1341:, from New York, carried out the attack on Blair House, where President Harry Truman was living during renovations at the White House. In the firefight between the Nationalists and police and Secret Service officers, Torresola mortally wounded a White House Police officer, who killed him in return shooting. Collazo was wounded and stood trial; convicted, he was sentenced to death, but Truman commuted his sentence to life. Truman supported the Puerto Rican effort to draft and vote on a constitution for the island's government which would establish the islands' political status. In March 1952, the people of Puerto Rico voted overwhelmingly, nearly 82%, in favor of the new constitution establishing the Commonwealth.
1164:
Nationalist Party in the barrio Macaná, and the police were about to raid the house that Muñiz Santos was using as distribution center for weapons for the
Nationalist Revolt. Without warning, the police fired on the Nationalists in the house. A firefight ensued, killing three Nationalists (Arturo Ortiz, Guillermo González Ubides, José A. Ramos) and wounding six police officers. Nationalists Meliton Muñoz Santos, Roberto Jaume Rodriguez, Estanislao Lugo Santiago, Marcelino Turell, William Gutirrez and Marcelino Berrios were arrested and accused of participating in an ambush against the local Insular Police.
125:
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1276:, attacked the police station. The U.S.-backed National Guard arrived that day and ordered the nine surviving Nationalists to surrender. They were marched to the town plaza and required to remove their shoes, belts and personal belongings. Taken behind the police station, the men were machine gunned by the national guardsmen. Five men died: Heriberto Castro, Julio Colón Feliciano, Agustín Quiñones Mercado, Antonio Ramos and Antonio González. The four survivors were seriously wounded. The event became known as
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1179:, led the revolt in Arecibo. He ordered Ismael Díaz Matos to attack the local police station. Díaz Matos killed four policemen before fleeing. Fellow Nationalist Hipólito Miranda Díaz was killed while he covered the escape of his comrades. Díaz Matos and his group were captured and arrested by the National Guard. Among the Cadets arrested and charged with organizing the attack were López de Victoria and Juan Jaca Hernández, Cadet Captain of Arecibo.
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1260:, was one of the most notable among the various revolts which occurred that day against the island's US-supported government. In the town square, Canales gave a speech and declared Puerto Rico a free Republic. Under the direction of the Puerto Rico commander of the U.S.-backed Puerto Rico National Guard, the town was attacked by US-supplied planes and artillery. The town was held by the Nationalists for three days.
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1470:) concerning individuals of all social groups and ages. Approximately 75,000 persons were listed as under political police surveillance. The massive surveillance apparatus was aimed primarily against Puerto Rico's independence movement. Thus many independence supporters moved to the Popular Democratic Party as a means to an end to stop statehood.
1292:, on October 30, 1950. The San Juan uprising's main objective was to attack "La Fortaleza" (the governor's mansion) and the United States Federal Court House Building in Old San Juan. Four Nationalists died during the attempt: Raimundo Díaz Pacheco, Domingo Hiraldo Resto, Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Manuel Torres Medina. In the incident known as the
1056:). It provided for popular elections of the governor, a bicameral legislature and bill of rights, and executive functions similar to those of the states. The US was to keep control over the money, defense, customs, and any foreign treaties. The Nationalists considered this a continuation of colonialism.
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The Gag Law made it a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that
802:
The federal government did not quite know how to classify Puerto Ricans at first. In 1904, the
Immigration Service implemented more strict regulations that classified people from Puerto Rico as aliens who tried to enter the US, although previously they had easily migrated. In a case carried to the US
1413:
After the assassination attempt against him in 1950, Truman pushed for a "status referendum" and accompanying "constitution." In a March 1952 vote, nearly 82% of voters in Puerto Rico approved the constitution. This result was controversial, since the referendum had only offered a choice between the
703:. But the Nationalists considered the outcome of the vote a political farce since the referendum offered no option to vote in favor of independence or statehood, restricting the choices to only two: a continuation of the colonial status existing at that time and the proposed new commonwealth status.
1312:
José Antonio Negrón, a World War II veteran, led the revolt in
Naranjito and Nationalists who attacked the police. Afterward, they retreated to the nearby mountains and formed a guerrilla group. They continued to raid several locations until November 6, when the National Guard arrived and attacked
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Police
Corporal Aurelio Miranda approached a car carrying some Nationalists. Fellow officers suggested they arrest them. Officer Miranda was shot dead in a gunfight between the Nationalists and the police. Antonio Alicea, Jose Miguel Alicea, Francisco Campos (Albizu Campos' nephew), Osvaldo Perez
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The Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party Revolts were a repudiation of the "Free Associated State" designation of Puerto Rico - a designation they regarded as a colonial farce. They were a call for independence from US rule, demanding the recognition of the 1898 Charter of Autonomy, and Puerto Rico's
1219:
The
Nationalist group of Mayagüez was one of the largest. It was divided into several units, each assigned to attack different targets. One of the groups attacked the town's police station, resulting in the death of three policemen and three bystanders. This unit joined the others in Barrio La
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The first incident of the
Nationalist uprisings was an act by a police force against the rebels, in the pre-dawn hours of October 29, 1950. The Insular Police of the town of Peñuelas surrounded the house of Melitón Muñiz Santos's mother. Melitón Muñiz Santos was the president of the Peñuelas
1446:. They wounded five Congressmen, one seriously, but all survived. All four attackers were tried and convicted in federal court and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. In 1978 and 1979, President Jimmy Carter commuted their sentences to time served, and the four returned to Puerto Rico.
1442:, tried to highlight problems in Puerto Rico by attacking the House of Representatives of the United States. They fired automatic pistols from the Ladies' Gallery (a balcony for visitors) in the House of Representatives. The 240 representatives were on the floor during a debate over an
975:
From mid-1948 to mid-1950, the efforts of the US government to control the political future of Puerto Rico, denying a voice for independence, were escalated through a law signed by the US-appointed territorial governor in June 1948 and a law signed by the US president in July 1950.
892:. By 1940, in Honduras alone, the United Fruit Company owned 50 percent of all private land in the entire country. By 1942, the United Fruit Company owned 75 percent of all private land in Guatemala - plus most of Guatemala's roads, power stations and phone lines, the only
954:
On May 11, 1930, Albizu Campos was elected president of the
Nationalist Party. Social unrest increased during the Great Depression, and the party became the largest independence movement in Puerto Rico. In the mid-1930s, the Nationalist movement gained support after the
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The revolts resulted in many casualties: of the 28 dead, 16 were
Nationalists, 7 were police officers, one a National Guardsman, and 4 were civilians. Of the 49 wounded, 23 were police officers, 6 were National Guardsmen, 9 were Nationalists, and 11 were civilians.
807:
in 1904, the court ruled that Puerto Ricans had the right of free travel to the US. In 1917, the US granted full US citizenship to residents of Puerto Rico; they were restricted from voting in presidential elections because they did not have the status of a state.
1778:" (Open World) is a poem written in 1956 by Hugo Margenat, in which he refers to the bombardment of the town of Jayuya by the U.S.-backed Puerto Rico National Guard. This occurred during the Jayuya Uprising, which was headed by Nationalist leader Blanca Canales.
771:
arose among opponents to this action, who said that, as a matter of international law, the Treaty of Paris could not empower the
Spanish to give what was no longer theirs. The US administered Puerto Rico as a territory, initially with a military government.
1466:, including the independence movement in Puerto Rico. The "Carpetas program" was a massive collection of information gathered by the island's police on so called "political subversives." The police had in its possession thousands of extensive files (
3058:"Las carpetas: persecucion politica y derechos civiles en Puerto Rico (Spanish Edition) "; author: Ramon Bosque-Perez; Publisher: Centro para la Investigacion y Promocion de los Derechos Civiles; 1 edition (December 29, 1997);
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After disappointing electoral results, the two massacres and continued strong repression by the territorial police authorities, by the mid-1930s Albizu opted against electoral participation, and advocated violent revolution.
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1032:, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both, for each offense.
668:
The party organized a series of insurrections to take place in various Puerto Rican cities on October 30, 1950. The insurrections were suppressed by strong ground and air military force, including forces of the
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farmland. When a labor strike erupted against the company in December 6 of that year, over one thousand men, women and children were shot and killed in order to "settle" the strike. This was known as the
1395:, and the Puerto Rican Insular Police, all of whom were aligned against the Nationalists. Dozens of Nationalists were killed and wounded, and hundreds of others were arrested and held in prison.
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Puerto Rico entre siglos: "Historiografía y cultura"; El Estado Libre Asociado y el Partido Nacionalista (1950-1954); Antecedentes inmediatos; by: Mario R. Cancel-Sepúlveda, historian and author
693:, who supported the Puerto Rican government effort to draft a constitution that would rename the local government as a commonwealth of the United States and provide some limited local autonomy.
3935:
903:, which were entirely owned by former governor Charles Allen and U.S. banking interests. These bank syndicates also owned the entire coastal railroad, and the San Juan international seaport.
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Quinta. After local police arrived, the men escaped into the mountains and avoided further casualties by using guerrilla tactics. One of the members of these units was Nationalist cadet
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during a full floor debate, wounding five Congressmen, one seriously. The Nationalists were protesting what they perceived as a continuation of a colonial status in Puerto Rico.
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The last major attempt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to draw world attention to Puerto Rico's situation occurred on March 1, 1954, when four Nationalists attacked the
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emerged as the main affiliation. First organized on September 17, 1922, the Nationalist Party's main objective was Puerto Rican Independence. By 1930, disagreements between
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Martinez, and Ramon Pedrosa Rivera were arrested and accused of the murder of police Corporal Miranda. Raul de Jesus was accused of violation of the Insular Firearms Law.
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1300:, Albizu Campos' barber, was attacked by 40 police officers and guardsmen. The incident happened at Santiago Díaz's barbershop, "Salon Boricua", located in the
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program" and the "Carpetas program." The "COINTELPRO program" was a project conducted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), under
992:, then a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, violated the civil rights of Puerto Ricans to the protection of the First Amendment of the
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1280:(The Utuado Massacre). Over the next two days, the Puerto Rican military commander used U.S.-supplied P-47 Thunderbolt fighter planes to bomb Utuado.
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1406:. Critics have said that there was not sufficient coverage of the suppression of the uprisings. According to an anonymous and undated article in the
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2625:"Guerra Contra Todos los Puertorrique os: Revoluci n y Terror en la Colonia Americana"; by: Nelson Denis; pages 212-213; Publisher: Nation Books;
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from the earliest days of US rule. From the many groups and parties that existed in the first two decades after the Treaty of Paris, the
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was a revolt that occurred in Utuado as part of a series of uprising. Nationalists, led by the captain of the Utuado branch of the
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in order to obtain hundreds of thousands of acres of Honduran land, and tax-free export of its entire banana crop. By 1928 the
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massacres; they said the US-supported government resorted to violence to maintain its colonial regime in Puerto Rico.
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Melitón Muñiz Santos - President of the Peñuelas branch of the Nationalist Party and leader of the Peñuelas Incident.
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The revolts were not limited to Puerto Rico. They included a plot to assassinate the President of the United States
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in the early 2000s, it was described at the time in the mainland press as an "incident between Puerto Ricans."
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FBI list of names of the Nationalists who were incarcerated in 1950 and who were still in prison as of 1954.
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1317:, where he was arrested on November 10. The Nationalist Insurrection in Puerto Rico ended at Naranjito.
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was a revolt in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico, which occurred on October 30, 1950. The revolt, led by
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The bodies of Nationalists Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Manuel Torres Medina lie on the ground in San Juan
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neighborhood of San Juan. The gunfight was broadcast live over the radio to the Puerto Rican public.
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1236:, attacked the members of the US House of Representatives in Washington, DC with automatic pistols.
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710:, four Nationalists fired shots from the visitors' gallery in the House of Representatives of the
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Names of the Nationalists who were incarcerated in 1950 and who were still in prison as of 1954.
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Newsreel scenes in Spanish and in English of the attack on the U.S. Capitol led by Lolita Lebrón
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661:) status that had been enacted in 1950 and which the Nationalists considered a continuation of
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In 1912 the Cuyamel Banana company, a U.S. corporation, orchestrated the military invasion of
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2539:"La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948-2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
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Among the factors which has affected the independence movement in Puerto Rico have been the "
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existing colony or commonwealth, and neither independence nor statehood were on the ballot.
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The revolt of October 1950 failed because of the overwhelming force used by the U.S.-backed
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2510:, By Sharon Ann Navarro and Armando Xavier Mejia. 2004. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
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as to how the party should be run, led the former and his followers to abandon the party.
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1602:- Cousin of Blanca Canales who teamed up with Oscar Collazo in the assassination attempt.
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739:(Charter of Autonomy). This Charter of Autonomy was signed by the Spanish Prime Minister
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Newsreel scenes in English of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Harry S Truman
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By 1930, over 40 percent of all the arable land in Puerto Rico had been converted into
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3101:"Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico"; FBI Files; (NPPR); SJ 100-3; Vol. 26; Pages 44-63
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Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman - And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
1525:- Student leader and spokesperson of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party's branch in
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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SEMINAR: THE U.S. TERRITORIAL POSSESSIONS; SPRING 2006; PROFESSOR PEDRO A. MALAVET
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como un rojo beso en el abrazo azul y desnudo del aire. Sepa usted, Mundo abierto
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1462:, aimed at surveying, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting certain domestic
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1519:- Sub-Commander of the Cadets of the Republic and leader of the Arecibo Incident.
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1148:, where Truman was staying while renovations were being made to the White House.
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1052:. The law authorized a new status for Puerto Rico, as a "Free Associated State" (
1020:, technically "Law 53 of 1948") when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
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2698:"FBI Files"; "Puerto Rico Nationalist Party"; SJ 100-3; Vol. 23; pages 104-134.
1532:
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960:
779:, became the president of the largest sugar-refining company in the world, the
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Heriberto Castro - Captain of the Utuado branch of the Cadets of the Republic.
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War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony
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The U.S.-backed Puerto Rico National Guard had also bombed the towns of
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681:. In a related event, on November 1 of that year, two Nationalists from
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The rebels also attacked the capital of Puerto Rico, San Juan, in the
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Company, another U.S. corporation, owned over 200,000 acres of prime
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Plaque in honor of the male participants of the 1950 Jayuya Uprising
1144:. On November 1, 1950, two Nationalists attacked the Blair House in
722:
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Nacionalism Revolucionario Puerorriqueno, por Michael Gonzalez Cruz
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Part of political violence in the United States during the Cold War
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2846:; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 2; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
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Latino Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook
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767:, and the US demanded cessions from its defeated foe, Spain. The
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by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
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Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
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Plaque honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1509:- Treasurer General of the Nationalist Party, Commander of the
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supported expansion of its interests throughout Latin America.
637:
was a series of coordinated insurrections for the secession of
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Gallery of Puerto Rican Nationalist Party leaders of the 1950s
1583:
Damián Torres - Led the Utuado Uprising with Heriberto Castro.
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1633:- Participant in the attack against the U.S. Capitol in 1954
1627:- Participant in the attack against the U.S. Capitol in 1954
1621:- Participant in the attack against the U.S. Capitol in 1954
1596:- President of the New York branch of the Nationalist Party.
1544:- Treasurer of the New York branch of the Nationalist Party.
1105:, president of the Nationalist Party. Uprisings occurred in
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The revolts began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of
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In 1901, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico,
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the house where the group was staying. Negrón escaped to
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United States "Manifest Destiny" and the banana republics
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1615:- Leader of the attack against the U.S. Capitol in 1954.
1580:- Founder of "Americans for Puerto Rico's Independence".
1503:- President of the Santurce Municipal Board of the PRNP.
696:
In 1952, nearly 82% of Puerto Rican voters approved the
3034:"Puerto Rico Votes on Status: A Primer on Independence"
1550:
José Antonio Negrón - Leader of the Naranjito Incident.
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On May 21, 1948, a bill had been introduced before the
1417:
1000:. The Senate, which at the time was controlled by the
4445:
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by Pedro Aponte Vázquez. Page 7. Publicaciones RENÉ.
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like a red kiss in the naked and blue hug of the air.
1574:(Federation of Pro-independence University Students).
735:, Puerto Rico received sovereignty in 1898 through a
2979:
Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, Volume I
2781:
2779:
2441:. pub. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012. pp. 14-67.
1880:
and from its heat the fatherland sighed transforming
1877:
Do not you forget that the light could not be hidden
924:
You may watch newsreel scenes of the Ponce massacre
657:. The party repudiated the "Free Associated State" (
2343:
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1701:(L to R) Nationalists Carmen María Pérez Gonzalez,
1012:, approved the bill. This bill became known as the
248:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
18:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3259:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2528:La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría
1485:Alvaro Rivera Walker - Secretary to Albizu Campos.
2776:
2320:
2318:
1497:- 2nd Secretary General of the Nationalist Party.
1491:- 1st Secretary General of the Nationalist Party.
1329:, a failed attempt on the life of U.S. President
906:
731:After 400 years of colonial domination under the
4505:
2433:
2431:
2338:
1831:I know about the sadistic and drunken seamanship
1572:"Federación de Universitarios Pro Independencia"
791:company. In effect, Charles Allen leveraged his
2942:, pp.105-134; Plus Ultra Educational pub., 1971
1836:spreads through the streets and plazas vomiting
1320:
52:October 30, 1950 – March 1, 1954
2644:Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamadas de la Aurora
2463:pub. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012; p. 174
2444:
2315:
1871:y a su calor la patria suspiró transformándose
1513:and leader of the San Juan Nationalist revolt.
1370:
1283:
3936:
3148:
2917:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,
2428:
2416:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,
2369:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,
2349:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,
1766:
1450:Continued repression of independence movement
1059:
614:
515:
2956:Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora
2764:Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora
2475:Latino Americans and political participation
1891:
2958:, pp.347-369; Ediciones Puerto pub., 2008;
2401:
2399:
2397:
1855:I know of the airplanes that machine-gunned
937:seeking independence from the United States
4400:History of the Central Intelligence Agency
4385:Length of U.S. participation in major wars
3943:
3929:
3155:
3141:
2730:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico-FBI files
2389:Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary,
1868:No olvides que la luz no pudo ser ocultada
1823:que como una avalancha de blanco estiércol
970:
691:assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman
621:
607:
522:
508:
268:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
210:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2940:Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary
2873:
2871:
1125:. The most notable uprisings occurred in
1046:Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950
1036:Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950
980:Puerto Rico's Gag Law (Ley de la Mordaza)
635:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party insurgency
35:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party insurgency
3249:Hostosian National Independence Movement
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2394:
2165:Monserate Del Valle De Lopez de Victoria
1799:Hombre, rechaza el uniforme que denigra.
1570:(Pro-independence Youth Action) and the
1474:Notable Nationalist leaders of the 1950s
1243:
1207:
1186:
860:owned over one million acres of land in
815:
787:. This company was later renamed as the
3229:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2996:
2994:
2766:; pp. 352, 353; Ediciones Puerto pub.;
2391:pp.106–109; Plus Ultra Publishers, 1971
1820:Yo sé de la marinería borracha y sádica
1024:, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.
763:claimed rule over the island under the
14:
4506:
3892:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
3836:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3286:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
2868:
2837:
2741:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza;
2714:
2712:
2663:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza.
2646:; pp. 351-353; Ediciones Puerto pub.;
2466:
1851:en fuego sembrando dolores profundos.
1847:nuestros tejados en un día de octubre.
1825:se riega por calles y plazas vomitando
1812:I know of thousands of boots that sink
1345:Outcome and continued actions in 1950s
1224:, who on March 1, 1954, together with
1215:headline: "Aviation bombing in Utuado"
1153:United States House of Representatives
799:over the entire Puerto Rican economy.
4534:History of United States expansionism
4498:Puerto Rico/Did you know-Puerto Rico?
3924:
3861:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
3136:
2844:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza
2802:
2800:
2684:
1844:Yo sé de los aviones que ametrallaron
1810:Man, reject the uniform that defames.
1803:en la tierra nuestra, destrozándola.
1801:Yo sé de miles de botas que se hunden
1424:attacked the House of Representatives
1307:
896:seaport, and every mile of railroad.
825:Latin America-United States relations
783:, which also dominated Puerto Rico's
717:
4554:Rebellions against the United States
4380:Timeline of U.S. military operations
3169:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
3010:. September 24, 1979. Archived from
2991:
2723:
1834:that as an avalanche of white manure
1203:
1158:
747:. However, at the conclusion of the
2709:
2675:
1849:Aquel horrible desprecio que llovía
1807:Soldier: murderer of the fatherland
1422:On March 1, 1954, the Nationalists
1418:1954 U.S. Capitol shooting incident
1191:The 296th Infantry Regiment of the
1167:
1028:had made it illegal to display the
273:1954 United States Capitol shooting
24:
3108:
3076:
2968:
2797:
2521:
2299:Puerto Rican Independence Movement
2294:List of revolutions and rebellions
1860:That horrible contempt that rained
1263:
1239:
25:
4565:
4137:American–Algerian War (1785–1795)
2819:
1858:our rooftops in a day of October.
1568:"Acción Juventud Independentista"
1426:. Four Puerto Rican Nationalists:
1182:
4549:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
4539:Political history of Puerto Rico
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
3163:
3121:; Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
2919:pp.151-233; Random House, 1972;
2351:pp.189-209; Random House, 1972;
1751:
1739:
1713:
1694:
1680:
1666:
1654:
1644:
1637:
1588:Attempt against President Truman
1560:branch of the Nationalist Party.
1357:
1084:
1072:
919:
590:
204:
135:
123:
103:
91:
3239:Puerto Rican Independence Party
3094:
3052:
3026:
2895:
2884:. Simon & Schuster (2005),
2856:
2734:
2656:
2636:
2619:
2608:
2584:"JTS Box Number : IFES 29"
2576:
2550:
2532:
2499:
2450:Rich Cohen (2012). pp. 146-150.
781:American Sugar Refining Company
27:Armed pro-independence protests
4415:List of anti-war organizations
3775:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
3407:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
3244:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2863:"Premio a Jesús Vera Irizarry"
2453:
2418:pp.65–83; Random House, 1972;
2408:
2381:
2371:pp.52-64; Random House, 1972;
2361:
2304:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1607:U.S. Capitol shooting incident
941:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
907:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
769:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
643:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
489:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
98:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
13:
1:
4327:War against the Islamic State
3796:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3710:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3470:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
3322:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
2405:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122–144
2309:
2190:Jose Antonio Negron Rodriguez
2066:Fernando Luis Rivera Santiago
2063:Lisandro Efrain Rivera Torres
1998:Maximo Carlos Velez Reickeoff
1796:Soldado: asesino de la patria
469:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3856:Truman assassination attempt
3234:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2461:The Fish That Ate the Whale;
2328:p. 63; Penguin Books, 2001;
2134:Juan Ramon Martinez Quintana
1957:Juan Antonio Gonzalez Marion
1814:in our land, destroying it.
1385:United States National Guard
1327:Truman assassination attempt
1321:Truman assassination attempt
641:led by the president of the
7:
4519:20th century in Puerto Rico
3846:San Juan Nationalist revolt
3455:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
3002:"We Have Nothing to Repent"
2439:The Fish That Ate the Whale
2282:
2156:Jose Miguel Alicea Santiago
1862:in fire sowing deep pains.
1838:its black seal of pirates.
1827:su negro sello de piratas.
1383:(the 296th Regiment of the
1371:Outcome of the 1950 revolts
1290:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1284:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1098:international sovereignty.
1050:81st United States Congress
1040:On July 3, 1950, President
1002:Partido Popular Democrático
258:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
4570:
4317:War in North-West Pakistan
4167:Second Sumatran expedition
4132:American Revolutionary War
3224:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2880:and John Bainbridge, Jr.,
2589:. Ifes.org. Archived from
2255:Jose Angel Medina Gigueroa
2249:Angel Luis Colon Feliciano
2209:Olga Isabel Viscal Garriga
2140:Amado Eulogio Pena Ramirez
1381:Puerto Rico National Guard
1193:Puerto Rico National Guard
1060:Revolts and events of 1950
822:
751:, it was still the age of
675:Puerto Rico National Guard
4362:
4162:First Sumatran expedition
4124:
3963:
3956:
3900:
3879:
3788:
3578:
3550:María de Lourdes Santiago
3545:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
3420:
3387:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
3294:
3267:
3216:
3175:
2703:November 1, 2013, at the
2045:Miguel Angel Marin Davila
1954:Tomas Gonzalez Candelario
1901:
1892:Incarcerated Nationalists
1535:- Jayuya Uprising leader.
1356:
1351:
1294:Gunfight at Salon Boricua
1195:occupy the town of Jayuya
1083:
1071:
1066:
988:which, in the opinion of
935:There had been a push to
918:
913:
171:
164:
147:
116:
84:
44:
39:
34:
4116:2021 U.S. Capitol attack
4076:Battle of Blair Mountain
3382:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
3352:Francisco Ramírez Medina
3342:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
3088:August 18, 2011, at the
2915:Manuel Maldonado-Denis,
2791:August 26, 2009, at the
2719:Nationalist Insurrection
2414:Manuel Maldonado-Denis,
2367:Manuel Maldonado-Denis,
2347:Manuel Maldonado-Denis,
2252:Gilberto Martinez Negron
2218:Oliverio Pierluissi Soto
2128:Carlos Feliciano Vazquez
2075:Jose Rodriguez Olivieras
2036:Carmelo Maldonado Rivera
2018:Blanca Canales Torresola
1975:Gilberto Rivera Gonzalez
1325:The revolt included the
651:United States government
4544:Protests in Puerto Rico
4375:Wars involving the U.S.
4212:Philippine–American War
4096:1960s ghetto rebellions
3866:Cerro Maravilla murders
3811:Levantamiento de Ciales
3770:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3690:Tomás López de Victoria
3675:Andres Figueroa Cordero
3665:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
3485:José M. Dávila Monsanto
3347:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
3337:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
3332:Eugenio María de Hostos
3302:Ramón Emeterio Betances
3217:Political organizations
2812:April 22, 2016, at the
2544:March 27, 2012, at the
2261:Elidio Olivera Albarran
2258:Juanita Ojeda Maldonado
2180:Marcelino Turell Rivera
2171:Roberto Jaume Rodriguez
2168:William Gutierrez Cadiz
2159:Marcelino Berrios Colon
2146:Eladio Sotomayor Cancel
2137:Jose Ramon Muniz Rosado
2054:Reinaldo Morales Negron
2008:Jaime Rafael Crespo Bou
1966:Tomas Lopez De Victoria
1933:Carlos Juan Cruz Rivera
1631:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1554:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1517:Tomás López de Victoria
1464:political organizations
1436:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1408:New York Latino Journal
1333:, on November 1, 1950.
1234:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1175:, Sub-Commander of the
1173:Tomás López de Victoria
971:Lead up to October 1950
685:attempted to storm the
673:, under the command of
647:Don Pedro Albizu Campos
434:Andres Figueroa Cordero
429:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
396:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
351:Tomás López de Victoria
190:Part of a series on the
4420:Conscientious objector
4322:First Libyan Civil War
4192:Second Fiji expedition
4172:Ivory Coast expedition
4106:1992 Los Angeles riots
4066:Colorado Coalfield War
3958:Listed chronologically
3765:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
3660:Isabel Freire de Matos
3650:Juan Antonio Corretjer
3600:Margot Arce de Vázquez
3430:Antonio Rafael Barceló
3357:José Gualberto Padilla
3295:19th century activists
3275:Cadets of the Republic
3268:Militant organizations
2938:Federico Ribes Tovar,
2558:"Puerto Rican History"
2387:Federico Ribes Tovar,
2105:Jesus Pomales Gonzalez
2042:Heriberto Marin Torres
2033:Ovidio Irizarry Rivera
2021:Antonio Colon Gonzalez
1927:Antonio Colon Gonzalez
1884:Know this, Open World
1725:Cadets of the Republic
1511:Cadets of the Republic
1489:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1440:Irvin Flores Rodríguez
1278:"La Masacre de Utuado"
1274:Cadets of the Republic
1249:
1222:Irvin Flores Rodríguez
1216:
1196:
1177:Cadets of the Republic
820:
795:of Puerto Rico into a
741:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
700:Estado Libre Associado
689:in a failed effort to
655:islands of Puerto Rico
597:Puerto Rico portal
538:History of Puerto Rico
444:Isabel Freire de Matos
419:Margot Arce de Vázquez
391:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
331:Juan Antonio Corretjer
234:Cadets of the Republic
177:paramilitary cells in
117:Commanders and leaders
4390:Territorial evolution
4370:Conflicts in the U.S.
4292:Intervention in Haiti
4182:First Fiji expedition
3725:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3705:Francisco Matos Paoli
3670:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
3630:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3565:Carlos Alberto Torres
3465:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
3421:20th and 21st century
3362:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
3176:Indigenous resistance
2289:List of Puerto Ricans
2264:Octavio Ramos Rosario
2233:Willism Rios Figueroa
2221:Joae Rivera Sotomayor
2093:Doris Torresola Roura
2084:Carlos Sanchez Rivera
2081:Miguel Angel De Jesus
2069:Luis Rivera Fernandez
2030:Mario Irizarry Rivera
2027:Fidel Irizarry Rivera
1988:Eduardo Lopez Vazquez
1972:Rafael Molina Centeno
1948:Ricardo Diaz Diaz Jr.
1945:Ricardo Diaz Diaz Sr.
1939:Angel Roman Diaz Diaz
1721:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1619:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1507:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1495:Francisco Matos Paoli
1432:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1247:
1230:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1211:
1190:
1135:San Juan, Puerto Rico
1054:Estado Libre Asociado
819:
777:Charles Herbert Allen
712:United States Capitol
708:another armed assault
706:On March 1, 1954, in
659:Estado Libre Asociado
479:Helen Rodríguez Trías
361:Francisco Matos Paoli
341:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
311:Rafael Cancel Miranda
148:Casualties and losses
4514:1950s in Puerto Rico
4252:Bay of Pigs Invasion
4207:Spanish–American War
4177:Mexican–American War
4101:Kent State shootings
4091:Puerto Rican revolts
4021:American Indian Wars
3816:Río Piedras massacre
3520:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
3500:Víctor Manuel Gerena
3435:Félix Benítez Rexach
3280:Boricua Popular Army
3115:Nelson Antonio Denis
2865:, WebCite, GeoCities
2831:May 8, 2009, at the
2274:Rufino Rolon Marrero
2246:Jose Aviles Maisonet
2230:Enrique Muniz Medina
2215:Rufino Rolon Marrero
2193:Antonio Nieve Aviles
2174:Meliton Muniz Santos
2162:Raul De Jesus Torres
2131:Ezequel Lugo Morales
2087:Ramon Sanchez Rivera
2060:Alfredo Pabon Rivera
1969:Manuel Mendez Gandia
1960:Justo Guzman Serrano
1936:Luis Dario Fernandez
1924:Jose Aviles Massanet
1044:signed into law the
858:United Fruit Company
797:controlling interest
749:Spanish–American War
743:and ratified by the
698:Constitution of the
494:Félix Benítez Rexach
413:Notable nationalists
224:Río Piedras massacre
4529:Cold War rebellions
4267:Invasion of Grenada
4262:Dominican Civil War
3887:Grito de Lares flag
3780:Olga Viscal Garriga
3755:Clemente Soto Vélez
3745:Vidal Santiago Díaz
3655:José Ferrer Canales
3590:Pedro Albizu Campos
3540:Ángel Rivero Méndez
3525:Antonio S. Pedreira
3510:Luis Lloréns Torres
3505:Edwin Irizarry Mora
3377:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
3014:on October 16, 2007
2807:"History of Utuado"
2236:Vidal Santiago Diaz
2206:Pedro Albizu Campos
2143:Juan Rodriguez Cruz
2115:Juan Ramon Martinez
2090:Elidio Torres Roman
2078:Juan Roman De Jesus
2072:Ramon Robles Torres
2051:Luis Morales Negron
2039:Edmidio Marin Pagan
1963:Juan Jaca Hernandez
1914:Avaro Rivera Walker
1786:(original version)
1703:Olga Viscal Garriga
1688:Olga Viscal Garriga
1674:Pedro Albizu Campos
1523:Olga Viscal Garriga
1501:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1480:Pedro Albizu Campos
1298:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1103:Pedro Albizu Campos
1048:, as passed by the
1030:Flag of Puerto Rico
996:, which guarantees
986:Puerto Rican Senate
949:Pedro Albizu Campos
459:José Ferrer Canales
401:Olga Viscal Garriga
381:Clemente Soto Vélez
376:Vidal Santiago Díaz
291:Pedro Albizu Campos
285:Nationalist leaders
4307:War in Afghanistan
4277:Invasion of Panama
4272:Lebanese Civil War
4197:Formosa Expedition
4157:Second Barbary War
4111:2020 racial unrest
4046:Johnson County War
4041:Lincoln County War
4016:American Civil War
4011:Harpers Ferry raid
3986:Turner's Rebellion
3806:Intentona de Yauco
3760:Griselio Torresola
3715:Ruth Mary Reynolds
3610:Casimiro Berenguer
3560:Alejandrina Torres
3515:Oscar López Rivera
3480:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
3397:Fernando Fernandez
3392:Manuel Zeno Gandía
3040:on October 6, 2014
2564:. January 13, 1941
2478:. ABC-CLIO. 2004.
2326:Harvest of Empire,
2227:Antonio Moya Velez
2224:Pablo Rosado Ortiz
2196:Feliciano Rioveras
2125:Jose Cruzado Ortiz
2057:Roman Otero Lozada
2048:Juan Morels Negron
2024:Antonio Cruz Colon
1978:Jose Serpa Alvarez
1942:Bernando Diaz Diaz
1930:Antonio Cruz Colon
1707:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1600:Griselio Torresola
1578:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1482:- Party president.
1339:Griselio Torresola
1308:Naranjito Incident
1250:
1217:
1197:
1008:) and presided by
821:
737:Carta de Autonomía
725:Carta de Autonomía
718:Historical context
386:Griselio Torresola
366:Ruth Mary Reynolds
301:Casimiro Berenguer
218:Events and revolts
165:4 civilians killed
76:Revolts suppressed
4443:
4442:
4405:Casualties of war
4237:Russian Civil War
4202:Korean Expedition
4147:First Barbary War
4026:Brooks–Baxter War
3981:Fries's Rebellion
3976:Whiskey Rebellion
3918:
3917:
3830:Ley de la Mordaza
3720:Germán Rieckehoff
3635:José Coll y Cuchí
3582:Nationalist Party
3495:Leopoldo Figueroa
3445:Americo Boschetti
3072:978-0-9650043-0-5
2987:978-0-19-928357-6
2852:978-1-931702-01-0
2816:, Ortizal website
2786:NY Latino Journal
2749:978-1-931702-01-0
2671:978-1-931702-01-0
2596:on March 23, 2014
2334:978-0-14-311928-9
2280:
2279:
2212:Juan Pietri Perez
1951:Ismael Diaz Matos
1889:
1888:
1368:
1367:
1204:Mayagüez Incident
1159:Peñuelas Incident
1095:
1094:
1014:Ley de la Mordaza
998:Freedom of Speech
990:Leopoldo Figueroa
945:Jose Coll y Cuchi
933:
932:
901:sugar plantations
803:Supreme Court by
653:'s rule over the
631:
630:
532:
531:
474:Germán Rieckehoff
316:José Coll y Cuchí
241:Ley de la Mordaza
198:Nationalist Party
185:
184:
80:
79:
16:(Redirected from
4561:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4451:
4395:Military history
4354:Yemeni civil war
4287:Somali Civil War
4187:Second Opium War
4056:Homestead strike
3971:Shays' Rebellion
3945:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3372:Juan Ríus Rivera
3307:Mariana Bracetti
3167:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3080:
3074:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3036:. Archived from
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2998:
2989:
2972:
2966:
2952:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2913:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2841:
2835:
2823:
2817:
2804:
2795:
2783:
2774:
2760:
2751:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2695:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2660:
2654:
2640:
2634:
2633:, 9781568585468.
2623:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2562:Topuertorico.org
2554:
2548:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2426:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2345:
2336:
2322:
2177:Osvaldo Martinez
1899:
1898:
1781:
1780:
1755:
1743:
1717:
1698:
1684:
1670:
1658:
1648:
1556:- Leader of the
1444:immigration bill
1361:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1168:Arecibo Incident
1146:Washington, D.C.
1088:
1087:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1010:Luis Muñoz Marín
923:
922:
911:
910:
757:Manifest Destiny
723:Spanish Colony,
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4120:
4001:Bleeding Kansas
3959:
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3896:
3875:
3851:Utuado Uprising
3841:Jayuya Uprising
3784:
3625:Nemesio Canales
3615:Julia de Burgos
3605:Elías Beauchamp
3595:José S. Alegría
3581:
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3535:Miguel Poventud
3422:
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3317:Roberto Cofresí
3312:Mathias Brugman
3290:
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3254:Socialist Front
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1266:
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1254:Jayuya Uprising
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1240:Jayuya Uprising
1206:
1185:
1170:
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1142:Harry S. Truman
1085:
1073:
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1038:
1022:Jesús T. Piñero
994:US Constitution
982:
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914:External videos
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851:Banana Massacre
831:U.S. government
827:
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805:Isabel González
765:Treaty of Paris
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727:, US Possession
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1613:Lolita Lebrón
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4524:Insurgencies
4242:World War II
4036:Hamburg riot
3907:
3829:
3730:Hiram Rosado
3700:René Marqués
3680:Irvin Flores
3645:Rosa Collazo
3580:Puerto Rican
3530:Pedro Pietri
3367:Manuel Rojas
3282:(Macheteros)
3188:Agüeybaná II
3118:
3096:
3078:
3054:
3044:December 12,
3042:. Retrieved
3038:the original
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3012:the original
3005:
2978:
2970:
2955:
2939:
2916:
2897:
2881:
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2662:
2658:
2643:
2638:
2621:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2591:the original
2578:
2568:November 20,
2566:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
2534:
2523:
2506:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2474:
2468:
2460:
2459:Rich Cohen;
2455:
2446:
2438:
2437:Rich Cohen.
2415:
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2388:
2383:
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2325:
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2099:
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2012:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1879:
1870:
1857:
1846:
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1809:
1798:
1791:translation
1775:
1773:
1770:(Open World)
1767:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1625:Irvin Flores
1606:
1605:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1567:
1542:Rosa Collazo
1467:
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1378:
1374:
1331:Harry Truman
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1213:El Imparcial
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1042:Harry Truman
1039:
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934:
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898:
856:By 1930 the
855:
842:United Fruit
835:
828:
801:
793:governorship
789:Domino Sugar
774:
736:
730:
724:
705:
699:
695:
667:
658:
634:
632:
566:
554:Spanish rule
546:
464:René Marqués
449:Hiram Rosado
439:Irvin Flores
326:Rosa Collazo
240:
196:Puerto Rican
85:Belligerents
29:
4462:Puerto Rico
4297:Bosnian War
4257:Vietnam War
4232:World War I
4222:Banana Wars
4152:War of 1812
3570:Iris Zavala
3555:Piri Thomas
3475:Juan Dalmau
3183:Agüeybaná I
3083:isla negra.
1527:Rio Piedras
957:Río Piedras
753:imperialism
687:Blair House
663:colonialism
639:Puerto Rico
556:, 1493–1898
173:Additional
62:Puerto Rico
4508:Categories
4435:War crimes
4302:Kosovo War
4247:Korean War
4227:Border War
4086:Bonus Army
4081:Tulsa riot
4071:Red Summer
3991:Mormon War
2631:1568585462
2310:References
1456:COINTELPRO
882:Costa Rica
167:11 wounded
160:29 wounded
4474:Biography
4142:Quasi-War
4031:Range War
3460:Roy Brown
3423:activists
2981:, p. 556
2975:Nohlen, D
2269:Vega Alta
2185:Naranjito
1909:Aguadilla
1115:Naranjito
878:Nicaragua
862:Guatemala
846:Colombian
576:Political
560:U.S. rule
239:Gag Law (
155:9 wounded
153:16 killed
4425:Cold War
4342:Cameroon
4312:Iraq War
4282:Gulf War
4006:Utah War
3964:Domestic
3909:Claridad
3086:Archived
3018:July 18,
2829:Archived
2826:Claridad
2810:Archived
2789:Archived
2701:Archived
2542:Archived
2283:See also
2201:San Juan
2120:Mayaguez
1468:carpetas
1302:Santurce
1111:Mayagüez
1107:Peñuelas
959:and the
870:Colombia
866:Honduras
838:Honduras
572:Military
568:Economic
565:Topics:
158:8 killed
57:Location
4448:Portals
4363:Related
4125:Foreign
3880:Symbols
3826:Gag Law
3208:Urayoán
3203:Jumacao
3193:Arasibo
2977:(2005)
2600:May 27,
2110:Maricao
2003:Corozal
1919:Arecibo
1789:English
1784:Spanish
1558:Vieques
1387:), the
1315:Corozal
1119:Arecibo
1018:Gag Law
894:Pacific
785:economy
548:By year
3789:Events
3198:Hayuya
3125:
3070:
3062:
2985:
2962:
2923:
2888:
2850:
2770:
2747:
2669:
2650:
2629:
2514:
2491:May 1,
2482:
2422:
2375:
2355:
2332:
2241:Utuado
2100:Juncos
2013:Jayuya
1993:Ciales
1438:, and
1404:Utuado
1400:Jayuya
1391:, the
1133:, and
1131:Jayuya
1127:Utuado
886:Mexico
874:Panama
759:. The
580:Social
108:
73:Result
4486:1950s
4347:Libya
4337:Syria
3901:Media
2594:(PDF)
2587:(PDF)
2151:Ponce
1983:Cayey
1123:Ponce
961:Ponce
4332:Iraq
3123:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3060:ISBN
3046:2012
3020:2008
3007:Time
2983:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2627:ISBN
2602:2020
2570:2011
2512:ISBN
2493:2009
2480:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2330:ISBN
1705:and
1402:and
1337:and
1268:The
1252:The
1232:and
1121:and
947:and
927:here
890:Cuba
888:and
829:The
755:and
633:The
175:PRNP
64:and
49:Date
1393:CIA
1389:FBI
1006:PPD
4510::
3117:,
3066:;
3004:.
2993:^
2947:^
2931:^
2908:^
2870:^
2799:^
2778:^
2755:^
2711:^
2686:^
2560:.
2430:^
2396:^
2340:^
2317:^
1434:,
1430:,
1296:,
1228:,
1155:.
1137:.
1129:,
1117:,
1113:,
1109:,
884:,
880:,
876:,
872:,
868:,
864:,
853:.
665:.
645:,
578:-
574:-
570:-
4450::
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3828:(
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3129:.
3048:.
3022:.
2892:.
2604:.
2572:.
2518:.
2495:.
1774:"
1529:.
1016:(
1004:(
622:e
615:t
608:v
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243:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
