881:
616:
760:
935:
810:
666:
74:
803:
917:. Some European birds stay north of the Mediterranean, and, like populations in warmer areas such as India, Turkey and Cyprus, just move to lower ground after breeding. The dusky crag martin and rock are largely resident apart from local movements after breeding, when many birds descend to lower altitudes, although some pale northern rock martins from North African and southern Arabian may winter further south alongside the local subspecies in Ethiopia, Mali and Mauritania.
49:
659:
609:
947:
pellets and lined with soft dry grass or sometimes feathers. It may be a half-cup when constructed under an overhang on a vertical wall or cliff, or shaped as a bowl like that of the barn swallow when placed on a sheltered ledge. The nest may be built on a rock cliff face, in a crevice or on a man-made structure, and is re-used for the second brood and in subsequent years. Usually two broods are raised, and the rock martin may nest for a third time in a season.
753:
794:
650:
744:
704:
599:
824:
sexes are similar, but juveniles show pale edges to the upperparts and flight feathers. The species differ in plumage shades and size, Eurasian crag martin being significantly larger than the others. The flight is slow, with rapid wing beats interspersed with flat-winged glides. The songs of these birds are simple twitterings, and contact calls include a high-pitched
951:
17.7 x 13.0 mm (0.70 x 0.51 in) with a weight of 1.57 g (0.06 oz) for the dusky crag martin. Both adults incubate the eggs for 13–19 days to hatching, and feed the chicks at least ten times an hour until they fledge 24–27 days later. The fledged young continue to be fed by the parents for some time after they can fly.
963:
are fed, the adults mainly forage in the best hunting zones in the immediate vicinity of the nest, since the further they have to fly to catch insects, the longer it would take to bring food to the chicks in the nest. At other times, they may hunt low over open ground. The insects taken depend on what is locally available, but may include
962:
martins feed mainly on insects caught in flight, although they will occasionally feed on the ground. When breeding, birds often fly back and forth along a rock face catching insects in their bills and usually feeding close to the nesting territory. To maintain the high frequency with which the young
920:
The crag martins mainly breed on dry, warm and sheltered cliffs in mountainous areas with crags and gorges, and the
Eurasian crag martin reaches 5,000 m (16,500 ft) in Central Asia. The use of buildings as artificial cliffs has enabled breeding expansion into lowland areas, particularly for
251:
barn swallows and are placed in that genus by some authorities. These are small swallows with brown upperparts, paler underparts without a breast band, and a square tail with white patches. They can be distinguished from each other on size, the colour shade of the upperparts and underparts, and minor
1082:
All four species have extensive ranges and large populations, and the increasing use of artificial nest sites has enabled range expansion. The rock martin often breeds in lowland and desert towns, the
Eurasian crag martin's range is expanding in Austria, Switzerland, the former Yugoslavia, Romania,
871:
species overlap, the
Eurasian crag martin is darker, browner and 15% larger than the rock martin, and larger and paler, particularly on its underparts, than the dusky crag martin. The white tail spots of the Eurasian crag martin are significantly larger than those of both its relatives. In the east
823:
These martins are 12–15 cm (4.7–5.9 in) long with drab brown or grey plumage and a short square tail that has small white patches near the tips of all but the central and outermost pairs of feathers. The eyes are brown, the small bill is mainly black, and the legs are brownish-pink. The
946:
may form. These are more common south of the Sahara, where up to 40 rock martin pairs together have been recorded. Crag martins aggressively defend their nesting territory against conspecifics and other species. The nest, built by both adults over several weeks, is made from several hundred mud
950:
The clutch is two to five eggs that are white with brownish, ruddy or grey blotches particularly at the wide end. The egg size ranges from an average 20.2 x 14.0 mm (0.80 x 0.55 in) with a weight of 2.08 g (0.073 oz) for the
Eurasian crag martin to
921:
the two tropical species, and the rock martin breeds in desert towns. In South Asia, migrant
Eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings in winter.
1223:
Schield, D.R.; Brown, C.E.; Shakya, S.B.; Calabrese, G.M.; Safran, R.J.; Sheldon, F.H. (2024). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the swallow family (Hirundinidae) inferred from comparisons of thousands of UCE loci".
888:
These are exclusively Old World species. The rock martin breeds throughout Africa and through the Middle East as far as
Afghanistan and Pakistan, and is replaced by the dusky crag martin further east in India and
999:
in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas. Crag martins exploit the area close to the cliff when they hunt, relying on their high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns.
424:
studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the
Hirundininae, broadly correlating with the type of nest built. The groups are the "core martins" including burrowing species like the
1091:. There is also a recent unconfirmed report from Cambodia. Their large ranges and presumed high numbers mean that none of the crag martins are considered to be threatened, and all are classed as
263:, although all four will also frequent human habitation. The African rock martin and the south Asian dusky crag martin are resident, but the Eurasian crag martin is a partial
2001:
1253:; Whittingham, Linda A; Moyle, Robert G; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David W (2005). "Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA".
416:
These are members of the swallow family of birds, and are placed in the subfamily
Hirundininae, which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive
1808:
279:
overhangs or in crevices in their mountain homes, and have readily adapted to the artificial cliffs provided by buildings and motorway bridges. Up to five
2100:
2067:
717:
267:; birds breeding in southern Europe are largely resident, but some northern breeders and most Asian birds are migratory, wintering in north Africa or
5523:
1944:
Hoogstraal, Harry; Kaiser, Makram N; Walker, Jane B; Ledger, John A; Converse, James D; Rice, Robin G A (June 1975). "Observations on the subgenus
2068:"Ornithological records from the lowlands of southern Laos during December 1995-September 1996, including areas on the Thai and Cambodian borders"
7374:
5153:
1825:
Dowsett, R J; Douglas, M G; Stead, D E; Taylor, V A; Alder, J R; Carter, A T (July 1983). "Breeding and other observations on the Taita Falcon
7413:
4529:
4396:
2152:
5592:
4609:
4495:
245:). They are closely related to each other, and have formerly sometimes been considered to be one species. They are closely related to the
5440:
3970:
271:. They do not normally form large breeding colonies, but are more gregarious outside the breeding season. These martins build neat mud
7474:
295:
caught in flight, and patrol cliffs near the breeding site with a slow hunting flight as they seek their prey. They may be hunted by
2177:
2043:
1591:
307:, but their large ranges and populations mean that none of the crag martins are considered to be threatened, and all are classed as
7348:
7387:
2346:
2327:
2290:
2280:
2269:
2238:
2219:
1255:
7392:
3292:
2377:
979:. Martins often feed alone, but sizeable groups may congregate if food is abundant, such as where insects are fleeing
1925:
7327:
7418:
1805:
7340:
2115:
880:
2082:
7400:
2924:
2919:
1202:
1039:
as predators if they approach the nesting cliffs. The dusky crag martin has been recorded in the diet of the
31:
1250:
17:
2132:
Azam, Mirza
Mohammad; Shafique, Chaudhry M (2005). "Birdlife in Nagarparkar, district Tharparkar, Sindh".
1726:
1152:
7296:
3223:
3004:
1856:
1526:
Verzeichniss einer
Sammlung von Säugethieren und Vögeln aus dem Kaffernlande, nebst einer Käffersammlung
872:
of its range, the rock martin always has lighter, more contrasted underparts than the dusky crag martin.
615:
388:
73:
7301:
1502:
3208:
2662:
1566:
1433:
860:
3233:
3213:
2203:
1040:
685:
3029:
673:
584:
340:
2159:
2066:
Evans, T D; Towll, H C; Timmins, R J; Thewlis, R M; Stones, A J; Robichaud, W G; Barzen J (2000).
4566:
3285:
3188:
3123:
2469:
1292:"Evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae): A molecular phylogenetic perspective"
7444:
3270:
1455:
7274:
7236:
3203:
3133:
3128:
3019:
2989:
2899:
2894:
2544:
2370:
2185:
2051:
1599:
1539:
1463:
1406:
759:
578:
7379:
7469:
7439:
3218:
3103:
2874:
2834:
2554:
1116:
1015:
that specialise in catching swallows and martins in flight, and by other falcons such as the
905:
to southwestern and northeastern China. Northern populations of the Eurasian crag martin are
773:
723:
679:
629:
7431:
7283:
4743:
3728:
3251:
3153:
3051:
3014:
2942:
2869:
2864:
2814:
2794:
2754:
2749:
2724:
2600:
2464:
2207:
1303:
1028:
847:
These drab martins can only be confused with each other, or with sand martins of the genus
572:
328:
214:
179:
1479:
809:
472:
into which it is often subsumed, but a DNA analysis showed that a coherent enlarged genus
8:
5846:
5351:
3088:
3009:
2999:
2969:
2839:
2582:
2403:
2248:
1543:
1410:
1119:
in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than
841:
779:
729:
557:
380:
364:
2799:
1307:
4220:
3278:
3143:
3098:
3093:
2640:
1956:, n. sp., a Pretoria virus-infected parasite of birds in southern and eastern Africa".
1842:
942:
Martin pairs often nest alone, although where suitable sites are available small loose
565:
436:
species construct a mud nest and therefore belong to the last group; They resemble the
162:
68:
2099:
Shing, Lee Kwok; Wai-neng Lau, Michael; Fellowes, John R; Lok, Chan Bosco Pui (2006).
1943:
1249:
7426:
7309:
7288:
6629:
6530:
5484:
4701:
3148:
3061:
2994:
2667:
2549:
2363:
2342:
2323:
2286:
2265:
2234:
2215:
1973:
1906:
1806:
A review of the population status and threats to Peregrine Falcons throughout Namibia
1767:
1380:
1331:
1326:
1291:
1272:
894:
767:
522:
368:
238:
56:
1190:
1178:
1062:. Invertebrate species first found in nests of crag martin species include the tick
6292:
4687:
3163:
3158:
3066:
2784:
2744:
2620:
2390:
1965:
1896:
1838:
1785:
1561:
1497:
1428:
1321:
1311:
1264:
1229:
1016:
623:
344:
222:
7314:
2355:
1901:
1880:
7189:
6003:
5673:
4799:
4538:
4101:
3911:
2984:
2979:
2809:
2804:
2759:
1812:
1023:. Crows may attack migrating Eurasian crag martins, and that species also treats
934:
689:
665:
7405:
1268:
1233:
7335:
7322:
7259:
6969:
6920:
6710:
6615:
6435:
6327:
6220:
6175:
6147:
5639:
5358:
5342:
5235:
4907:
4504:
3792:
3781:
3183:
3138:
2974:
2910:
2844:
2789:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2564:
2559:
2153:"Cambodia Oriental Bird Club fundraising tour 21st January – 2nd February 2007"
1969:
1024:
1012:
906:
264:
1790:
1769:
913:, and Asian breeders going to southern China, the Indian subcontinent and the
498:
house martins are considered to be a separate genus, as is normally the case,
7463:
7182:
7154:
7023:
6987:
6878:
6822:
6794:
6780:
6368:
6345:
6257:
6133:
6105:
6032:
6012:
5888:
5694:
5608:
5505:
5091:
5084:
5042:
5035:
4792:
4736:
4694:
4475:
4369:
4327:
4242:
4171:
4164:
4092:
4072:
4018:
3980:
3841:
3801:
3636:
3560:
3535:
3387:
3174:
2779:
2697:
1552:
1488:
1419:
1096:
1092:
1008:
996:
517:
The small, pale northern subspecies of crag martin found in the mountains of
506:
456:
312:
308:
284:
2491:
2101:"Forest bird fauna of South China: notes on current distribution and status"
1768:
Rizzolli, Franco; Sergio, Fabrizio; Marchesi, Luigi; Pedrini, Paolo (2005).
1316:
1050:
Crag martins may host parasites, including blood-sucking mites of the genus
802:
7140:
7117:
7085:
7071:
7057:
6976:
6962:
6829:
6815:
6808:
6750:
6719:
6692:
6664:
6657:
6606:
6581:
6458:
6396:
6271:
6264:
6161:
6154:
6140:
6023:
5983:
5818:
5811:
5788:
5756:
5601:
5546:
5470:
5420:
5413:
5397:
5379:
5256:
5194:
5105:
4990:
4948:
4865:
4680:
4511:
4486:
4468:
4447:
4426:
4387:
4206:
4178:
4122:
4108:
4041:
3900:
3861:
3645:
3581:
3507:
3500:
3486:
3472:
3438:
3228:
3193:
3024:
2964:
2885:
2719:
2455:
2404:
2260:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).
1910:
1770:"Density, productivity, diet and population status of the Peregrine Falcon
1276:
1036:
1032:
1020:
909:, with European birds wintering in north Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia and the
898:
635:
518:
489:
429:
421:
417:
404:
352:
171:
145:
48:
1977:
1335:
658:
7361:
7268:
7210:
7126:
7092:
6927:
6899:
6871:
6730:
6685:
6622:
6588:
6490:
6472:
6424:
6382:
6375:
6354:
6320:
6313:
6209:
6202:
6182:
6119:
6098:
6084:
5958:
5951:
5909:
5839:
5825:
5708:
5650:
5630:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5463:
5171:
5004:
4976:
4914:
4893:
4813:
4806:
4671:
4646:
4573:
4461:
4433:
4405:
4362:
4291:
4213:
4199:
4157:
4150:
4136:
4129:
3949:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3893:
3753:
3717:
3677:
3611:
3570:
3493:
3479:
3366:
3198:
3056:
2825:
2708:
2677:
2672:
2631:
1083:
and Bulgaria, and the dusky crag martin is spreading northeastwards into
943:
914:
856:
608:
425:
356:
253:
230:
1007:
The crag martins may be hunted by fast, agile birds of prey such as the
752:
7353:
7161:
7133:
7043:
7034:
6996:
6934:
6913:
6864:
6843:
6787:
6773:
6759:
6678:
6636:
6465:
6451:
6389:
6229:
6091:
6060:
5992:
5965:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5867:
5804:
5728:
5701:
5680:
5666:
5512:
5477:
5406:
5365:
5330:
5270:
5242:
5208:
5160:
5119:
5098:
5077:
5063:
5028:
4941:
4924:
4900:
4879:
4834:
4757:
4729:
4708:
4625:
4587:
4552:
4454:
4412:
4251:
4192:
4185:
4081:
4034:
4027:
3991:
3870:
3850:
3810:
3697:
3666:
3652:
3549:
3542:
3458:
3408:
3397:
2688:
2065:
984:
399:(Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow. The genus
283:, white with dark blotches at the wider end, may be laid, and a second
7366:
7203:
7099:
7007:
6906:
6801:
6671:
6650:
6546:
6510:
6479:
6444:
6417:
6403:
6361:
6334:
6299:
6285:
6278:
6039:
5937:
5860:
5853:
5832:
5777:
5770:
5742:
5719:
5659:
5539:
5431:
5372:
5277:
5263:
5187:
5056:
5021:
5014:
4997:
4962:
4856:
4841:
4785:
4771:
4750:
4660:
4580:
4545:
4518:
4440:
4376:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4271:
4115:
4007:
3774:
3765:
3618:
3602:
3591:
3521:
3465:
3354:
3339:
3302:
988:
902:
890:
272:
197:
125:
85:
7230:
1087:, south into lowland Laos, and westwards to the hills and plains of
7253:
7175:
7078:
7064:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6885:
6850:
6836:
6739:
6699:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6410:
6250:
6193:
6067:
6053:
6046:
5902:
5895:
5881:
5749:
5687:
5491:
5456:
5386:
5298:
5228:
5219:
5180:
5137:
4983:
4969:
4872:
4827:
4820:
4778:
4764:
4722:
4715:
4618:
4559:
4419:
4300:
4260:
4227:
4143:
4052:
3884:
3429:
3376:
3321:
3114:
3077:
2855:
2533:
992:
980:
964:
500:
494:
450:
444:
280:
105:
529:. The remaining birds are now identified as Eurasian crag martin.
7106:
7050:
7016:
6857:
6766:
6643:
6595:
6539:
6519:
6499:
6168:
6112:
6074:
5972:
5615:
5532:
5498:
5284:
5126:
5112:
5070:
4955:
4886:
4653:
4639:
4632:
4594:
4320:
4311:
4280:
4000:
3821:
3659:
3528:
3449:
3418:
3333:
3300:
2953:
2651:
2611:
2519:
2441:
2386:
2259:
1084:
438:
409:
395:(πτύον), "a fan", referring to the shape of the opened tail, and
260:
247:
210:
135:
7196:
7147:
6126:
5944:
5874:
5797:
5735:
5449:
5291:
5249:
5201:
5049:
4931:
3315:
2770:
2320:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
2214:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2202:
976:
461:
396:
296:
292:
95:
7168:
6306:
6243:
6236:
5763:
4355:
4061:
3830:
3625:
3514:
3327:
2507:
2429:
2002:
Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft
1088:
983:. The Eurasian crag martin may take aquatic species such as
432:
that utilise natural cavities, and the "mud nest builders".
276:
268:
201:
2285:. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
2098:
1804:
Simmons, Robert E; Jenkins, Andrew R; Brown Christopher J "
6892:
1528:(in German). Berlin: Royal Academy of Sciences. p. 18.
1289:
1222:
910:
304:
300:
115:
1132:
Estimate for the number of mature individuals in the wild.
863:, and have the white tail spots which are absent from the
2020:
Tsai, L-y; Pan, F-c; Liu Chuan (1980). "A new species of
1824:
972:
968:
897:
and northwesternmost Africa through southern Europe, the
2233:. London: Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. p. 226.
2229:
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (2002).
2131:
525:
peninsula is now usually split as the pale crag martin,
2228:
1538:
1477:
1405:
252:
plumage details like throat colour. They resemble the
2019:
855:
species are slightly larger and more robust than the
6080:
5149:
5010:
4937:
4920:
3976:
3966:
3881:
1932:. Texas A&M University Department of Entomology.
1731:) [The hunting strategy of the crag martin]"
785:
735:
695:
641:
590:
2385:
2339:
A handbook to the swallows and martins of the world
2318:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1815:" in Sielicki & Mizera (2008) pp. 99–108
1503:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T104005790A104344586.en
1296:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
442:species in that they make open cup nests, whereas
391:in 1850. The genus name is derived from the Greek
1567:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T104005679A94325303.en
1434:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22712216A118840565.en
480:the mud-builder genera. Although the nests of the
2313:(in French). Lipsiae: Christian Gottlob Hischeri.
2278:
2255:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: R H Porter.
1885:Dugès, 1834 (Acari: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae)"
564:
7461:
2304:(in German). Dresden and Leipzig: F. Hofmeister.
1995:-group (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) from crag martin (
1867:. The Darwin Initiative Centre for Bat Research.
1665:
464:closed nests with an entrance tunnel. The genus
428:, the "nest-adopters", which are birds like the
256:, but are darker below, and lack a breast band.
1290:Winkler, David W; Sheldon, Frederick H (1993).
468:is closely related to the larger swallow genus
2279:Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005).
1878:
1586:
1584:
532:
3286:
2371:
1672:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1523:
1517:
1365:
2317:
2299:
2212:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan
2170:
1666:Dodsworth, P T L (1912). "The Crag Martin (
1581:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
875:
3293:
3279:
2378:
2364:
2336:
2036:
1991:Hutson, A M (1981). "A new species of the
1937:
1171:
1002:
47:
1900:
1798:
1789:
1748:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1565:
1501:
1432:
1325:
1315:
1245:
1243:
2150:
1761:
1342:
933:
879:
484:crag martins resembles those of typical
259:These are species of craggy mountainous
2308:
1923:
1818:
1727:"Die Jagdstrategie der Felsenschwalbe (
1701:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1058–1059
1661:
1659:
1631:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1059–1061
1607:
1378:
1283:
893:. The Eurasian crag martin breeds from
14:
7462:
2337:Turner, Angela K; Rose, Chris (1989).
1990:
1984:
1724:
1713:
1682:
1653:Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) p. 311
1627:
1625:
1623:
1372:
1240:
492:, the DNA research showed that if the
7235:
7234:
5328:
3751:
3352:
3274:
2490:
2402:
2359:
2300:Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav (1850).
2282:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide
2144:
2134:Records Zoological Survey of Pakistan
2092:
2059:
1917:
1634:
1256:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1226:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1066:from a rock martin nest and the fly
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
379:by British soldier and ornithologist
7341:0319a09a-cff4-4d90-9527-9eb977063e4b
2247:
2125:
2013:
1849:
1695:
1656:
1532:
2322:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1872:
1620:
1553:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1489:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1420:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
448:martins build closed cups, and the
383:. They were moved to the new genus
24:
2309:Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1769).
2253:The nests and eggs of Indian birds
1843:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1979.tb05020.x
1183:
1145:
25:
7486:
1926:"Bibliography of the Eriophyidae"
1710:Ali & Ripley (1986) pp. 53–54
1159:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
1074:from European crag martin nests.
363:), described by German zoologist
7475:Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach
2492:All other swallows and martins (
2024:from Chinghai Province, China".
1881:"Historical review of the genus
808:
801:
793:
792:
758:
751:
742:
702:
664:
657:
649:
648:
614:
607:
597:
375:) formally described in 1832 as
72:
3752:
1879:Roy, Lise; Chauve, C M (2007).
1704:
1647:
1478:BirdLife International (2016).
1471:
1448:
1399:
1126:
5329:
2196:
2158:. birdtourasia. Archived from
1216:
1109:
818:
743:
703:
598:
13:
1:
3353:
2925:Southern rough-winged swallow
2920:Northern rough-winged swallow
2409:subfamily: Pseudochelidoninae
1958:Journal of Medical Entomology
1524:Lichtenstein, Martin (1842).
1203:British Trust for Ornithology
1139:
867:martins. Where the ranges of
2341:. London: Christopher Helm.
924:
7:
3224:South African cliff swallow
3005:White-throated blue swallow
2517:
2439:
2311:Annus I Historico-Naturalis
1902:10.1051/parasite/2007142087
1468:Retrieved 20 November 2012.
1269:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008
1234:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108111
929:
533:List of crag martin species
389:Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach
318:
10:
7491:
3209:Red-throated cliff swallow
2663:Brown-throated sand martin
1725:Fantur, von Roman (1997).
1496:: e.T104005790A104344586.
1072:Ceratophyllus nanshanensis
954:
861:brown-throated sand martin
514:should also be split off.
196:are four species of small
29:
7243:
7116:
7033:
7006:
6986:
6749:
6729:
6709:
6605:
6529:
6509:
6489:
6434:
6344:
6219:
6192:
6022:
6002:
5982:
5787:
5718:
5649:
5629:
5591:
5522:
5439:
5430:
5396:
5341:
5337:
5324:
5218:
5170:
5145:
5136:
4855:
4670:
4608:
4528:
4494:
4485:
4395:
4386:
4310:
4290:
4270:
4250:
4241:
4091:
4071:
4051:
4017:
3990:
3957:
3948:
3910:
3880:
3860:
3840:
3820:
3800:
3791:
3764:
3760:
3747:
3716:
3696:
3676:
3635:
3601:
3580:
3559:
3448:
3428:
3407:
3386:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3310:
3242:
3234:Chestnut-collared swallow
3172:
3112:
3075:
3038:
2951:
2933:
2908:
2883:
2853:
2823:
2768:
2706:
2686:
2649:
2629:
2609:
2591:
2573:
2531:
2516:
2505:
2501:
2486:
2453:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2398:
2264:. London: HarperCollins.
1999:) (Aves, Hirundinidae)".
1791:10.1080/00063650509461390
1740:(in German and English).
1560:: e.T104005679A94325303.
1427:: e.T22712216A118840565.
1381:"L'Hirondelle isabelline
1379:Bergier, Patrick (2007).
1369:Turner (1989) pp. 158–164
1077:
1060:Ptilonyssus ptyonoprognes
1041:greater false vampire bat
561:
556:
177:
170:
69:Scientific classification
67:
55:
46:
41:
3305:and their extinct allies
3030:Black-and-rufous swallow
2026:Acta Entomologica Sinica
1970:10.1093/jmedent/12.2.194
1692:(1997) pp. 276–277
1195:[Scopoli, 1769]"
1102:
876:Distribution and habitat
674:Red-throated rock martin
387:by German ornithologist
341:Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
30:Not to be confused with
3189:Streak-throated swallow
3124:Greater striped swallow
2494:subfamily: Hirundininae
2470:White-eyed river martin
2190:Retrieved 26 March 2010
2114:: 23–38. Archived from
2081:: 29–52. Archived from
2056:Retrieved 11 April 2010
1948:(Ixodoidea: Argasidae:
1934:Retrieved 30 March 2010
1411:"Eurasian Crag Martin:
1317:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5705
1064:Argas (A.) africolumbae
1003:Predators and parasites
995:. Cliff faces generate
291:martins feed mainly on
3214:Preuss's cliff swallow
3204:American cliff swallow
3134:Rufous-chested swallow
3129:Lesser striped swallow
3020:Pearl-breasted swallow
2990:White-throated swallow
2900:Black-collared swallow
2895:Blue-and-white swallow
2545:Square-tailed saw-wing
2302:Avium systema naturale
2186:BirdLife International
2167:Retrieved 7 April 2010
2052:BirdLife International
1997:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1869:Retrieved 6 April 2010
1668:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1604:Retrieved 4 April 2010
1600:BirdLife International
1540:BirdLife International
1464:BirdLife International
1413:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1407:BirdLife International
1193:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
939:
885:
840:call like that of the
604:1,200,000 - 2,299,999
579:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
339:by Italian naturalist
7440:Paleobiology Database
3219:Red Sea cliff swallow
3104:Siberian house martin
2875:White-thighed swallow
2835:Brown-bellied swallow
2555:White-headed saw-wing
2208:Ripley, Sidney Dillon
1546:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
1482:Ptyonoprogne rufigula
1383:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
1058:, and the nasal mite
1029:Eurasian sparrowhawks
937:
883:
774:Ptyonoprogne concolor
724:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
680:Ptyonoprogne rufigula
630:Ptyonoprogne obsoleta
546:IUCN Red List Status
527:Ptyonoprogne obsoleta
213:family. They are the
61:Ptyonoprogne concolor
7336:Fauna Europaea (new)
3252:White-backed swallow
3154:West African swallow
3052:Eurasian crag martin
3015:White-tailed swallow
2943:Tawny-headed swallow
2870:Black-capped swallow
2865:White-banded swallow
2815:Brown-chested martin
2795:Grey-breasted martin
2755:White-rumped swallow
2750:White-winged swallow
2725:Violet-green swallow
2601:White-backed swallow
2465:African river martin
2249:Hume, Allan Octavian
1954:A. (A.) africolumbae
1811:20 July 2011 at the
1774:in the Italian Alps"
1544:"Large Rock Martin:
1251:Sheldon, Frederick H
1157:aviansystematics.org
884:Eurasian crag martin
573:Eurasian crag martin
329:Eurasian crag martin
215:Eurasian crag martin
3089:Common house martin
3010:Pied-winged swallow
3000:Wire-tailed swallow
2970:Red-chested swallow
2840:Pale-footed swallow
2583:Grey-rumped swallow
2178:"Species factsheet
2044:"Species factsheet
1592:"Species factsheet
1456:"Species factsheet
1308:1993PNAS...90.5705W
1177:Reichenbach (1850)
851:. Even the smaller
381:William Henry Sykes
365:Martin Lichtenstein
3144:Red-rumped swallow
3099:Nepal house martin
3094:Asian house martin
2262:Collins Bird Guide
1117:binomial authority
971:, aerial spiders,
940:
886:
299:and infected with
7455:
7454:
7427:Open Tree of Life
7237:Taxon identifiers
7228:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7219:
6531:Paradoxornithidae
5625:
5624:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
4851:
4850:
4604:
4603:
4237:
4236:
3944:
3943:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3149:Sri Lanka swallow
3062:Dusky crag martin
2995:Ethiopian swallow
2668:Congo sand martin
2550:Mountain saw-wing
2527:
2526:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2449:
2448:
2348:978-0-7470-3202-1
2329:978-0-19-854099-1
2292:978-84-87334-66-5
2271:978-0-00-219728-1
2240:978-0-7136-6304-4
2221:978-0-19-561857-0
2180:Hirundo rupestris
2046:Hirundo fuligula
1993:Ornithomya biloba
1827:Falco fasciinucha
1729:Hirundo rupestris
1458:Hirundo fuligula
1389:Go-South Bulletin
1302:(12): 5705–5707.
816:
815:
768:Dusky crag martin
718:Large rock martin
543:Scientific name
488:species like the
377:Hirundo concolor
369:dusky crag martin
367:in 1842, and the
337:Hirundo rupestris
333:P. rupestris
239:dusky crag martin
219:P. rupestris
190:
189:
180:Hirundo rupestris
166:
57:Dusky crag martin
16:(Redirected from
7482:
7448:
7447:
7435:
7434:
7422:
7421:
7409:
7408:
7406:NHMSYS0000530796
7396:
7395:
7383:
7382:
7370:
7369:
7357:
7356:
7344:
7343:
7331:
7330:
7318:
7317:
7305:
7304:
7292:
7291:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7232:
7231:
6082:
5437:
5436:
5339:
5338:
5326:
5325:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5012:
4939:
4922:
4492:
4491:
4393:
4392:
4248:
4247:
3978:
3968:
3955:
3954:
3883:
3798:
3797:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3349:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3164:Striated swallow
3159:Striated swallow
3067:Pale crag martin
2800:Galápagos martin
2785:Caribbean martin
2745:Mangrove swallow
2621:Mascarene martin
2514:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2400:
2399:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2275:
2256:
2244:
2225:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2165:on 20 July 2011.
2164:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2121:on 10 June 2011.
2120:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2088:on 10 June 2011.
2087:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1822:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1772:Falco peregrinus
1765:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1722:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1594:Hirundo concolor
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1113:
1068:Ornithomya rupes
812:
805:
796:
795:
789:
762:
755:
746:
745:
739:
706:
705:
699:
668:
661:
652:
651:
645:
624:Pale crag martin
618:
611:
601:
600:
594:
537:
536:
460:swallows, have
373:P. concolor
361:P. fuligula
351:), described by
349:P. obsoleta
345:pale crag martin
327:species are the
243:P. concolor
235:P. fuligula
227:P. obsoleta
223:pale crag martin
161:
77:
76:
51:
39:
38:
21:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7451:
7443:
7438:
7430:
7425:
7417:
7412:
7404:
7399:
7391:
7386:
7378:
7373:
7365:
7360:
7352:
7347:
7339:
7334:
7326:
7321:
7313:
7308:
7300:
7295:
7287:
7282:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7239:
7229:
7216:
7190:Tephrozosterops
7112:
7029:
7002:
6982:
6745:
6725:
6705:
6601:
6525:
6505:
6485:
6430:
6340:
6215:
6188:
6018:
6004:Erythrocercidae
5998:
5978:
5783:
5714:
5674:Cryptosylvicola
5645:
5621:
5587:
5518:
5426:
5392:
5333:
5304:
5214:
5166:
5132:
4847:
4666:
4600:
4524:
4481:
4382:
4306:
4286:
4266:
4233:
4102:Campylorhynchus
4087:
4067:
4047:
4013:
3986:
3940:
3912:Ptiliogonatidae
3906:
3876:
3856:
3836:
3816:
3787:
3756:
3735:
3712:
3692:
3672:
3631:
3597:
3576:
3555:
3444:
3424:
3403:
3382:
3357:
3344:
3306:
3299:
3269:
3256:
3238:
3168:
3108:
3082:(house martins)
3081:
3071:
3044:
3034:
2985:Welcome swallow
2980:Pacific swallow
2958:(barn swallows)
2957:
2947:
2929:
2904:
2879:
2849:
2819:
2810:Southern martin
2805:Peruvian martin
2764:
2760:Chilean swallow
2713:(tree swallows)
2712:
2702:
2682:
2655:
2645:
2641:Brazza's martin
2625:
2605:
2587:
2569:
2537:
2523:
2497:
2474:
2445:
2419:
2394:
2393:: Hirundinidae)
2384:
2349:
2330:
2293:
2272:
2241:
2222:
2199:
2194:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2018:
2014:
2009:(1–2): 157–162.
1989:
1985:
1942:
1938:
1930:Biology Catalog
1922:
1918:
1877:
1873:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1813:Wayback Machine
1803:
1799:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1744:(107): 229–252.
1733:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1537:
1533:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1476:
1472:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1404:
1400:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1343:
1288:
1284:
1248:
1241:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1080:
1025:common kestrels
1005:
957:
932:
927:
878:
821:
777:
727:
683:
633:
582:
535:
476:should contain
335:) described as
321:
186:
183:
160:
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7488:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7436:
7423:
7410:
7397:
7384:
7371:
7358:
7345:
7332:
7323:Fauna Europaea
7319:
7306:
7293:
7280:
7265:
7249:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7122:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7039:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7020:
7012:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6992:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6973:
6970:Thescelocichla
6966:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6921:Phyllastrephus
6917:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6755:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6735:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6715:
6713:
6711:Phylloscopidae
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6616:Gampsorhynchus
6611:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6535:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6495:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6438:
6436:Macrosphenidae
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6331:
6328:Trochalopteron
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6225:
6223:
6221:Leiothrichidae
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6179:
6176:Stelgidopteryx
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6148:Pseudochelidon
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6008:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5526:
5524:Certhilaudinae
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5445:
5443:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5359:Calamonastides
5355:
5347:
5345:
5343:Acrocephalidae
5335:
5334:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5236:Chlamydochaera
5232:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5157:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4935:
4928:
4918:
4911:
4908:Cinnyricinclus
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3963:
3961:
3959:incertae sedis
3952:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3804:
3795:
3793:Bombycilloidea
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Forest swallow
3180:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Mosque swallow
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3045:(crag martins)
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Angola swallow
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2911:Stelgidopteryx
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2845:Andean swallow
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Sinaloa martin
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Tumbes swallow
2737:
2735:Bahama swallow
2732:
2730:Golden swallow
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2656:(sand martins)
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2565:Fanti saw-wing
2562:
2560:Black saw-wing
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2456:Pseudochelidon
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2415:Pseudochelidon
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2257:
2245:
2239:
2231:Birds of India
2226:
2220:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2169:
2151:Eaton, James.
2143:
2124:
2091:
2058:
2035:
2012:
1983:
1964:(2): 194–210.
1936:
1916:
1871:
1859:Megaderma lyra
1848:
1837:(3): 362–366.
1817:
1797:
1784:(2): 188–192.
1760:
1747:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1681:
1655:
1646:
1633:
1619:
1606:
1580:
1531:
1516:
1470:
1447:
1398:
1371:
1341:
1282:
1263:(1): 254–270.
1239:
1215:
1182:
1179:plate LXXXVII.
1170:
1153:"Hirundinidae"
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1079:
1076:
1045:Megaderma lyra
1013:Eurasian hobby
1004:
1001:
997:standing waves
956:
953:
931:
928:
926:
923:
877:
874:
820:
817:
814:
813:
806:
799:
797:
790:
783:
770:
764:
763:
756:
749:
747:
740:
733:
720:
714:
713:
711:
709:
707:
700:
693:
676:
670:
669:
662:
655:
653:
646:
639:
626:
620:
619:
612:
605:
602:
595:
588:
575:
569:
568:
563:
560:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
534:
531:
320:
317:
188:
187:
184:
175:
174:
168:
167:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
53:
52:
44:
43:
27:Genus of birds
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7487:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7458:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7285:
7281:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7233:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7183:Sterrhoptilus
7180:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7155:Megazosterops
7152:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6988:Scotocercidae
6985:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6823:Calyptocichla
6820:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6795:Arizelocichla
6792:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6781:Altimastillas
6778:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6369:Cincloramphus
6366:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6346:Locustellidae
6343:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6258:Grammatoptila
6255:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6134:Psalidoprocne
6131:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6106:Petrochelidon
6103:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6033:Alopochelidon
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6013:Erythrocercus
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5889:Micromacronus
5886:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5609:Heteromirafra
5606:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5506:Melanocorypha
5503:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:Meridiocichla
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5092:Speculipastor
5089:
5087:
5086:
5085:Scissirostrum
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:Onychognathus
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:Myrmecocichla
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:Heteroxenicus
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4695:Campicoloides
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4476:Xenocopsychus
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4370:Ramphocinclus
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:Cinclocerthia
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Muscicapoidea
4240:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:Odontorchilus
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:Microcerculus
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4093:Troglodytidae
4090:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4073:Tichodromidae
4070:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4019:Polioptilidae
4016:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3981:Kischinskinia
3975:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3842:Hylocitreidae
3839:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3802:Bombycillidae
3799:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3637:Stenostiridae
3634:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:Picathartidae
3558:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:Pseudopodoces
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:Chloropseidae
3385:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:Petrochelidon
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2935:Alopochelidon
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Purple martin
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2698:Banded martin
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2534:Psalidoprocne
2530:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2405:River martins
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:Ceratophyllus
2016:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1924:Amrine, Jim.
1920:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1895:(2): 87–100.
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1865:Bats in China
1862:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1758:(1997) p. 165
1757:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1678:(2): 660–661.
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1644:(2002) p. 268
1643:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1391:(in French).
1390:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:"Crag Martin
1186:
1180:
1174:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1097:IUCN Red List
1094:
1093:Least Concern
1090:
1086:
1075:
1073:
1070:and the flea
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:D. chelidonis
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:common ravens
1034:
1033:Eurasian jays
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Taita falcons
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:African hobby
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
952:
948:
945:
936:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
882:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
811:
807:
804:
800:
798:
791:
788:
784:
781:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
748:
741:
738:
734:
731:
726:
725:
721:
719:
716:
715:
712:
710:
708:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
682:
681:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
654:
647:
644:
640:
637:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603:
596:
593:
589:
586:
581:
580:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
559:
555:
549:Distribution
538:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
508:
507:Petrochelidon
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
457:Petrochelidon
453:
452:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:river martins
414:
412:
411:
407:to the genus
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:in 1850, the
354:
350:
346:
343:in 1769, the
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
316:
314:
313:IUCN Red List
310:
309:Least Concern
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
203:
200:birds in the
199:
195:
185:Scopoli, 1769
182:
181:
176:
173:
169:
164:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:Passeriformes
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7470:Ptyonoprogne
7457:
7289:Ptyonoprogne
7275:Ptyonoprogne
7245:Ptyonoprogne
7244:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7141:Dasycrotapha
7139:
7132:
7125:
7118:Zosteropidae
7105:
7098:
7091:
7086:Pomatorhinus
7084:
7077:
7072:Melanocichla
7070:
7063:
7058:Erythrogenys
7056:
7049:
7042:
7022:
7015:
6995:
6977:Tricholestes
6975:
6968:
6963:Stelgidillas
6961:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6830:Chlorocichla
6828:
6821:
6816:Brachypodius
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:Pycnonotidae
6738:
6720:Phylloscopus
6718:
6698:
6693:Schoeniparus
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6665:Malacopteron
6663:
6658:Malacocincla
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:Pellorneidae
6594:
6587:
6582:Paradoxornis
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6518:
6498:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6459:Macrosphenus
6457:
6450:
6443:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6272:Ianthocincla
6270:
6265:Heterophasia
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6208:
6201:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6162:Pygochelidon
6160:
6155:Ptyonoprogne
6153:
6146:
6141:Pseudhirundo
6139:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:Hirundinidae
6011:
5991:
5984:Donacobiidae
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5819:Calamonastes
5817:
5812:Bathmocercus
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:Cisticolidae
5776:
5769:
5762:
5757:Phyllergates
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5638:
5614:
5607:
5602:Calendulauda
5600:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5547:Ammomanopsis
5545:
5538:
5531:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5471:Chersophilus
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5421:Psaltriparus
5419:
5414:Leptopoecile
5412:
5405:
5398:Aegithalidae
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5352:Acrocephalus
5350:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5257:Entomodestes
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5207:
5200:
5195:Neocossyphus
5193:
5186:
5179:
5159:
5152:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5106:Streptocitta
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5003:
4996:
4991:Lamprotornis
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4949:Goodfellowia
4947:
4940:
4930:
4923:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4866:Acridotheres
4864:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4681:Brachypteryx
4679:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4517:
4512:Cercotrichas
4510:
4503:
4487:Muscicapinae
4474:
4469:Swynnertonia
4467:
4460:
4453:
4448:Pogonocichla
4446:
4439:
4432:
4427:Cossyphicula
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4388:Muscicapidae
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4299:
4279:
4259:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4207:Thryorchilus
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4179:Pheugopedius
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4123:Cinnycerthia
4121:
4114:
4109:Cantorchilus
4107:
4100:
4080:
4060:
4042:Ramphocaenus
4040:
4033:
4026:
4006:
3999:
3979:
3969:
3958:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3899:
3892:
3869:
3862:Hypocoliidae
3849:
3829:
3809:
3780:
3773:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3646:Chelidorhynx
3644:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3590:
3582:Promeropidae
3569:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3508:Pardaliparus
3506:
3501:Melanochlora
3499:
3492:
3487:Machlolophus
3485:
3478:
3473:Cephalopyrus
3471:
3464:
3457:
3437:
3417:
3396:
3375:
3338:Infraorder:
3243:
3229:Cave swallow
3194:Fairy martin
3173:
3113:
3076:
3041:Ptyonoprogne
3040:
3039:
3025:Blue swallow
2965:Barn swallow
2952:
2934:
2909:
2886:Pygochelidon
2884:
2854:
2824:
2769:
2720:Tree swallow
2707:
2687:
2650:
2630:
2610:
2592:
2575:Pseudhirundo
2574:
2532:
2518:
2506:
2493:
2454:
2440:
2428:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2338:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2281:
2261:
2252:
2230:
2211:
2179:
2172:
2160:the original
2146:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2116:the original
2111:
2107:
2094:
2083:the original
2078:
2074:
2061:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1800:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1706:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1617:(1999) p.240
1614:
1609:
1593:
1571:. Retrieved
1557:
1551:
1545:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1493:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1457:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1424:
1418:
1412:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1260:
1254:
1225:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1198:
1192:
1185:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1156:
1147:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1006:
993:pond skaters
960:Ptyonoprogne
959:
958:
949:
941:
919:
899:Persian Gulf
887:
869:Ptyonoprogne
868:
864:
853:Ptyonoprogne
852:
848:
846:
842:house martin
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
786:
772:
736:
730:Lichtenstein
722:
696:
678:
642:
628:
591:
577:
540:Common name
526:
519:North Africa
516:
512:Ptyonoprogne
511:
505:
499:
493:
490:barn swallow
485:
482:Ptyonoprogne
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:Ptyonoprogne
465:
455:
449:
443:
437:
434:Ptyonoprogne
433:
430:tree swallow
422:DNA sequence
415:
408:
401:Ptyonoprogne
400:
392:
385:Ptyonoprogne
384:
376:
372:
360:
353:Jean Cabanis
348:
336:
332:
325:Ptyonoprogne
324:
322:
289:Ptyonoprogne
288:
258:
246:
242:
234:
226:
218:
206:Ptyonoprogne
205:
204:
194:crag martins
193:
191:
178:
172:Type species
157:Ptyonoprogne
156:
155:
146:Hirundininae
136:Hirundinidae
60:
42:Crag martin
36:
32:Craig Martin
18:Ptyonoprogne
7362:iNaturalist
7269:Wikispecies
7211:Zosterornis
7127:Apalopteron
7093:Spelaeornis
6928:Poliolophus
6900:Microtarsus
6731:Pnoepygidae
6686:Ptilocichla
6623:Graminicola
6589:Rhopophilus
6491:Nicatoridae
6473:Sphenoeacus
6425:Schoenicola
6383:Helopsaltes
6376:Elaphrornis
6355:Bradypterus
6321:Pterorhinus
6314:Montecincla
6210:Pholidornis
6183:Tachycineta
6120:Phedinopsis
6099:Orochelidon
6085:Miochelidon
5959:Schistolais
5952:Scepomycter
5910:Oreophilais
5840:Drymocichla
5826:Camaroptera
5709:Xanthomixis
5651:Bernieridae
5631:Alcippeidae
5582:Ramphocoris
5575:Pinarocorys
5568:Eremopterix
5561:Chersomanes
5554:Certhilauda
5464:Calandrella
5172:Myadestinae
4977:Hartlaubius
4915:Creatophora
4894:Arizelopsar
4814:Pinarochroa
4807:Phoenicurus
4672:Saxicolinae
4647:Leucoptilon
4574:Melaenornis
4530:Muscicapini
4462:Stiphrornis
4434:Dessonornis
4406:Chamaetylas
4397:Erithacinae
4363:Oreoscoptes
4292:Elachuridae
4221:Troglodytes
4214:Thryothorus
4200:Thryophilus
4158:Hylorchilus
4151:Henicorhina
4137:Cyphorhinus
4130:Cistothorus
3950:Certhioidea
3935:Ptiliogonys
3928:Phainoptila
3921:Phainopepla
3894:Chaetoptila
3754:Muscicapida
3729:Passeroidea
3718:Passeroidea
3707:See below ↓
3687:See below ↓
3678:Muscicapida
3612:Anthoscopus
3571:Picathartes
3494:Melaniparus
3480:Lophophanes
3367:Chaetopidae
3199:Tree martin
3057:Rock martin
2826:Orochelidon
2709:Tachycineta
2678:Pale martin
2673:Sand martin
2632:Phedinopsis
2538:(saw-wings)
2197:Cited texts
2032:(1): 79–81.
1883:Dermanyssus
1509:7 September
1052:Dermanyssus
989:caddisflies
981:grass fires
938:Rock martin
915:Middle East
911:Nile Valley
857:sand martin
819:Description
686:Fischer, GA
462:retort-like
426:sand martin
357:rock martin
287:is common.
254:sand martin
231:rock martin
163:Reichenbach
142:Subfamily:
7464:Categories
7162:Parayuhina
7134:Cleptornis
7044:Cyanoderma
7035:Timaliidae
6997:Scotocerca
6935:Pycnonotus
6865:Hypsipetes
6844:Euptilotus
6788:Andropadus
6774:Alophoixus
6760:Acritillas
6679:Pellorneum
6637:Illadopsis
6630:Gypsophila
6466:Melocichla
6452:Cryptillas
6390:Locustella
6230:Actinodura
6092:Neophedina
6061:Cheramoeca
5993:Donacobius
5966:Spiloptila
5931:Phyllolais
5924:Phragmacia
5917:Orthotomus
5868:Hypergerus
5805:Artisornis
5729:Abroscopus
5702:Thamnornis
5681:Hartertula
5667:Crossleyia
5593:Mirafrinae
5513:Spizocorys
5485:Eremophila
5478:Eremalauda
5407:Aegithalos
5366:Chloropeta
5331:Sylvioidea
5271:Hylocichla
5243:Cichlopsis
5209:Stizorhina
5161:Pinarornis
5120:Sturnornis
5099:Spodiopsar
5078:Saroglossa
5064:Rhabdornis
5029:Notopholia
4942:Fregilupus
4925:Cryptopsar
4901:Basilornis
4880:Ampeliceps
4835:Thamnolaea
4758:Leonardina
4730:Heinrichia
4709:Emarginata
4702:Cinclidium
4626:Cyanoptila
4610:Niltavinae
4588:Namibornis
4553:Empidornis
4496:Copsychini
4455:Sheppardia
4413:Cichladusa
4252:Buphagidae
4193:Thryomanes
4186:Salpinctes
4082:Tichodroma
4035:Polioptila
4028:Microbates
3992:Certhiidae
3871:Hypocolius
3851:Hylocitrea
3811:Bombycilla
3698:Sylvioidea
3667:Stenostira
3653:Culicicapa
3550:Sylviparus
3543:Sittiparus
3459:Baeolophus
3409:Hyliotidae
3398:Chloropsis
3332:Suborder:
3303:passerides
3301:Genera of
3244:Cheramoeca
2689:Neophedina
2593:Cheramoeca
2204:Ali, Salim
1778:Bird Study
1613:Mullarney
1228:: 108111.
1199:Bird facts
1140:References
985:stoneflies
967:and other
965:mosquitoes
566:Population
237:) and the
7204:Zosterops
7100:Stachyris
7008:Sylviidae
6907:Neolestes
6802:Baeopogon
6672:Napothera
6651:Laticilla
6547:Chrysomma
6511:Panuridae
6480:Sylvietta
6445:Achaetops
6418:Robsonius
6404:Megalurus
6362:Catriscus
6335:Turdoides
6300:Liocichla
6293:Leiothrix
6286:Leioptila
6279:Laniellus
6040:Atronanus
5938:Poliolais
5861:Euryptila
5854:Eremomela
5833:Cisticola
5778:Urosphena
5771:Tickellia
5743:Hemitesia
5720:Cettiidae
5660:Bernieria
5540:Ammomanes
5441:Alaudinae
5432:Alaudidae
5373:Hippolais
5278:Ridgwayia
5264:Geokichla
5188:Myadestes
5057:Poeoptera
5022:Neocichla
5015:Necropsar
4998:Leucopsar
4963:Gracupica
4857:Sturnidae
4842:Vauriella
4786:Myophonus
4772:Monticola
4751:Larvivora
4661:Sholicola
4581:Muscicapa
4567:Humblotia
4546:Bradornis
4519:Copsychus
4441:Erithacus
4377:Toxostoma
4349:Melanotis
4342:Margarops
4335:Dumetella
4272:Cinclidae
4116:Catherpes
4008:Salpornis
3971:Certhiops
3775:Corthylio
3766:Regulidae
3619:Auriparus
3603:Remizidae
3592:Promerops
3522:Periparus
3466:Cyanistes
3355:Passerida
3340:Passerida
3314:Kingdom:
1738:Carinthia
1640:Grimmett
1573:3 January
1440:3 January
1385:au Maroc"
1121:Accipiter
1017:peregrine
925:Behaviour
907:migratory
903:Himalayas
891:Indochina
690:Reichenow
323:The four
198:passerine
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
7260:Q1192748
7254:Wikidata
7176:Staphida
7079:Mixornis
7065:Macronus
6956:Spizixos
6949:Setornis
6942:Rubigula
6886:Ixonotus
6851:Eurillas
6837:Criniger
6740:Pnoepyga
6700:Turdinus
6575:Myzornis
6568:Moupinia
6561:Lioparus
6554:Fulvetta
6411:Poodytes
6251:Garrulax
6194:Hyliidae
6068:Delichon
6054:Cecropis
6047:Atticora
5903:Oreolais
5896:Neomixis
5882:Malcorus
5750:Horornis
5688:Oxylabes
5492:Galerida
5457:Alaudala
5387:Nesillas
5299:Zoothera
5229:Catharus
5220:Turdinae
5181:Grandala
5138:Turdidae
4984:Hylopsar
4970:Grafisia
4873:Agropsar
4828:Tarsiger
4821:Saxicola
4800:Oenanthe
4779:Myiomela
4765:Luscinia
4723:Ficedula
4716:Enicurus
4688:Calliope
4619:Anthipes
4560:Fraseria
4539:Agricola
4420:Cossypha
4301:Elachura
4261:Buphagus
4228:Uropsila
4144:Ferminia
4053:Sittidae
3885:Mohoidae
3430:Irenidae
3377:Chaetops
3322:Chordata
3320:Phylum:
3316:Animalia
3115:Cecropis
3078:Delichon
2856:Atticora
2387:Swallows
2251:(1890).
2210:(1986).
2140:: 26–32.
2108:Forktail
2075:Forktail
1911:17645179
1889:Parasite
1809:Archived
1542:(2016).
1409:(2017).
1277:15737595
1208:28 March
1054:such as
944:colonies
930:Breeding
901:and the
832:, and a
830:chi, chi
782:, 1832)
732:, 1842)
692:, 1884)
638:, 1850)
587:, 1769)
552:Picture
521:and the
501:Cecropis
495:Delichon
451:Cecropis
445:Delichon
319:Taxonomy
261:habitats
132:Family:
106:Chordata
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
7380:1047059
7354:7340277
7107:Timalia
7051:Dumetia
7017:Curruca
6858:Hemixos
6767:Alcurus
6644:Kenopia
6596:Suthora
6540:Chamaea
6520:Panurus
6500:Nicator
6169:Riparia
6113:Phedina
6075:Hirundo
5973:Urolais
5640:Alcippe
5616:Mirafra
5533:Alaemon
5499:Lullula
5285:Ixoreus
5127:Sturnus
5113:Sturnia
5071:Sarcops
4956:Gracula
4887:Aplonis
4654:Niltava
4640:Eumyias
4633:Cyornis
4595:Sigelus
4321:Allenia
4312:Mimidae
4281:Cinclus
4001:Certhia
3822:Dulidae
3782:Regulus
3660:Elminia
3529:Poecile
3450:Paridae
3419:Hyliota
3334:Passeri
3326:Class:
2954:Hirundo
2652:Riparia
2612:Phedina
2520:Species
2442:Species
2413:genus:
2411:·
1978:1159742
1754:Barlow
1688:Barlow
1395:: 6–25.
1336:8516319
1304:Bibcode
1163:15 July
1095:on the
1085:Guangxi
977:beetles
955:Feeding
865:Riparia
849:Riparia
636:Cabanis
585:Scopoli
523:Arabian
486:Hirundo
474:Hirundo
470:Hirundo
439:Hirundo
410:Hirundo
311:on the
297:falcons
293:insects
265:migrant
248:Hirundo
229:), the
221:), the
211:swallow
209:of the
152:Genus:
122:Order:
112:Class:
7445:379187
7432:302791
7393:915802
7367:144348
7197:Yuhina
7148:Heleia
7024:Sylvia
6879:Ixodia
6127:Progne
5945:Prinia
5875:Incana
5847:Eminia
5798:Apalis
5736:Cettia
5695:Randia
5450:Alauda
5292:Turdus
5250:Cochoa
5202:Sialia
5050:Pholia
5043:Pastor
4932:Enodes
4744:Irania
4505:Alethe
2771:Progne
2391:family
2345:
2326:
2289:
2268:
2237:
2218:
1976:
1952:) 10.
1909:
1756:et al.
1690:et al.
1334:
1324:
1275:
1078:Status
895:Iberia
688:&
562:Trend
558:Status
405:sister
397:Procne
285:clutch
275:under
165:, 1850
7419:72889
7375:IRMNG
7328:97285
7302:52591
7169:Rukia
6809:Bleda
6397:Malia
6307:Minla
6244:Cutia
6237:Argya
6203:Hylia
5764:Tesia
5380:Iduna
4356:Mimus
4062:Sitta
3831:Dulus
3626:Remiz
3515:Parus
3439:Irena
2508:Genus
2430:Genus
2163:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2119:(PDF)
2104:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
1950:Argas
1946:Argas
1734:(PDF)
1642:et al
1615:et al
1327:46790
1103:Notes
1089:Sindh
969:flies
834:tshir
780:Sykes
393:ptuon
305:fleas
301:mites
277:cliff
273:nests
269:India
202:genus
7414:NCBI
7388:ITIS
7349:GBIF
7315:759N
7297:BOLD
6893:Ixos
6872:Iole
5005:Mino
3901:Moho
3727:See
3328:Aves
2343:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2216:ISBN
1974:PMID
1907:PMID
1831:Ibis
1670:)".
1575:2021
1558:2016
1511:2024
1494:2016
1442:2021
1425:2017
1332:PMID
1273:PMID
1210:2010
1165:2023
1035:and
1019:and
991:and
975:and
973:ants
859:and
838:trrt
826:twee
510:and
454:and
303:and
281:eggs
192:The
116:Aves
7401:NBN
7310:CoL
7284:ADW
6914:Nok
1966:doi
1897:doi
1839:doi
1835:125
1829:".
1786:doi
1742:187
1562:doi
1498:doi
1429:doi
1322:PMC
1312:doi
1265:doi
1230:doi
1027:,
1011:or
836:or
828:or
478:all
403:is
7466::
7442::
7429::
7416::
7403::
7390::
7377::
7364::
7351::
7338::
7325::
7312::
7299::
7286::
7271::
7256::
2206:;
2184:.
2138:16
2136:.
2112:22
2110:.
2106:.
2079:16
2077:.
2073:.
2050:.
2030:23
2028:.
2007:54
2005:.
1972:.
1962:12
1960:.
1928:.
1905:.
1893:14
1891:.
1887:.
1863:.
1833:.
1782:52
1780:.
1776:.
1736:.
1715:^
1676:21
1674:.
1658:^
1622:^
1598:.
1583:^
1556:.
1550:.
1492:.
1486:.
1462:.
1423:.
1417:.
1387:.
1344:^
1330:.
1320:.
1310:.
1300:90
1298:.
1294:.
1271:.
1261:35
1259:.
1242:^
1201:.
1197:.
1155:.
1115:A
1099:.
1047:.
1043:,
1031:,
987:,
844:.
787:LC
737:LC
697:LC
643:LC
592:LC
504:,
420:.
413:.
315:.
63:)
6081:†
5150:†
5011:†
4938:†
4921:†
3977:†
3967:†
3882:†
3584:?
3563:?
3411:?
3390:?
3369:?
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2407:(
2389:(
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2243:.
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2054:.
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1980:.
1968::
1913:.
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1602:.
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