal attraction.

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Singling out the types of love as psychology of traits. In the

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Logic of development of classification hypotheses in psychology

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The person goes through certain studies in the development of

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oligarchic characterized by greediness, restraint and thrift;

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Singling out groups of people that have obvious dominance of

1050: 1044: 976: 4287: 2532:Россолимо Г.И. Психологические профили. Методика. М., 1910. 1047:– highly volatile love; obsession; fueled by low self-esteem 3170: 2461:Климов Е.А. Образ мира в разнотипных профессиях. М., 1995. 2097: 1731:

The whole number of values of a person is relatively small.

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This section needs editing. It is disjointed and unclear.*

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Ludus – a love that is played as a game or sport; conquest

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Classification of people and psychological characteristics

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Analytical (differentiating) / Synthetical (integrating)

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The program of personality measuring by A.F. Lazurski.

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Cognitive characteristics as a basis for classification

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of the kinds of love was very popular, these comprised:

2440:Анастази Анна. Дифференциальная психология. М., 2001. 1824:

Contemporary problems of psychological classifications

2476:Лазурский А.Ф. Очерки науки о характерах. М., 1995. 2434:Абульханова-Славская К.А. Стратегия жизни. М.,1991. 1097:

In the course of the development of psychology as a

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An example of trait psychology development (stages):

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Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self

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Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self

2479:Леонгард К. Акцентуированные личности. Киев, 1981. 1185:and mind, and, being a sort of psychological type. 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2485:Лосский Н.О. Условия абсолютного добра. М., 1991. 1820:One dominating value corresponding to every type. 2515:Нейгауз Г. Искусство фортепианной игры. М., 2000 1066:Examples of type-psychology development (stages): 5201: 1082:The specific cognitive abilities connected with 2452:Дорфман Л.Я. Метаиндивидуальный мир. М., 1993. 2242:Astrology as Historical and Cultural Phenomenon 1771:N.Losski picked out three types of characters. 2564:Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours 4303: 3608: 2608: 1255: 886: 2521:Платон. Соб.соч. в 4-х тт., Т. 1, М., 1990. 2500:Модели мира. (ред. Д.А.Поспелов). М., 1997. 2473:Купер К. Индивидуальные различия. М., 2000. 1108: 189:. There might be a discussion about this on 2154:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 1398: 1159:in 1954 singled out the types of people as 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4310: 4296: 3615: 3601: 2615: 2601: 2255:Harmony and an Astrology in Kepler's Works 1531: 1228:Modeling of systems of psychological types 893: 879: 4720:Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious 1337: 289:Learn how and when to remove this message 271:Learn how and when to remove this message 209:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 2553:Юнг К. Психологические типы. М., 1995. 1470: 1444:(rule by one person, rule by a tyrant). 919: 2208: 2206: 2180:Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument 5202: 5164: 5016:Int'l Assoc. for Analytical Psychology 4713:Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche 5026:Jungian Society for Scholarly Studies 4291: 3596: 2596: 2407:Martin Priwitzer. und das Wahnproblem 1580:(forms the skin and nervous system). 1440:(rule by the people), and finally to 1075:cognitive operations— "Rationals" or 5154: 4246: 2203: 1737:The values are organized in systems. 1432:(rule by the honorable), then to an 1244:, the character of the trait (type) 220: 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 4705:Two Essays on Analytical Psychology 3622: 1391:with her mother, Katharine Briggs ( 1170: 956:"It is necessary to reduce all the 13: 4766:Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature 2588:The System of types – Psycosmology 2348:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x 1144: 14: 5221: 2556: 2266:Semira, Vetash, 1994, p. 13. 1322: 1299: 34:This article has multiple issues. 5184: 5183: 5173: 5163: 5153: 5021:Int'l Assoc. for Jungian Studies 4269: 4258: 4245: 4234: 4233: 2824: 1122:, common universal laws of the 860: 316: 251:has been specified. 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Jung, C.G. ( 1971). 2134:Enneagram of Personality 1683:Rationals / Irrationals 1622:Basis of classification 1428:(rule by the best) to a 1399:Specific classifications 906:Psychological typologies 4985:C. G. 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Nisbett 3312:Donald T. Campbell 2990:Sport and exercise 2399:In German language 2282:. 2005, p. 15 2185:Jungian Type Index 1860:self-consciousness 1201:self-consciousness 835:Schools of thought 673:Sport and exercise 519:Applied psychology 5197: 5196: 4968: 4967: 4805: 4804: 4784:The Symbolic Life 4502: 4501: 4285: 4284: 4125:Political economy 4120:Political ecology 3975:Community studies 3965:Cognitive science 3928:Interdisciplinary 3828:Political science 3590: 3589: 3567:Wikimedia Commons 3494:Counseling topics 3457:Ronald C. Kessler 3447:Shelley E. 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Simon 3222:Edward Thorndike 3043:Content analysis 2828: 2801:Psychophysiology 2617: 2610: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2580:Rudolf Steiner " 2283: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2240:Denis Kutalyov. 2238: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2093:Personality type 1954:Ernst Kretschmer 1619: 1618: 1493:the typology of 1488:The typology of 1387:(Socionics) and 1313:Ernst Kretschmer 1211:to be a central 1171:Dynamic typology 895: 888: 881: 865: 864: 863: 830:Research methods 489:Psychophysiology 349:Basic psychology 320: 301: 300: 294: 287: 276: 269: 265: 262: 256: 229: 228: 221: 214: 207: 203: 200: 194: 170: 169: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5145: 5122:Bollingen Prize 5100: 5083:The Soul Keeper 5045:Popular culture 5040: 4989: 4980:Bollingen Tower 4964: 4955:Anthony Stevens 4945:Sonu Shamdasani 4930:Jordan Peterson 4910:Joseph Campbell 4898: 4894:Richard Wilhelm 4857: 4801: 4651: 4642: 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3369: 3364: 3359: 3357:Albert Bandura 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3332:Leon Festinger 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3302:Neal E. Miller 3299: 3297:Abraham Maslow 3294: 3289: 3284: 3282:Ernest Hilgard 3279: 3277:Donald O. Hebb 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3257:J. P. Guilford 3254: 3252:Gordon Allport 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3232:John B. Watson 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3023:Animal testing 3019: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2726:Cross-cultural 2723: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2706: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2605: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2566: 2558: 2557:External links 2555: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2277:Psychology of 2275:L.N. Sobchik. 2268: 2259: 2246: 2233: 2219: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119:Birkman Method 2116: 2111: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984:Nikolai Lossky 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1939:Edmund Husserl 1936: 1931: 1926: 1924:Francis Galton 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1721:Abraham Maslow 1700: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1612:Table 1. Some 1606: 1603: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1400: 1397: 1339: 1336: 1324: 1323:Complex models 1321: 1301: 1300:Nonstrict sets 1298: 1283: 1280: 1257: 1254: 1229: 1226: 1172: 1169: 1146: 1143: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1080: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1029: 1026: 1016: 1015: 972: 969: 926: 923: 921: 918: 901: 900: 898: 897: 890: 883: 875: 872: 871: 870: 869: 854: 853: 848: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 796: 795: 794: 789: 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 524: 523: 522: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 414:Cross-cultural 411: 406: 405: 404: 394: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 354: 353: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 341: 340: 335: 330: 322: 321: 313: 312: 306: 305: 297: 296: 279: 278: 261:September 2010 249:cleanup reason 233: 231: 224: 217: 216: 199:September 2010 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 140:September 2010 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5222: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5190: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5160: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5060:Synchronicity 5057: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994:Organizations 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4920:Erich Neumann 4918: 4916: 4915:James Hillman 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874:Maria Moltzer 4872: 4870: 4869:Sigmund Freud 4867: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4797: 4796:General Index 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4653:of C. G. Jung 4650: 4645: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575:Answer to Job 4572: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4487:Individuation 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477:Enantiodromia 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4353:Synchronicity 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4216:Human science 4214: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4172:Vegan studies 4170: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4135:Public health 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4069:Philosophies 4068: 4066: 4065:Media studies 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040:Human ecology 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3950:Anthrozoology 3948: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3875:developmental 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848:public policy 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3799:legal systems 3797: 3795: 3794:legal history 3792: 3790: 3789:jurisprudence 3787: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3514:Psychologists 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504:Organizations 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3452:John Anderson 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3382:Ulric Neisser 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3367:Endel Tulving 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3352:Robert Zajonc 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3307:Jerome Bruner 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3272:B. F. Skinner 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3237:Clark L. Hull 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3217:Sigmund Freud 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3207:William James 3205: 3203: 3202:Wilhelm Wundt 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194:Psychologists 3190: 3182: 3181:Psychometrics 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3141:Consciousness 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3073:Psychophysics 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3015:Methodologies 3012: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2975:Psychotherapy 2973: 2971: 2970:Psychometrics 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2736:Developmental 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2420:3-211-83259-9 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2393:0-691-01813-8 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2369:0-89106-074-X 2366: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2330:1-885705-02-6 2327: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2313:0-06-251676-0 2310: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2281: 2280: 2279:Individuality 2272: 2263: 2256: 2253:Ju.ADanilov, 2250: 2243: 2237: 2229: 2223: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2088:Irrationality 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073:Psychometrics 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2009:William Stern 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1964:Karl Leonhard 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1944:William James 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1914:Sigmund Freud 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1894:Anne Anastasi 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1763:socialization 1760: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1217:individuation 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1142: 1141:Psycosmology 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1089: 1088:irrationality 1085: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1024:romantic love 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 981: 978: 968: 965: 961: 959: 953: 951: 947: 941: 939: 933: 930: 917: 915: 911: 907: 896: 891: 889: 884: 882: 877: 876: 874: 873: 868: 858: 857: 856: 855: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 820:Psychologists 818: 816: 813: 811: 810:Organizations 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 797: 792: 787: 786: 779: 778:Psychometrics 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 738:Consciousness 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 699: 698: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 658:Psychotherapy 656: 654: 653:Psychometrics 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 520: 515: 514: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 424:Developmental 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 403: 400: 399: 398: 395: 393: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 350: 345: 344: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 324: 323: 319: 315: 314: 311: 308: 307: 303: 302: 293: 290: 275: 272: 264: 254: 250: 244: 240: 239: 232: 223: 222: 213: 210: 202: 192: 191:the talk page 188: 182: 180: 175:This article 173: 164: 163: 154: 151: 143: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: – 100: 96: 95:Find sources: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73:This article 71: 67: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 5189:All articles 5138: 5131: 5093: 5081: 5059: 5051: 4889:Victor White 4843:Aniela Jaffé 4817: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4652: 4648: 4634: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4538: 4530: 4522: 4508:Publications 4491: 4274: 4250: 4238: 4208: 4015:Food studies 3955:Area studies 3708:mathematical 3703:econometrics 3661:Anthropology 3427:Larry Squire 3422:Bruce McEwen 3417:Amos Tversky 3387:Jerome Kagan 3377:Noam Chomsky 3317:Hans Eysenck 3287:Harry Harlow 3267:Erik Erikson 3166:Intelligence 3063:Neuroimaging 2806:Quantitative 2771:Mathematical 2766:Intelligence 2756:Experimental 2751:Evolutionary 2741:Differential 2650:Psychologist 2568: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2362: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2306: 2304:2006-11-05. 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290:Bibliography 2276: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2222: 2213: 2028:Hermeneutics 2014:Theophrastus 1959:Oswald Külpe 1934:Karen Horney 1909:Hans Eysenck 1889:Alfred Adler 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1834: 1827: 1819: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1768: 1767: 1759:assimilation 1751: 1750: 1746: 1725: 1723:and others. 1702: 1644: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1599:Endomorphic: 1598: 1597: 1593:Mesomorphic: 1592: 1591: 1587:Ectomorphic: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1535: 1526:self-control 1518: 1514: 1506:Hans Eysenck 1499: 1495:temperaments 1487: 1479: 1466: 1446: 1423: 1420: 1412:Theophrastus 1407: 1406: 1402: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1341: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1311:Typology by 1308: 1307: 1303: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1275: 1274: 1259: 1246:distribution 1231: 1222: 1198: 1187: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1137: 1117: 1096: 1065: 1064: 1000: 999: 983: 974: 966: 963: 955: 943: 935: 931: 928: 905: 904: 763:Intelligence 494:Quantitative 459:Mathematical 454:Intelligence 444:Experimental 439:Evolutionary 429:Differential 285: 267: 258: 235: 205: 196: 185:Please help 176: 146: 137: 127: 120: 113: 106: 94: 82:Please help 77:verification 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 4950:June Singer 4636:Black Books 4398:Inner child 4276:Wikiversity 4167:Social work 4055:Linguistics 3980:Criminology 3897:criminology 3880:personality 3838:comparative 3816:Linguistics 3809:private law 3666:archaeology 3499:Disciplines 3472:Susan Fiske 3362:Roger Brown 3262:Carl Rogers 3247:Jean Piaget 3212:Ivan Pavlov 3068:Observation 3048:Experiments 2995:Suicidology 2890:Educational 2845:Anomalistic 2816:Theoretical 2791:Personality 2721:Comparative 2704:Cognitivism 2695:Behaviorism 2083:Rationality 2058:Personology 1979:Ivan Pavlov 1929:Hippocrates 1755:Erich Fromm 1713:Erich Fromm 1570:somatotypes 1490:Hippocrates 1426:aristocracy 1282:Strict sets 1114:Cosmologies 1084:rationality 1077:unconscious 958:personality 805:Disciplines 678:Suicidology 573:Educational 528:Anomalistic 504:Theoretical 479:Personality 409:Comparative 392:Cognitivism 383:Behaviorism 255:if you can. 5127:Burghölzli 5077:Shadow Man 4925:Maud Oakes 4862:Colleagues 4853:Toni Wolff 4819:Jungfrauen 4594:Posthumous 4375:The psyche 4221:Humanities 4155:historical 4088:psychology 4060:Management 3902:demography 3860:Psychology 3843:philosophy 3804:public law 3735:integrated 3562:Wikisource 3407:Paul Ekman 3242:Kurt Lewin 3136:Competence 3058:Interviews 3038:Case study 2915:Humanistic 2895:Ergonomics 2880:Counseling 2855:Assessment 2837:psychology 2786:Perception 2746:Ecological 2662:psychology 2640:Philosophy 2624:Psychology 2197:References 2109:BarOn EQ-i 1837:psychology 1705:motivation 996:» R.Maily 994:researcher 733:Competence 598:Humanistic 578:Ergonomics 563:Counseling 538:Assessment 474:Perception 434:Ecological 310:Psychology 181:to readers 110:newspapers 39:improve it 5169:Wikiquote 4903:Followers 4848:Emma Jung 4446:Trickster 4319:Carl Jung 4099:Planning 4078:economics 3995:Education 3892:Sociology 3870:cognitive 3821:semiotics 3772:political 3730:technical 3715:Geography 3688:Economics 3582:Wikibooks 3572:Wikiquote 3442:Ed Diener 3227:Carl Jung 3131:Cognition 2960:Political 2870:Community 2700:Cognitive 2302:Retrieved 2078:Socionics 1949:Carl Jung 1646:Rorschach 1641:Gottshald 1502:Carl Jung 1438:democracy 1434:oligarchy 1430:timocracy 1408:Examples: 1368:resonance 1351:Examples: 1294:Socionics 1213:archetype 1205:Carl Jung 1103:microcosm 1073:conscious 1010:time the 950:structure 728:Cognition 643:Political 553:Community 388:Cognitive 338:Subfields 45:talk page 5204:Category 4367:Concepts 4326:Theories 4240:Category 4108:regional 4103:land use 3938:business 3907:internet 3865:abnormal 3767:military 3757:economic 3747:cultural 3720:physical 3681:physical 3671:cultural 3577:Wikinews 3534:Timeline 3156:Feelings 3151:Emotions 3111:Behavior 3102:Concepts 2980:Religion 2965:Positive 2955:Pastoral 2940:Military 2905:Forensic 2900:Feminist 2885:Critical 2875:Consumer 2865:Coaching 2860:Clinical 2835:Applied 2731:Cultural 2670:Abnormal 2021:See also 1876:validity 1852:Example: 1795:Example: 1769:Example: 1752:Example: 1628:Authors 1614:examples 1578:ectoderm 1574:endoderm 1562:Example: 1555:Example: 1549:Example: 1345:Universe 1332:Example: 1309:Example: 1290:Example: 1276:Example: 1270:Big Five 1234:modeling 1179:Example: 1154:Example: 1139:Example: 1012:typology 986:behavior 840:Timeline 753:Feelings 748:Emotions 708:Behavior 702:Concepts 663:Religion 648:Positive 638:Pastoral 623:Military 588:Forensic 583:Feminist 568:Critical 558:Consumer 548:Coaching 543:Clinical 419:Cultural 358:Abnormal 236:require 5159:Commons 5133:I Ching 4692:, 1912) 4621:(2009) 4431:Persona 4388:Complex 4252:Commons 4083:history 4073:science 4008:studies 3742:History 3654:Primary 3640:History 3635:Outline 3509:Outline 3005:Traffic 3000:Systems 2935:Medical 2761:Gestalt 2635:History 2356:1635039 2216:. 1975. 2124:CPI 260 1717:Rokeach 1692:, 1902 1678:, 1948 1663:, 1927 1648:, 1921 1643:, 1914 1483:Society 1442:tyranny 1242:society 1120:harmony 1099:science 1008:Antique 990:problem 815:Outline 688:Traffic 683:Systems 618:Medical 449:Gestalt 333:History 328:Outline 238:cleanup 177:may be 124:scholar 5067:song 1 5062:(album 5011:Eranos 4973:Houses 4810:People 4798:(1979) 4786:(1977) 4780:(1954) 4774:(1966) 4768:(1966) 4762:(1970) 4756:(1968) 4748:(1944) 4740:(1970) 4734:(1970) 4728:(1969) 4722:(1969) 4716:(1969) 4708:(1967) 4700:(1971) 4682:(1961) 4676:(1960) 4670:(1973) 4664:(1970) 4639:(2020) 4629:(1916) 4613:(1964) 4605:(1961) 4586:(1956) 4578:(1954) 4570:(1951) 4562:(1944) 4543:(1933) 4535:(1921) 4527:(1912) 4441:Shadow 4426:Apollo 3943:public 3885:social 3777:social 3676:social 3539:Topics 2985:School 2910:Health 2811:Social 2714:Social 2660:Basic 2645:Portal 2418: 2391: 2367: 2354: 2328: 2311: 2156:(MMPI) 1830:psyche 1709:values 1676:Angyal 1661:Pavlov 1364:Kepler 1157:Witkin 1124:nature 1036:Philia 1032:Storge 946:psyche 938:person 845:Topics 668:School 593:Health 499:Social 402:Social 126: 119: 112: 105: 97: 5105:Other 4551:Later 4516:Early 4465:Other 4113:urban 3917:urban 3912:rural 3762:human 3725:human 3645:Index 3486:Lists 2945:Music 2930:Media 2925:Legal 2776:Moral 2170:OCEAN 2105:(ACL) 1994:Plato 1715:, M. 1510:model 1416:Plato 1266:tests 1194:Freud 1132:scale 1051:Agape 1045:Mania 977:logic 791:Lists 628:Music 613:Media 608:Legal 464:Moral 131:JSTOR 117:books 5095:Soul 4436:Self 4181:List 3171:Mind 2416:ISBN 2389:ISBN 2365:ISBN 2352:PMID 2326:ISBN 2309:ISBN 2098:16PF 1690:Jung 1522:Self 1209:Self 1183:soul 1163:and 1128:mind 1126:and 1086:and 1020:Eros 975:The 768:Mind 103:news 3784:Law 2344:doi 2165:NEO 1835:In 1528:". 1418:). 1395:). 1315:or 1232:In 247:No 86:by 5206:: 5072:2) 2573:– 2395:. 2371:. 2358:. 2350:. 2332:. 2315:. 2205:^ 1719:, 1504:, 1497:. 1370:. 1347:. 1319:. 1296:. 916:. 48:. 4311:e 4304:t 4297:v 3616:e 3609:t 3602:v 2702:/ 2616:e 2609:t 2602:v 2584:" 2346:: 2257:. 2244:. 1264:( 1090:. 1038:) 894:e 887:t 880:v 390:/ 292:) 286:( 274:) 268:( 263:) 259:( 245:. 212:) 206:( 201:) 197:( 193:. 183:. 153:) 147:( 142:) 138:( 128:· 121:· 114:· 107:· 80:. 55:) 51:(

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