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resolutions on Puerto Rico were indispensable instruments." Castillo "called upon the United States
Government to assure the Puerto Rican people of their right to self-determination and human rights and immediately cease the persecution, arrests, and murders perpetrated against independence fighters. Vieques peace activists must be freed immediately, and the FBI's electronic surveillance and continued harassment of independence fighters must be stopped. The United States must also end its actions against basic human rights while fully implementing the United Nations resolution calling for a constituent assembly to begin decolonization." Castillo added that "Puerto Rico had its own national identity ... Since its 1898 invasion, the United States had tried to destroy the nationality of Puerto Rican people. It kept Puerto Rico in isolation, maintaining it as private corporation from which it earned billions a year ... exploitation had made foreigners richer and the Puerto Rican people poorer. The fact that Puerto Rico was the last territory in the world could not be hidden. Violation of rights there would cease only once it was a free and independent nation. The United States must provide compensation for what it had done to Puerto Rico's land and people."
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620:), which attempted to suppress the Nationalist Party and similar opposition. The Puerto Rican police arrested many Nationalist Party members under this law, some of whom were sentenced to lengthy prison terms. With a new political status pending for Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth, Albizu Campos ordered armed uprisings in several Puerto Rican towns to occur on October 30, 1950. In a related effort, two Nationalists also attempted to assassinate US President
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1150:, Senate president Rafael Martínez Nadal, and others. When Winship rose to speak, shots were fired at him, slaying police Colonel Luis Irizarry, who was seated next to the governor. The Nationalist Interim President M. Medina Ramírez repudiated the shooting and denied any involvement in it, but numerous Nationalists were arrested and convicted of participating in the shooting. Winship worked to repress the Nationalists.
1476:(The 5th Column) broke away from the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party due to not supporting the ideas and thoughts of Albizu Campos, as to a Puerto Rico relationship with Spain as its Mother country and their nationalistic love for Puerto Rico as their Motherland. The other reason for the splinter group was due to the violence that took place in the 1950s. This splinter group would later become known in 1968 as
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1329:. The police surrounded the house of the mother of Melitón Muñiz, the president of the Peñuelas Nationalist Party, that he was using as a distribution center for weapons for the Nationalist Revolt. Without warning, the police fired on the Nationalists and a firefight ensued, resulting in the death of two Nationalists and wounding of six police officers.
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1094:) with Fulgencio Piñero, Emilio Belaval, Jose Davila Rice, Antonio Ayuyo Valdivieso, Manuel Diaz Garcia, and Franscisco M. Zeno, concluded that the events on March 21constituted a massacre. The report harshly criticized the repressive tactics and massive civil rights violations by the administration of Governor
1986:, Volume 71, Number 6. July 2009. National Council of Teachers of English. (Also appearing as "Colonial Research: A Preamble to a Case Study" in "Beyond the Archives: Research as a Lived Process", Gesa Kirsch and Liz Rohan, editors. Southern Illinois University Press.) Page 636. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
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in
Washington, D.C. The group opened fire with automatic pistols. Some 30 shots were fired (mostly by Cancel, according to his account), wounding five lawmakers. One of the congressmen, Representative Alvin Bentley from Michigan, was seriously wounded. On her arrest, Lebrón yelled "I did not come to
1507:
and said that the
Nationalist Party "had appeared in the past to denounce colonialism in Puerto Rico and hoped the Special Committee would show its commitment to the island's struggle for self-determination, so that it could join the United Nations in its own right ... The Special Committee and its
755:
In 1914, the Puerto Rican House of
Delegates voted unanimously for independence from the United States. In 1917, the US Congress passed an act by which it granted citizenship to Puerto Rican residents. This was overwhelmingly opposed by the island's political leaders. Critics said the US was simply
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The point I am to make is that the
Governor himself through his military approach to things has helped keep Puerto Rico in an unnecessary state of turmoil. He seems to think that the political problem of Puerto Rico limits itself to a fight between himself and the Nationalists, that no holds are
950:
massacres. In these, government forces fired on unarmed civilians. After the Río
Piedras massacre, in December 1935, Albizu Campos announced that the Nationalist Party would withdraw from electoral participation while the United States kept control. Albizu Campos began to advocate direct, violent
925:
In 1924, Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and was named vice-president. Alegría was named
Nationalist Party president in 1928 and held that position until 1930. By 1930, disagreements between Coll y Cuchi and Albizu Campos as to how the party should be run, led the former and his followers to
894:
The
Legislative Assembly appointed Alfonso Lastra Charriez as its emissary since he had French heritage and spoke the language fluently. Betances' remains arrived in San Juan on August 5, 1920. A funeral caravan organized by the Nationalist Association transferred the remains from San Juan to the
1405:, where Antonio Alicea, Jose Miguel Alicea, Francisco Campos (Albizu Campos's nephew), Osvaldo Perez Martinez and Ramon Pedrosa Rivera were arrested and accused of the murder of police corporal Aurelio Miranda during the revolt. Raul de Jesus was accused of violating the Insular Firearms Law.
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Special
Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process; Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader’s Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of Vieques (Issued on 13 June
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The Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party maintained that, as a matter of international law, the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish–American War could not have empowered the Spanish to "give" to the US what was no longer theirs. Under Albizu Campos's leadership during the years of the
821:. By 1940, in Honduras alone, the United Fruit Company owned 50 percent of all private land in the entire country. In Guatemala, the United Fruit Company owned 75 percent of all private land by 1942 – plus most of Guatemala's roads, power stations and phone lines, the only
1229:, sing patriotic songs, talk about independence, or fight for the liberation of the island, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both.
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of nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos. Soon thereafter, the Puerto Rican government arrested the leadership of the Nationalist party, including Pedro Albizu Campos. In two trials, they were convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United
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leave and return to the Union Party. Albizu Campos did not like what he considered to be Coll y Cuchí's attitude of fraternal solidarity with the enemy. On May 11, 1930, Pedro Albizu Campos was elected president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
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In the mid-1930s, there were disappointing electoral results and strong repression by the territorial police authorities. The party staged some protests that developed into celebrated incidents because of police overreaction: The October 1935
2535:
UN General Assembly. GA/COL/3138/Rev.1. 12 June 2006. UN Department of Public Information. News and Media Division. New York, New York. Special Committee on Decolonization. 8th & 9th Meetings (AM & PM). Retrieved 24 January 2014.
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of August 14, 1939. It is reported in the Cong. Rec., and various other publications elsewhere, that among those shot in their backs was a 7-year-old girl, Georgina Maldonado, who "was shot in the back while running to a nearby
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1234:
Albizu Campos ordered Nationalist uprisings to take place on October 30, 1950 (they had originally been planned for 1952, when Commonwealth status was expected.) These involved a dozen or so skirmishes throughout the
1480:(The Taino Indian Movement of Puerto Rico) which was primarily made up of the children of the Puerto Rican Nationalists whom would come to establish the indigenous grassroots civil rights movement in Puerto Rico.
1420:. Santiago Díaz, who fought alone against the attackers for three hours, received five wounds, including one in the head. The battle was transmitted "live" via the radio airwaves to the public in general.
1063:) were arrayed against the marchers. They opened fire upon what a U.S. Congressman and others reported were unarmed and defenseless Cadets and bystanders alike, killing 19 and badly wounding over 200 more.
1378:. The hour-long shootout resulted in the death of four Nationalists: Domingo Hiraldo Resto, Carlos Hiraldo Resto, Manuel Torres Medina and Raimundo Díaz Pacheco. Three guards were also seriously wounded.
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2009:
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After Albizu Campos's death in 1965, the party dissolved into factions and members joined other parties, but some continue to follow the party's ideals in one form or another, often informally or
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in 1920. On September 17, 1922, these three political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Coll y Cuchi was elected president and José S. Alegría (father of
1442:
Truman supported development of a constitution for Puerto Rico and the 1952 status referendum on it; 82% of the voters approved the constitution. The US Congress also approved the constitution.
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without schools. Rather than making these requested infrastructure and education investments, Allen's budget raided the Puerto Rican treasury. His administration re-directed tax revenues to
875:. Under Coll y Cuchí's presidency, the party convinced the Puerto Rican Legislative Assembly to approve an Act that would permit the transfer of the remains of the Puerto Rican patriot,
871:, felt that the Union Party was not doing enough for the cause of Puerto Rican independence. Coll y Cuchí and some followers left to form the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico in
841:
782:, which were entirely owned by Domino Sugar Company and U.S. banking interests. These bank syndicates also owned the entire coastal railroad, and the San Juan international seaport.
856:(Ponce Nationalist Association). Among its founders were Guillermo Salazar, Rafael Matos Bernier, J. A. González, and Julio César Fernández. These men also founded the newspaper
1076:. The march had been organized to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873, and to protest the incarceration by the
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586:
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A government investigation into the incident drew few conclusions. A second, independent investigation ordered by the US Commission for Civil Rights (May 5, 1937) led by
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On July 25, 1938, the municipality of Ponce organized celebrations to commemorate the American landing in 1898. This included a military parade and speeches by Governor
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ensued in the building, and one partisan fell to his death from a second floor interior balcony. The protest was condemned by the legislators Rafael Martínez Nadal and
697:. Though Allen had a business background, his financial administration of Puerto Rico was strikingly unsound. He ignored the appropriation requests of the Puerto Rican
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1040:
On February 23, 1936, in San Juan, two Nationalists assassinated the Insular Police Chief and ex-U.S. Marine officer, E. Francis Riggs. The Nationalist perpetrators,
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1037:. This and other events led the party to announce on December 12, 1935, a boycott of all elections held while Puerto Rico remained part of the United States.
597:. Under the leadership of Albizu Campos, the party abandoned the electoral process in favor of direct armed conflict as means to gain independence from the
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1048:, were arrested, transported to police headquarters, and killed within hours without trial. No policeman was ever tried or indicted for their deaths.
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The origins of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party date to 1917, when a group of Union Party members in Ponce, dissatisfied with the attitude of the
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barred in that fight and that everybody else should keep out. As a matter of fact he has played the Nationalist game and they have played his.
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17:
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1175:, judge of the Federal Court in Puerto Rico. On May 12, 1939, Winship was summarily removed from his post as Governor by President Roosevelt.
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In 2013 the Puerto Rico Nationalist Party made a public demonstration of their pro-Independence commitment by protesting a speech from the
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Opponents to the colonial government argued that the profits generated by this arrangement were one-sided, enormous for the United States.
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interests. In 1901, Allen resigned as governor and installed himself as president of the largest sugar-refining company in the world, the
1020:. Police open fire on unarmed marchers and bystanders on Palm Sunday. The 19 dead included a 7-year-old girl, who was shot in the back.
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Many of these unarmed people were shot in the back while trying to run away – including a 7-year old girl, who died as a result. An
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2185:"Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away"
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1416:. Believing that a group of Nationalists were inside the shop, they opened fire. The only person in the shop was Campos barber
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Luis Muñoz Marín, By A. W. Maldonado, Pg. 86, Publisher: La Editorial, Universidad de Puerto Rico, (December 1, 2006),
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in San Juan to protest a legislative proposal to establish the current Puerto Rican flag as the official flag of the
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Nationalist Party partisans were involved in a variety of dramatic and violent confrontations between 1930 and 1950:
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The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was formed as a direct response to the American colonial government. In 1919,
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By the 1920s, two other pro-independence organizations had formed on the Island: the Nationalist Youth and the
208:
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is an autonomous organ of the party that recognizes, and is recognized by, the National Junta in Puerto Rico.
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585:-appointed governor, led to the assassination of two government officials, the attempted assassination of a
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In the 1930s, intimidation, repression and persecution of Party members by the government, then headed by a
3635:
3625:
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2036:"Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission, 70p, np, May 22, 1937"
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1055:. At the last moment, the permit was withdrawn, and the Insular Police (a force "somewhat resembling the
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1972:
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Soon afterward, two Nationalist partisans, among them Raimundo Díaz Pacheco, attempted to assassinate
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2324:"Strategy as Politics"; by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: Universidad de Puerto Rico; pg. 178;
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In 2006 and in representation of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, Jose Castillo spoke before the
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loans, built roads at double the costs of preceding administrations, and left 85% of the school-age
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403:
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1008:; and endorsed by others, including the future leader of the statehood party, Manuel García Méndez.
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culminated in the Utuado Massacre by the local police, in which five Nationalists were executed.
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Newsreel scenes in Spanish and in English of the attack on the U.S. Capitol led by Lolita Lebrón
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1982:. Washington State University, Program in American Studies. Common Reading Assignment. Also in
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resulted in the deaths of 4 Nationalist partisans and one policeman. The event is known as the
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Antonio R. Gómez. El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. July 25, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
1949:
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supported all these economic exploits, and provided military "persuasion" whenever necessary.
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2365:"La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
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at the time, wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt which in part read as follows:
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The first American governor of Puerto Rico resigned to become Puerto Rico's first sugar baron
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Antonio R. Gómez. El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
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The first battle of the Nationalist uprisings occurred in the early hours of October 29, in
1051:
On March 21, 1937, the Nationalist Party organized a peaceful march in the southern city of
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interested in increasing the size of its conscription pool to get soldiers for World War I.
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612:), had gained an overwhelming number of seats in the legislature and, in 1948, it passed
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Newsreel scenes in English of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Harry S Truman
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acumen improved considerably when he returned to the U.S., and resumed his own personal
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Solidarity across the Americas: The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and Anti-imperialism
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Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Editor. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Professional Editions. 2018. p.15.
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By 1930, over 40 percent of all the arable land in Puerto Rico had been converted into
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on November 1, 1950, in an effort to call international attention to issues related to
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On November 18, 1955, a non-violent splinter group of nationalists calling themselves
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Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
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which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the
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663:(Charter of Autonomy). This Charter of Autonomy was signed by Spanish Prime Minister
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Its last president was Antonio "Toñito" Cruz Colón until his death in October 2014.
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for U.S. businessmen, railroad subsidies for U.S.-owned sugar plantations, and high
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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1973:
Victor Villanueva, "Colonial Memory and the Crime of Rhetoric: Pedro Albizu Campos"
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American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Truman—And the Shoot-Out That Stopped It
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The Imprisonment of Men and Women Fighting Colonialism, 1898 – 1958: 1930 – 1940.
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as its president brought a radical change to the organization and its tactics.
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2106:"The "police riot" shot at the demonstrators as well as the crowd standing by"
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of the typical U.S. state" and which answered to the U.S.-appointed governor
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1200:, approved the bill that day. This bill, which resembled the anti-communist
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Don Luis Sanchez Frasquieri, President of the Ponce Rotary Club at the time
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Breviario sobre la Historia de Ponce y sus Principales Lugares de Interes.
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Various other shootouts took place throughout island – including those at
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Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Rafael J. Torres Torres and Carlos Aneiro Perez.
1761:"Nationalism in a Colonized Nation: The Nationlist Party and Puerto Rico"
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110:
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El Turismo Cultural en Ponce durante el Plan Ponce en Marcha, 1900–2000.
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2355:. Berkeley, CA: Cheverote Productions. 2003. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
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You may listen to one of the speeches made in Spanish by Albizu Campos
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1496:. It also has somewhat of a "chapter" in New York City. The New York
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Although less active, the Nationalist Party continues to exist as an
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and view a portion of the Albizu Documentary Trailer made in English
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2234:"Report of the ACLU as echoed by U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio"
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Memorias: Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe
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On October 31, police officers and National Guardsmen surrounded
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report declared it a massacre and it has since been known as the
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749:
659:, Puerto Rico finally received its sovereignty in 1898 through a
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In the 1930s, the party founded the official youth organization
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1963:
Rovira, "Remember the 1950 Uprising of October 30: Puerto Rico"
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582:
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Historia de los Partidos Politicos Puertorriqueños 1898–1956
2442:"Puerto Rico?s October Revolution - New York Latino Journal"
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San Juan, Puerto Rico: Model Offset Printing. 1991. Page 63.
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was a Nationalist attempt to enter the Governor's mansion,
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when four party members shot and wounded five Congressmen.
1581:(Left to right) Nationalists Carmen María Pérez González,
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After four hundred years of colonial domination under the
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passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the
988:
On April 6, 1932, Nationalist partisans marched into the
1431:
unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate U.S. President
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towards the "granting" of U.S. citizenship, formed the
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Pres. Roosevelt wielding his big stick in the Caribbean
2607:
2567:"Fallece líder nacionalista Antonio Toñito Cruz Colón"
1225:) of 1948, the Gag Law made it illegal to display the
1188:. The Senate, which at the time was controlled by the
689:
When the war ended, U.S. President McKinley appointed
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Hipólito Miranda Díaz, killed in the Arecibo incident
954:
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On October 24, 1935, a confrontation with police at
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at WayBack Machine on 2013-11-04 (4 November 2013).
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pub. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012; pp. 146–150
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
1248:
El Imparcial headline: "Aviation (US) bombs Utuado"
1212:) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
261:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2739:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2209:, Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives.
1832:pp. 60–61; Signet Books/New American Library, 1965
1505:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization
1180:On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the
996:. Nationalists preferred the flag used during the
977:(Daughters of Freedom), the women's branch of the
785:This was not limited to Puerto Rico. By 1930 the
604:By the late 1940s, a more US-friendly party, the
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1880:
1878:
789:Company owned over one million acres of land in
740:company. In effect, Charles Allen leveraged his
721:for U.S. bureaucrats in the island government.
675:claimed ownership of the island as part of the
2182:
1903:pub. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012; p. 174
1667:
1239:
910:. The Independence Association was founded by
3416:
2628:
1875:
1469:kill anyone, I came to die for Puerto Rico!"
671:. Despite this, just a few months later, the
528:
2468:"Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico-FBI files"
2384:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
2261:Latino Americans and political participation
1997:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
1870:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
1843:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
2553:Protesta interrumpe mensaje del gobernador.
1855:
1853:
1851:
1807:Protesta interrumpe mensaje del gobernador.
3754:
3596:Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo
3423:
3409:
2635:
2621:
535:
521:
281:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
223:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
153:
3508:Hostosian National Independence Movement
2729:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1848:
1380:
1331:
1243:
1011:
885:
839:
763:
736:. This company was later renamed as the
646:
3736:Political party strength in Puerto Rico
3715:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2709:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1830:Luis Munoz Marin: Poet in the Fortress,
908:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
899:, where his ashes were interred by his
14:
3792:
3372:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
3316:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2766:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
2608:New York Junta of the PNPR (bilingual)
2418:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza.
2285:
2252:
2218:The entire speech is contained in the
1216:, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.
3810:Political parties established in 1922
3661:Unificación Puertorriqueña Tripartita
3616:Partido Unión Republicana Progresista
3404:
3341:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2616:
1758:
1131:You may watch newsreel scenes of the
825:seaport, and every mile of railroad.
774:Latin America-United States relations
642:
2649:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
2590:. San Juan: Librería Campos, (1959).
2460:
2399:. Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941
1813:
1478:El Movimiento Indio Taino de Boriken
3641:Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party
1919:
1759:Power, Margaret (May–August 2013).
1374:, in order to attack then-governor
574:. The Party's selection in 1930 of
570:. Its primary goal is to work for
557:Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico
286:1954 United States Capitol shooting
40:Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico
24:
3606:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
2580:
2318:
2010:"Law Library Microform Consortium"
1449:together with fellow Nationalists
955:Nationalist Party during 1930–1950
854:"Asociación Nacionalista de Ponce"
566:founded on September 17, 1922, in
25:
3826:
3601:Partido Reformista Puertorriqueño
2601:
1603:commanding the Nationalist Cadets
836:Founding of the Nationalist Party
3805:Political history of Puerto Rico
3800:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
3774:
3773:
3763:
3753:
3586:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
3432:Political parties in Puerto Rico
2643:
2132:"US Congressman Vito Macartonio"
1629:
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1546:
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1525:
1483:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1260:
1126:
1110:
760:United States "Manifest Destiny"
549:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
217:
37:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
3466:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2719:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2559:
2545:
2523:
2484:
2434:
2411:
2389:
2376:
2358:
2334:
2236:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2226:
2199:
2176:
2160:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2150:
2134:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2124:
2098:
2080:
2054:
2028:
2002:
1989:
1966:
1957:
1943:
1906:
1893:
1872:, pp. 65–82; Random House, 1972
1845:, pp. 70–76; Random House, 1972
1656:Puerto Rican Independence Party
934:, the party became the largest
734:American Sugar Refining Company
3513:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
3255:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2887:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2724:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2424:. Page 7. Publicaciones RENÉ.
1862:
1835:
1822:
1799:
1779:
1752:
1740:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
626:Puerto Rico's political status
502:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
18:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
13:
1:
3708:Other political organizations
3591:Partido Estadista Republicano
3581:Partido del Pueblo Trabajador
3446:Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana
3276:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3190:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2950:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2802:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1859:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122–144
1819:Ribes Tovar et al., p.106–109
1785:Reinaldo E. Gonzalez Blanco.
1746:
1466:U.S. House of Representatives
748:over the entire Puerto Rican
482:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3636:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
3626:Puerto Rican Communist Party
3571:Movimiento Unión Soberanista
3529:Movimiento Unión Soberanista
3336:Truman assassination attempt
2714:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2297:. Simon and Schuster. 2005.
1901:The Fish That Ate the Whale;
1888:The Fish That Ate the Whale;
1661:Truman assassination attempt
1350:, led by Nationalist leader
1221:Officially known as Law 53 (
985:served as secretary general.
27:Puerto Rican political party
7:
3656:Unconditional Spanish Party
3326:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2935:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2593:Power, Margaret M. (2023).
1668:Notable members of the PNPR
1608:
1366:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1240:Nationalist Revolts of 1950
1190:Partido Popular Democrático
630:US House of Representatives
606:Partido Popular Democrático
271:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
3831:
3815:Secessionist organizations
3720:Popular Socialist Movement
3631:Puerto Rican Renewal Party
3523:Socialist Workers Movement
2704:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2187:. Latinamericanstudies.org
2108:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2064:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2038:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2012:. Llmc.com. Archived from
1954:Retrieved 18 October 2012.
1336:The 296th Regiment of the
914:, Eugenio Font Suárez and
869:Union Party of Puerto Rico
850:Union Party of Puerto Rico
771:
572:Puerto Rico's independence
3749:
3728:
3707:
3679:
3538:
3495:
3474:
3438:
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3359:
3268:
3058:
3030:María de Lourdes Santiago
3025:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2900:
2867:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2774:
2747:
2696:
2655:
2515:Cite uses generic title (
2348:January 12, 2012, at the
2214:January 12, 2012, at the
2092:January 12, 2012, at the
1435:, who was staying at the
1307:
1295:
1283:
1278:
1259:
1254:
1125:
1109:
1104:
1027:University of Puerto Rico
161:
152:
147:
139:
129:
105:Puerto Rican independence
94:
84:
74:
64:
56:
46:
34:
3611:Partido Republicano Puro
3576:Partido Acción Cristiana
3456:Popular Democratic Party
2862:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2832:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2822:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
2382:Manuel Maldonado-Denis;
1995:Manuel Maldonado-Denis;
1978:August 24, 2012, at the
1868:Manuel Maldonado-Denis;
1841:Manuel Maldonado-Denis;
1517:Alejandro García Padilla
589:in Puerto Rico, and the
3741:Politics of Puerto Rico
3566:Liberal Reformist Party
3346:Cerro Maravilla murders
3291:Levantamiento de Ciales
3250:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3170:Tomás López de Victoria
3155:Andres Figueroa Cordero
3145:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2965:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2827:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2817:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2812:Eugenio María de Hostos
2782:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2697:Political organizations
2370:March 27, 2012, at the
2158:"Over 200 were wounded"
1735:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1690:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1513:Governor of Puerto Rico
1459:Andrés Figueroa Cordero
966:Cadetes de la República
890:Don Pedro Albizu Campos
877:Ramón Emeterio Betances
695:governor of Puerto Rico
447:Andres Figueroa Cordero
442:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
409:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
364:Tomás López de Victoria
203:Part of a series on the
183:Notable past presidents
166:Politics of Puerto Rico
3694:Alianza Puertorriqueña
3671:Working People's Party
3245:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
3140:Isabel Freire de Matos
3130:Juan Antonio Corretjer
3080:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2910:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2837:José Gualberto Padilla
2775:19th century activists
2755:Cadets of the Republic
2748:Militant organizations
2492:"WebCite query result"
2397:"Puerto Rican History"
2342:Five Years of Tyranny.
1730:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1695:Isabel Freire de Matos
1685:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1386:
1343:
1249:
1177:
1167:
1021:
891:
845:
769:
744:of Puerto Rico into a
701:, refused to make any
693:as the first civilian
665:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
652:
556:
457:Isabel Freire de Matos
432:Margot Arce de Vázquez
404:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
344:Juan Antonio Corretjer
247:Cadets of the Republic
79:Cadets of the Republic
3475:National affiliations
3451:New Progressive Party
3205:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3185:Francisco Matos Paoli
3150:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
3110:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3045:Carlos Alberto Torres
2945:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2901:20th and 21st century
2842:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2656:Indigenous resistance
2207:Five Years of Tyranny
1705:Francisco Matos Paoli
1601:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1451:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1423:On November 1, 1950,
1384:
1335:
1247:
1169:
1162:
1156:University of Chicago
1015:
971:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
936:independence movement
889:
843:
767:
691:Charles Herbert Allen
650:
568:San Juan, Puerto Rico
492:Helen Rodríguez Trías
374:Francisco Matos Paoli
354:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
324:Rafael Cancel Miranda
69:San Juan, Puerto Rico
3666:Union of Puerto Rico
3296:Río Piedras massacre
3000:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2980:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2915:Félix Benítez Rexach
2760:Boricua Popular Army
2422:Pedro Aponte Vázquez
2386:; Random House, 1972
2220:Congressional Record
2183:Antonio de la Cova.
2112:on December 14, 2010
2068:on December 14, 2010
2042:on December 14, 2010
2016:on December 14, 2010
1999:, Random House, 1972
1828:Thomas Aitken, Jr.;
1439:in Washington, D.C.
1088:Arthur Garfield Hays
1035:Río Piedras massacre
975:Hijas de la Libertad
746:controlling interest
681:Spanish–American War
679:which concluded the
667:and ratified by the
507:Félix Benítez Rexach
426:Notable nationalists
237:Río Piedras massacre
130:Regional affiliation
90:Daughters of Freedom
3367:Grito de Lares flag
3260:Olga Viscal Garriga
3235:Clemente Soto Vélez
3225:Vidal Santiago Díaz
3135:José Ferrer Canales
3070:Pedro Albizu Campos
3020:Ángel Rivero Méndez
3005:Antonio S. Pedreira
2990:Luis Lloréns Torres
2985:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2857:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2573:. October 17, 2014.
2496:www.webcitation.org
2240:on January 12, 2012
2164:on January 12, 2012
2138:on January 12, 2012
1725:Clemente Soto Vélez
1583:Olga Viscal Garriga
1568:Olga Viscal Garriga
1540:Pedro Albizu Campos
1418:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1339:U.S. National Guard
1182:Puerto Rican Senate
1154:, a student at the
883:, to Puerto Rico.
576:Pedro Albizu Campos
472:José Ferrer Canales
414:Olga Viscal Garriga
394:Clemente Soto Vélez
389:Vidal Santiago Díaz
304:Pedro Albizu Campos
298:Nationalist leaders
193:Pedro Albizu Campos
3286:Intentona de Yauco
3240:Griselio Torresola
3195:Ruth Mary Reynolds
3090:Casimiro Berenguer
3040:Alejandrina Torres
2995:Oscar López Rivera
2960:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2877:Fernando Fernandez
2872:Manuel Zeno Gandía
2448:on August 26, 2009
2264:. ABC-CLIO. 2004.
1675:Casimiro Berenguer
1646:Intentona de Yauco
1623:Puerto Rico portal
1587:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1445:On March 1, 1954,
1425:Griselio Torresola
1387:
1344:
1250:
1196:) and presided by
1022:
994:insular government
922:) vice-president.
892:
867:, a member of the
846:
770:
705:, agricultural or
699:House of Delegates
661:Carta de Autonomía
653:
643:Historical context
399:Griselio Torresola
379:Ruth Mary Reynolds
314:Casimiro Berenguer
231:Events and revolts
60:September 17, 1922
3787:
3786:
3461:Proyecto Dignidad
3398:
3397:
3310:Ley de la Mordaza
3200:Germán Rieckehoff
3115:José Coll y Cuchí
3062:Nationalist Party
2975:Leopoldo Figueroa
2925:Americo Boschetti
2430:978-1-931702-01-0
1939:978-0-8477-0158-2
1795:978-1-64131-139-7
1554:José Coll y Cuchí
1474:La Quinta Columna
1319:
1318:
1274:
1273:
1227:Puerto Rican flag
1206:Ley de la Mordaza
1143:
1142:
1090:(a member of the
1006:Santiago Iglesias
916:Leopoldo Figueroa
865:José Coll y Cuchí
844:Jose Coll y Cuchi
780:sugar plantations
614:Ley de la Mordaza
545:
544:
487:Germán Rieckehoff
329:José Coll y Cuchí
254:Ley de la Mordaza
211:Nationalist Party
198:
197:
188:José Coll y Cuchí
171:Political parties
134:Foro de São Paulo
75:Paramilitary wing
16:(Redirected from
3822:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3646:Republican Union
3546:Autonomist Party
3487:Republican Party
3482:Democratic Party
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3401:
2852:Juan Ríus Rivera
2787:Mariana Bracetti
2647:
2637:
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2586:Pagán, Bolívar.
2575:
2574:
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2557:
2549:
2543:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:on May 24, 2024.
2498:. Archived from
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1637:Biography portal
1634:
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1620:
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1412:a barbershop in
1376:Luis Muñoz Marín
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990:Capitol building
938:in Puerto Rico.
932:Great Depression
715:no-bid contracts
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116:Anti-imperialism
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3769:Politics portal
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3724:
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3689:Alianza de País
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3651:Socialist Party
3539:Defunct parties
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3518:Socialist Front
3503:Communist Party
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3434:
3429:
3399:
3394:
3376:
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3331:Utuado Uprising
3321:Jayuya Uprising
3264:
3105:Nemesio Canales
3095:Julia de Burgos
3085:Elías Beauchamp
3075:José S. Alegría
3061:
3054:
3015:Miguel Poventud
2902:
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2797:Roberto Cofresí
2792:Mathias Brugman
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2734:Socialist Front
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2581:Further reading
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1433:Harry S. Truman
1359:Utuado Uprising
1348:Jayuya Uprising
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1279:External videos
1261:
1242:
1214:Jesús T. Piñero
1168:
1148:Blanton Winship
1127:
1111:
1105:External videos
1096:Blanton Winship
1078:U.S. government
1061:Blanton Winship
1046:Elías Beauchamp
983:Julia de Burgos
957:
920:Ricardo Alegría
912:José S. Alegría
858:El Nacionalista
838:
830:U.S. government
776:
762:
677:Treaty of Paris
645:
639:, to this day.
622:Harry S. Truman
595:Ponce massacres
564:political party
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437:Elías Beauchamp
427:
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349:Julia de Burgos
309:José S. Alegría
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2401:. Retrieved
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