Puerto Rico campaign

2895:. Feeling incapable of leading the march, Soto once again set up a meeting between himself and the aforementioned officers. During the meeting, Soto ordered the army to leave him and relinquished his command to Lieutenant Colonel Oses. As his first order as commanding officer, Oses followed the Governor's command. However, when attempting to leave las Marias the army was halted at 11:00 pm on August 12 by the roaring Guacio River which had grown massive enough as to prevent passage through it. Oses ordered the army to wait until morning to see if the current died down. On August 13 the river currents remained at the same level. In the morning Colonel Suau remembered a crossing at the north of the river and at 9:00 am ordered troops under his command to march north in order to pass through it. At this point the American troops were spotted, beginning the battle. Oses saw victory as unlikely and ordered Lieutenant Olea to launch a barrage of cannon fire at the American troops as his forces attempted to cross the river by force. In the ensuing melee Oses and the majority of the Spanish forces were captured, taken prisoner and forced to march back to 2917: 2861:

John Long. Meanwhile, most of Potts' men fled the battlefield. In the crossfire the allied forces overpowered the American infantry, using Mauser fire to disorganize their artillery, during which time four American officials were gravely injured including Long, Lieutenant Harris, Captain E.T. Lee and Corporal Oscar Sawanson. Private Frederick Yough, Corporal August Yank, George J. Bruce and Private Sices also received injuries, with Yough subsequently dying. Harris' position was filled by O'Hern, while Sawanson was fatally shot while trying to support the artillery. In total the allied units had only an injured artillery man, while the American side had two dead and five injured. Wilson's camp was the first to receive a telegram from General Miles notifying him that the war had ended. The Americans sent Bliss to Asomante, but Nouvilas refused to suspend the hostilities after receiving a telegram from Macías denying any peace treaty. All military actions in Puerto Rico were supposed to be suspended on August 13, after President

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there is a rock on the coastal port with an inscription indicating that Major General Nelson A. Miles and his men landed on that spot. There is also a monument in the town dedicated to the veterans of the Spanish–American War, though the monument does not specify to which veterans it is dedicated, the Americans or the Spanish/Puerto Ricans. In Yauco there is a monument/tombstone dedicated to an unknown Spanish soldier who had fallen in combat and was left there on that very spot. In Coamo there are two markers that indicate where Rafael Martínez Illescas and Frutos López died. López's tomb is located in the old cemetery of Coamo next to that of the tomb of the three unknown Puerto Rican soldiers who perished in that conflict. Martínez Illescas' body was transferred in 1916 to his hometown of Cartagena in Spain, where he is buried. The town of Guayama has a monument dedicated to the members of the 4th Ohio Infantry. In Asomante, there is a marker which indicates the place where the "Battle of Asomante" took place.

2856:, from which they would try to attack the allied troops from the back. At 10:30 a.m. Captain Ramsay D. Potts led part of the 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment through the central highway to Aibonito. Lieutenants Bliss and O'Hern led two units with similar equipment. At 1:00 p.m. the allied troops opened cannon fire as the Americans entered their range. Potts ordered the deployment of two batteries while O'Hern received orders from Commander Landcaster to set a cannon at a distance of a 100 yards to the vanguard's right. They intended to defeat a small group led by Captain Hernaíz. Shrapnel from allied cannon fire was falling close to Lancaster's location, and he asked Potts to help him by deploying a battery nearby. One of Hernaíz's Placensias cannons overheated, which forced him to order a temporary cease to the offensive. Landcaster believed that the opposition had been annihilated, ordered an advance. However, the allied fire was renewed, this time supported by 1917: 3004:, ratified on April 11, 1899, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States. Spain had lost its last colony in the Western Hemisphere and the United States gained imperial strength and global presence. The United States established a military government and appointed Miles the first head of the military government established on the island, acting as both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs. Members of the Spanish forces and civilians who were loyal to the Spanish Crown were allowed to return to Spain. By October 18, the Spanish withdrawal from Puerto Rico was completed as the final troops left San Juan for Spain. Those who belonged to the Spanish military and who decided to stay in Puerto Rico were offered the option by the United States to serve in the newly formed " 1477:, had stressed that a canal be built either in Honduras, Nicaragua or Panama and that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba. The idea of annexing the Dominican Republic failed to receive the approval of the U.S. Senate and Spain did not accept the 160 million dollars which the U.S. offered for Puerto Rico and Cuba. Mahan made the following statement to the War Department: "Having therefore no foreign establishments either colonial or military, the ships of war of the United States, in war will be like land birds, unable to fly far from their own shores. To provide resting places for them where they can coal and repair, would be one of the first duties of a government proposing to itself the development of the power of the nation at sea." 3108:, harassed the Spanish Civil Guard and later did the same to the American forces. Another factor contributing to the state of civil disorder on the island was the lack of discipline of the American troops who were stationed there. These troops were not professional soldiers and were composed of volunteers. Many instances were reported where these men would act disorderly, under the influence of alcohol, and get into fights with the local residents. The state of civil disorder came to a halt on the island after the military government began to rebuild Puerto Rico's infrastructure, thereby providing employment for many of the discontented and unemployed population, and when the volunteer troops were replaced by the regular army. 2383: 235: 191: 178: 3088: 2410:, newspaper. The War Department had ordered Miles to invade Puerto Rico by way of San Juan and therefore Alger was completely surprised with the report. Miles would have been subject to disciplinary actions had the invasion not gone so smoothly. Alger received the following cable from Miles three days after the invasion: "Spanish troops are retreating from southern part of Puerto Rico. This is a prosperous and beautiful country. The Army will soon be in mountain region. Weather delightful; troops in the best of health and spirit. Anticipate no insurmountable obstacles in future results. Results thus far have been accomplished without loss of a single life. 2762:, settled on opposite sides of the road to Coamo. On August 9, 1898, the Americans began their offensive, opening cannon fire against the city and completing their attack with artillery fire, the 3rd and 4th Regular Pennsylvania Artillery to provide artillery support for the frontal assault on the Baños, damaging the resort. The Americans intended to encircle and defeat the defenses in the city. A group of soldiers entered the city from the backside, having advanced through a river nearby. The rear assault was reinforced by Wilson's army under General Ernst, attempting to trap the allied soldiers in a crossfire, employing a tactic known as the 223: 212: 164: 2637: 2436:, located six miles (9.7 km) north of Guánica, of the American invasion of Guánica, the mayor in turn notified Governor Macías via telegraph. Governor Macías ordered Captain Salvador Meca and his 3rd Company of the 25th Patria Battalion from Yauco to head for Guánica. Meca and his men were joined by Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Puig, who assumed command of the Spanish forces at Hacienda Desideria two miles (3.2 km) from Guánica. Puig arrived with two companies known as "Cazador Patria Battalion", and they were joined by Puerto Rican volunteers, the civil guards, and mounted guerrillas from the towns of Yauco and 2779: 2146: 2459:

suffered four casualties. Puig was expecting reinforcements from Yauco which did not arrive and was ordered to disengage and retreat. Before retreating the right wing of the Spanish force, which was not overrun, initiated a flanking attack against two positions held by the Illinois and Massachusetts companies. The unexpected strength of the Spanish force caused some of the 6th Massachusetts troops to momentarily withdraw, but the Spanish forces were eventually driven off. Puig and his forces suffered two officers and three soldiers wounded and two soldiers dead.

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soldiers and equipment around the foliage. As soon as the soldiers noticed the presence of the invading unit they opened cannon fire. The cavalry received infantry reinforcements, which were received by battery fire. Six American soldiers were injured in the crossfire, prompting a retreat order. The allied units (Spanish and Puerto Rican) lost five soldiers and two civil guards. During the following two days the Americans decided to do a battlefield

2766:. Martínez Illescas was surprised by the attack and led an improvised attack, but he was killed in the crossfire along with his second-in-command, leaving Captain Hita in charge; he ordered his men to surrender. Half of the allied troops ignored the order, and continued the attack, Troop C galloped at top speed north from the Baños de Coamo, after finding the resort abandoned by the Spanish. Hita's men were sent to a prisoner-of-war camp located at 2957: 2343: 2730:(Battalion of the Motherland's Hunters) and some members of the Civil Guard and a Puerto Rican guerilla force. A total of 248 infantry men and 42 members of the cavalry formed the battalions under the command of Lt. Col. Rafael Martínez Illescas, the same commander who was in charge of the Ponce garrison. Traveling by foot, the journey would last two days. The group decided to spend one night in the resort of the town of Coamo known as the 2739: 1646: 2715: 2794:. Colonel Julio Soto Villanueva ordered 1,500 Spanish Regulars of the 24th Rifle Battalion, six companies of the Alfonso XIII auxiliaries, and other scattered Spanish and Puerto Rican guerilla forces dispatched from the garrison at Mayagüez to meet and defeat Schwan. The Spanish forces entrenched themselves at a high ridge called Silva Heights, located at a road near the town of 2395:

engineer companies and a medical unit. The men who had not abandoned the barrio of Guanica swore allegiance to the United States. Garretson named Agustín Barrenechea mayor of Guanica and Simón Mejil the chief of police. On the afternoon of the 25th, Garretson left Guánica with seven companies of the 6th Massachusetts and one company of the 6th Illinois and headed towards Yauco.

2447:, the largest in the southern region of the island. Garretson and his men arrived in the darkness of night and were informed by his scouts of the possibility of a hostile situation at the Hacienda Desideria. He ordered the Illinois company and two companies (companies L and M) of the 6th Massachusetts to occupy a small hill on his right that overlooked the hacienda. 2810:, as well as the 11th Infantry. The Spanish forces retreated after the American reinforcements brought them under intense fire. Schwan's men set up camp on Silva Heights for the night and the following day they continued their drive to Mayagüez. They arrived the following morning to find that the Spanish forces had abandoned the city to retreat to the east towards 2849:

organized by Martínez Illescas. While inactive, the Puerto Rican soldiers deployed in Asomante completed rounds every two hours, working four hours daily. They mostly ate beans, some rice and meat, while conserving several cracker packs for Spanish reinforcements that were supposed to arrive. They slept in improvised huts that did not protect them from the rain.

2828: 1625:, resolving to resist the American forces. He declared: "Providence will not permit that in these countries which were discovered by the Spanish nation the echo of our language should ever cease to be heard, nor that our flag should disappear before the eyes. ... Long live Puerto Rico, always Spanish. Long live Spain." Macías y Casado hoped that a grant of 1578: 2564:) that had been designated the landing site for the US Army's invasion of Puerto Rico. Rodgers ordered a reconnaissance landing party ashore, including Puerto Rican volunteers. The sailors advanced to within a one-half mile (0.80 km) of Fajardo, about five miles (8.0 km) from the coast, but withdrew when they encountered Spanish troops. 2677:

reinforcements arrived. The outnumbered Spanish troops retreated to Guayama as the Americans made their advance on the hills. The firefight, which lasted half an hour, left three American wounded. When the 4th Ohio entered the town they discovered that the Spaniards had fled north and abandoned the city, ending the Battle of Guayama. General

2425: 2506: 3041:, the U.S. Army had no previous experience in the administration of overseas territories. Henry stated: "It was an entirely new duty for American Army officers. There was no precedent in the experience of these so suddenly placed in charge of this our first real colony, upon which their policy could be based." 2899:. The forces under Colonel Suau found the crossing and retreated from the battle, later successfully arriving in Lares where they learned of the surrender. Schwan, upon receiving news of the prisoners wished to continue the pursuit of the remaining forces, but was halted by news of the surrender. The battle at 2649:

garrison of 300 volunteers to hold the town. When the American forces arrived in Ponce they met no resistance and the Spanish volunteers surrendered. The American forces were not the only ones who participated in the taking of Ponce. Members of the Puerto Rican Commission, which included the leader of the

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Americans. As the first group of sailors was entering the darkened lighthouse, naval cadet William H. Boardman was mortally wounded when his revolver fell from a faulty holster and discharged into his thigh, cutting the femoral artery. His was one of only two Navy deaths during the Puerto Rico campaign.

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was that the Puerto Ricans who resided in the southern and western towns and villages resented Spanish rule and tended to view the Americans as their liberators. The Treaty of Paris came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. Some Puerto Rican leaders such as

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Spanish forces were entrenched on the crest of two small hills, between which the road from Arroyo to Guayama ran. The Americans had crossed a stream in front of the hills when suddenly the Spanish opened fire. The Americans protected their position by the stream and increased their firepower as more

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and were assigned to the headquarters of General Miles. From this group Miles organized the "Porto Rican Scouts", which was later assigned to General Theodore Schwan, under the command of Edwardo Lugo Viñas. Miles then ordered Brigadier General Peter G. Hains and the men of the 3rd Illinois, 4th Ohio

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described Puerto Ricans as "uneducated, simple-minded and harmless people who were only interested in wine, women, music and dancing" and recommended that Spanish should be abolished in the island's schools and only English should be taught. Schools became the primary vehicle of Americanization, and

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The Puerto Rican Battalion suffered a total of 70 casualties which included their dead, wounded, MIAs and prisoners. The Spanish, Puerto Ricans and Americans that participated in the campaign totaled 33,472. Of this total 8,000 were Spanish, 10,000 were Puerto Rican and 15,472 were American military

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on August 13, 1898, which became known as "El Levantamiento de Ciales" or the "Ciales Uprising of 1898" and proclaimed Puerto Rico to be a republic. The Spanish authorities who were unaware that the cease fire had been signed brutally suppressed the uprising. Another reason which can explain why the

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of the Aibonito Pass. Spies were deployed throughout Coamo, including a Puerto Rican separatist named Carlos Patterne, who was able to enter the city without suspicion and contact Rufino Huertas, a separatist teacher. Huertas gave Patterne a series of defense plans that were previously developed and

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entrenched in Guamaní Heights, six miles north of the bridge. The 4th felt that they were too strongly entrenched to attempt an assault at the time. The 4th Ohio requested reinforcements and on August 9, attacked the Spaniards and a short firefight erupted. The numerical superiority of the Americans

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by sea and by land. Garretson's 6th Illinois and 6th Massachusetts had returned to Guanica and after the troops rested, Garretson and his men were ordered to move eastward to Ponce. Lt. Col. Rafael Martinez Illecas, in charge of the Spanish forces in that city, had pulled out, leaving behind a small

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Miles, upon learning about the lack of discipline of the 6th Massachusetts during the battle, ordered an investigation. The 6th Massachusetts was sent on a hard march from Guánica to Ponce as punishment and the regimental commander, a lieutenant colonel, a major, and a captain resigned upon request.

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keeper Robustiano Rivera spotted the approaching convoy, he immediately gave the alert to the residents of the barrio. All of the residents, with the exception Agustín Barrenechea, Vicente Ferrer, Juan María Morciglio, Simón Mejil, Salvador Muñoz, Cornelio Serrano and Pascual Elena, who welcomed the

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in September 1898, Emerson Jr. was pretending to be a German journalist. He presented himself to the German consul in St. Thomas and asked for the names of Puerto Ricans of German descent whom he could interview. Among the names which the consul gave him were those of the Riefkohl family of the town

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declared that a state of war between the United States and Spain had existed since April 20. One of the United States' principal objectives in the Spanish–American War was to take control of Spanish possessions in the Atlantic—Puerto Rico and Cuba—and their possessions in the Pacific—the Philippines

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on August 1, but was forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican–Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city, while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse. The Americans encountered larger opposition as they advanced towards the main island's

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In Puerto Rico there are no monuments to commemorate the Spanish–American War as such. There are various markers where some of the historical events took place and some tombstones which honor both the American invaders and the Spanish and Puerto Rican defenders of the island. In the town of Guánica

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On January 15, 1899, the military government changed the name of Puerto Rico to Porto Rico (On May 17, 1932, U.S. Congress changed the name back to "Puerto Rico") and the island's currency was changed from the Puerto Rican peso to the American dollar, integrating the island's currency into the U.S.

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on May 8 and ended on December 10, after the Treaty of Paris was signed, was short compared to the other campaigns in the Spanish–American War, because it came to an end before the military objective of the campaign was completed. Among the factors which benefited the invaders in the short campaign

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rifle fire. The sudden attack caused confusion among some soldiers, who reported seeing a second Spanish unit nearby. Fearing that the allied units could capture the American equipment, Landcaster ordered a retreat. Lieutenant Hains was gravely injured by a Mauser bullet, being replaced by Sergeant

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The 25-man Spanish garrison stationed in Fajardo was alerted to the American presence and ordered to withdraw after notifying their superiors in San Juan. When Santiago Veve Calzada, a Fajardan, realized that the garrison was abandoned and his town defenseless against the Americans, he implored the

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landed on the beach to secure the area and to build a landing dock. Three thousand and three-hundred American soldiers under the command of General Miles landed. The units that landed were the 6th Volunteer Regiments of Illinois and Massachusetts, an artillery battalion, five battery companies, two

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around their perimeter. The first land skirmish in Puerto Rico between the Puerto Rican militia and the American forces occurred when Lieutenant Méndez López and his men attacked and opened fire on the Americans. During the small battle which followed, the Americans returned fire with their machine

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if he had a map of Puerto Rico (Emerson had lost his). Riefkohl answered that he did, however it was decidedly too big for Emerson's use. Riefkohl returned home, not knowing that Emerson was a spy, and quickly drew another with a depiction of the major ports and harbors of Puerto Rico. Emerson used

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and the lighthouse was abandoned to the Spaniards. In Fajardo, Pino's men tore down the U.S. flags that flew over the harbor Customs House and City Hall, returning to San Juan after verifying that the lighthouse was abandoned. The contingent of about 20 civil guards that had accompanied Pino, were

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as his landing zone. Miles dispatched patrol boats to notify all other convoys of his decision and to order them to proceed to Guanica. Miles' decision to change the invasion site was based on his belief that the town of Fajardo would be fortified and he feared that Spanish coastal gun boats would

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and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured. They returned three days later, reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack. After about an hour of fighting, Spanish artillery batteries had been silenced. American guns advanced some 2,150 yards and set up positions, but

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was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, and approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year. Puerto Rico adopted the name of "Estado Libre Asociado" (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as

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army marched for the next two days after leaving the city. At 10:30 am on August 11, Soto Villanueva was injured in the leg after falling through a bridge he was trying to cross. He became convinced his leg had been broken and needed to be carried by four men in a hammock for the remainder of the

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had been formulating plans for war with Spain. By 1896, the Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan which included military operations in Puerto Rican waters. Not only was Puerto Rico considered valuable as a naval station, Puerto Rico and Cuba were also abundant in a valuable commercial

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A state of civil disorder existed in the island's mountainous region after the invasion of the United States. The local Criollo, who now found themselves unemployed and felt that they had been exploited by their former employers, formed bands called "Partidas". The Partidas at first attacked and

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s sailors occupying the lighthouse doused the light and signaled the ships offshore, initiating shore bombardment as the naval guns began firing a protective pattern. After two hours, the Spanish forces retreated back to the town. The Americans suffered no casualties, despite a close call when a

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ordered 28 sailors and 7 officers commanded by Lieutenant Charles N. Atwater and Assistant Engineer David J. Jenkins ashore to relight and occupy the Fajardo Light. They were also ordered to quarter 60 women and children of the town's families that were deemed in danger for having sided with the

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exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba. According to the Navy's leading weapons expert, Philip Alger, the explosion was due to a coal fire igniting a reserve magazine of six tons of gunpowder, much of which was already degrading due to the humid climate. However, the United States forwarded an

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personnel. The Spanish and Puerto Ricans suffered 429 casualties which included 17 dead, 88 wounded and 324 captured. The American forces suffered 43 casualties: 3 dead and 40 wounded. The commander of Spain's 6th Provisional Battalion, Julio Cervera Baviera, gained notoriety as the author of a

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The American cavalry pursued the soldiers that had retreated from Coamo, but were not able to reach them until the units had entered Aibonito Pass, a region more commonly known as Asomante. The region had been prepared by allied Puerto Rican and Spanish troops, who had built a trench and placed

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sent Colonel Pedro del Pino and about 220 troops, including civil guardsmen to recapture the city. When Colonel Pino entered Fajardo on August 7, he found it nearly deserted because the residents, fearing a battle, had fled to the Fajardo Light and the surrounding hills. At close to midnight on

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Captain San Pedro detected the movements of the American troops from his positions on a nearby hill and ordered his men to open fire. Garretson then ordered a direct attack on the Spanish and Puerto Rican forces in the hacienda. At day break, the 6th Massachusetts overran the Spanish forces and

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on the same day. Soto Villanueva then ordered a private meeting at the house of the town Mayor between himself, Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Oses, Lieutenant Colonel Salvador Suau and Lieutenant Rodolfo Olea Mora in which it is decided to make a final stand in the town against the incoming enemy

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The residents of San Juan were furious with Captain Rivero-Méndez and blamed him for the destruction wreaked on their city by American bombardments. Nothing came of those recriminations and Captain Rivero-Méndez was ordered to turn over the keys of all the military installations in San Juan to

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From 1898 to 1900, Puerto Rico was governed by four military officers, commanding general Miles, Major General John R. Brooke (1898–1898), Major General Guy Vernon Henry (1898–1899) and Major General George Whitefield Davis (1899–1900). Miles, Brooke and Henry were experienced veterans of the

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before continuing their march in the morning. Martínez Illescas immediately ordered the construction of several trenches; while building these, the soldiers were ambushed by an anti-Spanish guerilla force, led by Pedro María Descartes, who managed to kill a member of the Civil Guard.

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Spanish authorities in San Juan to dispatch troops to defend Fajardo. Losing hope that Spanish troops would come to the town's aid, Veve went to the lighthouse to seek protection for the town from the Americans. On the afternoon of August 5, Veve entered Fajardo with a contingent of

1933:. They had three batteries under their command, which were armed with at least three 15 cm Ordóñez cannons. The battle lasted three hours and resulted in the death of Justo Esquivies, the first Puerto Rican soldier to die in the Puerto Rico campaign. Caamaño was awarded the 1600:

With the outbreak of war, the Spanish Crown sent the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Puerto Rican provisional battalions to defend Cuba against the Americans, depleting the Puerto Rican troops in the island. The 1st Puerto Rican Provisional Battalion, composed of the Talavera Cavalry and

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and continued the march towards their objective. Troop A of Schwan's 5th Cavalry approached Silva Heights and were soon engaged in a firefight when the Spanish forces opened fire. The Americans were aided by two companies of the 19th Infantry, supported by artillery and

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and Roberto H. Todd, had written to U.S. President McKinley asking that Puerto Rico be included in whatever intervention was planned for Cuba as early as March 10. They even provided the U.S. government with information about the Spanish military presence on the island.

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monetary system. The United States exerted its control over the economy of the island by prohibiting Puerto Rico from negotiating commercial treaties with other nations, from determining tariffs, and from shipping goods to the mainland on other than U.S. carriers.

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soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and the guns were withdrawn back to the main line. Shortly before the launch of a flanking movement on the Spanish, all military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13, after U.S. President

2082:, Puerto Rico, with her valuable cargo. Captain Caamaño was in charge of retrieving the ship's cargo and the men under his command quickly removed as much of it as possible. The desperate efforts proved fruitful, and nearly the entire cargo was 1385:, where they engaged Puerto Rican and Spanish troops in battle. The battle concluded when the allied soldiers retreated after the battle left two dead on their side, and four on the American side. The United States was able to seize control of 2982:, which supported Governor General Manuel Macías y Casado and in an attempt to justify Spain's defeat against the United States, blamed the Puerto Rican volunteers in the Spanish Army as the reason behind the fiasco. A group of angry 3723: 3096:

robbed many of the wealthy plantation owners, who were loyal to the Spanish Crown, in vengeance, however they later began to attack the businesses owned by the local natives. One of the most notable leaders of the Partidas was

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forced the Spanish to retreat from Guamaní Heights. This battle was the costliest battle yet for the Americans since their landing at Guánica, as it resulted in seven wounded. The Spanish forces suffered 2 dead and 15 wounded.

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The Spanish forces expected the Americans to attack the northern region of the island and concentrated their defenses around San Juan and Arecibo. The Spanish government was also aware of a planned landing by the Americans at

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by U.S. and Spanish forces ending hostilities in Cuba and its waters. The United States then directed its undivided military resources to Puerto Rico. Two leaders of the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party,

2440:. Puig had the men positioned on both sides of the road that ran from Guánica to the coffee Hacienda Desideria (owned by Antonio Mariani) in Yauco, as well as an infantry company positioned on a hill south of the hacienda. 2486:

on the northern coast of the island on July 29. Colonel Puig, believing that he would be dishonored and accused by the Spanish government of abandoning military equipment during his retreat, committed suicide on August 2.

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On May 12, Sampson's squadron arrived at San Juan, finding an empty harbor. Making the best of the situation and as an exercise for his untested gunners, Sampson ordered the bombardment of the city's citadels. Captains

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wayward naval shell smashed through the two-foot (0.61 m) thick walls of the lighthouse within touch of six men but failed to explode. The Spanish losses were two dead and three wounded, including a lieutenant.

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y Leonidas Villalón. Cervera's seconds were Colonel Pedro del Pino and Captain Emilio Barrera. The duel never took place, as Cervera explained his intentions in writing the pamphlet, and all parties were satisfied.

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Map of Puerto Rico under the US and Spanish flags from August 14 til September 19, 1898. The 23 blue-colored municipalities were under the US flag and the 55 yellow-colored municipalities were under the Spanish

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Embracing a Brief View of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the Story of his Indian Campaigns, with Comments on the Exploration, Development and Progress of Our Great Western

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which was in the way of the retreating army's path. The outcome of the Silva Heights Battle left 3 Spanish dead, 6 wounded, and 136 prisoners. Schwan's brigade suffered 15 wounded and 2 killed in action.

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returned to San Juan Bay, Rivero-Méndez ordered his men to open fire on the steamer with an Ordoñez 15 centimeter cannon, in the first attack against American forces in Puerto Rico during the

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and the committee which he headed, greeted General Miles and the invaders in Ponce with banquets. Believing that Puerto Rico would gain its independence, a group of men staged an uprising in

3698:""Los espías estadounidenses de la Guerra Hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico" (American Spies in Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War); By: Roberto Ramos-Perea del Ateneo Puertorriqueño" 2329:. It had 60 houses in all and its only defense was eleven members of the 4th Volante de Yauco, a Puerto Rican militia unit, under the command of Lieutenant Enrique Méndez López. When the 2474:. Garretson's troops entered Yauco on the afternoon of July 26 and on July 27 Puig's men continued their march, leaving their artillery and heavy equipment behind, passing the towns of 421: 2673:. Arroyo was taken on August 2 and on August 5 Hanes ordered the 4th Ohio, the 3rd Illinois and a battery of Sims-Dudley guns, manned by Company G of the 4th Ohio, to capture Guayama. 7651: 2953:

campaign was short and not as violent as the others is that the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Puerto Rican provisional battalions were in Cuba defending that island against the American invaders.

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After causing much damage to the Spanish defenses and receiving minor damage, low on coal and ammunition, Sampson ordered a cease fire and returned to Havana, Cuba, and then on to

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Early the next morning, Barclay decided the continued occupation of the lighthouse was of marginal value and ordered his men back to the ship. A landing party of 30 sailors from

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and 2,896 men of his Independent Brigade had landed in Guanica and marched towards occupied Yauco. Schwan and his men were ordered to move westward and to capture the city of

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Puig and his men retreated towards Yauco, but failed to destroy the rail terminus which connected the town to the city of Ponce, and proceeded to march towards the town of

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In the meantime, Garretson set out of Guánica with his men towards Yauco with the intention of capturing the Yauco rail terminus that ran between that town and the city of

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On July 25, General Miles, 1,300 infantry soldiers of the 3,300 total that were assigned for the initial invasion and a convoy of ships, under the command of naval captain

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Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan (Cape San Juan lighthouse), c. 1898. It is located on the northeastern part of the highest point of Cape San Juan in Fajardo, Puerto Rico.

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On August 6, Colonel Alonzo B. Coit sent two companies of the 4th Ohio on a reconnaissance mission across and beyond a cast iron bridge that crossed the Río Guamaní (

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at noon on May 2 bound for Puerto Rico. Sampson intended to intercept and destroy the Spanish squadron and then move on to attack secondary shore targets- San Juan's

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had been sunk, her cargo was successfully delivered and ensured that any American assault on San Juan would be met with stronger resistance. Caamaño was awarded the

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began to bombard the Spanish position. Lieutenant Méndez López and three of his men were wounded and the militia unit was forced to retreat to the town of Yauco.

1613:. After the battle, the Puerto Rican battalion suffered a total of 70 casualties which included their dead, wounded, missing and prisoners. The Spanish-appointed 414: 5204: 2158:, located on the east coast and had that town fortified. However, the southern and western regions of Puerto Rico were left with little or no defenses at all. 300: 6609: 4008: 2628:

left to maintain order in the town. The skirmish at Fajardo was the only time that American forces withdrew from a position during the Puerto Rico campaign.

771: 656: 3120:

of 1900. However, the act stipulated that the governor, chief of police and top officials were presidentially appointed and they were all to be Americans.

3060:

and did not apply democratic principles to the colony. Puerto Rico was classified as an "unincorporated territory" which meant that the protections of the

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Shortly after the American soldiers disembarked, a group of Spanish and Puerto Rican units began moving from Ponce to Aibonito, marching through the

7631: 2814:. Schwan decided to send forces in order to follow and capture Soto Villanueva and his forces, as he was additionally ordered to take the town of 1197: 7094: 491: 144: 6589: 3876: 776: 4272: 4237: 4128: 1695:, influencing Mile's decision on the landing points for the invasion of Puerto Rico. A photostatic copy of Riefkohl's map was published in the 3012:, a former lieutenant in the Spanish Army, and others, such as Captain Angel Rivero Méndez, declined the offer and retired from the military. 2334:

invaders, abandoned their homes and joined Rivera on his journey to Yauco where he broke the news of the invading forces to the city's mayor.

1660:

The Spanish Crown was unaware that, at the time, the United States had successfully infiltrated the island with a number of spies, among them

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forces. Soto sent a telegram to General Macias informing him of the choice, but as a response received orders to continue the march towards

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with a squadron of Spanish warships. This squadron consisted of one cruiser, two gunboats and one blockade runner. During the engagement,

2920:

In an 1898 newspaper cartoon, "Uncle Sam" watches as the "Goddess of Liberty" heralds "freedom" for Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines

2357:, under the command of lieutenants H. P. Huse and Wood, departed from the ship on rafts and landed on the beach. The marines lowered the 1791: 4338: 2071: 1085: 1033: 2169:, taking into consideration that the Spaniards had fortified San Juan, where they expected the initial attack. A convoy of ships left 7591: 2873:

whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territory of Puerto Rico. However a final engagement took place on the same day.

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and United States flags were hoisted over the Fajardo Customs House at the harbor and city hall. On the evening of August 6, Captain

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if the commander did not retract his pamphlet. The men drew lots for this honor; it fell to José Janer y Soler and was seconded by

1090: 981: 2770:, while the men who continued to attack retreated to Aibonito when they realized that the Americans were using a pincer movement. 6543: 1446: 666: 3504: 1065: 3005: 1405:

On August 9, 1898, American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo and Asomante encountered heavy resistance in

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was perceived to have been a colossal military failure by the Spanish and local population, who named it the Guacio Disaster.

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depicting the people of Puerto Rico, as well as those of the new possessions of the United States, as black savage children

1224: 1207: 1132: 691: 621: 4711: 4633: 7474: 6594: 3434: 1048: 986: 676: 5463: 5016: 3701: 1751: 766: 7241: 6558: 6494: 6216: 6196: 5671: 5403: 5366: 3621: 3038: 3028:(1866–1905), showing Uncle Sam harshly lecturing four black children labelled Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Cuba 1214: 7606: 6710: 4748: 3905: 3820: 566: 7646: 7307: 7216: 6614: 6158: 5711: 5341: 5212: 5162: 5143: 5115: 5042: 4946: 3367: 3319: 3229: 1192: 1120: 917: 786: 4807: 2382: 571: 549: 7641: 7507: 6191: 5675: 5453: 4986: 4969: 4000: 3259: 3165: 922: 791: 631: 596: 343: 195: 6883: 6818: 4392: 4316: 4176: 4046: 7444: 7236: 7023: 6823: 6372: 6307: 5893: 5795: 3385:"Strategy as Politics'; by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 7; 3219: 3128: 3045: 2723: 2060: 1028: 751: 726: 711: 646: 581: 348: 7362: 6878: 6322: 6206: 1422:

whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territories of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines and Guam.

539: 7464: 7402: 7201: 6619: 6332: 6312: 6284: 6201: 6176: 6036: 5844: 5751: 5691: 5658: 1202: 1182: 701: 534: 7427: 7256: 7013: 3401:

A.T.Mahan, "The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1660–1783)", London: Sampson Low, Marston, Seale; page 83

1806:, during the Spanish–American War. The American naval commanders believed the bulk of the Spanish fleet under 1095: 873: 661: 7579: 7557: 7512: 7454: 7432: 7246: 7018: 6700: 6489: 6474: 5559: 5423: 5376: 3254: 1930: 1147: 1110: 1105: 956: 946: 932: 927: 888: 741: 641: 586: 55: 6808: 3325: 7449: 7417: 6948: 6813: 6249: 5629: 5438: 5234: 3757: 3249: 1177: 1167: 1142: 937: 671: 651: 7437: 6770: 2064: 878: 7422: 7322: 6953: 6405: 6337: 5306: 3160: 1508:. In response, Spain broke off diplomatic relations with the United States, and on April 23, 1898, Spain 1187: 1162: 846: 636: 591: 6873: 6780: 4241: 4132: 3087: 3056:" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and 2945: 2432:

After Rivera, the keeper of the Guánica lighthouse notified Atilio Gaztambide, the mayor of the town of

1971:

arrived at San Juan Bay from Cuba and joined the blockade. Shortly after midday the old Spanish cruiser

1913:. He was unaware that Topete had already eluded them and slipped his squadron into the Bay of Santiago. 1454:. Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean Sea which would serve as 7357: 6720: 6367: 6254: 6166: 6138: 5765: 5735: 5540: 5371: 5181: 3061: 2605: 2437: 2354: 1691:

the map and it is believed by some that he may have given the map to the U.S. Army commanding general,

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The American commanders decided to attack the trenches with artillery, while sending a large group to

2815: 2802: 2454:

Part of the Hacienda Desideria, owned by Antonio Mariani, where the Battle of Yauco took place in 1898

1395: 7276: 7226: 7084: 6983: 6479: 6352: 6317: 6269: 6171: 5783: 5667: 5356: 5326: 5321: 4169:"The American Army Moves on Puerto-Rico: The Landing and Skirmish at Guánica and the Battle of Yauco" 3097: 2962: 2853: 1995:, a Spanish destroyer docked in San Juan for repairs, attempted to cover the cruiser's escape with a 1972: 1363: 1259: 1229: 1053: 863: 841: 826: 821: 816: 811: 781: 706: 626: 606: 450: 5901: 4268: 2585: 2090:

with only minor articles and a cannon that had fallen overboard during salvage attempts being lost.

1618: 1581: 239: 7221: 7104: 7064: 7003: 6998: 6938: 6357: 6347: 6133: 5836: 5747: 5448: 5171: 3049: 2795: 2636: 2233: 1990: 1810: 1759: 1747: 1332: 1286: 1152: 1075: 1023: 912: 801: 796: 731: 696: 681: 431: 124: 41: 7601: 6680: 5913: 5433: 5209:

The Spanish–American War: A Guide to the Collections of the Humanities and Social Sciences Library

3064:

did not automatically apply because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not part of the U.S.

2896: 2882: 2791: 2669:, a small port 60 miles (97 km) east of Ponce that served the larger, nearby coastal town of 2471: 2239:

arrived at Guánica Bay. The following Navy ships and Army troopships were part of the convoy: USS

7271: 7129: 6973: 6913: 6863: 6765: 6362: 6327: 6274: 5909: 5779: 5743: 5473: 5346: 5331: 5227: 3588: 3234: 3156: 2654: 2094: 1926: 1787: 1783: 1724: 1614: 1610: 1254: 1070: 996: 736: 338: 6464: 4863: 3658: 2697:). The road beyond the bridge was essential for General Hains' projected advance to the town of 2213: 1723:

The first engagement between the belligerents occurred on May 8, 1898, when the converted liner

1484:

Flag of the Batallón Provisional No. 3 de Puerto Rico (3rd Provisional Battalion of Puerto Rico)

1378: 7562: 7134: 7069: 6573: 6459: 6342: 6302: 5946: 5739: 5398: 5388: 4684: 3779: 3360:

America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the United States and Puerto Rico

3283:

Zwick, Jim (April 23, 1995). "Sitting in Darkness: An Unheeded Message About U.S. Militarism".

3264: 3001: 2129: 1513: 1038: 951: 902: 858: 611: 128: 54:

Map of the Puerto Rico campaign illustrating operations July 25 – August 12, 1898, and showing

6705: 2778: 1343:. Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal, the Americans were able to establish a 7008: 6418: 6239: 6128: 6067: 5995: 5905: 5606: 5286: 4838:

by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 18–19;

3305: 3124: 2993: 2984: 2702: 2521: 2266: 1867: 1803: 1589: 1497: 1406: 1340: 1264: 1018: 467: 7542: 6943: 6730: 6690: 6649: 5623: 1469:, the former secretary of state under the administrations of various presidents, among them 7517: 7186: 7149: 7139: 7079: 6978: 6958: 6853: 6665: 6484: 5361: 5351: 3140: 2755: 2701:. The 4th Ohio observed elements of Spain's 6th Provisional Battalion under the command of 2670: 2609: 2229: 2212:

to the east, Miles opted to land his troops in the southern region of the island, choosing

2079: 1961: 1851: 1842: 1679: 1661: 1541: 1534: 1458:

and naval stations, and serve as strategical points of defense upon the construction of an

1386: 1219: 746: 7043: 6833: 6755: 3413:

by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 13;

2145: 8: 7586: 7342: 7327: 7211: 7191: 7144: 7124: 6928: 6923: 6868: 6838: 6604: 6229: 6186: 6143: 6072: 6041: 5812: 5791: 5757: 5663: 5633: 5564: 5408: 5381: 5281: 3127:, installed himself as president of the largest sugar-refining company in the world, the 3071: 2666: 2658: 2561: 2259: 2244: 2054: 2031: 1894: 1683: 1444:, a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker, wrote a book titled 1441: 1234: 1008: 971: 966: 961: 831: 616: 554: 182: 7332: 7033: 5089: 4864:"Changing forms of U.S. hegemony in Puerto Rico: the impact on the family and sexuality" 4771: 4198: 4081: 3957: 3075:

initially all classes were taught in English, which also made for a large dropout rate.

3009: 2767: 7347: 7337: 7312: 7266: 7231: 7089: 6798: 6675: 6548: 6046: 6026: 5686: 5574: 5301: 3314:. 1898 Los Documentos de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario. 3244: 3206: 3105: 2892: 2811: 2678: 2650: 2645: 2624: 2514: 2444: 2433: 2326: 1858: 1836: 1822: 1814: 1524: 1509: 1399: 1391: 1382: 1373:

The land offensive began on July 25, when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Major General

1336: 1306: 907: 883: 868: 227: 6670: 6599: 3496: 3184:

Rock in Guánica which indicates where Major General Nelson A. Miles and his men landed

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law for the island, suspending all constitutional rights in the preparation for war.

1521: 1489: 1466: 1249: 1244: 1157: 716: 358: 5548: 3927: 3842: 3816: 3557: 3155:

In 1947, the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own

3037:

and, even though they were accustomed to the pacification and administration of the

2731: 2589:

August 8, Pino's troops began their assault on the lighthouse. The landing party of

1664:, Henry Ward, George Bronson Brea, William Freeman, James Dewel, Frederick Ober and 761: 7159: 7154: 7119: 7099: 6858: 6735: 6634: 6538: 6000: 5840: 2944:

expected the United States to grant the island its independence and in the case of

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in which he argued for the creation of a large and powerful navy modeled after the

1411: 756: 544: 7537: 5569: 5104: 4655: 3468: 2937: 2694: 2330: 1952: 1774: 7602:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

7352: 7292: 7206: 7114: 6988: 6968: 6933: 6715: 6685: 6624: 6234: 6224: 6120: 6005: 5897: 5854: 5614: 5522: 5393: 5068: 4973: 4868:

Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development

4718: 4691: 3053: 3025: 2841: 2787: 2763: 2759: 2616: 2353:

was the first ship to set anchor in the Bay of Guánica. Twenty-eight sailors and

2280: 2197: 1968: 1829: 1692: 1687: 1531: 1470: 1434: 1374: 1274: 1060: 836: 472: 216: 7261: 5138:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Puerto Rico: Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts. 3526: 2682: 1394:, both of which were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated. A battle in 7196: 7109: 6993: 6745: 6568: 6553: 6454: 6428: 6413: 6294: 5889: 5883: 5787: 5554: 5468: 5418: 5296: 5250: 4629: 3224: 2837: 2170: 2083: 1565: 1548: 1239: 515: 104: 5701: 4702:

El levantamiento de Ciales, by Juan Manuel Delgado, Editorial Guasábara, 1980.

3430: 73: 7625: 6760: 5610: 5527: 5336: 3697: 2362: 2358: 1799: 1474: 1291: 1043: 991: 806: 483: 169: 3617: 3101: 2190: 1937:(the Cross of the Order of the Military Merit) first class for his actions. 7532: 7522: 7251: 6790: 6644: 6469: 5985: 5761: 5443: 5291: 4744: 4388: 4308: 4168: 4038: 3901: 3311:

La Guerra Hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico (Military history of Puerto Rico)

3169: 3136: 3132: 3068: 2866: 2751: 2535: 2255: 2205: 1880: 1415: 1348: 6843: 5038: 3020: 2505: 2220: 1480: 6433: 6259: 5828: 5706: 5012: 4811: 3117: 3034: 2978: 2807: 2462: 2450: 2366: 2248: 2087: 1999:

attack but was thwarted when her rudder was damaged by a direct hit from

1712: 1629:

would ensure that Puerto Ricans would remain loyal to the Spanish Crown.

1622: 1328: 1311: 100: 49: 6423: 4990: 4966: 2738: 2424: 7297: 6031: 5311: 5198: 4339:"Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte XII" 2644:

After the town of Yauco was taken, Miles decided to attack the City of

2619:

came ashore to secure the area while the 60 Fajardan civilians boarded

2209: 1826: 1637: 1451: 1430: 721: 686: 399: 292: 5125:

Hewitt, Waterman Thomas; Holmes, Frank R.; Williams, Lewis A. (1905).

4967:

Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – in Spanish (Spanish)

1929:

and José Antonio Iriarte were among those who defended the city, from

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and ultimately to Puerto Rico. With this understanding, Rear Admiral

1552: 1419: 1356: 5070:

Strategy as Politics: Puerto Rico on the Eve of the Second World War

4808:"Angel Rivero, Crónica de la Guerra Hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico" 2045: 6438: 5316: 4732:

Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture

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Spanish and Puerto Rican prisoners of war after the Battle of Coamo

2475: 2386:

General Nelson Miles and other soldiers on horseback in Puerto Rico

2018:

s waterline, disabling one of her engines and causing her to list.

1989:

at long range without success in an attempt to break the blockade.

1818: 1626: 1344: 1301: 4773:

Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles

3116:

Military rule was replaced by a civilian government by way of the

2402:

learned about the landing at Guanica the next day when he read an

1750:

was assigned the command of the Spanish forces at the fortress of

1702: 1504:

ultimatum to Spain to withdraw from Cuba following the sinking of

1381:. After controlling the first skirmish, the Americans advanced to 1327:

was the American military sea and land operation on the island of

7596: 7567: 6077: 6062: 5219: 5178:. Published by: Imprenta de los sucesores de Rivade- neyra (1922) 3144: 2845: 2726:(Central Road). The caravan was composed of two companies of the 2542: 2483: 2166: 2155: 1996: 1848: 1807: 1594: 1296: 3100:

a.k.a. 'Aguila Blanca". Maldonado, who operated in the areas of

3044:

The administration of Puerto Rico was the responsibility of the

2714: 6533: 6087: 6082: 5859: 3180: 3057: 2949: 2857: 2569: 2479: 2322: 1902: 1898: 1778:

Rear Admiral William T. Sampson during the Spanish–American War

1645: 2718:

The 3rd Wisconsin awaits orders to charge the Spanish at Coamo

2685:) by the town square in Guayama as his military headquarters. 2365:. They then proceeded to set up a machine gun nest and placed 1398:

concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to

1390:

interior. They engaged in two crossfires in Guamani River and

7574: 5848: 5512: 4199:"Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico" 3902:"Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico" 3015: 2698: 2074:

carrying a cargo of needed military supplies, was pursued by

1786:

or the First Battle of San Juan (not to be confused with the

1682:. Upon his arrival in the town of Maunabo he met 14-year-old 1657:

wrote, "Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it".

1602: 1556: 2556:

s commanding officer and senior officer afloat, spotted the

1766:(the Cross of the Order of the Military Merit) first class. 1746:, resulting in a Spanish victory. Around this time, Captain 1649:

Map drawn by Rudolph Riefkohl and given to Edwin Emerson Jr.

5917: 5832: 3048:'s Division of Insular Affairs which was modeled after the 2989: 2827: 1906: 1795: 5810: 3123:

In 1901, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico,

2665:

and 4th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiments to take

1577: 7652:

United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries

5188:. Published by: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992) 2782:

Col. Julio Soto Villanueva (X) with his staff in Mayagüez

2869:, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an 1418:, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an 3589:"Crónica de la guerra hispano-americana en Puerto Rico" 3558:"Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War" 2022:

abandoned the attack and returned to port, followed by

3304: 5565:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

4989:(in Spanish). LexJuris de Puerto Rico. Archived from 3091:

Raising the U.S. flag over San Juan, October 18, 1898

2688: 2545:

on the northeast corner of Puerto Rico, when Captain

5176:

Crónica de la Guerra Hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico

5124: 4794: 4269:"Los incidentes de Fajardo 3 al 7 de agosto de 1898" 3196: 3175: 2173:, and on July 21 another convoy, which included USS 2165:

approved the land invasion of Puerto Rico by way of

1653:

On May 24, 1898, in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt,

5005: 4979: 3964:. Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. 3489: 3052:. Almost immediately, the United States began the " 5103: 4941:by: Fernando Pico; Publishers: Ediciones Huracan; 3580: 3151:54 years after the end of the Puerto Rico campaign 3112:End of military rule and rise of the sugar economy 2136:Land campaign in Puerto Rico (July 25 – August 13) 5013:"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" 4987:"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" 4263: 4261: 4259: 3920: 3835: 2361:from the beach flagpole and replaced it with the 2053:On June 28, 1898, the American auxiliary cruiser 1762:. For his actions, Rivero-Mendez was awarded the 1493:commodity which the United States lacked: sugar. 7623: 4039:"The American Army Moves on Puerto-Rico, Part 2" 3728:, Vol. 56, Issue 5, pp. 666–676, September 1898" 3497:"Chronology of Cuba in the Spanish–American War" 2640:US troopships and convoy at Playa de Ponce, 1898 2037:, which continued the blockade of San Juan Bay. 1335:. The offensive began on May 12, 1898, when the 120:United States post-war occupation of Puerto Rico 6109: 4648: 4442:"U.S. Army Service Tribute | TWS Roll of Honor" 4309:"The American Army Moves on Puerto-Rico Part 3" 4203:1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico 4086:1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico 3817:"1898 – Adjuntas en la Guerra Hispanoamericana" 1716:Ordoñez 15 cm cannon which opened fire on 1703:Naval campaign in Puerto Rico (May 8–August 13) 145:United States Military Government of Porto Rico 4917: 4737: 4256: 3724:"Alone in Puerto Rico, by Edwin Emerson, Jr., 2208:that separates Puerto Rico from the island of 1609:where they battled the American forces in the 1054:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 513: 5754:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 5235: 5106:History of US: Book Eight, An Age of Extremes 5091:Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities 3586: 3449: 2746:Meanwhile, two battalions of volunteers from 1825:and a squadron of ten American warships, the 1044:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63) 499: 415: 308: 287:10,000 surrendered at the end of the campaign 27:Military campaign of the Spanish–American War 5429:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 5073:. La Editorial, Universidad de Puerto Rico. 3950: 3668:. United States Department of the Interior. 1947: 1366:, but were unable to break the blockade and 383: 4660:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 4630:"About Eugenio María de Hostos (1839–1903)" 4315:. Spanish American War Centennial Website. 4175:. Spanish American War Centennial Website. 4045:. Spanish American War Centennial Website. 3962:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 3932:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 3847:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 3651: 3562:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 3501:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 3470:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 2924:The Puerto Rico campaign, which began with 2078:until the Spanish freighter ran aground at 2040: 1555:was signed at the Arbol de La Paz (a large 5242: 5228: 4886: 4662:. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. 4497: 4495: 4005:National Historic Landmark summary listing 3934:. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. 3849:. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. 3587:Rivero Méndez, Angel (November 23, 1922). 3564:. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. 3552: 3550: 3548: 3503:. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. 3473:. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. 3159:, which they first exercised in 1948. The 2911: 2773: 2070:, a transoceanic steamer belonging to the 1769: 1547:, bombarded the Spanish fortifications at 506: 492: 422: 408: 315: 301: 7548:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 5211:. New York Public Library. Archived from 5087: 4951: 4923: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 2007:inadvertently turned broadside, allowing 277:(mostly by Puerto Rican irregular troops) 7553:Colonial universities in the Philippines 4780:from the original on November 21, 2008. 4389:"The American Army Moves on Puerto-Rico" 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 3519: 3461: 3179: 3135:company. In effect, Allen leveraged his 3086: 3019: 2955: 2915: 2826: 2777: 2737: 2713: 2635: 2504: 2461: 2449: 2423: 2381: 2341: 2219: 2144: 2112:into the vessel and sinking her. Though 2044: 1951: 1915: 1792:Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua 1773: 1711: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1576: 1479: 1429: 429: 322: 6544:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 4524: 4522: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4424: 4422: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 3896: 3894: 3879:from the original on September 26, 2013 3545: 3533:from the original on September 13, 2008 3437:from the original on September 14, 2016 3357: 2801:Schwan's troops arrived in the town of 2657:and his group, arrived in Ponce aboard 2325:within the jurisdiction of the town of 2193:for a four-day journey to Puerto Rico. 1572: 1447:The Influence of Sea Power upon History 388: 14: 7624: 7497: 5133: 5066: 5019:from the original on November 25, 2011 4892: 4831: 4829: 4800: 4788: 4591: 4579: 4566: 4554: 4541: 4528: 4513: 4501: 4486: 4471: 4428: 4413: 4370: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4275:from the original on February 22, 2012 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 3993: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3692: 3690: 3675:from the original on February 11, 2017 3507:from the original on December 24, 2017 3340: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 2960:An 1899 cartoon in American newspaper 2876: 2390:After the skirmish was over, men from 373: 368: 7496: 7392: 7391: 6515: 6393: 6108: 5967: 5935: 5872: 5809: 5724: 5647: 5587: 5501: 5490: 5262: 5261: 5223: 5152: 5110:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5101: 4934: 4932: 4874:from the original on December 5, 2008 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4769: 4763: 4751:from the original on January 30, 2008 4448:from the original on November 7, 2021 4395:from the original on October 11, 2008 4383: 4381: 4379: 4319:from the original on October 11, 2008 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4023: 3968:from the original on October 20, 2008 3853:from the original on January 17, 2018 3659:"Spanish-American War in Puerto Rico" 3645: 3641: 3639: 3624:from the original on January 25, 2011 3612: 3610: 3455: 3282: 3215:Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal 3131:. This company was later renamed the 2822: 2140: 1039:Caribbean and North America (1739–48) 487: 403: 296: 5825:Captaincy General of the Philippines 5317:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 5199:Spanish–American War Centennial site 5136:De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante 5129:. The University Publishing Society. 4861: 4666:from the original on August 27, 2017 4636:from the original on October 2, 2008 4585: 4572: 4560: 4547: 4534: 4519: 4507: 4477: 4460: 4419: 4407: 4357: 4129:"Puerto Rico — "A Moonlight Picnic"" 4011:from the original on October 7, 2012 3938:from the original on January 5, 2018 3891: 3754:"Cañón Ordóñez de 15 cm modelo 1885" 3704:from the original on October 7, 2009 3568:from the original on January 4, 2018 3381: 3379: 3276: 2631: 2494: 2482:and finally arriving at the town of 378: 363: 7632:Battles of the Spanish–American War 7528:Indochristian painting in New Spain 5648: 5094:. New York: Harper & Brothers. 4939:1898-La Guerra Despues de la Guerra 4826: 4678: 4287: 4221: 4104: 4092:from the original on April 21, 2010 4061: 3823:from the original on March 30, 2012 3804: 3687: 3291: 2466:19th century train station in Yauco 1981:with support from shore batteries. 1956:Bombardment of San Felipe del Morro 540:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478) 353: 24: 6495:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 5968: 5249: 5060: 4929: 4905:from the original on March 4, 2016 4893:Harvey, S.S. (February 22, 1899). 4848: 4795:Hewitt, Holmes & Williams 1905 4376: 4345:from the original on March 4, 2016 4331: 4306: 4179:from the original on July 24, 2008 4166: 4147: 4049:from the original on July 24, 2008 4036: 3908:from the original on March 4, 2016 3734:from the original on April 8, 2020 3636: 3607: 3527:"Hombres Illustres de Puerto Rico" 3477:from the original on June 29, 2011 2728:Batallón de Cazadores de la Patria 2709: 2689:Battle of the Guamaní River Bridge 2413: 2149:Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles 1935:Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar 1764:Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar 1670:According to a story published in 25: 7663: 5725: 5588: 5469:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 5192: 5045:from the original on May 15, 2011 3928:"Rear Admiral William T. Sampson" 3792:from the original on May 29, 2015 3376: 3176:Markers, monuments and tombstones 3082: 2988:agreed to challenge Cervera to a 2886:march. The marching army reached 2337: 2310:that had been confiscated by USS 7580:Criollos in the colonial society 7508:Spanish missions in the Americas 6630:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 5157:. University of Nebraska Press. 5067:Beruff, Jorge Rodríguez (2007). 4734:(New York: NYU Press, 2004), 11. 4240:. Home of Heroes. Archived from 4209:from the original on May 9, 2008 4131:. Home of Heroes. Archived from 3529:(in Spanish). www.prfrogui.com. 3260:Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War 3199: 3016:"Americanization" of Puerto Rico 3008:". Some took the offer, such as 2161:After Cuba was taken, President 2118:Cruz de la Orden de Merito Naval 2104:, and then quickly finished off 2072:Compañía Transatlántica Española 1977:set off from San Juan to engage 1707: 233: 221: 210: 196:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 189: 176: 162: 72: 48: 7637:Military history of Puerto Rico 7607:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 5491: 5186:Historia militar de Puerto Rico 5031: 4960: 4957:Ribes Tovar et al., pp. 122–144 4770:Miles, Nelson Appleton (1896). 4724: 4705: 4696: 4622: 4597: 4434: 4191: 3980: 3865: 3772: 3746: 3716: 3220:Military history of Puerto Rico 3129:American Sugar Refining Company 3046:United States Department of War 2558:Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan 762:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667) 127:in Puerto Rico, leading to the 5936: 5659:Captaincy General of Guatemala 5367:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 4862:Safa, Helen (March 22, 2003). 3423: 3404: 3395: 2584:On August 4, Governor General 2541:were sailing off the coast of 2302:. Two captured Spanish ships, 2108:the next day by firing twenty 1730:captured a Spanish freighter, 13: 1: 7558:General Archive of the Indies 6819:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 6490:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 6475:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 5424:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 5377:War of the Spanish Succession 5342:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 5127:Cornell University: A History 4721:, Retrieved December 20, 2008 3270: 3255:Puerto Ricans in World War II 3230:Spain–United States relations 3143:over the entire Puerto Rican 2321:In 1898, Guánica was a small 2286:and the U.S. Army transports 2124:Captain Henry A. Reed of the 1967:under the command of Captain 1931:Castillo San Felipe del Morro 1754:in San Juan. On May 10, when 1734:, in San Juan Bay. On May 9, 1593:published a decree signaling 1520:On April 27, U.S. ships, the 1465:This idea was not new, since 1377:disembarked off the coast of 6516: 5630:Captaincy General of Yucatan 5560:Union with Holy Roman Empire 5539:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 5454:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 5015:. Welcome.toPuertoRico.org. 4810:(in Spanish). Archived from 4632:. Hostos Community College. 3618:"Tropas de España en Puerto" 3250:Puerto Ricans in World War I 2906: 2831:Spanish trenches in Asomante 2681:used the Cautiño Residence ( 1944:, for repairs and supplies. 1230:Dominican Republic (1863–65) 7: 6394: 6110:Administrative subdivisions 5307:War of the League of Cognac 5088:Dinwiddie, William (1899). 4895:"Americanizing Puerto Rico" 4001:"ANTONIO LOPEZ (Shipwreck)" 3192: 3161:Constitution of Puerto Rico 2377: 2120:by the Spanish government. 2049:Captain Angel Rivero Mendez 1738:fought a brief battle with 10: 7668: 6824:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 6809:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 6711:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 5873: 5609:), Western United States ( 5502: 5372:Portuguese Restoration War 5155:The War with Spain in 1898 4082:"El desembarco en Guánica" 3843:"Pascual Cervera y Topete" 3062:United States Constitution 2513:On August 1, the monitors 2498: 2417: 2011:to score direct hits near 1425: 1351:. On June 22, the cruiser 1086:Banda Oriental (1776–1777) 517:Spanish colonial campaigns 70:are Spanish ground forces. 7592:Slavery in Spanish Empire 7503: 7492: 7398: 7387: 7285: 7179: 7172: 7057: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6879:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 6789: 6658: 6620:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 6582: 6526: 6522: 6511: 6480:Barcelona Trading Company 6447: 6404: 6400: 6389: 6293: 6245:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 6215: 6157: 6119: 6115: 6104: 6055: 6014: 5978: 5974: 5963: 5942: 5879: 5820: 5752:Venezuela, part of Guyana 5731: 5654: 5605:, Central United States ( 5594: 5508: 5497: 5486: 5337:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 5322:Expulsion of the Moriscos 5268: 5257: 4730:Frances Negrón-Muntaner, 4007:. National Park Service. 3362:. NYU Press. p. 36. 2963:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2224:Guánica Lighthouse c.1893 2217:disrupt a landing there. 1948:Second Battle of San Juan 1138:Spanish America (1808–33) 1133:Río de la Plata (1806–07) 525: 441: 334: 266: 245: 203: 155: 83: 47: 39: 34: 7533:Quito painting tradition 7523:Cusco painting tradition 6884:García López de Cárdenas 6874:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 6781:Felipe González de Ahedo 6701:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 5278:Conquest of the Americas 5153:Trask, David F. (1996). 5134:Pratts, Edgardo (2006). 3050:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2946:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón 2604:and a similar number of 2562:Cape San Juan Lighthouse 2243:with Generals Miles and 2204:. While approaching the 2093:On 15 July, the cruiser 2041:Third Battle of San Juan 1811:Pascual Cervera y Topete 1794:) refers to an American 1551:in Cuba. By July 16, an 1307:Western Sahara (1973–76) 1235:Peru and Chile (1864–66) 1034:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 535:Canary Islands (1402–96) 66:are US land forces, and 7642:Military in Puerto Rico 7318:Comuneros (New Granada) 7095:Balearic Islands (1558) 6814:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 6741:Ruy López de Villalobos 6696:Miguel López de Legazpi 6610:García de Toledo Osorio 5474:Western Sahara conflict 5464:Independence of Morocco 5404:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 5347:Piracy in the Caribbean 5332:French Wars of Religion 3358:Malavet, Pedro (2004). 3235:Politics of Puerto Rico 3024:An 1899, caricature by 3002:Treaty of Paris of 1898 3000:Under the terms of the 2942:Eugenio María de Hostos 2912:Treaty of Paris of 1898 2774:Battle of Silva Heights 2655:Antonio Mattei Lluberas 2428:Lt. Col. Francisco Puig 2346:Gloucester landing team 2130:Treaty of Paris of 1898 1788:Battle of San Juan Hill 1784:Bombardment of San Juan 1770:Bombardment of San Juan 1615:governor of Puerto Rico 1611:Battle of San Juan Hill 1605:artillery, was sent to 1587:On April 21, 1898, the 1091:North America (1779–83) 1009:North America (1702–13) 847:Philippines (1599-1600) 782:Philippines (1565–1898) 91:May 8 – August 13, 1898 7563:Colonial Spanish Horse 7237:Colonia del Sacramento 6460:Spanish treasure fleet 6037:Royal Decree of Graces 5215:on September 27, 2013. 3988:El Marqués de Comillas 3306:Negroni, Héctor Andrés 3265:65th Infantry Regiment 3185: 3139:of Puerto Rico into a 3092: 3029: 2967: 2921: 2865:and French Ambassador 2832: 2783: 2743: 2719: 2641: 2586:Manuel Macías y Casado 2510: 2467: 2455: 2429: 2387: 2347: 2225: 2150: 2050: 1957: 1921: 1813:was steaming from the 1779: 1720: 1650: 1642: 1619:Manuel Macías y Casado 1584: 1582:Manuel Macías y Casado 1485: 1437: 1414:and French ambassador 1347:in the city's harbor, 1339:attacked the capital, 445:Atlantic Ocean Theater 240:Manuel Macías y Casado 204:Commanders and leaders 6721:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 6681:Juan Sebastián Elcano 5996:Council of the Indies 5357:Spanish–Moro conflict 5327:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 5287:Treaty of Tordesillas 5182:Héctor Andrés Negroni 5039:"Monumentos y tumbas" 4717:June 5, 2016, at the 4605:"desastre.guasio.htm" 3780:"Ediciones Digitales" 3666:National Park Service 3183: 3090: 3023: 2994:Cayetano Coll y Toste 2959: 2919: 2830: 2781: 2741: 2717: 2703:Julio Cervera Baviera 2639: 2508: 2499:Further information: 2465: 2453: 2427: 2385: 2345: 2223: 2148: 2048: 1955: 1919: 1804:San Juan, Puerto Rico 1777: 1715: 1648: 1640: 1633:American preparations 1590:Gaceta de Puerto Rico 1580: 1496:On February 15, 1898 1483: 1433: 1364:Spanish counterattack 1312:Western Sahara (1975) 1265:Philippines (1896–98) 1220:Cochinchina (1858–62) 1121:Caribbean (1796–1802) 982:Lake Maracaibo (1669) 918:Philippines (1638-46) 792:Philippines (1567–72) 647:El Salvador (1524–39) 642:Guatemala (1524–1697) 602:Puerto Rico (1511–29) 462:Pacific Ocean Theater 267:Casualties and losses 143:Establishment of the 62:are US Naval forces, 18:Puerto Rican Campaign 7647:Spanish–American War 7518:Mesoamerican Codices 7242:Comuneros (Paraguay) 7080:Siege of Castelnuovo 6666:Christopher Columbus 6485:Consulate of the Sea 6465:Casa de Contratación 6056:Titles and positions 5449:Spanish–American War 5439:Liberal constitution 5282:Asia and the Pacific 4993:on November 14, 2011 4836:Strategy as Politics 4712:Projecto Salon Hogar 4238:"Fajardo lighthouse" 3411:Strategy as Politics 3141:controlling interest 3098:José Maldonado Román 2547:Frederick W. Rodgers 2230:Francis J. Higginson 2200:traveled aboard USS 1760:Spanish–American War 1662:Henry Howard Whitney 1573:Spanish preparations 1333:Spanish–American War 1325:Puerto Rico campaign 992:New Mexico (1680–92) 433:Spanish–American War 326:Puerto Rico campaign 125:Spanish–American War 42:Spanish–American War 35:Puerto Rico campaign 7247:Cartagena de Indias 6869:Diego de Mazariegos 6839:Pere Fages i Beleta 6706:Sebastián de Ocampo 6187:Provincias Internas 6159:Captaincies General 6073:Municipal president 6042:School of Salamanca 5813:Spanish East Indies 5792:Misiones Orientales 5664:Spanish West Indies 5628:, Central America ( 5575:Pyrénées-Orientales 5528:Union with Portugal 5419:Napoleonic invasion 5399:War of Jenkins' Ear 5172:Ángel Rivero Méndez 5102:Hakim, Joy (1994). 4814:on January 11, 2009 4776:. Chicago: Werner. 4244:on October 12, 2008 4135:on October 12, 2008 3760:on February 4, 2012 3328:on January 30, 2012 3072:George Frisbie Hoar 3006:Porto Rico Regiment 2877:The Guacio Disaster 2245:George A. Garretson 2100:arrived to relieve 2003:. Losing steerage, 1897:had stood out from 1889:, two unidentified 1748:Ángel Rivero Méndez 1684:Rudolph W. Riefkohl 1512:. On April 25, the 1442:Alfred Thayer Mahan 1225:Morocco (1859–1860) 1215:Balanguingui (1848) 1183:Venezuela (1811–23) 1148:Argentina (1810–18) 662:Yucatán (1527–1697) 637:Chiapas (1523–1695) 7543:Academia Antártica 7498:Other civil topics 6864:Pánfilo de Narváez 6766:Sebastián Vizcaíno 6731:Andrés de Urdaneta 6691:Juan Ponce de León 6676:Ferdinand Magellan 6650:Bernardo de Gálvez 6549:Indian auxiliaries 6047:Trial of residence 6027:Laws of the Indies 5811:Asia and Oceania ( 5672:Dominican Republic 5096:William Dinwiddie. 4972:2011-11-14 at the 4690:2009-06-03 at the 4313:War in Puerto Rico 4173:War in Puerto Rico 4043:War in Puerto Rico 3458:, pp. 144–149 3287:. pp. J1, J6. 3245:Intentona de Yauco 3207:Puerto Rico portal 3186: 3093: 3030: 2968: 2922: 2833: 2823:Battle of Asomante 2786:Brigadier General 2784: 2754:, led by Generals 2744: 2720: 2679:John Rutter Brooke 2651:Intentona de Yauco 2642: 2574:Charles J. Barclay 2511: 2468: 2456: 2430: 2406:report in a local 2388: 2348: 2331:Guánica lighthouse 2226: 2151: 2141:Landing in Guánica 2051: 2026:. On June 26, USS 1960:On June 22, 1898, 1958: 1927:Ramón Acha Caamaño 1922: 1891:auxiliary cruisers 1823:William T. Sampson 1815:Cape Verde Islands 1780: 1721: 1666:Edwin Emerson, Jr. 1651: 1643: 1585: 1486: 1438: 1337:United States Navy 1270:Puerto Rico (1898) 1240:Puerto Rico (1868) 1198:Colombia (1819–20) 1193:Colombia (1815–16) 1173:El Salvador (1811) 1158:Paraguay (1810–11) 1101:New Granada (1781) 1071:Philippines (1762) 977:Porto Bello (1668) 947:Philippines (1646) 903:Philippines (1630) 859:Philippines (1602) 842:Puerto Rico (1598) 832:Philippines (1596) 827:Puerto Rico (1595) 822:Cambodia (1593–97) 702:Colombia (1537–40) 652:Honduras (1524–39) 617:Mexico (1519–1821) 228:William T. Sampson 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7488: 7487: 7393:Spanish conquests 7383: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7168: 7167: 6849:Pedro de Alvarado 6834:Gaspar de Portolà 6829:Pedro de Valdivia 6804:Francisco Pizarro 6756:Nicolás de Ovando 6751:Alonso de Ercilla 6726:Alonso de Salazar 6559:Ships of the line 6507: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6095: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5931: 5930: 5888:Northern Africa ( 5884:Equatorial Guinea 5868: 5867: 5805: 5804: 5720: 5719: 5643: 5642: 5634:Spanish Caribbean 5607:Spanish Louisiana 5583: 5582: 5518:Crown of Castille 5482: 5481: 5459:Spanish Civil War 5434:Adams–Onís Treaty 5414:Nootka Convention 5362:Thirty Years' War 5352:Eighty Years' War 5273:Catholic Monarchs 5263:Timeline–immersed 5080:978-0-8477-0160-5 4844:978-0-8477-0160-5 3433:. June 17, 2016. 3419:978-0-8477-0160-5 3391:978-0-8477-0160-5 3240:El Grito de Lares 2724:Carretera Central 2632:Battle of Guayama 2615:under Lieutenant 2501:Battle of Fajardo 2495:Battle of Fajardo 2420:Yauco Battle Site 2398:Secretary of War 2254:carrying General 2110:incendiary shells 1942:Key West, Florida 1893:, and an unarmed 1744:auxiliary cruiser 1686:and asked him in 1655:Henry Cabot Lodge 1641:Edwin Emerson Jr. 1490:Naval War College 1467:William H. Seward 1440:In 1890, Captain 1320: 1319: 1302:Morocco (1957–58) 1297:Morocco (1920–26) 1292:Morocco (1911–12) 1255:Morocco (1893–94) 1203:Ecuador (1820–22) 1143:Bolivia (1809–25) 1076:Chile (1766–1767) 1024:Chile (1723–1726) 957:Hispaniola (1655) 864:Insulindia (1603) 817:Insulindia (1585) 812:Insulindia (1582) 722:Chile (1546–1662) 612:Algeria (1517–18) 481: 480: 397: 396: 291: 290: 278: 151: 150: 116:American victory 58:borders in 1898. 16:(Redirected from 7659: 7494: 7493: 7460:Chibchan Nations 7389: 7388: 7358:Santiago de Cuba 7217:Guadalupe Island 7177: 7176: 6904: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6859:Diego de Almagro 6736:Antonio de Ulloa 6640:Ambrosio Spinola 6635:Pedro de Zubiaur 6605:Alfonso d'Avalos 6595:Antonio de Leyva 6539:Army of Flanders 6524: 6523: 6513: 6512: 6402: 6401: 6391: 6390: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6105: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5964: 5933: 5932: 5906:Peñón of Algiers 5870: 5869: 5807: 5806: 5722: 5721: 5645: 5644: 5627: 5585: 5584: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5487: 5409:Seven Years' War 5382:Queen Anne's War 5259: 5258: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5168: 5149: 5130: 5121: 5109: 5098: 5084: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4859: 4846: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4741: 4735: 4728: 4722: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4504:, pp. 70–71 4499: 4490: 4484: 4475: 4469: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4307:Barnes, Mark R. 4304: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4265: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4167:Barnes, Mark R. 4164: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4078: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4037:Barnes, Mark R. 4034: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3813: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3756:. Archived from 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3726:Century Magazine 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3674: 3663: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3593:Internet Archive 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3554: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3421: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3355: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3324:. Archived from 3302: 3289: 3288: 3280: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3125:Charles H. Allen 3039:Native Americans 3010:Teófilo Marxuach 2930: 2863:William McKinley 2768:Río Descalabrado 2595: 2555: 2408:Washington, D.C. 2404:Associated Press 2400:Russell A. Alger 2318:were also used. 2189:, departed from 2163:William McKinley 2030:was relieved by 2017: 1607:Santiago de Cuba 1561:Santiago de Cuba 1532:armored cruisers 1488:Since 1894, the 1460:Isthmusian canal 1412:William McKinley 1208:Mexico (1821–29) 1163:Mexico (1810–21) 1066:Nicaragua (1762) 717:Halmahera (1545) 687:Brazil (1534-36) 622:Mexico (1519–21) 520: 518: 508: 501: 494: 485: 484: 436: 434: 424: 417: 410: 401: 400: 329: 327: 317: 310: 303: 294: 293: 276: 238: 237: 236: 226: 225: 224: 215: 214: 213: 194: 193: 192: 181: 180: 179: 168: 166: 165: 85: 84: 76: 69: 65: 61: 52: 32: 31: 21: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7611: 7587:Old inquisition 7499: 7484: 7394: 7367: 7323:Trinidad (1797) 7293:La Noche Triste 7281: 7277:San Juan (1797) 7227:San Juan (1595) 7164: 7053: 6893:Notable battles 6888: 6854:Martín de Ursúa 6785: 6716:Alonso de Ojeda 6686:Juan de la Cosa 6671:Pinzón brothers 6654: 6625:John of Austria 6600:Martín de Goiti 6578: 6518: 6499: 6443: 6396: 6377: 6289: 6285:Terra Australis 6280:Río de la Plata 6225:Castilla de Oro 6211: 6153: 6149:Río de la Plata 6111: 6092: 6051: 6010: 6006:Santa Hermandad 5970: 5951: 5947:Terra Australis 5938: 5927: 5894:Spanish Morocco 5875: 5864: 5855:Northern Taiwan 5816: 5801: 5772:Río de la Plata 5727: 5716: 5650: 5649:Central America 5639: 5621: 5590: 5579: 5523:Crown of Aragon 5504: 5493: 5478: 5394:Bourbon Reforms 5264: 5253: 5248: 5203: 5195: 5165: 5146: 5118: 5081: 5063: 5061:Further reading 5058: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4974:Wayback Machine 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4860: 4849: 4834: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4729: 4725: 4719:Wayback Machine 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4692:Wayback Machine 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4656:"José de Diego" 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4377: 4369: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4080: 4079: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4024: 4014: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3986:Berta Pensado, 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3356: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3322: 3303: 3292: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3178: 3153: 3114: 3085: 3054:Americanization 3026:Louis Dalrymple 3018: 2928: 2914: 2909: 2881:The retreating 2879: 2842:Samuel Reber II 2825: 2788:Theodore Schwan 2776: 2764:pincer movement 2760:James H. Wilson 2756:Oswald H. Ernst 2712: 2710:Battle of Coamo 2691: 2634: 2623:for passage to 2617:John A. Lejeune 2593: 2553: 2503: 2497: 2422: 2416: 2414:Battle of Yauco 2380: 2340: 2143: 2138: 2043: 2015: 1985:opened fire on 1969:Charles Sigsbee 1950: 1772: 1710: 1705: 1693:Nelson A. Miles 1635: 1575: 1471:Abraham Lincoln 1435:Alfred T. Mahan 1428: 1375:Nelson A. Miles 1321: 1316: 1188:Chile (1812–27) 1049:Portugal (1762) 942:Valdivia (1643) 879:Petén (1618–97) 521: 516: 514: 512: 482: 477: 437: 432: 430: 428: 398: 393: 330: 325: 323: 321: 286: 284: 282: 275: 273: 258: 234: 232: 222: 220: 219: 217:Nelson A. Miles 211: 209: 190: 188: 177: 175: 163: 161: 139: 129:Treaty of Paris 107: 77: 71: 67: 63: 59: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7665: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Canary Islands 7399: 7396: 7395: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7257:Túpac Amaru II 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7202:Bogotá savanna 7199: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7110:Spanish Armada 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7004:White Mountain 7001: 6999:Cape Celidonia 6996: 6994:English Armada 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6771:Juan Fernández 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6746:Diego Columbus 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6574:Army of Africa 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6554:Spanish Armada 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6519: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6455:Manila galleon 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5971: 5969:Administration 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5890:Western Sahara 5886: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5788:Banda Oriental 5769: 5755: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5603:Coastal Alaska 5595: 5592: 5591: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5254: 5251:Spanish Empire 5247: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5201: 5194: 5193:External links 5191: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5169: 5163: 5150: 5144: 5131: 5122: 5116: 5099: 5085: 5079: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5030: 5004: 4978: 4959: 4950: 4928: 4924:Dinwiddie 1899 4916: 4899:New York Times 4885: 4847: 4825: 4799: 4787: 4762: 4736: 4723: 4704: 4695: 4677: 4647: 4621: 4609:home.coqui.net 4596: 4584: 4571: 4559: 4546: 4533: 4518: 4506: 4491: 4476: 4459: 4433: 4418: 4406: 4375: 4356: 4330: 4286: 4255: 4220: 4205:(in Spanish). 4190: 4146: 4103: 4088:(in Spanish). 4060: 4022: 3992: 3979: 3949: 3919: 3890: 3864: 3834: 3819:(in Spanish). 3803: 3771: 3745: 3715: 3686: 3650: 3635: 3606: 3579: 3544: 3518: 3488: 3460: 3448: 3422: 3403: 3394: 3375: 3368: 3339: 3320: 3290: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3225:Camp Las Casas 3222: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3194: 3191: 3177: 3174: 3152: 3149: 3113: 3110: 3084: 3083:Civil disorder 3081: 3017: 3014: 2977:La defensa de 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2878: 2875: 2844:, developed a 2838:reconnaissance 2824: 2821: 2775: 2772: 2732:Baños de Coamo 2711: 2708: 2690: 2687: 2633: 2630: 2534:, and collier 2496: 2493: 2415: 2412: 2379: 2376: 2339: 2338:First skirmish 2336: 2196:Major General 2171:Tampa, Florida 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2080:Ensenada Honda 2042: 2039: 1949: 1946: 1800:fortifications 1798:attack on the 1771: 1768: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1634: 1631: 1574: 1571: 1566:Julio J. Henna 1427: 1424: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1287:Morocco (1909) 1283: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1260:Cuba (1895–98) 1257: 1252: 1250:Cuba (1879–80) 1247: 1245:Cuba (1868–78) 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1178:Uruguay (1811) 1175: 1170: 1168:Peru (1811–24) 1165: 1160: 1155: 1153:Florida (1810) 1150: 1145: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1111:Algiers (1784) 1108: 1106:Algiers (1783) 1103: 1098: 1096:Peru (1780–82) 1093: 1088: 1083: 1081:Algiers (1775) 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019:Bahamas (1720) 1016: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1000: 999: 997:Morocco (1689) 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 972:Jamaica (1658) 969: 967:Jamaica (1657) 964: 962:Jamaica (1655) 959: 954: 952:Tortuga (1654) 949: 944: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 891: 886: 881: 876: 874:Morocco (1614) 871: 869:Tunisia (1605) 866: 861: 855: 854: 850: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 802:Tunisia (1574) 799: 797:Tunisia (1573) 794: 789: 787:Florida (1565) 784: 779: 777:Morocco (1564) 774: 772:Morocco (1563) 769: 767:Algeria (1563) 764: 759: 757:Tunisia (1560) 754: 752:Algeria (1558) 749: 747:Algeria (1556) 744: 742:Algeria (1555) 739: 734: 732:Tunisia (1550) 729: 727:Algeria (1547) 724: 719: 714: 712:Algeria (1543) 709: 707:Algeria (1541) 704: 699: 697:Tunisia (1535) 694: 692:Algeria (1535) 689: 684: 682:Tunisia (1534) 679: 677:Peru (1532–72) 674: 672:Algeria (1531) 669: 667:Algeria (1529) 664: 659: 657:Morocco (1525) 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 632:Tunisia (1520) 629: 627:Algeria (1519) 624: 619: 614: 609: 607:Algeria (1516) 604: 599: 597:Tunisia (1510) 594: 592:Tripoli (1510) 589: 587:Algeria (1510) 584: 582:Algeria (1509) 579: 577:Morocco (1508) 574: 572:Algeria (1507) 569: 567:Algeria (1505) 563: 562: 558: 557: 555:Melilla (1497) 552: 550:Algeria (1497) 547: 542: 537: 531: 530: 526: 523: 522: 511: 510: 503: 496: 488: 479: 478: 476: 475: 470: 464: 463: 459: 458: 453: 447: 446: 442: 439: 438: 427: 426: 419: 412: 404: 395: 394: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 335: 332: 331: 320: 319: 312: 305: 297: 289: 288: 279: 269: 268: 264: 263: 252: 248: 247: 243: 242: 230: 206: 205: 201: 200: 199: 198: 172: 158: 157: 153: 152: 149: 148: 141: 135: 134: 133: 132: 121: 113: 109: 108: 105:Atlantic Ocean 99: 97: 93: 92: 89: 81: 80: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7664: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7538:Tapada limeña 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7390: 7386: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7130:Montes Claros 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7070:Vienna (1529) 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799:Hernán Cortés 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6791:Conquistadors 6788: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6761:Juan de Ayala 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6615:Duke of Savoy 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6510: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414:Dollar (Peso) 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6388: 6374: 6373:Santo Domingo 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:New Andalusia 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197:Santo Domingo 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6121:Viceroyalties 6118: 6114: 6107: 6103: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5962: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5934: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5871: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5726:South America 5723: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5646: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5611:Spanish Texas 5608: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5589:North America 5586: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570:Franche-Comté 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5205:"Puerto Rico" 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5164:0-8032-9429-8 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5145:0-9762185-6-9 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5117:0-19-507759-8 5113: 5108: 5107: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4954: 4948: 4947:0-940238-25-X 4944: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4926:, p. 261 4925: 4920: 4904: 4901:. p. 4. 4900: 4896: 4889: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4797:, p. 440 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4766: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4681: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3648:, p. 338 3647: 3642: 3640: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3436: 3432: 3431:"Puerto Rico" 3426: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3369:9780814756805 3365: 3361: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3327: 3323: 3321:84-7844-138-7 3317: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3285:Baltimore Sun 3279: 3275: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938:José de Diego 2934: 2931:s capture of 2927: 2918: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:Guamaní River 2686: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2507: 2502: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2438:Sabana Grande 2435: 2426: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2363:American flag 2360: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2236:Massachusetts 2231: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:Massachusetts 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2147: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114:Antonio Lopez 2111: 2107: 2106:Antonio Lopez 2103: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2067:Antonio López 2062: 2059: 2058: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:San Cristóbal 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1719: 1714: 1708:First actions 1700: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1647: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1514:U.S. Congress 1511: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1491: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1475:Ulysses Grant 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1370:was damaged. 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1014:Chiloé (1712) 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 987:Panama (1671) 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 941: 936: 934: 933:Taiwan (1642) 931: 929: 928:Taiwan (1641) 926: 924: 923:Brazil (1640) 921: 919: 916: 914: 913:Brazil (1638) 911: 909: 908:Brazil (1631) 906: 904: 901: 899: 897: 892: 890: 889:Taiwan (1626) 887: 885: 884:Brazil (1625) 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 852: 851: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 807:Brunei (1578) 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 560: 559: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 545:Guinea (1478) 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 528: 527: 524: 519: 509: 504: 502: 497: 495: 490: 489: 486: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 444: 443: 440: 435: 425: 420: 418: 413: 411: 406: 405: 402: 390: 387: 385: 384:Silva Heights 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 333: 328: 318: 313: 311: 306: 304: 299: 298: 295: 285:324 captured 280: 271: 270: 265: 261: 256: 253: 250: 249: 244: 241: 231: 229: 218: 208: 207: 202: 197: 187: 186: 185: 184: 173: 171: 170:United States 160: 159: 154: 146: 142: 137: 136: 130: 126: 122: 119: 118: 117: 114: 111: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 94: 90: 87: 86: 82: 75: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7513:Architecture 7408:The Americas 7272:Newfoundland 7262:Túpac Katari 7252:Cuerno Verde 7187:Tenochtitlan 7019:Valenciennes 6776:Luis Fajardo 6645:Blas de Lezo 6590:Duke of Alba 6470:Spanish Road 6308:Buenos Aires 6217:Governorates 5986:Ayuntamiento 5979:Organization 5444:Carlist Wars 5292:Italian Wars 5213:the original 5208: 5185: 5175: 5154: 5135: 5126: 5105: 5095: 5090: 5069: 5047:. Retrieved 5033: 5021:. Retrieved 5007: 4995:. Retrieved 4991:the original 4981: 4962: 4953: 4938: 4919: 4907:. Retrieved 4898: 4888: 4876:. Retrieved 4867: 4835: 4816:. Retrieved 4812:the original 4802: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4765: 4753:. Retrieved 4739: 4731: 4726: 4707: 4698: 4685:El Nuevo Dia 4680: 4668:. Retrieved 4659: 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4624: 4614:December 14, 4612:. Retrieved 4608: 4599: 4594:, p. 63 4587: 4582:, p. 82 4574: 4569:, p. 62 4562: 4557:, p. 81 4549: 4544:, p. 60 4536: 4531:, p. 59 4516:, p. 55 4509: 4489:, p. 51 4474:, p. 50 4450:. Retrieved 4436: 4431:, p. 48 4416:, p. 46 4409: 4397:. Retrieved 4373:, p. 42 4347:. Retrieved 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4312: 4279:February 27, 4277:. Retrieved 4246:. Retrieved 4242:the original 4211:. Retrieved 4202: 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4172: 4137:. Retrieved 4133:the original 4094:. Retrieved 4085: 4051:. Retrieved 4042: 4013:. Retrieved 4004: 3995: 3987: 3982: 3970:. Retrieved 3961: 3958:"Saint Paul" 3952: 3940:. 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Retrieved 3326:the original 3310: 3284: 3278: 3187: 3170:body politic 3166:Commonwealth 3154: 3137:governorship 3133:Domino Sugar 3122: 3115: 3094: 3077: 3069:U.S. Senator 3066: 3043: 3031: 2999: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2932: 2925: 2923: 2880: 2867:Jules Cambon 2854:Barranquitas 2851: 2840:and Colonel 2834: 2808:Gatling guns 2800: 2785: 2752:Pennsylvania 2745: 2727: 2721: 2692: 2683:Casa Cautiño 2675: 2660: 2643: 2620: 2611: 2606:U.S. Marines 2601: 2599: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2566: 2557: 2550: 2537: 2530: 2527:, armed tug 2523: 2516: 2512: 2489: 2469: 2457: 2442: 2431: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2371: 2359:Spanish flag 2350: 2349: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2261: 2256:Guy V. Henry 2250: 2240: 2235: 2227: 2206:Mona Passage 2201: 2195: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2160: 2152: 2132:was signed. 2122: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2075: 2066: 2056: 2052: 2033: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1963: 1959: 1939: 1934: 1923: 1885: 1881:torpedo boat 1875: 1869: 1859: 1853: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1781: 1763: 1755: 1742:, a Spanish 1740:Alfonso XIII 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1696: 1672: 1669: 1659: 1652: 1599: 1588: 1586: 1549:Matanzas Bay 1543: 1536: 1526: 1519: 1510:declared war 1505: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1464: 1445: 1439: 1416:Jules Cambon 1404: 1372: 1367: 1362:delivered a 1359: 1352: 1349:San Juan Bay 1324: 1322: 1281:20th century 1269: 1127:19th century 1116:Chile (1792) 1003:18th century 939: 898:Nevis (1629) 895: 853:17th century 737:Libya (1551) 561:16th century 529:15th century 455: 349:3rd San Juan 344:2nd San Juan 339:1st San Juan 324: 260:Puerto Rico: 259: 254: 174: 156:Belligerents 115: 56:municipality 40:Part of the 29: 7480:Philippines 7445:El Salvador 7065:Capo d'Orso 6949:St. Quentin 6924:Rome (1527) 6583:Strategists 6333:Guadalajara 6260:New Navarre 6255:New Castile 6240:La Luisiana 6192:Puerto Rico 6182:Philippines 6139:New Granada 5829:Philippines 5790:(Uruguay), 5786:(Bolivia), 5736:New Granada 5676:Puerto Rico 5622: [ 5492:Territories 5312:Encomiendas 4745:"Pers2.htm" 4592:Pratts 2006 4580:Pratts 2006 4567:Pratts 2006 4555:Pratts 2006 4542:Pratts 2006 4529:Pratts 2006 4514:Pratts 2006 4502:Pratts 2006 4487:Pratts 2006 4472:Pratts 2006 4429:Pratts 2006 4414:Pratts 2006 4371:Pratts 2006 4349:October 13, 3827:October 10, 3764:October 31, 3118:Foraker Act 3035:Indian Wars 2985:Sanjuaneros 2979:Puerto Rico 2796:Hormigueros 2570:bluejackets 2367:barbed wire 2097:New Orleans 1920:Bombardment 1827:battleships 1623:martial law 1621:, declared 1331:during the 1329:Puerto Rico 1275:Guam (1898) 1061:Cuba (1762) 1029:Oran (1732) 837:Cuba (1596) 468:Philippines 456:Puerto Rico 138:Territorial 123:End of the 101:Puerto Rico 7626:Categories 7150:Somosierra 7140:Manila Bay 7014:Nördlingen 6954:Gravelines 6434:Columnario 6406:Currencies 6323:Concepción 6295:Audiencias 6270:New Toledo 6235:La Florida 6068:Corregidor 6032:Papal bull 5937:Antarctica 5845:Micronesia 5302:Golden Age 4755:August 16, 3857:August 17, 3646:Trask 1996 3628:August 31, 3599:August 29, 3456:Hakim 1994 3271:References 3168:, for its 3102:Juana Díaz 2901:Las Marías 2888:Las Marias 2816:Las Marías 2803:San Germán 2612:Cincinnati 2602:Amphitrite 2591:Amphitrite 2578:Amphitrite 2524:Amphitrite 2418:See also: 2372:Gloucester 2351:Gloucester 2316:war prizes 2300:Specialist 2296:Stillwater 2269:Gloucester 2247:embarked, 2210:Hispaniola 2191:Guantánamo 2183:Gloucester 2128:after the 2028:Saint Paul 2009:Saint Paul 2001:Saint Paul 1987:Saint Paul 1979:Saint Paul 1964:Saint Paul 1870:Amphitrite 1854:Montgomery 1544:Cincinnati 1530:, and the 1517:and Guam. 1452:Royal Navy 1396:San Germán 894:St. Kitts 283:88 wounded 274:40 wounded 7455:Nicaragua 7433:Guatemala 7343:Pichincha 7328:Chacabuco 7267:Pensacola 7212:Mataquito 7192:Cajamarca 7173:New World 7145:Trafalgar 7049:Alhucemas 6929:Landriano 6914:Comuneros 6900:Old World 6844:Joan Orpí 6564:Royalists 6338:Guatemala 6265:New Spain 6202:Venezuela 6177:Guatemala 6134:New Spain 6129:Columbian 6022:Exequatur 5922:Cape Juby 5776:Argentina 5599:New Spain 5533:Gibraltar 5297:Habsburgs 5023:August 2, 4997:August 2, 4909:August 3, 4878:August 3, 4818:August 2, 4670:August 2, 4640:August 2, 4399:August 1, 4323:August 2, 4248:August 2, 4213:August 2, 4139:August 2, 4096:August 2, 4053:August 2, 3942:August 5, 3572:August 4, 3537:August 7, 3511:August 2, 3481:August 3, 3067:In 1899, 2907:Aftermath 2871:armistice 2748:Wisconsin 2661:St. Louis 2610:USS 2536:USS 2529:USS 2522:USS 2515:USS 2281:USS 2274:USS 2267:USS 2260:USS 2249:USS 2234:USS 2126:U.S. Army 2095:USS 2086:from the 2055:USS 2032:USS 2024:Isabel II 1983:Isabel II 1974:Isabel II 1962:USS 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