435:
1348:
404:. The "war against barberries" was waged and called upon the help of citizens through radio and newspaper advertisements, pamphlets, and fair booths asking for help from all in the attempt to rid the barberry bushes of their existence. Later, in 1975–1980, the program was reestablished under state jurisdiction. Once this happened, a federal quarantine was established against the sale of stem rust susceptible barberry in those states that were part of the program. A barberry testing program was created to ensure that only those species and varieties of barberry that are immune to stem rust will be grown in the quarantine area.
1629:. These have a worty appearance and are formed in chains – unlike the urediniospores that are spiny and are produced on individual stalks. The chains of aeciospores are surrounded by a bell-like enclosure of fungal cells. The aeciospores are able to germinate on the cereal host but not on the alternative host (they are produced on the alternative host, which is usually barberry). They are carried by wind to the cereal host where they germinate and the germ tubes penetrate into the plant. The fungus grows inside the plant as a dikaryotic mycelium. Within 1–2 weeks the mycelium produces uredinia and the cycle is complete.
62:
1436:
617:
326:), the rust god. They would perform this ritual in the spring during a festival known as the Robigalia in hopes of the wheat crop being spared from the destruction caused by the rust. Weather records from that time have been reexamined and it has been speculated that the fall of the Roman Empire was due to a string of rainy seasons in which the rust would have been more harsh, resulting in reduced wheat harvests. Laws banning barberry were established in 1660 in
49:
4882:
Jamie; Millet, Eitan; Minz-Dub, Anna; Ronen, Moshe; Avni, Raz; Sharon, Amir; Patpour, Mehran; Justesen, Annemarie F.; Jayakodi, Murukarthick; Himmelbach, Axel; Stein, Nils; Wu, Shuangye; Poland, Jesse; Ens, Jennifer; Pozniak, Curtis; Karafiátová, Miroslava; Molnár, István; Doležel, Jaroslav; Ward, Eric R.; Reuber, T. Lynne; Jones, Jonathan D. G.; Mascher, Martin; Steffenson, Brian J.; Wulff, Brande B. H. (2022).
1638:
season to another. In other cases the fungus passes between winter wheat and spring wheat, meaning that it has a cereal host all year round. Since the urediniospores are wind dispersed, this can occur over large distances. Note that this cycle consists simply of vegetative propagation – urediniospores infect one wheat plant, leading to the production of more urediniospores that then infect other wheat plants.
1560:. They are spiny and brick-red. Urediniospores are the only type of spores in the rust fungus life cycle that are capable of infecting the host on which they are produced, and this is therefore referred to as the 'repeating stage' of the life cycle. It is the spread of urediniospores that allows infection to spread from one cereal plant to another. This phase can rapidly spread the infection over a wide area.
3633:
A.; Lucas, S. M.; Mago, R.; Mauceli, E.; Morin, E.; Murat, C.; Pangilinan, J. L.; Park, R.; Pearson, M.; Quesneville, H.; Rouhier, N.; Sakthikumar, S.; Salamov, A. A.; Schmutz, J.; Selles, B.; Shapiro, H.; Tanguay, P.; Tuskan, G. A.; Henrissat, B.; Van de Peer, Y.; Rouze, P.; Ellis, J. G.; Dodds, P. N.; Schein, J. E.; Zhong, S.; Hamelin, R. C.; Grigoriev, I. V.; Szabo, L. J.; Martin, F. (2011-05-02).
5027:
Hu, Zhaorong; Guo, Weilong; Li, Guoqiang; Ma, Xin; Li, Junming; Han, Fangpu; Fu, Xiangdong; Ma, Zhengqiang; Wang, Daowen; Zhang, Xueyong; Ling, Hong-Qing; Xia, Guangmin; Tong, Yiping; Liu, Zhiyong; He, Zhonghu; Jia, Jizeng; Chong, Kang (2022). "Wheat genomic study for genetic improvement of traits in China".
5026:
Xiao, Jun; Liu, Bao; Yao, Yingyin; Guo, Zifeng; Jia, Haiyan; Kong, Lingrang; Zhang, Aimin; Ma, Wujun; Ni, Zhongfu; Xu, Shengbao; Lu, Fei; Jiao, Yuannian; Yang, Wuyun; Lin, Xuelei; Sun, Silong; Lu, Zefu; Gao, Lifeng; Zhao, Guangyao; Cao, Shuanghe; Chen, Qian; Zhang, Kunpu; Wang, Mengcheng; Wang, Meng;
1521:
lifestyle involves the dramatic up-regulation of particular gene transcriptions, constituting its biotrophy genomic features. These genomic regions have parallels in other eukaryotic plant pathogens. These parallels – between these independently evolved and unrelated sets of genes – show a strong and
734:
million towards research into Ug99, to be spent on critical infrastructure in Africa. Scientists are working on breeding strains of wheat that are resistant to UG99. However, wheat is grown in a broad range of environments. This means that breeding programs would have extensive work remaining to get
374:
later conducted experiments to observe the beliefs of
European farmers regarding the relationship between the rust and barberry plants, and after connecting the basidiospores of the basidia stage to barberry, he also identified that the aeciospores in the aecia stage reinfect the wheat host. Upon de
3343:
Olivera, Pablo; Newcomb, Maria; Szabo, Les J.; Rouse, Matthew; Johnson, Jerry; Gale, Samuel; Luster, Douglas G.; Hodson, David; Cox, James A.; Burgin, Laura; Hort, Matt; Gilligan, Christopher A.; Patpour, Mehran; Justesen, Annemarie F.; Hovmøller, Mogens S.; Woldeab, Getaneh; Hailu, Endale; Hundie,
3632:
Duplessis, S.; Cuomo, C. A.; Lin, Y.-C.; Aerts, A.; Tisserant, E.; Veneault-Fourrey, C.; Joly, D. L.; Hacquard, S.; Amselem, J.; Cantarel, B. L.; Chiu, R.; Coutinho, P. M.; Feau, N.; Field, M.; Frey, P.; Gelhaye, E.; Goldberg, J.; Grabherr, M. G.; Kodira, C. D.; Kohler, A.; Kues, U.; Lindquist, E.
367:
discovered the characteristic five-spore stage that is known in some stem rust species. The brothers were also able to make a connection between the red (urediniospore) and black (teliospore) spores as different stages within the life cycle of the same organism, but the rest of the stages remained
1667:
This can occur unassisted (the robust nature of the spores allows them to be carried long distances in the air and then deposited by rain-scrubbing) or assisted (typically on human clothing or infected plant material that is transported between regions). This type of dispersal is rare and is very
4881:
Yu, Guotai; Matny, Oadi; Champouret, Nicolas; Steuernagel, Burkhard; Moscou, Matthew J.; Hernández-Pinzón, Inmaculada; Green, Phon; Hayta, Sadiye; Smedley, Mark; Harwood, Wendy; Kangara, Ngonidzashe; Yue, Yajuan; Gardener, Catherine; Banfield, Mark J.; Olivera, Pablo D.; Welchin, Cole; Simmons,
1637:
Since the urediniospores are produced on the cereal host and can infect the cereal host, it is possible for the infection to pass from one year's crop to the next without infecting the alternate host (barberry). For example, infected volunteer wheat plants can serve as a bridge from one growing
4460:
Upadhyaya, Narayana M.; Mago, Rohit; Panwar, Vinay; Hewitt, Tim; Luo, Ming; Chen, Jian; Sperschneider, Jana; Nguyen-Phuc, Hoa; Wang, Aihua; Ortiz, Diana; Hac, Luch; Bhatt, Dhara; Li, Feng; Zhang, Jianping; Ayliffe, Michael; Figueroa, Melania; Kanyuka, Kostya; Ellis, Jeffrey G.; Dodds, Peter N.
962:
s on wheat in 1997 in the United States – being absent only from the southern Great Plains and the west, but then was down to 10% in 1998. In the upper Great Plains it was already declining – to 26% of samples in 1997, and 12% in 1998. In the most fertile areas of the eastern US it was 96% of
390:
by
European colonists. Barberry was used for many things like making wine and jams from the berries to tool handles from the wood. Ultimately, as they did in Europe, the colonists began to notice a relationship between barberry and stem rust epidemics in wheat. Laws were enacted in many
3839:
Singh, Ravi P.; Hodson, David P.; Huerta-Espino, Julio; Jin, Yue; Bhavani, Sridhar; Njau, Peter; Herrera-Foessel, Sybil; Singh, Pawan K.; Singh, Sukhwinder; Govindan, Velu (2011-09-08). "The
Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus is a Threat to World Wheat Production".
3904:
Singh, Ravi P.; Hodson, David P.; Huerta-Espino, Julio; Jin, Yue; Bhavani, Sridhar; Njau, Peter; Herrera-Foessel, Sybil; Singh, Pawan K.; Singh, Sukhwinder; Govindan, Velu (2011). "The
Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus is a Threat to World Wheat Production".
1605:
and the receptive hyphae. The pycniospores are produced in a sticky honeydew that attracts insects. The insects carry pycniospores from one leaf to another. Splashing raindrops can also spread pycniospores. A pycniospore can fertilise a receptive hypha of the opposite
2038:, Australia, rapidly produced virulence between 1982 and 1984 – the first virulence on this gene in the world. (This was especially associated with the cultivar Coorong.) Therefore, CIMMYT's triticale offerings were tested and many were found to depend solely on
4302:
Hatta, Muhammad Asyraf
Muhammad; Ghosh, Sreya; Athiyannan, Naveenkumar; Richardson, Terese; Steuernagel, Burkhard; Yu, Guotai; Rouse, Matthew N.; Ayliffe, Michael; Lagudah, Evans S.; Radhakrishnan, Guru V.; Periyannan, Sambasivam K.; Wulff, Brande B. H. (2020).
1590:. This is an important source of genetic recombination in the life cycle. Basidiospores are thin-walled and colourless. They cannot infect the cereal host, but can infect the alternative host (barberry). They are usually carried to the alternative host by wind.
247:. These diseases have affected cereal farming throughout history. The annual recurrence of stem rust of wheat in North Indian plains was discovered by K.C. Mehta. Since the 1950s, wheat strains bred to be resistant to stem rust have become available.
4708:
Periyannan, Sambasivam; Moore, John; Ayliffe, Michael; Bansal, Urmil; Wang, Xiaojing; Huang, Li; Deal, Karin; Luo, Mingcheng; Kong, Xiuying; Bariana, Harbans; Mago, Rohit; McIntosh, Robert; Dodds, Peter; Dvorak, Jan; Lagudah, Evans (2013-06-27).
597:
The rust is sometimes termed "red rust" or "red dust" owing to the spores on the leaf surfaces that range from orange to dark-red in color. Later, the spores change and become dark in color, which gives rise to another common name, "black rust".
4788:
Salcedo, Andres; Rutter, William; Wang, Shichen; Akhunova, Alina; Bolus, Stephen; Chao, Shiaoman; Anderson, Nickolas; De Soto, Monica
Fernandez; Rouse, Matthew; Szabo, Les; Bowden, Robert L.; Dubcovsky, Jorge; Akhunov, Eduard (2017-12-21).
4245:
Kumar, Sachin; Fetch, Tom G.; Knox, Ron E.; Singh, Asheesh K.; Clarke, John M.; Depauw, Ron M.; Cuthbert, Richard D.; Campbell, Heather L.; Singh, Davinder; Bhavani, Sridhar; Pozniak, Curtis J.; Meyer, Brad; Clarke, Fran R. (2020-11-19).
1362:
Stem rust on wheat is characterized by the presence of uredinia on the plant, which are brick-red, elongated, blister-like pustules that are easily shaken off. They most frequently occur on the leaf sheaths, but are also found on
1312:
and set fewer seed, and in cases of severe infection the plant may die. Infection can reduce what is an apparently healthy crop about three weeks before harvest into a black tangle of broken stems and shriveled grains by harvest.
897:
s on barley in the United States. Also afflicted wheat until a mass switch away from vulnerable cultivars resulted in complete absence in 1997 or 1998. Barley virulence is temperature-sensitive: from 18–20 °C (64–68 °F)
1656:
Spores are typically deposited close to the source, but long-distance dispersal is also well documented commonly out to hundreds of kilometres/miles. The following three categories of long-distance dispersal are known to occur:
1781:
was introgressed into wheat, which provides an additional asset for wheat improvement to mitigate yield losses caused by stem rust. Singh et al. (2011) provide a list of known Sr genes and their effectiveness against Ug99.
330:, France. This was due to the fact that European farmers noticed a correlation between barberry and stem rust epidemics in wheat. The law banned the planting of barberry near wheat fields and was the first of its kind.
5098:
Singh, Ravi; Hodson, David; Jin, Yue; Lagudah, Evans; Ayliffe, Michael; Bhavani, Sridhar; Rouse, Matthew; Pretorius, Zacharias; Szabo, Les; Huerta-Espino, Julio; Basnet, Bhoja; Lan, Caixia; Hovmoller, Mogens (2015).
395:
colonies, but as the farmers moved west, the problem with stem rust moved with them and began to spread to many areas, creating a devastating epidemic in 1916. It was not until two years later in 1918 that the
1601:) that directly penetrates the epidermis and colonises the leaf. Once inside the leaf the mycelium produces specialised infection structures called pycnia. The pycnia produce two types of haploid gametes, the
1307:
The stem rust fungus attacks the parts of the plant that are above ground. Spores that land on green wheat plants form a pustule that invades the outer layers of the stalk. Infected plants produce fewer
681:
The virulent new race, against which most current wheat strains show no resistance, was identified in 1999. The race was named TTKSK (e.g. isolate Ug99), named after the country where it was identified
308:, "Stem rust destroyed more than 20% of U.S. wheat crops several times between 1917 and 1935, and losses reached 9% twice in the 1950s," with the last U.S. outbreak in 1962 destroying 5.2% of the crop.
303:
The fungal ancestors of stem rust have infected grasses for millions of years and wheat crops for as long as they have been grown. According to Jim
Peterson, professor of wheat breeding and genetics at
5259:
4074:
1984:
4462:
3951:
Hodson, D. P.; Jaleta, M.; Tesfaye, K.; Yirga, C.; Beyene, H.; Kilian, A.; Carling, J.; Disasa, T.; Alemu, S. K.; Daba, T.; Alemayehu, Y.; Badebo, A.; Abeyo, B.; Erenstein, O. (2020-10-28).
1692:– typically temperate regions where hosts are absent during either the winter or summer. Spores overwinter or oversummer in another region and then recolonise when conditions are favorable.
4252:
4181:
967:
s in 1997 but then suddenly fell to 29% in 1998. In a few other locations in the US, and overall across the US, this race declined 97–98 in favor of other races, and not because of overall
647:
The North
American race nomenclature system was introduced in 1988 by Roelfs and Martens. This nomenclature is a series of letters each of which indicate virulence/avirulence against one
735:
resistance into regionally adapted germplasms even after resistance is identified. Similarly, in 2014, a Ug99 race called "Digalu" emerged and devastated the Digalu variety in
Ethiopia.
482:
530:
493:
3221:
508:
400:
created a program to remove barberry. The program was one that was supported by state and federal entities and was partly prompted by the threat it posed to food supplies during
519:
3189:
1379:. On leaves they develop mostly on the underside but may penetrate to the upperside. On leaf sheaths and glumes pustules rupture the epidermis, giving a ragged appearance.
2672:
Saunders, Diane G. O.; Wulff, Brande B. H.; Thomas, Jane; Fenwick, Paul M.; Visser, Botma; Steffenson, Brian; Singh, Ravi P.; Sela, Hanan; Roohparvar, Ramin (2018-02-08).
807:
samples, and 67% in 1990. Afflicted spring-sown barley in the northern Great Plains in 1990. Was the first barley stem rust to show up in the United States in 1991, in
3158:
906:
are highly effective, but above 27 °C (81 °F) they are ineffective. Not necessarily distinguishable from QCCJ, used synonymously by some practitioners.
1518:
5588:
586:
on stems and leaves is typical of a general stem rust as well as any variation of this type of fungus. Different from most fungi, the rust variations have five
3035:
Steffenson, B. J.; Case, A. J.; Pretorius, Z. A.; Coetzee, V.; Kloppers, F. J.; Zhou, H.; Chai, Y.; Wanyera, R.; Macharia, G.; Bhavani, S.; Grando, S. (2017).
2796:
Visser, Botma; Meyer, Marcel; Park, Robert F.; Gilligan, Christopher A.; Burgin, Laura E.; Hort, Matthew C.; Hodson, David P.; Pretorius, Zacharias A. (2019).
2200:
4305:"Extensive Genetic Variation at the Sr22 Wheat Stem Rust Resistance Gene Locus in the Grasses Revealed Through Evolutionary Genomics and Functional Analyses"
2381:
254:
In 1999 a new virulent race of stem rust was identified against which most current wheat strains show no resistance. The race was named TTKSK (e.g. isolate
5300:
4179:
Fetch, Thomas; Park, Robert; Pretorius, Zacharias; Depauw, Ronald (2021), "Stem rust: its history in Kenya and research to combat a global wheat threat",
5220:
4804:
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1351:
4051:
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Raccolta di tutte le opere del chiarissimo cavaliere
Giuseppe Maria Giovene con note dell'editore Luigi Marinelli Giovene: Memorie fisico agrarie
1919:
1975:
4017:
315:'s time (384–322 BC). An early ancient practice by the Romans was one where they would sacrifice red animals such as foxes, dogs, and cows to
5537:
4118:
Wessels, Elsabet; Prins, Renee; Boshoff, Willem; Zurn, Jason; Acevedo, Maricelis; Pretorius, Zacharias (2019), "Mapping a Resistance Gene to
1884:
still are which is diagnostic for the presence of various races of stem rust – but the complete absence of Ug99 specifically – from Lebanon.
5078:
1333:
The fungus weakens the stems, which can lead to lodging (falling over). In severe cases lodging can make mechanical harvesting impossible.
3235:
3133:
2866:
1563:
Towards the end of the cereal host's growing season, the mycelia produce structures called telia. Telia produce a type of spore called
881:
s afflicting wheat in the US in 1995, 1% in 1996, and not at all in 1997 or 1998. Not found on barley in 1997 but found again in 1998.
4018:"Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows » CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT"
2184:
was introgressed into wheat, which provides an additional asset for wheat improvement to mitigate yield losses caused by stem rust.
422:
South Africa itself has an ongoing problem with various stem rust outbreaks which requires better response, including an indigenous
5433:
3810:
Watson, I A.; Cass Smith, W. P.; Shipton, W. A. (1966). "Strains of stem and leaf rust on wheat in Western Australia since 1951".
5485:
5101:"Emergence and Spread of New Races of Wheat Stem Rust Fungus: Continued Threat to Food Security and Prospects of Genetic Control"
5038:
4901:
3231:
3200:
1668:
difficult to predict. This is especially known to rarely occur across thousands of km/mi from South Africa to Western Australia.
2498:
1419: in) from the leaf surface. So important is its role in maintenance of prevalence that since the near extermination of the
1918:, 2019 find the Ug99 resistance of cv. 'Matlabas' is probably due to this gene. Wessels finds it is present in less than 5% of
293:, combined with plant pathology and climate data, has pointed out the potential of the re-emergence of stem wheat rust in UK.
5193:
5490:
1618:. This is the sexual stage of the life cycle and cross-fertilisation provides an important source of genetic recombination.
4309:
3172:
434:
1982:
and rarely in hexaploid wheat. Located on the 3A chromosome arm, originally from 3R. Virulence has been observed in field
1386:
are produced. For this reason stem rust is also known as "black rust". The telia are firmly attached to the plant tissue.
3329:
2506:
1759:
None of the Sr genes provide resistance to all races of stem rust. For instance many of them are ineffective against the
5163:
5114:
4318:
4137:
3505:
3439:
3367:
3275:
3058:
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2819:
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break through the lower leaf surface. The aecial cups are yellow and sometimes elongate to extend up to 5 millimetres (
718:, causing major concern due to the large numbers of people dependent on wheat for sustenance, thus threatening global
274:, causing major concern due to the large numbers of people dependent on wheat for sustenance, thus threatening global
5283:
4555:
3195:
2405:
17:
914:
Found in the US on wheat in 1997 and 1998 – but only in the West across both years. On barley in 1997 but not 1998.
5621:
4966:
2928:
2411:
5542:
4669:
4617:
4573:
4413:
4046:
3907:
3842:
3786:
1678:
This is probably the most common mode of long-distance dispersal and usually occurs within a country or region.
1148:
Miura, Flora of Manchuria and East Mongolia, III Cryptogams, Fungi (Industr. Contr. S. Manch. Rly 27): 283 (1928)
467:
4386:
4084:(DAY 2) - Phytosanitary Safety for Transboundary pest prevention - Yellow and Black rust population variability
3793:
1240:
A.L. Guyot, Massenot & Saccas, Annales de l'École Nationale d'Agriculture de Grignon, sér. 3 5: 145 (1946)
1192:
A.L. Guyot, Massenot & Saccas, Annales de l'École Nationale d'Agriculture de Grignon, sér. 3 5: 142 (1946)
5524:
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5212:
3660:
2905:
Sharma Poudel, Roshan; Richards, Jonathan; Shrestha, Subidhya; Solanki, Shyam; Brueggeman, Robert (2019).
2285:
developed Operation Steelyard, a plan to drop wheat stem rust mixed with feathers over wheat farms in the
5472:
5372:
5074:
5029:
2228:
443:
4615:
McIntosh, R. A.; Brown, G. N. (1997). "Anticipatory Breeding for Resistance to Rust Diseases in Wheat".
4678:
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1457:
1405:
in a sticky honeydew. Five to ten days later, cup-shaped structures filled with orange-yellow, powdery
356:
338:
172:
1771:, which was effective against all previous stem rust races. Recently, a new stem rust resistance gene
5552:
5425:
2290:
1541:
Due to its cyclical nature, there is no true 'start point' for this process. Here, the production of
1401:
plants in the spring, usually in the upper leaf surfaces. They are often in small clusters and exude
1323:
Pustules break through epidermis, which disrupt the plant's control of transpiration and can lead to
61:
5245:
Bhardwaj, S.C.; Nyar, S.K.; Prashar, M.; Kumar, J; Menon, M.K.; Singh, S.B. (1990). "A pathotype of
5611:
5516:
5105:
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2993:
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Jin, Y; Steffenson, BJ; Miller, JD (1994). "Inheritance of resistance to pathotypes QCC and MCC of
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and Kansas in 1990/91, and so was expected to thereafter be a permanent part of the North American
648:
2297:
over Soviet farms, with the intention of destroying up to 50% of the Soviet winter wheat harvest.
1914:, both in 2010, already had virulence when retested against this new gene. Both Rouse and Wessels
1556:(contain two un-fused, haploid nuclei in one cell) and are formed on individual stalks within the
934:
s on wheat, barley, and oat in the US in 1997, and 31% in 1998. Displaced the previously dominant
30:"Red rust" redirects here. For the genus of parasitic thalloid green algae known as red rust, see
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305:
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858:
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population. Further pathogen adaptation, resulting in widening of the host range, is expected.
342:
4463:"Genomics accelerated isolation of a new stem rust avirulence gene–wheat resistance gene pair"
4892:
4411:
Park, Robert F.; Wellings, Colin R. (2012-09-08). "Somatic Hybridization in the Uredinales".
2232:
727:
156:
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contains many races of wheat diseases, including some of the most significant in the world.
386:
Due to the useful nature of both barberry and wheat plants, they were eventually brought to
360:
5394:
4979:
4905:
4808:
4791:"Variation in the AvrSr35gene determines Sr35 resistance against wheat stem rust race Ug99"
4736:
4483:
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3598:
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1523:
866:
3953:"Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting"
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is naturally immune to rusts. If a genetic source of this resistance could be identified,
8:
4547:
4190:
2798:"Microsatellite Analysis and Urediniospore Dispersal Simulations Support the Movement of
2326:
1728:
1593:
Once basidiospores arrive on a leaf of the alternative host, they germinate to produce a
1530:
376:
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Bhattacharya, Shaoni (2017-02-09). "Deadly new wheat disease threatens Europe's crops".
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1355:
333:
The parasitic nature of stem rust was discovered in the 1700s. Two Italian scientists,
181:
56:
5279:
2397:
1548:
Urediniospores are formed in structures called uredinia, which are produced by fungal
5616:
5573:
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5148:
5136:
5128:
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5058:
5050:
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2080:
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on barley was QCCJ. On wheat, QCCJ was still the most common race but only at 38% of
450:
3772:
3618:
3539:
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3401:
3299:
1650:
1204:(Erikss. & Henn.) Stakman & Piem., J. Agric. Res., Washington 10: 433 (1917)
651:, as diagnosed by performance against a group of cultivars known to bear that gene.
5386:
5118:
5042:
4987:
4929:
4913:
4834:
4816:
4744:
4682:
4634:
4630:
4586:
4491:
4426:
4322:
4265:
4202:
4141:
3986:
3970:
3916:
3855:
3742:
3682:
3664:
3606:
3509:
3443:
3371:
3279:
3256:
Roelfs, A. P.; Martens, J. W. (1988). "An International System of Nomenclature for
3062:
3006:
2950:
2932:
2879:
2875:
2823:
2746:
2738:
2723:
Hovmøller, Mogens S.; Pretorius, Zacharias A.; Saunders, Diane G. O. (2019-02-04).
2695:
2687:
2619:
2592:
2572:
2474:
2393:
980:
842:
4884:"Aegilops sharonensis genome-assisted identification of stem rust resistance gene
4270:
4247:
4207:
2907:"Transcriptome-wide association study identifies putative elicitors/suppressor of
1508:
can complete its life cycle either with or without barberry (the alternate host).
351:, also thoroughly studied the stem rust. Thirty years later it received its name,
5560:
4479:
3966:
3903:
3721:
2217:
2031:
1895:
1309:
955:
723:
459:
375:
Bary's discovery of all five spore stages and their need for barberry as a host,
364:
103:
5529:
5315:
5123:
5100:
4962:"Current understanding of atypical resistance against fungal pathogens in wheat"
3376:
3345:
2991:
in barley line Q21861 and temperature effects on the expression of resistance".
2528:
1688:
This occurs in areas that have unsuitable conditions for year-round survival of
1499:
5420:
5357:
4917:
4495:
4146:
3974:
3514:
3487:
3067:
3036:
2828:
2797:
2478:
2236:
2180:
1903:
1777:
1527:
1465:
1420:
889:
The first QCC race (since renamed QCCJ or QCCJB) was detected in the northwest
808:
334:
5183:
5162:
Kirby; Carus (2020). "Agroterrorism Perspectives". In Mauroni; Norton (eds.).
5046:
4992:
4961:
4327:
4304:
3747:
3716:
3635:"Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi,
3577:
3107:
2937:
2742:
2691:
2576:
2379:
1939:
but does provide moderate resistance at later stages. It is effective against
5605:
5132:
5054:
5001:
4925:
4830:
4758:
4694:
4642:
4598:
4503:
4470:
4438:
4336:
4279:
4216:
4155:
3982:
3867:
3756:
3678:
3523:
3455:
3385:
3344:
Bekele; Tadesse, Kebede; Pumphrey, Michael; Singh, Ravi P.; Jin, Yue (2015).
3291:
3076:
2946:
2891:
2837:
2120:
2115:
2075:
1542:
1435:
812:
800:
719:
575:
397:
387:
371:
275:
113:
93:
4821:
4749:
4710:
3669:
2606:
Wanyera, R.; Macharia, J. K.; Kilonzo, S. M.; Kamundia, J. W. (2009-08-06).
1320:
Fungus absorbs nutrients that would otherwise be used for grain development.
5477:
5140:
5062:
5009:
4943:
4848:
4766:
4650:
4511:
4446:
4344:
4163:
4000:
3928:
3875:
3809:
3764:
3696:
3531:
3393:
3084:
2964:
2919:
2845:
2760:
2709:
2633:
2624:
2607:
2584:
2469:
Schumann, G.L.; Leonard, K. J. (2011) . "Stem rust of wheat (black rust)".
2286:
2213:
2043:
1907:
1587:
1482:
1464:, requiring two hosts to complete its life cycle – the cereal host and the
1461:
1424:
1376:
1228:
A.L. Guyot, Massenot & Saccas ex Z. Urb., Česká Mykol. 21(1): 14 (1967)
890:
846:
583:
416:
380:
341:, first explained the stem rust fungus in wheat in 1767. Italian scientist
285:
in 2016, suggesting that the disease is returning to Europe. Comprehensive
123:
2608:"Foliar Fungicides to Control Wheat Stem Rust, Race TTKS (Ug99), in Kenya"
5565:
5511:
5446:
5366:
4091:
Germplasm Health Webinar series. Vol. Phytosanitary Awareness Week.
3283:
3010:
2380:
Singh, Ravi P.; Hodson, David; Huerta-Espino, Julio; et al. (2008).
2152:
came first, followed by the selective pressure of widespread adoption of
1707:
1607:
1602:
1456:(it colonizes living plant cells) and has a complex life cycle featuring
1402:
1324:
1296:
Sowerby, Col. fig. Engl. Fung. Mushr. (London) 2(no. 13): tab. 140 (1799)
862:
715:
401:
392:
271:
232:
31:
5165:
Agroterrorism: National Defense Assessment, Strategies, and Capabilities
4571:
Roelfs, A P (1988). "Genetic Control of Phenotypes in Wheat Stem Rust".
1216:
A.L. Guyot, Massenot & Saccas, Ann. Ec. Agric. Grignon 5: 145 (1946)
1052:(Erikss. & Henn.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 3(3): 470 (1898)
616:
281:
An outbreak of another virulent race of stem rust, TTTTF, took place in
5438:
5188:
4354:
4289:
3938:
3883:
3730:
3610:
3447:
3354:
that Caused a Wheat Stem Rust Epidemic in Southern Ethiopia in 2013–14"
3094:
2314:
2133:
2035:
1626:
1564:
1406:
1364:
590:
stages and alternate between two hosts. Wheat is the primary host, and
5451:
1288:(Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 534 (1821)
5503:
5407:
5289:
2674:"Potential for re-emergence of wheat stem rust in the United Kingdom"
2294:
2276:
2019:
1979:
1785:
There has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among
1764:
1734:
1579:
1557:
1552:
on the cereal host 1–2 weeks after infection. The urediniospores are
950:
samples from wheat in 1991 in the United States. Unusually severe in
870:
854:
850:
408:
312:
248:
244:
73:
48:
5328:
5171:. U.S. Air Force Center for Strategic Deterrence Studies. p. 9.
2904:
2883:
5498:
5412:
5351:
5295:
4975:
2659:
2084:
2015:
2007:
1911:
1786:
1615:
1611:
1594:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1470:
1444:
1398:
927:
748:
703:
691:
591:
259:
133:
4377:
1957:
alleles, with some conferring resistance and some susceptibility.
1330:
Interference with plant vascular tissue leads to shriveled grains.
1012:
Rebent., Prodr. fl. neomarch. (Berolini): 352, tab. 3:11a-b (1804)
4261:
4078:
1940:
1936:
1869:
1598:
1583:
1476:
1020:(Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Schltdl., Fl. berol. (Berlin) 2: 112 (1824)
817:
792:
Synonymous with QCCJB or known as QCC-2 by some classifications.
675:
667:
316:
286:
5399:
4667:
Johnson, R (1984). "A Critical Analysis of Durable Resistance".
2725:"Tackling the re-emergence of wheat stem rust in Western Europe"
2050:
has become less common in CIMMYT triticales since the mid-'80s.
1706:(Sr genes) have been identified in wheat. Some of them arose in
4357:
2195:
2092:
1703:
1622:
1383:
1092:
Barclay, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Sci. 58: 246 (1889)
1060:(Arthur) Arthur, Résult. Sci. Congr. Bot. Wien 1905: 344 (1906)
771:
707:
683:
565:
544:
503:
412:
323:
282:
263:
240:
228:
219:
83:
4301:
4248:"Mapping of Ug99 stem rust resistance in Canadian durum wheat"
3034:
2605:
415:
origin, and in 2018 DNA analysis confirmed that, specifically
5197:
4350:
4285:
4096:
4088:
4022:
3934:
3879:
3424:
Roelfs, A. P.; Long, D. L.; Roberts, J. J. (1993). "Races of
3090:
2027:
1790:
1719:
1372:
775:
744:
699:
695:
687:
587:
579:
561:
439:
327:
236:
231:
crops. Crop species that are affected by the disease include
4880:
4707:
3346:"Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Race TKTTF of
2468:
2064:, which was effective against all previous stem rust races.
4012:
4010:
3838:
3812:
Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
2306:
2260:
2096:
1760:
1427:
in the United States, epidemics in crops have become rare.
1389:
The site of infection is a visible symptom of the disease.
1368:
1036:(Fuckel) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 3(3): 467 (1898)
711:
663:
267:
255:
5274:
3589:
Peterson, Ronald H. (1974). "The rust fungus life cycle".
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
2722:
2671:
2010:
and slight degree of sporulation commonly allowed by most
1316:
Stem rust of cereals causes yield losses in several ways:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4787:
4459:
4038:
1971:
1743:
1494:) is considered to be the most important alternate host.
992:
Pers. ex J.F. Gmel., Syst. Nat., Edn 13 2(2): 1473 (1792)
706:
of stem rust on wheat caused by race TTKSK spread across
540:
477:
379:, a Canadian pathologist, identified the function of the
262:
of stem rust on wheat caused by race TTKSK spread across
5244:
4178:
4007:
3950:
3408:
3342:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2915:
that modulate barley rpg4-mediated stem rust resistance"
1797:(the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center).
1789:
farmers since 2014 – a great deal of which is thanks to
1264:
Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires 6: 224 (1898)
1044:(Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 542 (1821)
4960:
Sinha, Arunima; Singh, Lovepreet; Rawat, Nidhi (2022).
4719:
Genes, Encodes Resistance to Wheat Stem Rust Race Ug99"
4117:
3470:
2864:
Park, R. F. (2007). "Stem rust of wheat in Australia".
2795:
2773:
2657:
Kaplan, Karen (July 22, 2009) "A red alert for wheat".
2156:
wheat races, followed by the evolution of virulence on
2095:. Confers broad resistance to multiple races including
4863:
4610:
4608:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4066:
4054:(the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)
3631:
1621:
This dikaryotic mycelium then forms structures called
926:
s on wheat in 1991. Traces found growing in northwest
5097:
4701:
4406:
4404:
3017:
1132:
G.H. Otth, Mitt. naturf. Ges. Bern 531-552: 88 (1864)
1068:
G.H. Otth, Mitt. naturf. Ges. Bern 531-552: 88 (1864)
686:) and the year of its discovery (1999). It spread to
311:
Stem rust has been an ongoing problem dating back to
4541:
4453:
4047:"Shining a brighter light on adoption and diffusion"
3625:
2042:. Four years later, in 1988, virulence was found in
1003:
Rebent., Prodr. fl. neomarch. (Berolini): 352 (1804)
5221:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
5093:
5091:
4805:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
4733:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
4605:
4526:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4236:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3249:
2982:
1697:
1625:, which produce a type of dikaryotic spores called
601:
251:effective against stem rust are available as well.
4781:
4401:
4372:
4370:
3486:McVey, D. V.; Long, D. L.; Roberts, J. J. (2002).
3336:
3169:(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)
3159:"North American Stem Rust Nomenclature Code Sheet"
3037:"Vulnerability of Barley to African Pathotypes of
865:before the 1991 season resulted in an epidemic in
348:Lettera al dottor Cosimo Moschettini sulla ruggine
3944:
3803:
3423:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2898:
1256:Röhl., Deutschl. Fl. (Frankfurt) 3(3): 132 (1813)
1100:Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 27-28: 15 (1874)
1076:C.-J. Duval, in Hoppe, Bot. Taschenb.: 257 (1793)
463:, which vary in host range have been identified.
411:were found and for decades one hypothesis was an
5603:
5088:
4295:
4233:
3825:
3485:
3214:
2499:"Wheat disease a threat to global food security"
2382:"Will Stem Rust Destroy The World's Wheat Crop?"
2132:gene so named because it was discovered causing
1272:Erikss. & Henn., Z. PflKrankh. 4: 140 (1894)
1028:(Barclay) Syd., Annls mycol. 20(3/4): 117 (1922)
833:in 1991. 67% of QCCJ was from barley and 95% of
815:. Thought to be responsible for rusting of wild
674:and now has proliferated into a large number of
4959:
4662:
4660:
4367:
4093:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
3652:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
1575:is able to overwinter independently of a host.
1354:(Infected and uninfected depending on specific
702:, and becomes more virulent as it spreads. An
5204:
3779:
3182:
2971:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2026:virulent on wheat with this gene was found in
1632:
1124:Schumach., Enum. pl. (Kjbenhavn) 2: 233 (1801)
5200:'s Research Program on Rice). pp. 38–39.
5025:
4614:
4542:McIntosh, RA; Wellings, CR; Park, RF (1995).
3710:
3708:
3706:
3578:Animated video of the life cycle of stem rust
3322:"Ug99 Stem Rust – Breaching Wheat's Defences"
3255:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
1718:), while others have been bred in from other
1486:) that are susceptible to stem rust, but the
1280:Arthur, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 28: 663 (1901)
1116:H. Mart., Prodr. Fl. Mosq., Edn 2: 227 (1817)
346:
5079:National Natural Science Foundation of China
4657:
4410:
3306:
3151:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2554:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2160:by way of nonfunctionalization mutations of
1434:
1382:Towards the end of the growing season black
1156:Mayor, Revue Mycol., Paris 22(3): 273 (1957)
1140:Gäum., Ber. schweiz. bot. Ges. 55: 79 (1945)
1108:T.S. Ramakr., Indian Phytopath. 6: 30 (1954)
1084:Mayor, Revue Mycol., Paris 22(3): 278 (1957)
4564:
3126:
2867:Australian Journal of Agricultural Research
2784:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
5181:
5161:
4544:Wheat Rusts - An Atlas of Resistance Genes
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3703:
3582:
3492:in the United States During 1997 and 1998"
2485:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2253:Originally from the widespread Ethiopian '
2174:Recently, a new stem rust resistance gene
47:
5260:Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Bulletin
5122:
4991:
4933:
4838:
4820:
4748:
4326:
4269:
4206:
4145:
4126:in the Bread Wheat Cultivar 'Matlabas'",
3990:
3746:
3686:
3668:
3513:
3375:
3066:
2954:
2936:
2852:
2827:
2750:
2699:
2623:
2425:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2006:s that does not allow the underdeveloped
1651:spore types that are known for rust fungi
1536:
1498:is macrocyclic (exhibits all five of the
1248:Ellis & Barthol., Erythea 4: 2 (1896)
825:and Great Plains, and overall was 94% of
407:In 1969 two races not detected before in
4075:Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute
3588:
2640:
2208:from that species. Was discovered by Yu
1545:is arbitrarily chosen as a start point.
1346:
958:, in 1991. TPMK was the worst at 69% of
433:
5210:
5175:
5039:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
4902:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
4666:
3890:
3319:
3232:United States Department of Agriculture
2929:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
2496:
1567:. These black, thick-walled spores are
954:in the first week of June, and in west
14:
5604:
5213:"Does rust-free rice hold the secret?"
4570:
4044:
3787:Sounding the Alarm on Global Stem Rust
2348:
1953:There is considerable variation among
1180:Z. Urb., Česká Mykol. 21(1): 14 (1967)
841:. Continues to threaten barley in the
227:, which causes significant disease in
5333:
5332:
5194:International Rice Research Institute
3714:
3100:
1732:) or from other members of the tribe
1337:
893:in 1988, and by 1990 was over 90% of
5553:155d2162-bd25-401d-8b82-00b695e834a6
4310:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
2863:
2550:
2548:
2030:in 1972. Deployment in triticale in
1978:), now (as of 2021) widely found in
1009:Aecidium berberidis var. cylindricum
722:. In 2011, after it had spread into
611:
4687:10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001521
4591:10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.002031
4431:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095405
4253:Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology
4182:Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology
3921:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423
3860:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423
3428:in the United States During 1991".
3330:British Society for Plant Pathology
2507:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1935:does not protect seedlings against
1586:to form four haploid spores called
24:
5238:
5115:American Phytopathological Society
4319:American Phytopathological Society
4138:American Phytopathological Society
4107:
3506:American Phytopathological Society
3440:American Phytopathological Society
3368:American Phytopathological Society
3276:American Phytopathological Society
3059:American Phytopathological Society
3003:American Phytopathological Society
2820:American Phytopathological Society
2806:from Southern Africa to Australia"
2239:which are common among plants. Yu
1641:
1571:. They are the only form in which
25:
5633:
5290:Animation of stem rust life cycle
5284:Food and Agriculture Organization
5268:
5211:Cameron, Katherine (2011-02-28).
3196:Food and Agriculture Organization
2545:
2497:Vincent, Michael (1 March 2011).
2140:– is the ancestral allele to all
1662:Extremely long-distance dispersal
1610:, leading to the production of a
4967:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
4103:from the original on 2021-12-14.
3554:"Species Fungorum - GSD Species"
3190:"Rust - Stem: Race Nomenclature"
2774:Giovene, Giuseppe Maria (1839).
2270:
1894:Discovered and found to provide
1698:Wheat stem rust resistance genes
1502:that are known for rust fungi).
930:fields, also in 1991. 8% of all
615:
60:
5155:
4670:Annual Review of Phytopathology
4618:Annual Review of Phytopathology
4574:Annual Review of Phytopathology
4414:Annual Review of Phytopathology
3908:Annual Review of Phytopathology
3843:Annual Review of Phytopathology
3571:
3546:
3320:Hawkins, Nichola (2021-01-20).
2767:
5275:Borlaug Global Rust Initiative
4635:10.1146/annurev.phyto.35.1.311
4387:Borlaug Global Rust Initiative
3794:Borlaug Global Rust Initiative
2716:
2665:
2599:
2520:
1392:
27:Fungus disease of cereal crops
13:
1:
4271:10.1080/07060661.2020.1843073
4208:10.1080/07060661.2021.1902860
4045:Yasabu, Simret (2020-12-15).
3818:(8): Article 7. p. 365:
3227:Agricultural Research Service
2533:Plant diseases identification
2526:
2398:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00205-8
2341:
2293:bombers would drop 500-pound
2144:alleles that are virulent on
1683:Extinction and recolonisation
1430:
1327:and infection by other fungi.
770:Successfully overwintered in
457:, and several special forms,
190:
5192:. Vol. 10, no. 1.
3661:National Academy of Sciences
2289:. If the plan were enacted,
2124:conferring some resistance.
1468:. There are many species in
1302:
7:
5124:10.1094/phyto-01-15-0030-fi
5075:Chinese Academy of Sciences
5030:Science China Life Sciences
3377:10.1094/phyto-11-14-0302-fi
2471:The Plant Health Instructor
2320:
1868:are no longer effective in
1633:Life cycle without barberry
1342:
1168:Baudyš, Lotos 64: 29 (1916)
974:
444:Botanical Museum Greifswald
429:
10:
5638:
5182:McCandless, Linda (2011).
4918:10.1038/s41467-022-29132-8
4496:10.1038/s41477-021-00971-5
4147:10.1094/pdis-10-18-1731-re
3975:10.1038/s41598-020-75181-8
3637:Melampsora larici-populina
3515:10.1094/pdis.2002.86.6.568
3068:10.1094/phyto-11-16-0400-r
3045:and Sources of Resistance"
2829:10.1094/phyto-04-18-0110-r
2479:10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0721-01
2274:
2264:
1763:lineage. Notably Ug99 has
1578:Each teliospore undergoes
1458:alternation of generations
743:JRCQC is a race affecting
574:is a member of the phylum
298:
29:
5341:
5047:10.1007/s11427-022-2178-7
4993:10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102247
4328:10.1094/mpmi-01-20-0018-r
3748:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.034
2938:10.1186/s12864-019-6369-7
2780:. Cannone. pp. 152–.
2743:10.1038/s42003-019-0294-9
2692:10.1038/s42003-018-0013-y
2577:10.1038/nature.2017.21424
2300:
2291:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
2060:Ug99 is virulent against
1673:Step-wise range expansion
1649:produces all five of the
935:
869:and northwestern Kansas.
861:and the adjacent part of
345:(1753–1837), in his work
187:
180:
162:
155:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
41:
4715:, an Ortholog of Barley
2246:
1480:(and their hybrid genus
1269:Puccinia phlei-pratensis
1049:Dicaeoma phlei-pratensis
884:
823:Midwestern United States
738:
5622:Fungi described in 1794
4822:10.1126/science.aao7294
4750:10.1126/science.1239028
3715:Gross, Michael (2013).
3670:10.1073/pnas.1019315108
3558:www.speciesfungorum.org
2305:Alone amongst cereals,
2283:United States Air Force
2187:
2167:
2104:
2067:
2053:
1960:
1946:
1925:
1887:
1582:(fusion of nuclei) and
1261:Puccinia megalopotamica
1105:Puccinia brizae-maximae
941:
917:
909:
873:against barley bearing
787:
654:
594:is the alternate host.
424:breeding for resistance
359:, and in 1854 brothers
306:Oregon State University
4099:. Slide at 00:44:37.
3326:Plant Pandemic Studies
2730:Communications Biology
2679:Communications Biology
2625:10.1094/PDIS-93-9-0929
2194:An NLR (or NB-LRR, or
1753:Thinopyrum intermedium
1702:A number of stem rust
1537:Life cycle on barberry
1439:
1359:
859:South Central Oklahoma
762:
754:
449:There is considerable
446:
347:
343:Giuseppe Maria Giovene
5286:of the United Nations
4893:Nature Communications
4264:UK Limited: 599–611.
3222:"Race identification"
3134:"Wheat Rust Diseases"
2317:could be the future.
2235:which is composed of
2233:tandem protein kinase
2014:s. Instead there are
1988:and in an artificial
1902:, 2014. However Ug99
1519:obligately biotrophic
1438:
1350:
1089:Puccinia anthistiriae
1073:Lycoperdon berberidis
1025:Dicaeoma anthistiriae
853:. Higher than normal
728:Bill Gates Foundation
582:. The characteristic
442:, late 19th century,
437:
5296:"Norwich Rust Group"
4191:Taylor & Francis
3591:The Botanical Review
3284:10.1094/phyto-78-526
3011:10.1094/Phyto-84-452
2386:Advances in Agronomy
2204:, one of only three
2201:Aegilops sharonensis
1524:convergent evolution
1285:Roestelia berberidis
1097:Puccinia anthoxanthi
1033:Dicaeoma anthoxanthi
799:race in 1991 in the
5024: •
4984:2022COPB...6802247S
4958: •
4910:2022NatCo..13.1607Y
4879: •
4813:2017Sci...358.1604S
4807:(AAAS): 1604–1606.
4741:2013Sci...341..786P
4488:2021NatPl...7.1220U
4355:0000-0002-8952-5684
4290:0000-0002-4091-2608
4199:2021CaJPP..43S.275F
4177: •
4116: •
3939:0000-0002-4091-2608
3884:0000-0002-4091-2608
3739:2013CBio...23.R855G
3717:"Pests on the move"
3603:1974BotRv..40..453P
3108:"Red Rust of Wheat"
3095:0000-0002-4091-2608
2569:2017Natur.542..145B
2327:Chilean wheat cycle
2121:Triticum monococcum
1998:. When successful,
1970:is originally from
1137:Puccinia dactylidis
1129:Puccinia dactylidis
1081:Puccinia albigensis
997:Aecidium berberidis
989:Aecidium berberidis
774:in 1989/90, and in
578:within the kingdom
453:within the species
218:, is caused by the
5301:Norwich Rust Group
5217:The Plantwise Blog
5184:"No rust for rice"
4140:(APS): 2337–2344,
4027:. 10 November 2020
3958:Scientific Reports
3611:10.1007/BF02860021
3448:10.1094/pd-77-0129
3112:Rainy River Record
2281:In the 1950s, the
2078:from a wild wheat
1440:
1423:from the northern
1360:
1338:Signs and symptoms
1153:Puccinia favargeri
938:suddenly in 1998.
627:. You can help by
447:
5599:
5598:
5589:puccinia-graminis
5574:Open Tree of Life
5373:Puccinia graminis
5343:Puccinia graminis
5335:Taxon identifiers
5247:Puccinia graminis
4120:Puccinia graminis
3641:Puccinia graminis
3490:Puccinia graminis
3426:Puccinia graminis
3348:Puccinia graminis
3258:Puccinia graminis
3039:Puccinia graminis
2985:Puccinia graminis
2909:Puccinia graminis
2800:Puccinia graminis
2563:(7640): 145–146.
2313:with rice as the
2311:transgenic wheats
2263:, susceptible to
2081:Aegilops tauschii
2002:is among the few
1690:Puccinia graminis
1647:Puccinia graminis
1573:Puccinia graminis
1522:broad pattern of
1454:obligate biotroph
1397:Pycnia appear on
1352:Race differential
1253:Puccinia linearis
1233:Puccinia graminis
1221:Puccinia graminis
1209:Puccinia graminis
1197:Puccinia graminis
1185:Puccinia graminis
1173:Puccinia graminis
1161:Puccinia graminis
1121:Puccinia culmorum
1113:Puccinia cerealis
1065:Epitea dactylidis
1041:Dicaeoma graminis
1017:Caeoma berberidis
952:southern Illinois
877:. Down to 26% of
666:began as a race (
645:
644:
603:Puccinia graminis
550:Puccinia graminis
532:Puccinia graminis
521:Puccinia graminis
510:Puccinia graminis
495:Puccinia graminis
484:Puccinia graminis
469:Puccinia graminis
451:genetic diversity
353:Puccinia graminis
291:Puccinia graminis
224:Puccinia graminis
197:
196:
166:Puccinia graminis
18:Puccinia graminis
16:(Redirected from
5629:
5592:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5569:
5568:
5556:
5555:
5546:
5545:
5533:
5532:
5530:NHMSYS0001495612
5520:
5519:
5507:
5506:
5494:
5493:
5481:
5480:
5468:
5467:
5455:
5454:
5442:
5441:
5429:
5428:
5416:
5415:
5403:
5402:
5390:
5389:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5264:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5126:
5117:(APS): 872–884.
5095:
5086:
5082:
5021:
4995:
4955:
4937:
4874:
4861:
4860:
4842:
4824:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4752:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4539:
4524:
4523:
4467:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4374:
4365:
4348:
4330:
4299:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4242:
4231:
4227:
4210:
4174:
4149:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4081:) (2020-11-09).
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4014:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3948:
3942:
3932:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3791:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3750:
3712:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3672:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3517:
3483:
3468:
3467:
3421:
3406:
3405:
3379:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3234:. Archived from
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3199:. Archived from
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3171:. Archived from
3163:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3088:
3070:
3032:
3015:
3014:
2980:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2940:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2876:CSIRO Publishing
2861:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2793:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2669:
2663:
2655:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2466:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2410:. Archived from
2377:
2259:'. Resistant to
2258:
2257:
2212:, 2017 and then
2206:resistance genes
1994:
1704:resistance genes
1528:plant pathogenic
1516:
1496:P. graminis
1460:. The fungus is
1450:P. graminis
1418:
1417:
1413:
1356:resistance genes
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1149:
1145:Puccinia elymina
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1004:
993:
981:Species Fungorum
843:Red River Valley
767:Affects barley.
759:Affects barley.
676:races of its own
640:
637:
619:
612:
455:P. graminis
350:
202:, also known as
168:
148:P. graminis
65:
64:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5612:Cereal diseases
5602:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5585:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5561:Observation.org
5559:
5551:
5549:
5541:
5536:
5528:
5523:
5515:
5510:
5502:
5497:
5489:
5484:
5476:
5471:
5463:
5458:
5450:
5445:
5437:
5432:
5424:
5419:
5411:
5406:
5398:
5393:
5385:
5380:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5337:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5306:
5304:
5294:
5271:
5241:
5239:Further reading
5236:
5235:
5226:
5224:
5209:
5205:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5096:
5089:
5085:
4875:
4864:
4786:
4782:
4706:
4702:
4665:
4658:
4613:
4606:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4540:
4527:
4480:Nature Research
4465:
4458:
4454:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4391:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4300:
4296:
4243:
4234:
4230:
4112:
4108:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4056:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4028:
4016:
4015:
4008:
3967:Springer Nature
3949:
3945:
3902:
3891:
3837:
3826:
3808:
3804:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3722:Current Biology
3713:
3704:
3630:
3626:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3484:
3471:
3422:
3409:
3341:
3337:
3318:
3307:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3239:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3194:United Nations
3188:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3138:Crop Science US
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3033:
3018:
2981:
2972:
2903:
2899:
2884:10.1071/ar07117
2862:
2853:
2794:
2785:
2772:
2768:
2721:
2717:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2641:
2604:
2600:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2495:
2486:
2467:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2378:
2349:
2344:
2323:
2303:
2279:
2273:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2192:
2172:
2109:
2072:
2058:
2032:New South Wales
1992:
1965:
1951:
1930:
1896:Ug99 resistance
1892:
1700:
1644:
1642:Spore dispersal
1635:
1539:
1514:
1488:common barberry
1433:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1395:
1345:
1340:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1245:Puccinia jubata
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1201:phlei-pratensis
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1002:
991:
977:
956:central Indiana
944:
920:
912:
887:
790:
765:
757:
741:
724:southern Africa
657:
649:resistance gene
641:
635:
632:
625:needs expansion
610:
460:forma specialis
432:
365:Charles Tulasne
301:
191:§ Synonyms
176:
170:
164:
151:
104:Pucciniomycetes
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5635:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5583:
5570:
5557:
5547:
5534:
5521:
5508:
5495:
5482:
5469:
5456:
5443:
5430:
5417:
5404:
5391:
5378:
5363:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5327:
5326:
5312:
5292:
5287:
5277:
5270:
5269:External links
5267:
5266:
5265:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5203:
5174:
5154:
5106:Phytopathology
5087:
5084:
5083:
5022:
4956:
4876:
4862:
4780:
4700:
4679:Annual Reviews
4656:
4627:Annual Reviews
4604:
4583:Annual Reviews
4563:
4556:
4525:
4452:
4423:Annual Reviews
4400:
4366:
4294:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4175:
4113:
4106:
4073:Rola El Amil (
4065:
4037:
4006:
3943:
3915:(1): 465–481.
3889:
3852:Annual Reviews
3824:
3802:
3778:
3702:
3624:
3597:(4): 453–513.
3581:
3570:
3545:
3469:
3407:
3359:Phytopathology
3335:
3305:
3267:Phytopathology
3248:
3213:
3181:
3178:on 2021-04-03.
3150:
3125:
3099:
3050:Phytopathology
3016:
2994:Phytopathology
2970:
2897:
2851:
2811:Phytopathology
2783:
2766:
2715:
2664:
2639:
2618:(9): 929–932.
2598:
2544:
2519:
2484:
2424:
2406:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2302:
2299:
2275:Main article:
2272:
2269:
2250:
2245:
2191:
2186:
2181:Secale cereale
2171:
2166:
2108:
2103:
2071:
2066:
2057:
2052:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1945:
1929:
1924:
1920:breeding lines
1891:
1886:
1778:Secale cereale
1722:species (e.g.
1699:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1543:urediniospores
1538:
1535:
1483:x Mahoberberis
1466:alternate host
1432:
1429:
1421:alternate host
1394:
1391:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:Uredo frumenti
1290:
1282:
1277:Puccinia vilis
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1057:Dicaeoma vilis
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
994:
985:
976:
973:
943:
940:
919:
916:
911:
908:
886:
883:
857:production in
809:southern Texas
789:
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761:
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26:
9:
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2:
5634:
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5609:
5607:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5285:
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5276:
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5272:
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5261:
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5218:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5195:
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5185:
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5167:
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5138:
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5116:
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5094:
5092:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5041:: 1718–1775.
5040:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4985:
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4977:
4973:
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4963:
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4927:
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4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4609:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4557:9789401040419
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4482:: 1220–1228.
4481:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4471:Nature Plants
4464:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4321:: 1286–1298.
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4193:: S275–S297,
4192:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4129:Plant Disease
4125:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3796:. p. 4:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3733:: R855–R857.
3732:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3663:: 9166–9171.
3662:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3574:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3497:Plant Disease
3493:
3491:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3431:Plant Disease
3427:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3238:on 2021-04-03
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3203:on 2021-04-03
3202:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3114:. 15 May 2012
3113:
3109:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:Plant Disease
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2414:on 2020-11-08
2413:
2409:
2407:9780123743558
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2271:Weaponization
2268:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:for a unique
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2116:introgression
2113:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:introgression
2070:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:T. monococcum
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:basidiospores
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1512:P. g. tritici
1509:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
987:
986:
984:
982:
979:As listed by
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
915:
907:
905:
901:
896:
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:North Central
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
803:, 68% of all
802:
801:United States
798:
793:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
760:
752:
750:
746:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:food security
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
652:
650:
639:
630:
626:
623:This section
621:
618:
614:
613:
608:
604:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Basidiomycota
573:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
546:
542:
538:
537:
533:
529:
527:
526:
522:
518:
516:
515:
511:
507:
505:
501:
500:
496:
492:
490:
489:
485:
481:
479:
475:
474:
470:
466:
465:
464:
462:
461:
456:
452:
445:
441:
436:
427:
425:
420:
418:
417:South African
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
398:United States
394:
389:
388:North America
384:
382:
378:
373:
372:Anton de Bary
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
276:food security
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
192:
186:
183:
179:
174:
169:
167:
161:
158:
157:Binomial name
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Basidiomycota
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5342:
5319:. Retrieved
5305:. Retrieved
5299:
5282:by FAO (the
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5225:. Retrieved
5216:
5206:
5187:
5177:
5164:
5157:
5110:
5104:
5034:
5028:
4971:
4965:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4800:
4794:
4783:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4674:
4668:
4622:
4616:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4543:
4475:
4469:
4455:
4418:
4412:
4392:. Retrieved
4385:
4379:
4314:
4308:
4297:
4257:
4251:
4186:
4180:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4083:
4068:
4057:. Retrieved
4050:
4040:
4029:. Retrieved
4021:
3962:
3956:
3946:
3912:
3906:
3847:
3841:
3820:It may be...
3819:
3815:
3814:. Series 4.
3811:
3805:
3797:
3781:
3726:
3720:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3573:
3561:. Retrieved
3557:
3548:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3325:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:the original
3225:
3216:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:the original
3193:
3184:
3173:the original
3165:
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3111:
3102:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3038:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2924:
2920:BMC Genomics
2918:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2871:
2865:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2776:
2769:
2734:
2728:
2718:
2683:
2677:
2667:
2658:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2560:
2556:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2502:
2470:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:the original
2389:
2385:
2333:
2304:
2287:Soviet Union
2280:
2265:§ TKTTF
2252:
2247:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2214:introgressed
2209:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2044:South Africa
2039:
2023:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1976:Imperial Rye
1967:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1915:
1908:South Africa
1899:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1620:
1603:pycniospores
1592:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1547:
1540:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1462:heteroecious
1449:
1443:
1441:
1425:Great Plains
1403:pycniospores
1396:
1388:
1381:
1361:
1315:
1306:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1001:cyathiforme
1000:
996:
988:
978:
968:
964:
959:
947:
945:
931:
923:
921:
913:
903:
899:
894:
891:Great Plains
888:
878:
874:
847:North Dakota
838:
834:
830:
826:
816:
804:
796:
795:Most common
794:
791:
784:
779:
769:
766:
758:
742:
731:
730:donated $ 40
680:
671:
659:
658:
646:
633:
629:adding to it
624:
606:
602:
596:
571:
570:
557:
553:
549:
535:
531:
524:
520:
513:
509:
498:
494:
487:
483:
472:
468:
458:
454:
448:
421:
406:
385:
381:spermogonium
377:John Craigie
370:
352:
332:
320:
310:
302:
295:
290:
289:analysis of
280:
253:
223:
222:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:
188:
165:
163:
147:
146:
134:
124:Pucciniaceae
36:
5512:NatureServe
5447:iNaturalist
5367:Wikispecies
5316:"Stem Rust"
5257:in India".
4735:: 786–788.
4681:: 309–330.
4629:: 311–326.
4585:: 351–367.
4425:: 219–239.
4362:57189640847
3854:: 465–481.
3798:Like all...
3508:: 568–572.
3370:: 917–928.
3061:: 950–962.
3005:: 452–455.
2822:: 133–144.
2527:O, Akhtar.
2392:: 272–309.
2085:orthologous
1708:bread wheat
1627:aeciospores
1608:mating type
1565:teliospores
1526:around the
1506:P. graminis
1500:spore types
1492:B. vulgaris
1442:Like other
1407:aeciospores
1393:On barberry
1325:desiccation
1177:graminicola
863:North Texas
716:Middle East
572:P. graminis
438:Model of a
402:World War I
393:New England
272:Middle East
237:durum wheat
233:bread wheat
204:cereal rust
114:Pucciniales
32:Cephaleuros
5606:Categories
5321:2021-05-26
5307:2020-12-18
5227:2021-04-10
5189:Rice Today
4978:: 102247.
4711:"The Gene
4394:2021-07-24
4059:2021-01-01
4031:2020-11-18
3792:(Report).
3731:Cell Press
3488:"Races of
3242:2021-04-03
3207:2021-04-03
2538:2020-05-31
2418:2018-12-29
2342:References
2315:gene donor
2295:M115 bombs
2220:by Millet
2134:avirulence
2036:Queensland
1616:dikaryotic
1597:(which is
1569:dikaryotic
1554:dikaryotic
1431:Life cycle
1165:macrospora
636:April 2021
584:rust color
361:Louis René
249:Fungicides
208:black rust
90:Division:
42:Stem rust
5517:2.1086081
5280:Stem rust
5149:205345605
5133:0031-949X
5071:251842538
5055:1674-7305
5018:249729162
5002:1369-5266
4952:247713750
4926:2041-1723
4857:206664159
4831:0036-8075
4775:206549297
4759:0036-8075
4695:0066-4286
4643:0066-4286
4599:0066-4286
4520:236199741
4504:2055-0278
4439:0066-4286
4337:0894-0282
4280:0706-0661
4225:233672540
4217:0706-0661
4172:146090970
4156:0191-2917
3983:2045-2322
3969:: 18532.
3868:0066-4286
3757:0960-9822
3679:0027-8424
3563:19 August
3524:0191-2917
3456:0191-2917
3386:0031-949X
3292:0031-949X
3077:0031-949X
2947:1471-2164
2892:0004-9409
2838:0031-949X
2737:(1): 51.
2686:(1): 13.
2529:"History"
2277:M115 bomb
2218:hexaploid
2020:chlorotic
1980:triticale
1898:by Rouse
1800:Although
1787:Ethiopian
1765:virulence
1735:Triticeae
1580:karyogamy
1558:uredinium
1531:lifestyle
1448:species,
1303:Pathology
1225:stakmanii
1213:stakmanii
971:decline.
851:Minnesota
426:program.
409:Australia
383:in 1927.
368:unknown.
313:Aristotle
245:triticale
200:Stem rust
142:Species:
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
5617:Puccinia
5499:MycoBank
5465:10728842
5421:Fungorum
5358:Q1342327
5352:Wikidata
5263:: 35–38.
5219:. CABI (
5196:(IRRI) (
5141:26120730
5063:36018491
5010:35716636
4976:Elsevier
4944:35338132
4904:: 1607.
4849:29269474
4803:(6370).
4767:23811228
4731:(6147).
4651:15012526
4548:Springer
4512:34294906
4461:(2021).
4447:22920559
4345:32779520
4189:(sup2),
4164:31306087
4101:Archived
4001:33116201
3929:21568701
3876:21568701
3773:15559913
3765:24251330
3697:21536894
3619:45598137
3540:73493362
3532:30823225
3464:88120284
3402:40448078
3394:25775107
3300:85077767
3085:28398875
2965:31842749
2846:30028232
2761:30729187
2710:30271900
2660:LA Times
2634:30754537
2585:28179687
2503:ABC News
2334:Puccinia
2332:List of
2321:See also
2243:, 2022
2224:, 2017.
2022:flecks.
2016:necrotic
2008:uredinia
1912:Zimbabwe
1904:isolates
1767:against
1614:that is
1612:mycelium
1595:mycelium
1471:Berberis
1445:Puccinia
1399:barberry
1343:On wheat
975:Synonyms
928:Illinois
871:Virulent
855:inoculum
749:Ethiopia
714:and the
704:epidemic
692:Ethiopia
592:barberry
488:dactylis
430:Taxonomy
339:Tozzetti
270:and the
260:epidemic
216:red dust
212:red rust
182:Synonyms
175:, (1794)
135:Puccinia
120:Family:
70:Domain:
5439:2514501
5400:1029947
5251:tritici
5249:f. sp.
4980:Bibcode
4935:8956640
4906:Bibcode
4840:6518949
4809:Bibcode
4796:Science
4737:Bibcode
4724:Science
4484:Bibcode
4262:Informa
4195:Bibcode
4124:tritici
4122:f. sp.
4079:Lebanon
3992:7595036
3735:Bibcode
3688:3107277
3645:tritici
3643:f. sp.
3599:Bibcode
3442:: 129.
3352:tritici
3350:f. sp.
3332:: 1–35.
3278:: 526.
3262:tritici
3260:f. sp.
3043:tritici
3041:f. sp.
2989:tritici
2956:6915985
2931:: 985.
2913:tritici
2911:f. sp.
2878:: 558.
2804:tritici
2802:f. sp.
2752:6361993
2701:6053080
2593:4451220
2565:Bibcode
2336:species
2237:domains
2229:encodes
2198:) from
2162:AvrSr35
2150:AvrSr35
2126:AvrSr35
1870:Lebanon
1599:haploid
1584:meiosis
1550:mycelia
1477:Mahonia
1414:⁄
1310:tillers
1237:tritici
1187:subsp.
1175:subsp.
946:36% of
922:25% of
821:in the
690:, then
607:tritici
605:f. sp.
554:tritici
552:f. sp.
536:secalis
534:f. sp.
523:f. sp.
512:f. sp.
497:f. sp.
486:f. sp.
471:f. sp.
413:African
357:Persoon
335:Fontana
317:Robigus
299:History
287:genomic
130:Genus:
110:Order:
100:Class:
5579:665704
5550:NZOR:
5504:159822
5491:192038
5452:352070
5426:159822
5413:PUCCGR
5147:
5139:
5131:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4950:
4942:
4932:
4924:
4855:
4847:
4837:
4829:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4693:
4649:
4641:
4597:
4554:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4445:
4437:
4389:(BGRI)
4358:Scopus
4343:
4335:
4317:(11).
4278:
4223:
4215:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4052:CIMMYT
3999:
3989:
3981:
3927:
3874:
3866:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3729:(19).
3695:
3685:
3677:
3659:(22).
3617:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3462:
3454:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3298:
3290:
3167:CIMMYT
3143:27 May
3118:27 May
3083:
3075:
2987:f.sp.
2963:
2953:
2945:
2890:
2844:
2836:
2759:
2749:
2708:
2698:
2632:
2591:
2583:
2557:Nature
2512:27 May
2404:
2301:Future
2256:Digalu
2241:et al.
2222:et al.
2210:et al.
2196:R gene
2114:is an
2093:barley
1916:et al.
1900:et al.
1880:, and
1864:, and
1795:CIMMYT
1738:(e.g.
1710:(e.g.
1452:is an
1373:glumes
1369:leaves
831:Hordea
818:Hordea
813:Uvalde
772:Kansas
732:
726:, the
708:Africa
684:Uganda
566:barley
545:barley
504:barley
499:hordei
473:avenae
324:Robigo
283:Sicily
264:Africa
258:). An
241:barley
229:cereal
220:fungus
5586:PPE:
5566:81252
5478:45797
5460:IRMNG
5387:4QDG2
5198:CGIAR
5169:(PDF)
5145:S2CID
5113:(7).
5067:S2CID
5037:(9).
5014:S2CID
4948:S2CID
4900:(1).
4853:S2CID
4771:S2CID
4677:(1).
4625:(1).
4581:(1).
4516:S2CID
4478:(9).
4466:(PDF)
4421:(1).
4351:ORCID
4349:MAMH
4286:ORCID
4260:(4).
4221:S2CID
4168:S2CID
4136:(9),
4097:CGIAR
4089:CGIAR
4025:WHEAT
4023:CGIAR
3965:(1).
3935:ORCID
3880:ORCID
3878:. SB
3850:(1).
3790:(PDF)
3769:S2CID
3615:S2CID
3536:S2CID
3504:(6).
3460:S2CID
3438:(2).
3398:S2CID
3366:(7).
3296:S2CID
3274:(5).
3176:(PDF)
3162:(PDF)
3091:ORCID
3057:(8).
3001:(5).
2927:(1).
2874:(6).
2818:(1).
2589:S2CID
2248:SrTmp
2216:into
2178:from
2118:from
2028:Kenya
1941:TTKST
1937:TTKSK
1906:from
1866:SrMcN
1858:SrTmp
1791:CGIAR
1775:from
1750:from
1742:from
1726:from
1720:wheat
1623:aecia
1515:'
1384:telia
1365:stems
1235:var.
1223:var.
1211:var.
1199:var.
1189:major
999:var.
885:QCCJB
829:s on
776:Texas
745:Durum
739:JRCQC
700:Yemen
696:Sudan
688:Kenya
670:) of
668:TTKSK
588:spore
580:Fungi
562:wheat
514:lolii
440:spore
355:, by
328:Rouen
173:Pers.
84:Fungi
5543:5297
5538:NCBI
5486:ITIS
5434:GBIF
5408:EPPO
5255:Sr24
5137:PMID
5129:ISSN
5059:PMID
5051:ISSN
5006:PMID
4998:ISSN
4940:PMID
4922:ISSN
4886:Sr62
4845:PMID
4827:ISSN
4763:PMID
4755:ISSN
4713:Sr33
4691:ISSN
4647:PMID
4639:ISSN
4595:ISSN
4552:ISBN
4508:PMID
4500:ISSN
4443:PMID
4435:ISSN
4380:Sr27
4341:PMID
4333:ISSN
4276:ISSN
4213:ISSN
4160:PMID
4152:ISSN
3997:PMID
3979:ISSN
3925:PMID
3872:PMID
3864:ISSN
3761:PMID
3753:ISSN
3693:PMID
3675:ISSN
3639:and
3565:2023
3528:PMID
3520:ISSN
3452:ISSN
3390:PMID
3382:ISSN
3288:ISSN
3145:2021
3120:2021
3081:PMID
3073:ISSN
2961:PMID
2943:ISSN
2888:ISSN
2842:PMID
2834:ISSN
2757:PMID
2706:PMID
2630:PMID
2581:PMID
2514:2021
2402:ISBN
2307:rice
2261:Ug99
2226:Sr62
2189:Sr62
2176:Sr59
2169:Sr59
2158:Sr35
2154:Sr35
2146:Sr35
2138:Sr35
2128:– a
2112:Sr35
2106:Sr35
2097:Ug99
2069:Sr33
2062:Sr31
2055:Sr31
2048:Sr27
2040:Sr27
2034:and
2000:Sr27
1968:Sr27
1962:Sr27
1955:Sr22
1948:Sr22
1933:Sr14
1927:Sr14
1910:and
1889:Sr9h
1882:Sr31
1878:Sr24
1874:Sr11
1862:Sr38
1854:Sr10
1850:Sr9d
1846:Sr9a
1842:Sr17
1838:Sr30
1834:Sr9b
1830:Sr9g
1826:Sr8a
1818:Sr11
1814:Sr7b
1810:Sr9e
1806:Sr21
1793:and
1773:Sr59
1769:Sr31
1761:Ug99
1748:Sr44
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1740:Sr31
1724:Sr21
1714:and
1474:and
1377:awns
1375:and
942:TPMK
936:TPMK
918:QFCS
910:QCCS
904:Rpg5
902:and
900:rpg4
875:Rpg1
849:and
788:QCCJ
712:Asia
698:and
664:Ug99
655:Ug99
564:and
543:and
525:poae
363:and
337:and
321:fem.
268:Asia
256:Ug99
243:and
189:See
5525:NBN
5473:ISC
5395:EoL
5382:CoL
5253:on
5119:doi
5111:105
5043:doi
4988:doi
4930:PMC
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4835:PMC
4817:doi
4801:358
4745:doi
4729:341
4717:Mla
4683:doi
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4587:doi
4492:doi
4427:doi
4323:doi
4284:SB
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4142:doi
4134:103
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3856:doi
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3607:doi
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3280:doi
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3089:SB
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3055:107
3007:doi
2951:PMC
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2747:PMC
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2688:doi
2620:doi
2573:doi
2561:542
2475:doi
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2142:Pgt
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2130:Pgt
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