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application of the incomplete contract theory to the issue of state-owned enterprises. These authors compare a situation in which the government is in control of a firm to a situation in which a private manager is in control. The manager can invest to come up with cost-reducing and quality-enhancing innovations. The government and the manager bargain over the implementation of the innovations. If the negotiations fail, the owner can decide about the implementation. It turns out that when cost-reducing innovations do not harm quality significantly, then private firms are to be preferred. Yet, when cost-reductions may strongly reduce quality, state-owned enterprises are superior. Hoppe and
Schmitz (2010) have extended this theory in order to allow for a richer set of governance structures, including different forms of
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552:. The Belarusian state-owned economy includes enterprises that are fully state-owned, as well as others which are joint-stock companies with partial ownership by the state. Employment in state-owned or state-controlled enterprises is approximately 70% of total employment. State-owned enterprises are thus a major factor behind Belarus's high employment rate and a source of stable employment.
310:. The two main definitions of GLCs are dependent on the proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. One definition purports that a company is classified as a GLC if a government owns an effective controlling interest (more than 50%), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a GLC.
425:(such as monitoring costs, i.e., it is more difficult and costly to govern and regulate an autonomous SOE than it is the public bureaucracy). Evidence suggests that existing SOEs are typically more efficient than government bureaucracy, but that this benefit diminishes as services get more technical and have less overt public objectives.
368:
while they can simultaneously achieve a public objective. For that reason, SOEs primarily operate in the domain of infrastructure (e.g. railway companies), strategic goods and services (e.g. postal services, arms manufacturing and procurement), natural resources and energy (e.g. nuclear facilities,
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and his co-authors. In a world in which complete contracts were feasible, ownership would not matter because the same incentive structure that prevails under one ownership structure could be replicated under the other ownership structure. Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997) have developed the leading
407:, but finds it politically difficult to introduce new taxation. Next, SOEs can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. SOEs can also be a means to alleviate fiscal stress, as SOEs may not count towards states' budgets.
254:
The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and enterprises held by regional public bodies
389:
SOEs can also help foster industries that are "considered economically desirable and that would otherwise not be developed through private investments". When nascent or 'infant' industries have difficulty getting investments from the private sector (perhaps because the good that is being produced
605:
China's SOEs perform functions such as: contributing to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, supporting urban employment, keeping key input prices low, channeling capital towards targeted industries and technologies, supporting sub-national redistribution to poorer
266:
Thus, SOEs are known under many other terms: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, government-owned company, government controlled company, government controlled enterprise, government-owned corporation,
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exist), the government can help these industries get on the market with positive economic effects. However, the government cannot necessarily predict which industries would qualify as such 'infant industries', and so the extent to which this is a viable argument for SOEs is debated.
664:, and membership included the Minister of Finance II, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of the Economic Planning Unit, the Chief Secretary to the Government, Secretary General of Treasury and the heads of each of the GLICs (the Employees Provident Fund,
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Compared to a regular enterprise, state-owned enterprises are typically expected to be less efficient due to political interference, but unlike profit-driven enterprises they are more likely to focus on government objectives.
1962:
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Compared to government bureaucracy, state owned enterprises might be beneficial because they reduce politicians' influence over the service. Conversely, they might be detrimental because they reduce oversight and increase
263:, without implying any special interference). Finally, the term "enterprise" is challenged, as it implies statutes in private law which may not always be present, and so the term "corporations" is frequently used instead.
655:
launched a GLC Transformation
Programme for its linked companies and linked investment companies ("GLICs") on 29 July 2005, aiming over a ten-year period to transform these businesses "into high-performing entities". The
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are considered state-owned). Next, it is contestable under what circumstances a SOE qualifies as "owned" by a state (SOEs can be fully owned or partially owned; it is difficult to determine categorically what level of
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602:. China's state-owned enterprises generally own and operate public services, resource extraction or defense. As of 2017, China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies.
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Quote: «The wars and depressions between 1914 and 1950 dragged the wealthy back to earth. Wars brought physical destruction of capital, nationalisation, taxation and inflation»
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694:(PAGCOR) is the most profitable state-owned enterprise in the Philippines. It is the third largest contributor to government revenues, following taxes and customs.
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545:; the state answers for the liabilities. Stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government-approved, as they are government liabilities.
49:
subscriptions probably needed to access much of the research, and familiarity with the technical diction common in reliable sources would be a major asset.
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government bought in 1988, changing its name from
Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates
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to remote locations that otherwise have trouble attracting private vendors. The national or state/provincial government will hold either all or majority
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1774:
621:
As of at least 2024, an
Ethiopian SOE is Africa's largest and most profitable airline, as well as Ethiopia's largest earner of foreign exchange.
537:
A state-run enterprise may operate differently from an ordinary limited liability corporation. For example, in
Finland, state-run enterprises (
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Profiles of
Existing Government CorporationsâA Study Prepared by the U.S. General Accounting Office for the Committee on Government Operations
2485:
2298:
676:. Khazanah Nasional Berhad provided the secretariat to the PCG and managed the implementation of the programme, which was completed in 2015.
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920:
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1158:
Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: Quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks".
1014:
Voorn, Bart; Van Thiel, Sandra; van
Genugten, Marieke (2018). "Debate: Corporatization as more than a recent crisis-driven development".
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China's SOEs are at the forefront of global seaport-building, and most new ports constructed by them are done within the auspices of the
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17:
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522:. Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others:
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1997:
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interior and western provinces, and aiding the state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability.
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271:, commercial government agency, state-privatised industry public sector undertaking, or parastatal, among others. In some
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329:, the question of whether a firm should be owned by the state or by the private sector is studied in the theory of
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countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi
Arabian
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may aim to make transportation more accessible and earn profit for the government), and they can be considered
61:
541:) are governed by separate laws. Even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared
1344:
Starting in the late 1970s and accelerating through the 1980s and 1990s many of these corporations were
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over their operations. Defining characteristics of SOEs are their distinct legal form and possession of
1690:, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 301, GAO/AFMD-89-43FS Document: H402-4
673:
661:
483:
1564:
China and
Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
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974:"New development: Corporatization of local authorities in England in the wake of austerity 2010â2016"
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State-owned enterprises and the political economy of stateâstate relations in the developing world
1655:
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334:
219:
937:
Grossi, Giuseppe; Reichard, Christoph (2008). "Municipal corporatization in
Germany and Italy".
215:
1562:
Shahab Uddin, Shanjida (2023). "Bangladesh and Belt and Road Initiative: Strategic Rationale".
1114:
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would qualify an entity to be considered as state-owned since governments can also own regular
1635:
GLCs succesfully [sic] complete and graduate from 10-year GLC Transformation Programme
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660:
Committee on GLC High Performance ("PCG"), which oversaw this programme, was chaired by the
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is highlighted in the predominant local terminology, with SOEs in Canada referred to as a "
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8:
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880:"The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review"
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alternative energy delivery), politically sensitive business, broadcasting, banking,
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834:"Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network"
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1457:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
1407:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
1360:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
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to citizens at a lower price, implement government policies, and/or to deliver
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SOEs are also frequently employed in areas where the government wants to levy
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972:
Ferry, Laurence; Andrews, Rhys; Skelcher, Chris; Wegorowski, Piotr (2018).
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The act of turning a part of government bureaucracy into a SOE is called
299:
138:
118:
1300:
1258:
1036:
906:
378:
303:
1601:"China, Ethiopia and the Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative"
1103:"The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons"
390:
requires very risky investments, when patenting is difficult, or when
1567:
725:
657:
276:
98:
1292:
1250:
226:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
600:
State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC)
542:
495:
404:
295:
174:
126:
94:
1526:
CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
878:
Voorn, Bart; Van Genugten, Marieke L.; Van Thiel, Sandra (2017).
527:
503:
1195:"State-Owned Enterprises: Trade Effects and Policy Implications"
45:
needs attention from an expert in economics, business or law
755:
577:
177:
971:
796:"State-Owned Enterprises Catalysts for public value creation?"
1652:
The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
636:
598:
China's state-owned enterprises are owned and managed by the
581:
298:, to refer to private or public (listed on a stock exchange)
260:
154:
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1796:
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561:
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672:(the armed forces pension fund), Lembaga Tabung Haji and
3440:
1506:"Explained, the role of China's state-owned companies"
1193:
Kowalski, P.; BĂŒge, M.; Sztajerowska, M.; Egeland, M.
822:
Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 1â16
2612:
2227:
1757:, 39:6, 1077â1097, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1333888
548:
State-owned enterprises are a major component of the
415:
1217:"The case against infant-industry tariff protection"
701:
173:
established to pursue financial objectives from the
3032:
1270:
1268:
1100:
428:
165:goals and developmental objectives (e.g., a state
1222:. Journal of political economy. pp. 295â305.
3635:
1637:, published 7 August 2015, accessed 29 July 2023
1265:
1226:
1749:Jewellord Nem Singh; Geoffrey C. Chen (2018), "
927:, published 17 June 2020, accessed 29 July 2023
1274:
1232:
1214:
1101:Hart, O.; Shleifer, A.; Vishny, R. W. (1997).
936:
832:Tavares, António F.; CamÔes, Pedro J. (2007).
639:, government enterprises exist in the form of
466:throughout the 20th century, especially after
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2213:
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1782:
930:
831:
2186:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1561:
1523:Pieke, Frank N.; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022).
1275:Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1994).
1233:Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1994).
1186:
1157:
921:Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs
825:
692:Philippines Amusement and Gaming Corporation
555:
1522:
873:
871:
686:Government-owned and controlled corporation
157:of these enterprises, and often has direct
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1775:
1761:The Public Firm with Managerial Incentives
1598:
1500:
1498:
1007:
679:
294:" (GLC) is sometimes used, for example in
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1118:
1035:
905:
895:
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
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647:Government-linked companies in Malaysia
482:was the norm. Typical sectors included
14:
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1531:National University of Singapore Press
68:may be able to help recruit an expert.
3414:
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1599:Yan, Hairong; Sautman, Barry (2024).
355:
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1445:
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191:
29:
1649:
1473:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1455:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
1423:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1405:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
1376:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1358:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
631:Public sector undertakings in India
616:
442:For a more comprehensive list, see
437:
350:
97:entity which is established and/or
24:
1714:
1592:
1516:
1338:
1281:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1277:"A survey of corporate governance"
1239:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1107:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1061:"Incomplete Contracts and Control"
736:List of government-owned companies
444:List of government-owned companies
416:Compared to government bureaucracy
320:
25:
3660:
1461:World Review of Political Economy
1411:World Review of Political Economy
1364:World Review of Political Economy
731:List of government-owned airlines
584:as well as many other companies.
449:
3394:
3385:
3384:
2914:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2684:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1913:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
704:
624:
594:State-owned enterprises of China
587:
196:
34:
1627:
1566:. Mher Sahakyan. New York, NY:
1555:
1398:
1351:
1307:
1151:
1094:
670:Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera
429:Compared to regular enterprises
364:, because they allow capturing
269:government-sponsored enterprise
3462:Federated States of Micronesia
3352:British Indian Ocean Territory
1052:
914:
816:
788:
187:
13:
1:
1315:"All Men Are Created Unequal"
1172:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009
1028:10.1080/09540962.2018.1527533
1016:Public Money & Management
993:10.1080/09540962.2018.1486629
981:Public Money & Management
897:10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360
777:
2038:United States Virgin Islands
1740:Resources in other libraries
782:
283:", and in New Zealand as a "
125:for the government, control
7:
1160:Journal of Public Economics
697:
340:public-private partnerships
222:the claims made and adding
107:state/provincial government
47:. The specific problem is:
10:
3665:
3644:Government-owned companies
1675:
1633:Khazanah Nasional Berhad,
683:
674:Permodalan Nasional Berhad
641:Public Sector Undertakings
628:
591:
441:
410:
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3339:
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3041:
2927:
2902:
2621:
2532:
2494:
2236:
2160:
2087:
2013:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1931:
1805:
1735:Resources in your library
1701:Malaysia GLC OpenDay 2015
1620:10.1017/S0305741023000966
951:10.1080/14719030802264275
850:10.1080/03003930701417544
556:SOEs among OPEC countries
524:British Steel Corporation
306:acquires a stake using a
292:government-linked company
3649:Types of business entity
3608:Northern Mariana Islands
3101:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2669:Central African Republic
2033:Turks and Caicos Islands
1202:OECD Trade Policy Papers
1068:American Economic Review
939:Public Management Review
884:Local Government Studies
838:Local Government Studies
666:Khazanah Nasional Berhad
611:Belt and Road Initiative
18:Public sector enterprise
3573:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3442:State-owned enterprises
3362:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3034:State-owned enterprises
2614:State-owned enterprises
2229:State-owned enterprises
2080:State-owned enterprises
1798:State-owned enterprises
1656:Oxford University Press
1235:"Politicians and firms"
1215:Baldwin, R. E. (1969).
1129:10.1162/003355300555448
680:SOEs in the Philippines
2279:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1963:British Virgin Islands
1726:State-owned enterprise
1080:10.1257/aer.107.7.1731
578:Saudi Arabian Airlines
462:, there was a massive
345:
87:state-owned enterprise
3556:and other territories
2829:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2689:Republic of the Congo
1903:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1755:Third World Quarterly
1059:Hart, Oliver (2017).
360:SOEs are common with
58:WikiProject Economics
3276:United Arab Emirates
1510:World Economic Forum
771:Volkseigener Betrieb
653:Malaysian government
566:national oil company
331:incomplete contracts
62:WikiProject Business
3303:limited recognition
2904:States with limited
2495:States with limited
1918:Trinidad and Tobago
1813:Antigua and Barbuda
1694:Alternate location:
1606:The China Quarterly
375:alcoholic beverages
273:Commonwealth realms
171:government entities
135:means of production
121:, in order to earn
1853:Dominican Republic
1763:by Elmer G. Wiens.
1650:Han, Enze (2024).
580:, and owns 70% of
550:economy of Belarus
476:natural monopolies
366:economies of scale
362:natural monopolies
356:Natural monopolies
300:corporate entities
207:possibly contains
3631:
3630:
3623:Wallis and Futuna
3531:Associated states
3408:
3407:
3345:other territories
3000:
2999:
2931:other territories
2704:Equatorial Guinea
2580:
2579:
2195:
2194:
2167:other territories
2046:
2045:
1935:other territories
1721:Library resources
1665:978-0-19-769659-0
1577:978-1-003-35258-7
1540:978-981-18-5206-0
532:Ăguas de Portugal
423:transaction costs
399:Political reasons
392:spillover effects
385:Infant industries
281:Crown corporation
252:
251:
244:
209:original research
83:
82:
27:Government entity
16:(Redirected from
3656:
3613:Pitcairn Islands
3583:French Polynesia
3568:Christmas Island
3497:Papua New Guinea
3477:Marshall Islands
3450:Sovereign states
3435:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3357:Christmas Island
3043:Sovereign states
3027:
3020:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2991:(United Kingdom)
2987:Tristan da Cunha
2983:Ascension Island
2975:
2962:
2953:
2929:Dependencies and
2622:Sovereign states
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2533:Dependencies and
2237:Sovereign states
2222:
2215:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2175:Falkland Islands
2089:Sovereign states
2082:of South America
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2003:Saint Barthélemy
1933:Dependencies and
1806:Sovereign states
1800:of North America
1791:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1709:
1704:, archived from
1691:
1689:
1670:
1669:
1654:. New York, NY:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1613:(257): 222â247.
1596:
1590:
1589:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1452:
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1396:
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1323:. 4 January 2014
1311:
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1272:
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1224:
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1221:
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1206:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1166:(3â4): 258â268.
1155:
1149:
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1122:
1113:(4): 1127â1161.
1098:
1092:
1091:
1074:(7): 1731â1752.
1065:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1011:
1005:
1004:
978:
969:
963:
962:
934:
928:
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912:
911:
909:
899:
875:
866:
865:
829:
823:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
800:
792:
761:State capitalism
751:Public ownership
714:
712:Companies portal
709:
708:
707:
617:SOEs in Ethiopia
438:Around the world
351:Economic reasons
247:
240:
236:
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224:inline citations
200:
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182:state capitalist
78:
75:
69:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3664:
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3549:
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3526:
3507:Solomon Islands
3445:
3439:
3409:
3404:
3376:
3344:
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3316:Northern Cyprus
3302:
3295:
3037:
3031:
3001:
2996:
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2990:
2973:
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2496:
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2232:
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2196:
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2168:
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2083:
2077:
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1795:
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1715:Further reading
1698:
1687:
1681:
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1597:
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1578:
1570:. p. 132.
1560:
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1533:. p. 138.
1521:
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1293:10.2307/2118354
1287:(4): 995â1025.
1273:
1266:
1251:10.2307/2118354
1245:(4): 995â1025.
1231:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1197:
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1187:
1156:
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1120:10.1.1.318.7133
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1012:
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976:
970:
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935:
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741:Nationalization
710:
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512:postal services
464:nationalization
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401:
387:
358:
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327:economic theory
323:
321:Economic theory
315:corporatization
308:holding company
275:, ownership by
257:state ownership
248:
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167:railway company
111:executive order
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66:WikiProject Law
56:
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28:
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3600:
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3563:American Samoa
3559:
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3533:of New Zealand
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2936:
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2928:
2925:
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2296:
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2025:
2023:Sint Eustatius
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Cayman Islands
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
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1920:
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1910:
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1815:
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1794:
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1758:
1743:
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1731:
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1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1696:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1639:
1626:
1591:
1576:
1554:
1539:
1515:
1494:
1444:
1417:(4): 432â433.
1397:
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1337:
1306:
1264:
1225:
1207:
1185:
1150:
1093:
1051:
1022:(7): 481â482.
1006:
987:(6): 477â480.
964:
945:(5): 597â617.
929:
925:Know Your GLCs
913:
890:(5): 820â841.
867:
844:(4): 535â553.
824:
815:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:
768:
766:Statutory body
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
716:
715:
699:
696:
684:Main article:
681:
678:
662:Prime Minister
648:
645:
629:Main article:
626:
623:
618:
615:
592:Main article:
589:
586:
557:
554:
488:electric power
460:Western Europe
456:Eastern Europe
451:
450:SOEs in Europe
448:
439:
436:
430:
427:
417:
414:
412:
409:
400:
397:
386:
383:
381:(healthcare).
357:
354:
352:
349:
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344:
322:
319:
250:
249:
204:
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195:
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131:private sector
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3598:New Caledonia
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3578:Easter Island
3576:
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3358:
3355:
3353:
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3327:
3326:South Ossetia
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3289:
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3282:
3279:
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3269:
3267:
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3187:
3184:
3182:
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3169:
3167:
3164:
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3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
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3132:
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3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
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3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
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3057:
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3009:
3008:
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2964:
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2909:
2901:
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2870:
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2807:
2805:
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2800:
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2782:
2780:
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2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Guinea-Bissau
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
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2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
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2680:
2677:
2675:
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2553:
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2548:
2547:Faroe Islands
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:South Ossetia
2517:
2515:
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2507:
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2502:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2484:
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2404:
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2371:Liechtenstein
2369:
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2257:
2255:
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2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2180:French Guiana
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
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2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:United States
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
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3554:Dependencies
3540:Cook Islands
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3271:Turkmenistan
3236:Saudi Arabia
3033:
2979:Saint Helena
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2854:South Africa
2844:Sierra Leone
2649:Burkina Faso
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2524:Transnistria
2228:
2163:Dependencies
2079:
2028:Sint Maarten
2008:Saint Martin
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1706:the original
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3301:States with
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3161:South Korea
3156:North Korea
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2906:recognition
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2749:Ivory Coast
2562:Isle of Man
2497:recognition
2471:Switzerland
2406:Netherlands
1998:Puerto Rico
1908:Saint Lucia
1858:El Salvador
1037:2066/197924
907:2066/176125
721:Corporatism
539:liikelaitos
379:merit goods
335:Oliver Hart
188:Terminology
139:commodities
119:legislation
3638:Categories
3444:of Oceania
3281:Uzbekistan
3256:Tajikistan
3171:Kyrgyzstan
3151:Kazakhstan
3071:Bangladesh
3061:Azerbaijan
2961:(Portugal)
2919:Somaliland
2839:Seychelles
2804:Mozambique
2789:Mauritania
2774:Madagascar
2729:The Gambia
2664:Cape Verde
2441:San Marino
2401:Montenegro
2381:Luxembourg
2361:Kazakhstan
2264:Azerbaijan
1993:Montserrat
1988:Martinique
1983:Guadeloupe
1838:Costa Rica
1586:1353290533
1549:1354535847
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1370:(4): 432.
1346:privatized
808:16 January
778:References
484:telephones
304:government
290:The term "
216:improve it
175:commercial
137:, provide
3457:Australia
3367:Hong Kong
3321:Palestine
3246:Sri Lanka
3241:Singapore
3121:Indonesia
2794:Mauritius
2616:of Africa
2552:Gibraltar
2376:Lithuania
2231:of Europe
2152:Venezuela
2097:Argentina
1978:Greenland
1893:Nicaragua
1868:Guatemala
1568:Routledge
1489:236786906
1481:2042-8928
1439:236786906
1431:2042-8928
1392:236786906
1384:2042-891X
1180:0047-2727
1137:0033-5533
1115:CiteSeerX
1088:0002-8282
1046:158097385
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783:Citations
726:Dirigisme
658:Putrajaya
470:. In the
405:user fees
277:The Crown
220:verifying
163:financial
153:over the
74:July 2018
64: or
53:talk page
3472:Kiribati
3390:Category
3311:Abkhazia
3261:Thailand
3216:Pakistan
3196:Mongolia
3191:Maldives
3186:Malaysia
3086:Cambodia
2985: /
2981: /
2974:(France)
2968: /
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2942: /
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2869:Tanzania
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2659:Cameroon
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2572:Svalbard
2557:Guernsey
2504:Abkhazia
2456:Slovenia
2451:Slovakia
2426:Portugal
2284:Bulgaria
2142:Suriname
2132:Paraguay
2117:Colombia
1943:Anguilla
1878:Honduras
1848:Dominica
1823:Barbados
1145:16270301
698:See also
643:(PSUs).
560:In most
543:bankrupt
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480:industry
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147:services
143:products
127:monopoly
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103:national
95:business
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3056:Armenia
3036:of Asia
2970:RĂ©union
2966:Mayotte
2957:Madeira
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2764:Liberia
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2709:Eritrea
2679:Comoros
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2629:Algeria
2481:Ukraine
2431:Romania
2391:Moldova
2349:Ireland
2344:Iceland
2339:Hungary
2329:Germany
2324:Georgia
2314:Finland
2309:Estonia
2304:Denmark
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1953:Bermuda
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1388:S2CID
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