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209:, having to stand, kneel or bend over in a corner, or repeatedly write something on a blackboard ("I will not spread rumors", for example). Here different levels of physical discomfort can be added, such as having to hold heavy objects, or kneeling on an uneven surface. Like physical punishment and harsh hazing, these have become controversial in most modern societies, in many cases leading to legal restrictions and/or (sometimes voluntary) abolishment.
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263:) may also increase public humiliation. In countries such as Japan, France, and South Korea, handcuffs on arrested persons are blurred in media broadcasts and hidden wherever possible to prevent feelings of "personal shame" in the accused and to make the public more likely to maintain a presumption of innocence before trial.
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Public humiliation exists in many forms. In general, a criminal sentenced to one of many forms of this punishment could expect themselves be placed (restrained) in a central, public, or open location so that their fellow citizens could easily witness the sentence and, in some cases, participate as a
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Public shaming can result in negative psychological effects and devastating consequences, regardless of the punishment being justifiable or not. It could cause depression, suicidal thoughts and other severe mental problems. The humiliated individuals may develop a variety of symptoms including
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through the 19th century. It fell out of common use in the 20th century, though it has seen a revival starting in the 1990s. With the rise of the social media, public shaming moved to the digital sphere, exposing and humiliating people daily, sometimes without their knowledge.
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Apart from specific methods essentially aiming at humiliation, several methods combine pain and humiliation or even death and humiliation. In some cases, the pain—or at least discomfort—is insignificant or rather secondary to the humiliation.
730:
behind the ear. Thieves were tattooed on their faces. Other criminals were paraded with a device made of woven cane on the forehead, or lengths of bamboo hung around the neck. Errant
Brahmans had to wear a string of oversize
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from the crowd could have serious consequences, especially when the hands were bound, preventing self-protection. Some sentences actually prescribed additional humiliation, such as shaving, or would combine it with painful
223:
can be a humiliating punishment prescribed in law, but also something done as "mob justice"—a stark example of which was the thousands of
European women who had their heads shaved in front of cheering crowds in the wake of
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in the United States to be a form of public humiliation as judicial punishment. A convicted sex offender's placement on the sex offender registry is public via a state run website in all 50 states. In 2018, a judge in the
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would crucify people naked, and using different tortuous positions as a way to further humiliate them. Crucified bodies were left to decay on the cross for weeks, and crows would come to feed on the
166:, especially in a public place. It was regularly used as a form of judicially sanctioned punishment in previous centuries, and is still practiced by different means (e.g. schools) in the modern era.
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Just like painful forms of corporal punishment, it has parallels in educational and other rather private punishments (but with some audience), in school or domestic disciplinary context, and as a
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620:, "stones of shame") for someone late to church). The offender could alternatively be sentenced to remain exposed in a specific exposed place, in a restraining device such as a
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throughout ancient and modern history. Even today prisoners officially have to go barefoot in many countries of the world and are also presented in court and in public unshod.
205:. Physical forms include being forced to wear some sign such as "donkey ears" (simulated in paper, as a sign one is—or at least behaved—proverbially stupid), wearing a
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712:, imported from Europe. Nearly every sizable town had such instruments of public humiliation, usually at the town square. In pre-World War II Japan,
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or other public gathering location such as a school, or take the form of a procession through the streets. This was not uncommon in the sentences to
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has been used as a more subtle form of humiliation in past and present cultures. The exposure of bare feet has served as an indicator for
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557:, or others. The rage and fury may arise in the persecuted individual, themselves lashing out against innocent victims, as they seek
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In
Liberia, boy soldiers stripped civilian women to humiliate them; this was described with the verb phrase "to naked someone else."
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Paris, 1944: French women accused of collaboration with Nazis had their heads shaved and were paraded through the streets barefoot.
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The punishment of public humiliation has taken many forms, ranging from an offender being forced to relate his crime, to a 'shame
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on a raft taken from ship to ship for consecutive installments of a great total of lashes. In some countries, the punishment of
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of potential offenders - so the public will witness the perpetrator's fear and agony. This can either take place in a
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1675:"The Onerous Burdens of Sex Offender Registration Are Not Punishment, the 10th Circuit Rules. They Just Feel That Way"
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1442:"Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Decision No. 551/2013"
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declared
Colorado's sex offender scheme as unconstitutional, citing cruel and unusual punishment. In 2020, the
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510:. Other examples of physical torture or modification used as public humiliation throughout history include
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1283:""Friend to the Martyr, a Friend to the Woman of Shame": Thinking About the Law, Shame and Humiliation"
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608:' (for untalented musicians), to the wearing of conspicuous clothing or jewelry (such as an oversized
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1701:"These States Stick People With a Lifetime of Restrictions for Decades-Old, Nonviolent Sex Offenses"
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917:"Nonmaleficence in Shaming: The Ethical Dilemma Underlying Participation in Online Public Shaming"
971:"Article 87 ... shall be sentenced to flogging, having his head shaven, and one year of exile..."
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The humiliation can be extended; intentionally or not; by leaving visible marks, such as
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1311:"22 injuries, 'Falanga' torture used: Shocking autopsy of Kerala custodial death victim"
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during the war. Public shaving was applied to (true or alleged) collaborators after the
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Further means of public humiliation and degradation consist in forcing people to wear
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1749:"Colorado sex offender registration act is unconstitutional, federal judge declares"
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1180:"Thai court sentences activist to 10 years in prison for insulting king - CNN.com"
950:(First ed.). Oxford New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 48, 103.
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1553:"The hidden story of when two Black college students were tarred and feathered"
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Man and woman undergoing public exposure for adultery in Japan, circa 1860.
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Form of punishment whose main feature is dishonoring or disgracing a person
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1726:"50-State Comparison: Relief from Sex Offense Registration Obligations"
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In the United States, it was a common punishment from the beginning of
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1372:"The history of humiliation points to the future of human dignity"
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1471:"Branding in children: a barbaric practice still exists in India"
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Pundak, Chen; Steinhart, Yael; Goldenberg, Jacob (July 2, 2021).
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1125:"South Korean Perp Walks: What's Up With the Blurred Handcuffs?"
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1572:"Bilboes, Brands, and Branks: Colonial Crimes and Punishments"
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255:. Forcing arrestees or prisoners to wear restraints (such as
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Perlin, Michael L.; Weinstein, Naomi M. (26 December 2014).
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1595:. Georgetown, Kentucky: Finishing Line Press. p. 6.
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United States
District Court for the District of Colorado
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Shorn Women: Gender and
Punishment in Liberation France
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Vellaram, Sandeep; Jayarajan, Sreedevi (1 July 2019).
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and extending into the 1800s in parts of the US) and
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Southern
California Review of Law and Social Justice
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United States Court of
Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
982:Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran
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162:or disgracing a person, usually an offender or a
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1200:"Extradition hearing for arms dealer postponed"
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228:, as punishment for associating with occupying
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704:, common forms of public humiliation were the
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1390:"Cat-o-nine tails, United Kingdom, 1700-1850"
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948:The politics of humiliation: a modern history
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716:were publicly exposed purely to shame them.
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139:leader Lee Jung-jae being shame-paraded by
1618:"The Use of 'Shame' with Sexual Offenders"
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405:Learn how and when to remove this message
189:(right) were a common form of punishment.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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536:Humiliation § Psychological effects
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430:in public - the major aim may be
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1414:Horan, Leo F. S. (1 September 1950).
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1416:"Flogging In The United States Navy"
1123:Borowiec, Steven (3 November 2017).
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343:adding citations to reliable sources
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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1747:Mitchell, Kirk (1 September 2017).
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900:Deardorff, Julie (April 20, 2000).
726:, an adulteress was paraded with a
653:("pole of shame", a simple type of
464:is executed in public to this day.
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1625:The British Journal of Criminology
1073:"The Clothes That Make The Inmate"
25:
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1551:Sieber, Karen (8 February 2021).
1824:
1673:SULLUM, JACOB (25 August 2020).
1591:McBride-Ahebee, Octavia (2011).
1370:Frevert, Ute (20 January 2021).
1178:Olarn, Kocha (23 January 2013).
778:Flute of Shame displayed at the
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1728:. Restoration of Rights Project
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577:to add public humiliation to a
330:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
1791:So You've Been Publicly Shamed
1616:McAlinden, Anne-Marie (2005).
1440:UN Committee Against Torture.
1338:History Of Corporal Punishment
1221:"Shame, Guilt, and Punishment"
996:Beevor, Antony (5 June 2009).
964:
921:Journal of Consumer Psychology
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236:occupied territories from the
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1:
1699:Shim, Jane (13 August 2014).
1577:Colonial Williamsburg Journal
1526:Corlew, Robert Ewing (1990).
1487:10.11604/pamj.2016.23.62.7968
902:"Shame Returns As Punishment"
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597:public humiliation. See also
1798:on the modern phenomenon of
1530:. Univ. of Tennessee Press.
1469:Patra, Pratap Kumar (2016).
7:
1475:Pan African Medical Journal
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308:Public flogging in Brazil,
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1570:Cox, James (Spring 2009).
1528:Tennessee, a Short History
1335:Scott (19 December 2013).
1219:Rodogno, Raffaele (2009).
1158:Government of South Africa
737:was used in ancient Italy.
561:or as a means of release.
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143:'s military regime (1961).
1593:Where My Birthmark Dances
1237:10.1007/s10982-008-9042-x
1150:"Cape Town and Surrounds"
753:overturned that decision.
486:of British customs agent
641:("Chair of shame"), the
458:Flogging round the fleet
452:, generally on the bare
742:sex offender registries
1051:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
881:Tarring and feathering
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158:whose main feature is
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1800:online public shaming
1347:10.4324/9781315828367
946:Frevert, Ute (2020).
935:– via CrossRef.
740:Some have considered
530:Psychological effects
514:(starting in ancient
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472:Further information:
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266:Forcing people to go
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171:European colonization
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1847:Corporal punishments
1833:at Wikimedia Commons
1420:U.S. Naval Institute
1394:Science Museum Group
1047:"Public Humiliation"
695:corporal punishments
354:"Public humiliation"
339:improve this article
310:Jean-Baptiste Debret
69:"Public humiliation"
54:improve this article
1810:, and elsewhere on
871:Real-name reporting
735:Send under the yoke
663:were customary for
565:Historical examples
518:and the Babylonian
428:corporal punishment
288:Corporal punishment
282:Corporal punishment
1831:Public humiliation
1637:10.1093/bjc/azh095
1225:Law and Philosophy
1154:westerncape.gov.za
1077:The New York Times
998:"An Ugly Carnival"
976:2017-08-26 at the
860:The Scarlet Letter
844:Parading on donkey
829:Erotic humiliation
585:describes how the
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148:Public humiliation
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1829:Media related to
1794:, a 2015 book by
1776:. 23 August 2020.
1602:978-1-59924-827-1
1537:978-0-87049-647-9
1035:978-1-85973-584-8
933:10.1002/jcpy.1227
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595:post-mortem
571:Crucifixion
436:town square
249:penitential
238:Nazi troops
196:mob justice
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1796:Jon Ronson
1679:Reason.com
888:References
814:Cashiering
714:adulterers
670:schopstoel
667:, and the
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