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citizens in other societies. A country may be acting deliberately or inadvertently, and through both official and private individuals and institutions. Effective public diplomacy starts from the premise that dialogue, rather than a sales pitch, is often central to achieving the goals of foreign policy: public diplomacy must be seen as a two-way street. Furthermore, public diplomacy activities often present many differing views as represented by private
American individuals and organizations in addition to official U.S. government views.
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338:(St. Martin's Press, NY, 1990), public diplomacy is "official government efforts to shape the communications environment overseas in which American foreign policy is played out, in order to reduce the degree to which misperceptions and misunderstandings complicate relations between the U.S. and other nations."
354:
modern public diplomacy strategy. It involves not only shaping the message(s) that a country wishes to present abroad, but also analyzing and understanding the ways that the message is interpreted by diverse societies and developing the tools of listening and conversation as well as the tools of persuasion.
333:
through understanding, informing, and influencing foreign publics and broadening dialogue between
American citizens and institutions and their counterparts abroad." For the Planning Group for Integration of USIA into the Department of State (June 20, 1997), public diplomacy meant "seek to promote the
353:
Film, television, music, sports, video games and other social/cultural activities are seen by public diplomacy advocates as enormously important avenues for otherwise diverse citizens to understand each other and integral to the international cultural understanding, which they state is a key goal of
349:
Traditional diplomacy actively engages one government with another government. In traditional diplomacy, U.S. Embassy officials represent the U.S. government in a host country primarily by maintaining relations and conducting official business with the officials of the host government whereas public
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might be described as the ways in which government leaders communicate with each other at the highest levels, the elite diplomacy we are all familiar with. Public diplomacy, by contrast focuses on the ways in which a country (or multilateral organization such as the United
Nations) communicates with
291:
Public diplomacy's 21st century trend is dominated by fractal globalization, preemptive military invasion, information and communication technologies that shrink time and distance, and the rise of global non-state actors (terror networks, bloggers) that challenge state-driven policy and discourse on
264:
Public diplomacy . . . deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies. It encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy; the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries; the interaction of private
369:
was to tie the economies of Europe together so much that war would be impossible. Supporters of
European integration see it as having achieved both this goal and the extra benefit of catalysing greater international understanding as European countries did more business together and the ties among
319:
Public diplomacy refers to government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio and television. –
311:
Public diplomacy that traditionally represents actions of governments to influence overseas publics within the foreign policy process has expanded today—by accident and design—beyond the realm of governments to include the media, multinational corporations, NGO's and faith-based organizations as
423:
This traditional concept is expanded on with the idea of adopting what is called "population-centric foreign affairs" within which foreign populations assume a central component of foreign policy. Since people, not just states, are of global importance in a world where technology and migration
303:
Public diplomacy may be defined, simply, as the conduct of international relations by governments through public communications media and through dealings with a wide range of nongovernmental entities (political parties, corporations, trade associations, labor unions, educational institutions,
440:). People's diplomacy was expressed through the slogan, "influence the policy through the people." Pursuant to its people's diplomacy, China sent doctors, scientists, and athletes to developing countries in Asia to cultivate ties. This form of people's diplomacy was often executed through the
273:
The most important roles public diplomacy will have to play for the United States in the current international environment will be less grand-strategic and more operational than during the Cold War. Support of national policy in military contingencies is one such role, and probably the most
474:
initiatives are an increasingly widespread mechanism for
Chinese public diplomacy. From the early 2000s until 2024, the number of China's sister city relationships doubled. More than one-third of Chinese sister city relationships are with sister cities in the east Asia Pacific region.
385:. Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, the term has come back into vogue as the United States government works to improve their reputation abroad, particularly in the Middle East and among those in the Islamic world. Numerous panels, including those sponsored by the
560:
and the
International Visitor Leadership Program, American arts and performances in foreign countries, and the use of the Internet are all instruments used for practicing public diplomacy depending on the audience to be communicated with and the message to be conveyed.
213:
broadly speaking, is any of the various government-sponsored efforts aimed at communicating directly with foreign publics to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influence with the aim of building support for the state's strategic objectives. These also include
218:. As the international order has changed over the twentieth century, so has the practice of public diplomacy. Its practitioners use a variety of instruments and methods ranging from personal contact and media interviews to the internet and educational exchanges.
265:
groups and interests in one country with another; the reporting of foreign affairs and its impact on policy; communication between those whose job is communication, as diplomats and foreign correspondents; and the process of intercultural communications.
328:
The United States
Information Agency (USIA), which was the main government agency in charge of public diplomacy until it merged with the Department of State in 1999, described it as "seek to promote the national interest and the
505:
organized a people's diplomacy campaign in the United States in an effort to mobilize
American political sentiment in opposition to the PRC through mass demonstrations and petitions. Among these efforts, the KMT worked with the
281:
Public diplomacy – effectively communicating with publics around the globe – to understand, value and even emulate
America's vision and ideas; historically one of America's most effective weapons of outreach, persuasion and
451:
People's diplomacy with the capitalist countries sought to cultivate informal, non-state ties in the hope of developing "foreign friends" who would lobby their governments to improve relations with China. In the context of
540:
remains a key element in public diplomacy in the 21st century, with traditionally weaker states having the opportunity to challenge the hegemony and monopoly of information provided by more powerful states.
400:
was established in the late 1940s to evaluate
American public diplomacy effort. The commission is a seven-member bipartisan board whose members are nominated by the President and confirmed by the
1189:
510:
to launch a petition writing campaign through which Americans were urged to write their local government officials and ask them to "Cut the Red China connection."
304:
religious organizations, ethnic groups, and so on including influential individuals) for the purpose of influencing the politics and actions of other governments.
445:
464:
in Nagoya, Japan. China's approach to keeping these exchanges unofficial and conduct them through non-governmental agencies was generally well-received by U.S.
357:
One of the most successful initiatives which embodies the principles of effective public diplomacy is the creation by international treaty in the 1950s of the
1325:
397:
377:
Public diplomacy has been an essential element of American foreign policy for decades. It was an important tool in influencing public opinion during the
1191:
External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts A Theoretical Model and Empirical Case Study of the Conflict in Israel and Palestine
634:
685:
946:
Fan, Shuhua (2024). "Confucius Institutes in the Xi Jinping Era: From Peak to Demise in the United States". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).
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national interest of the United States through understanding, informing and influencing foreign audiences." According to Hans N. Tuch, author of
269:
Over time, the concept and definition of public diplomacy have evolved, as demonstrated by the following statements from various practitioners:
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141:
78:
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974:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2008 616: 31, Nicholas J. Cull Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories
2101:
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and a distinguished retired foreign service officer, "was the first to use the phrase in its modern meaning." In 1965, Gullion founded the
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and have written reports recommending that the United States take various actions to improve the effectiveness of their public diplomacy.
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702:
234:
writes, "The earliest use of the phrase 'public diplomacy' to surface is actually not American at all but in a leader piece from the
1270:
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1055:
Tuch, Hans N., Communicating with the World: U.S. Public Diplomacy Overseas, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990, chapter 1, pp.3-11
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Center of Public Diplomacy, and Cull writes "An early Murrow Center brochure provided a convenient summary of Gullion's concept":
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in January 1856. It is used merely as a synonym for civility in a piece criticizing the posturing of President
231:
1158:
Philip M. Taylor, "Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communications", in Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (eds.),
983:
Philip M. Taylor, "Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communications", in Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (eds.),
1255:
386:
569:
According to a 2021 study, high-level visits by leaders increases public approval among foreign citizens.
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286:– Jill A. Schuker (former senior director for public affairs at the National Security Council), July 2004
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537:
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278:– Carnes Lord (former deputy director of USIA), professor of statecraft and civilization, October 1998
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member states' citizens increased. Opponents of European integration are leery of a loss of national
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2014:
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The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
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1076:"Does Public Diplomacy Sway Foreign Public Opinion? Identifying the Effect of High-Level Visits"
832:
People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
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Empire of Ideas: The Origins of Public Diplomacy and the Transformation of US Foreign Policy
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1948:
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Helmer Helmers, "Public Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe. Towards a New History of News".
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8:
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1981:
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1002:"Introduction to "International Broadcasting and Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century""
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Nancy Snow, "Rethinking Public Diplomacy", in Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (eds.),
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1986:
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2019:
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404:. William Hybl is the current chair, and other members include former Ambassadors
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2002:
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The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office collection of articles on Public Diplomacy
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which arose following a conversation between Chinese and American players at the
241:
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686:"Public Diplomacy and Propaganda: Rethinking Diplomacy in the Age of Persuasion"
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diplomacy primarily engages many diverse non-government elements of a society.
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by President George W. Bush in relation to the Middle East - January 19, 2005
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In his essay "'Public Diplomacy' Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase",
1174:"Foreign Broadcasting of the USA in the System of American Public Diplomacy"
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2139:
932:
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There are many methods and instruments that are used in public diplomacy.
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1271:
Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, Routledge Handbook on Public Diplomacy
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Kiehl, America's dialogue with the world, Public Diplomacy Council, 2006
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institutionalized its view of public diplomacy as "people's diplomacy" (
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314:– Crocker Snow Jr., Acting Director Edward R. Murrow Center, May 2005.
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861:
Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War
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The Edward R. Murrow Center - The Fletcher School - Tufts University
456:, one of the most prominent instances of people's diplomacy was the
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increasingly face everyone, an entire new door of policy is opened.
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306:– Alan K. Henrikson, Professor of Diplomatic History, April 2005.
1074:
Goldsmith, Benjamin E.; Horiuchi, Yusaku; Matush, Kelly (2021).
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1817:
1443:
795:
703:"'Public Diplomacy' Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase"
522:
divides the practice into five elements: listening, advocacy,
2974:
2574:
1278:- Amar Bakshi on Washington Post/Newsweek on Public Diplomacy
433:
77:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
389:, have evaluated American efforts in public diplomacy since
2456:
544:
Methods such as personal contact, broadcasters such as the
390:
1221:
Beyond Remittances: Public Diplomacy and Kosovo's Diaspora
1073:
398:
United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy
896:
894:
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1167:Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, Routledge
1123:Fallows, James (2005) "Success without Victory",
889:
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780:
778:
755:
753:
751:
749:
730:
728:
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724:
635:Public diplomacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran
1312:The Edward R. Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy
1307:Journal of Place Branding and Public Diplomacy
1025:"Public Diplomacy and the Clash of Satellites"
2095:
1351:
1153:https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2016.1174570
775:
746:
721:
427:
221:
75:The examples and perspective in this article
1187:
1365:
1331:Public Diplomacy Blog - India & SE Asia
1022:
900:
322:Dictionary of International Relations Terms
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2102:
2088:
1358:
1344:
825:
823:
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1101:
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193:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1223:, Foreign Policy Club, Pristina (2012).
1144:New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
948:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment
785:Public diplomacy – what it is and is not
760:Public diplomacy – what it is and is not
155:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1266:PUBLIC DIPLOMACY at Syracuse University
1160:Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy.
985:Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy.
808:
691:
16:Public relations as a form of diplomacy
3096:
2109:
829:
331:national security of the United States
296:Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy
2083:
1543:Conseiller chargé des investissements
1339:
625:Public diplomacy of the United States
374:and greater centralization of power.
2062:
996:
939:
700:
488:
250:Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
124:
61:
20:
945:
852:
709:. University of Southern California
13:
1131:
1127:295:1 p. 80 (Evera quotation)
901:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
858:
14:
3130:
1321:Public Diplomacy Research Network
1230:
1080:American Political Science Review
701:Cull, Nicholas (April 18, 2006).
359:European Coal and Steel Community
312:active participants in the field.
36:This article has multiple issues.
2061:
2050:
2049:
665:United States Information Agency
446:International Liaison Department
129:
66:
25:
2746:Party platforms (or manifestos)
2037:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
1172:Nesterovych, Volodymyr (2015).
1067:
1058:
1049:
1016:
990:
977:
968:
640:Public diplomacy of South Korea
485:as a form of public diplomacy.
44:or discuss these issues on the
1297:USC Center on Public Diplomacy
789:
771:USC Center on Public Diplomacy
764:
678:
660:USC Center on Public Diplomacy
232:USC Center on Public Diplomacy
1:
671:
454:China-United States relations
432:Soon after its founding, the
365:. Its original purpose after
2834:Rally 'round the flag effect
2032:Twin towns and sister cities
1256:Resources in other libraries
1188:Hirschberger, Bernd (2021).
805:Transnational Crisis Project
796:http://www.crisisproject.org
387:Council on Foreign Relations
336:Communicating With the World
7:
1219:B. Xharra and M. Wählisch,
1023:Abdel Samei, Marwa (2016).
684:E-International Relations.
610:Music and political warfare
572:
530:(IB), while others include
89:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3135:
2025:Plenipotentiary Conference
1282:Example of term being used
1276:How the World Sees America
688:, Nancy Snow. Dece 4 2012.
630:Public diplomacy of Israel
615:Office of Public Diplomacy
556:exchange programs such as
538:International broadcasting
528:international broadcasting
513:
434:People's Republic of China
428:People's Republic of China
320:U.S. Department of State,
222:Background and definitions
3028:
2973:
2905:
2847:
2779:
2696:
2613:
2565:
2455:
2366:
2293:
2183:
2175:Manipulation (psychology)
2117:
2045:
1995:
1969:
1871:
1695:
1624:
1604:
1576:
1520:
1487:
1471:
1426:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1302:Public Diplomacy (USIAAA)
1251:Resources in your library
1093:10.1017/S0003055421000393
865:Columbia University Press
564:
526:, exchange diplomacy and
410:Penne Percy Korth Peacock
2353:Criticism of advertising
2015:Parliamentary delegation
1894:Diplomatic accreditation
1660:African Diplomatic Corps
1401:Permanent representative
1151:22:3-4 (2016), 401–420.
905:. New Haven and London:
836:Cornell University Press
830:Minami, Kazushi (2024).
462:1971 World Championships
138:This article or section
3015:Promotional merchandise
2726:Character assassination
2663:Narcotizing dysfunction
2537:Photograph manipulation
2250:Guerrilla communication
1463:Deputy chief of mission
1418:Resident representative
1029:Media and Communication
1006:Media and Communication
952:Leiden University Press
655:Strategic communication
532:strategic communication
442:Chinese Communist Party
361:which later became the
207:international relations
2998:Product demonstrations
2427:Historical negationism
1909:Diplomatic credentials
493:During the 1970s, the
468:groups and academics.
326:
316:
308:
300:
288:
267:
2930:Reputation management
2849:Psychological warfare
2698:Political campaigning
2507:Firehose of falsehood
1500:Resident commissioner
1472:Bilateral-subnational
1293:Public Diplomacy Wiki
1198:: transcript Verlag.
1125:The Atlantic Monthly,
1042:10.17645/mac.v4i2.385
907:Yale University Press
859:Li, Hongshan (2024).
497:during the tenure of
317:
309:
301:
289:
271:
262:
142:synthesis of material
2965:Corporate propaganda
1632:Apostolic nunciature
1532:Agricultural attaché
483:Confucius Institutes
420:and Lezlee Westine.
402:United States Senate
244:." Cull writes that
95:create a new article
87:improve this article
3053:Media concentration
2925:Non-apology apology
2915:Cult of personality
2643:Emotive conjugation
2397:Burying of scholars
1924:Diplomatic immunity
1884:Consular assistance
1413:Ambassador-at-large
1316:The Fletcher School
915:10.2307/jj.11589102
458:ping-pong diplomacy
3109:Types of diplomacy
3036:Influence-for-hire
2829:National mythology
2799:Crowd manipulation
2688:Tabloid journalism
2557:Video manipulation
2502:Fictitious entries
2225:Civil disobedience
2111:Media manipulation
1982:Letter of credence
1944:Diplomatic uniform
1939:Diplomatic service
1919:Diplomatic illness
1914:Diplomatic history
1667:Diplomatic mission
1584:Diplomatic courier
1564:Trade commissioner
1427:Bilateral-national
1295:maintained by the
801:2008-08-12 at the
740:2010-06-17 at the
707:USCPublicDiplomacy
600:Diplomatic capital
590:Cultural diplomacy
524:cultural diplomacy
508:John Birch Society
152:to the main topic.
146:verifiably mention
140:possibly contains
3091:
3090:
2857:Airborne leaflets
2736:Election promises
2590:Product placement
2465:Alternative facts
2205:Alternative media
2077:
2076:
1987:Letter of protest
1955:Persona non grata
1889:Consular immunity
1687:Exclusive mandate
1620:
1619:
1572:
1571:
1537:Chargé de mission
1488:Bilateral-insular
1452:Chargé d'affaires
1439:High commissioner
1237:Library resources
1205:978-3-8394-5509-8
883:10.7312/li--20704
620:Political warfare
595:Digital diplomacy
585:Citizen diplomacy
550:Radio Free Europe
489:Republic of China
203:
202:
195:
185:
184:
177:
123:
122:
115:
97:, as appropriate.
59:
3126:
3104:Public diplomacy
3083:Media proprietor
2907:Public relations
2887:Public diplomacy
2872:Information (IT)
2751:Name recognition
2376:Media regulation
2358:Annoyance factor
2215:Call-out culture
2130:Crowd psychology
2104:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2065:
2064:
2053:
2052:
1904:Diplomatic cable
1682:Protecting power
1655:Diplomatic corps
1596:Foreign minister
1589:King's Messenger
1554:Military attaché
1549:Cultural attaché
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1242:Public diplomacy
1216:
1214:
1212:
1162:Routledge, 2009.
1116:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1086:(4): 1342–1357.
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1065:
1062:
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1053:
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1044:
1020:
1014:
1013:
994:
988:
987:Routledge, 2009.
981:
975:
972:
966:
965:
943:
937:
936:
898:
887:
886:
863:. New York, NY:
856:
850:
849:
827:
806:
793:
787:
782:
773:
768:
762:
757:
744:
732:
719:
718:
716:
714:
698:
689:
682:
546:Voice of America
520:Nicholas J. Cull
503:Chiang Ching-kuo
381:with the former
258:Edward R. Murrow
254:Tufts University
228:Nicholas J. Cull
211:public diplomacy
198:
191:
180:
173:
169:
166:
160:
133:
132:
125:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
70:
69:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3078:Media influence
3073:Media franchise
3058:Media democracy
3024:
2969:
2901:
2843:
2824:Loaded language
2775:
2692:
2609:
2561:
2451:
2380:
2362:
2289:
2230:Culture jamming
2179:
2113:
2108:
2078:
2073:
2041:
2003:Development aid
1991:
1965:
1934:Diplomatic rank
1867:
1691:
1672:High commission
1616:
1612:Diplomatic rank
1600:
1568:
1559:Science attaché
1516:
1483:
1467:
1458:Head of mission
1422:
1386:
1373:
1364:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1134:
1132:Further reading
1120:
1119:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1021:
1017:
995:
991:
982:
978:
973:
969:
962:
954:. p. 174.
944:
940:
925:
909:. p. 171.
899:
890:
875:
857:
853:
846:
828:
809:
803:Wayback Machine
794:
790:
783:
776:
769:
765:
758:
747:
742:Wayback Machine
733:
722:
712:
710:
699:
692:
683:
679:
674:
669:
650:Smith–Mundt Act
605:Goethe-Institut
580:British Council
575:
567:
516:
491:
430:
313:
305:
293:
283:
275:
242:Franklin Pierce
224:
199:
188:
187:
186:
181:
170:
164:
161:
154:
144:which does not
134:
130:
119:
108:
102:
99:
84:
71:
67:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Understatement
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Indoctrination
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Disinformation
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:Smear campaign
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:Sensationalism
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Agenda-setting
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:False document
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Catch and kill
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
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2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Demonstrations
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Cancel culture
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Diplomatic law
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Diplomatic bag
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
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1745:
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1684:
1679:
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1664:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1637:Consular corps
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1605:Classification
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1521:By portfolio (
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
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1446:
1441:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1406:United Nations
1397:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1334:
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1309:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:External links
1229:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1204:
1185:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1145:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1117:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1015:
998:Rawnsley, Gary
989:
976:
967:
960:
938:
923:
888:
873:
851:
844:
834:. Ithaca, NY:
807:
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582:
576:
574:
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566:
563:
515:
512:
499:Executive Yuan
490:
487:
481:has described
479:People's Daily
438:renmin waijiao
429:
426:
418:John E. Osborn
363:European Union
294:– Nancy Snow,
248:, dean of the
246:Edmund Gullion
223:
220:
201:
200:
183:
182:
137:
135:
128:
121:
120:
81:of the subject
79:worldwide view
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3131:
3120:
3119:Public sphere
3117:
3115:
3112:
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3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Media ecology
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3046:United States
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3020:Telemarketing
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
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2991:
2989:
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2913:
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2908:
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2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Fearmongering
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
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2727:
2724:
2722:
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2714:
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2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:False balance
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2605:Word of mouth
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Broadcast law
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Deplatforming
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:False balance
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Paradiplomacy
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Full-spectrum
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
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1736:
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1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
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1544:
1540:
1538:
1535:
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1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1512:Agent-general
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
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1414:
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1402:
1399:
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1389:
1387:leader titles
1383:
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1186:
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1149:Media History
1146:
1143:
1141:
1137:Justin Hart,
1136:
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961:9789087284411
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924:9780300266900
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874:9780231207058
870:
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845:9781501774157
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3068:Media ethics
2988:Door-to-door
2983:Cold calling
2960:Weasel words
2886:
2867:Fifth column
2761:Push polling
2711:Astroturfing
2673:Pseudo-event
2653:Infotainment
2628:Broadcasting
2547:Urban legend
2470:April Fools'
2343:Testimonials
2313:Infomercials
2140:Dumbing down
2067:
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1996:Other topics
1953:
1863:Wolf warrior
1837:
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38:Please help
35:
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2940:Sound bites
2920:Doublespeak
2771:Wedge issue
2731:Dog whistle
2706:Advertising
2532:Lying press
2517:Gaslighting
2295:Advertising
2270:Occupations
2160:Obfuscation
2150:Half-truths
1879:Appeasement
1577:Other roles
1211:October 11,
1103:1885/287121
933:jj.11589102
472:Sister city
372:sovereignty
3114:Propaganda
3098:Categories
3041:Media bias
2897:Subversion
2862:False flag
2839:Techniques
2781:Propaganda
2741:Lawn signs
2721:Canvassing
2615:News media
2371:Censorship
2303:Billboards
2255:Hacktivism
2245:Grassroots
2170:Persuasion
1961:Soft power
1833:Preventive
1823:Pilgrimage
1718:Commercial
1434:Ambassador
1385:Diplomatic
672:References
645:Otto Reich
495:Kuomintang
414:Jay Snyder
274:important.
216:propaganda
41:improve it
3003:Promotion
2882:Political
2789:Bandwagon
2716:Attack ad
2595:Publicity
2567:Marketing
2480:Fake news
2442:Religious
2437:Political
2417:Euphemism
2412:Cover-ups
2407:Corporate
2275:Petitions
2165:Orwellian
2135:Deception
1977:Exequatur
1970:Documents
1828:Ping-pong
1798:Migration
1773:Guerrilla
1763:Freelance
1738:Debt-trap
1708:Checkbook
1642:Consulate
1371:diplomats
1367:Diplomacy
1225:Abstract.
1196:Bielefeld
1112:0003-0554
558:Fulbright
343:diplomacy
341:Standard
157:talk page
91:talk page
47:talk page
2950:Transfer
2892:Sedition
2756:Negative
2668:Newspeak
2658:Managing
2600:Research
2575:Branding
2527:Literary
2492:Fakelore
2485:websites
2475:Deepfake
2432:Internet
2323:Modeling
2280:Protests
2260:Internet
2193:Advocacy
2185:Activism
2056:Category
2008:Agencies
1949:Protocol
1858:Track II
1753:Economic
1728:Culinary
1723:Cultural
1713:Coercive
1677:Legation
1648:De facto
1495:Resident
1184:: 32–36.
799:Archived
738:Archived
573:See also
501:Premier
379:Cold War
85:You may
3029:Related
3008:Spaving
2993:Pricing
2935:Slogans
2877:Lawfare
2814:Framing
2794:Big lie
2585:Product
2580:Loyalty
2512:Forgery
2457:Hoaxing
2338:Slogans
2318:Mobiles
2210:Boycott
2118:Context
2068:Commons
1853:Stadium
1848:Shuttle
1843:Science
1793:Medical
1783:Hostage
1778:Gunboat
1743:Digital
1733:Defence
1650:embassy
1625:Offices
1523:Attaché
1287:The Age
1169:, 2009.
514:Methods
282:policy.
230:of the
2633:Circus
2542:Racial
2020:Summit
1872:Topics
1838:Public
1818:Parley
1758:Energy
1748:Dollar
1703:Caviar
1479:Consul
1444:Nuncio
1239:about
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565:Impact
150:relate
2975:Sales
2678:Scrum
2638:Cycle
2552:Virus
2422:Films
2387:Books
2328:Radio
2308:False
2285:Youth
2265:Media
2198:group
2155:Media
1808:Panda
1696:Types
1507:Envoy
1378:Roles
1178:Viche
929:JSTOR
879:JSTOR
93:, or
2945:Spin
2522:List
2447:Self
2125:Bias
1788:Iron
1369:and
1213:2021
1200:ISBN
1108:ISSN
1012:(2).
956:ISBN
919:ISBN
869:ISBN
840:ISBN
715:2014
552:and
408:and
396:The
391:9/11
2333:Sex
1803:New
1314:at
1182:7–8
1098:hdl
1088:doi
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148:or
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