426:"La alternativa socialista", the 1974 political thesis of the PSP, maintained that a workers' power was necessary to provoke a crisis of the colonial system in Puerto Rico; independence would emerge from this crisis. The party realized that a patient political work of the party among the working class at mass and educational levels would be necessary for this, as well as armed resistance. Alternative social and political structures of power would also have to be created parallel to the colonial and capitalist structures of power. Independence would be a result of the revolutionary organization of the people: it did not have to wait for some decision from the American government allowing it. The document maintained that the Puerto Rican people had a right to independence; to take back its social and natural resources; to socialize the
662:
within the system of exploitation imposed by the ruling class of this country, the relationship between its working class and the exploited countries of the Third World, the super-exploited sectors of this country and their role; the nature of national liberation struggles and their relation to the class struggles of the United States working class; the future that this system assigns to our youth and, finally, the present situation of the left in the United States." (1976 translation) Organized by José "Che" Velázquez, speakers at this 2007 conference included Andrés Torres, Raquel Rivera, and Angelo Falcón.
518:" Votes for the PIP in 1972 were 5.4 per cent of the total, more than in 1968, when it reached 3.5 per cent. In 1976 the PIP took 5.7 per cent of the votes. After the 1976 election PSP leaders claimed that many votes for the party were not counted by the main parties, which had representatives in every electoral college while the PSP did not, being a smaller organization. The votes in 1976 were not enough for the PSP to remain registered as an electoral franchise, and it had to collect signatures once more in order to compete in 1980.
51:
1423:
1437:
430:, and to use all forms of struggle available to achieve these ends. The growth and strength of a workers' party with a collective leadership, acute theory, mass influence, and a policy of alliances with other social groups was indispensable for this strategy. The party had to be constructed with both practical flexibility and ideological unity and would become the vanguard of the working people only by the people recognizing it as such, not by self-designation.
2314:
2304:
2294:
269:. Throughout the decade the MPI campaigned against the presence of big US corporations denouncing they hindered the island's development, destroyed native industries and agriculture, and exploited the workers. The MPI gathered sympathies among students, workers, intellectuals and poor communities, and advocated civil disobedience and resistance. Opposition amongst the youth and students to compulsory military service in the
573:, member of the Political Commission, secretary of political education, and a leading figure in the drafting of the 1978 program as well as previous programs and theses. A fraction of the party denounced the leadership for concealing from the base a plan to give up the strategy of building a workers' party. Some of its members were journalist Héctor Meléndez Lugo, organizer Wilfredo López Montañez, and
565:
and Gallisá, running again for the local House, obtained around 90,000. As with the 1976 PSP electoral participation, some claimed the 1980 votes were too few, while others argued the electoral experiences had to be seen as part of a long-run process of building a mass workers' party and that the overwhelming US propaganda, ideological control and political repression had to be taken into account.
627:
mass demonstrations also comes largely from the influence of the PSP and the other anticolonial and socialist groups. The new social and cultural space created back then has continued to the present in different forms, despite the crisis of the left. The spreading of the ideas that Puerto Rico is a distinct nation and the present political system is a colonial one, is largely due to the PSP.
537:, the colonial establishment was a part of modern capitalism and managed to relatively satisfy social and economic needs of the popular classes, skilled labor and high wages were common, wide health and school systems existed, and commerce and financial activity were extensive given the gradual integration of Puerto Rico into the economy of the United States.
623:
in the 1970s and 80s. Protest and patriotic singers, literary authors and graphic artists whose works became popular by means of socialist recording and editorial production, spectacles, book shops, local publications, demonstrations and rallies, later on have gained general recognition, thus strengthening Puerto Rican national identity and popular culture.
348:. It ran stories of human interest on local problems, unemployment, poverty, environment, communities, schools, health, migration, and other topics. Claridad featured also sections of literature and the arts, and sports, and stressed themes on Puerto Rican history such as past stages of the independence movement, and the resistance of the
626:
Activities defiant to authorities and demanding rights now common among the island's poor and in the Puerto Rican community in New York and other urban areas of the US, were made popular by the MPI and PSP. The tradition among the general public to set up pickets, street rallies, protest strikes and
564:
Nevertheless, the activity of the party lessened in the following years. In 1980, 5,224 votes were accounted for the PSP governor candidacy of
Lausell Hernández, or 0.3 per cent of the total, while PIP votes accounted for 5.4 per cent. But PSP Senate candidate Mari Brás took more than 50,000 votes,
661:
was the political declaration of the First
Congress of the United States Branch of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, approved on April 1, 1973. This 77-page document examined "the nature of Puerto Rican immigration to this country; its present composition, its attitudes and behavior, its experience
622:
The PSP militancy left a legacy that contributed to change Puerto Rican culture. A wider general consciousness of class and race divisions, and of the contradictions between the state and the social and popular interests still exists in Puerto Rico, largely as a result of the PSP's public influence
568:
In 1982, a new rift took place between the traditional nationalist-oriented leadership, led by Mari Brás and Gallisá, and a group of militants who claimed the leadership was not taking seriously the tasks of building a working-class party and implementing the 1978 program. The debate was sparked by
355:
The party had a political education system for its militants and sympathizers and a bookshop and promoted popular local papers and newsletters. It managed to record and launch protest and patriotic singers and musicians, some of which later have gained wider audiences and become a part of the Latin
343:
The PSP further developed
Claridad, the newspaper created by the MPI, and made it a news and analysis paper with considerable impact on the rest of the media and the general public. Claridad was first a weekly, later on it came out twice a week, and between 1974 and 1976 it was a daily. It featured
505:
The PSP proposed a revolutionary struggle and went into electoral politics as a tactical means to broadcast its message, participating in the island's 1976 and 1980 elections. In 1976 Mari Brás was candidate for governor. He and the party's insignia obtained 10,728 votes, whereas socialist veteran
492:
A few years after its foundation, the PSP had gained influence on sections of the island's work force. PSP committees emerged among workers of state infrastructure enterprises such as those producing electricity and services of water and telephone, as well as government and hospital employees, and
288:
The MPI proposed independence for Puerto Rico had to be conquered through popular mobilization and judged that an independent Puerto Rico would have to explore non-capitalist routes of development. Both the MPI and PSP made thorough
Marxist analyses of Puerto Rican society, politics and economy in
327:
The PSP maintained it was the first attempt to unify the social and economic struggles of the working class, traditionally channeled by pro-annexation forces favoring total integration of Puerto Rico into the US, and the independence struggle, traditionally channeled by middle class and bourgeois
581:
In their turn, Mari Brás and Gallisá did not deny they were giving up the creation of a workers' party. They said the priority should be to create a wide and pluralist national liberation movement, which they did not clearly define. The opposition group claimed that a working-class party did not
600:
Mattos Cintrón and the 1982 opposition argued that the absence of a strong left-wing in the island would weaken the cause for independence and other attempts of sovereignty for Puerto Rico. The national struggle, they said, grew only in close relation with the popular and working classes.
513:
Socialist activity from 1971 onwards and PSP electoral participation in 1976 contributed indirectly to a hike in the votes for the Puerto Rican
Independence Party, although both organizations rarely unified efforts. In 1972 the PIP's program was influenced by socialism, its title being
483:
were bombed. Several party members narrowly escaped murder attempts. Other party members were accused of possessing weapons and explosives, but the prosecution's case failed to progress. Police kept files of tens of thousands of sympathizers of the PSP and other groups.
631:, which became a daily newspaper between 1974 and 1977, cleared the way for incisive journalism revealing scandals of corruption and links between private interests and the island's government, and reporting on the problems and claims of the downtrodden and the poor.
328:
nationalist groups. The working classes had to be the leading force if national liberation was to come about, and independence had to mean a higher stage of social and economic life for the majorities and a true democracy, enjoying a working class government.
418:
of holding a massive rally commemorating the 1868 anticolonial uprising against
Spanish rule at the small mountain town of Lares each 23 September. Puerto Rico had been a Spanish colonial possession from 1493 to 1898, when it was taken by the US after the
331:
The flag of the PSP was red with a white five-point star at the upper left corner. The MPI flag had had the same design except that the bottom half of the flag was black. The emblem of the PSP was a clenched fist inside an industrial gear-wheel. The
497:
and leader of the latter's labor union UTIER, Luis
Lausell Hernández, would be in 1980 the PSP candidate for governor. Socialist activity coincided with the flourishing of new trade union movements on the island, which in some cases accused big
597:. In the 1970s Mattos Cintrón had written that within the PSP coexisted a "radicalized nationalist petite bourgeois" wing along with the socialist tendency, although for a previous phase this coexistence played a positive role.
609:
The PSP name was maintained during the 1980s, but the organization ceased political activity among the working class. The PSP was formally disbanded in 1993. Mari Brás and other former PSP leaders later became involved in the
577:
party secretary Marta E. Fernández. The group was defeated by a large majority loyal to Mari Brás and Gallisá and with rather nationalistic leanings. A part of the opposition fraction left the party that same year.
510:, running for the island's Senate, obtained more than 20,000 votes, and Gallisá, running for the House of Representatives, gathered more than 80,000. The votes for the PSP amounted to 0.7 per cent of the total.
400:
360:
musical trend, such as Roy Brown, Noel
Hernandez, Antonio Caban-Vale "El topo", Pepe y Flora, Andres Jimenez "El jibaro", and the Frank Ferrer band. The PSP also had links with theatre groups, like Anamu.
502:
operating in Puerto Rico of promoting a "colonialist trade unionism". The PSP had following also among university and secondary school students, and professions like lawyers, doctors, and professors.
320:. It claimed an internationalist ideology and saw the struggle of Puerto Rico as a part of the struggle for national liberation and against capitalism of the oppressed, colonial and
582:
contradict a wide anticolonial front of alliances, and, in fact, the latter would be more probable if a workers' party existed and influenced the relation of forces on the island.
1501:
381:
Puerto Ricans. The movement included a diversity of groups, ranging from socialist
Christians to clandestine armed organizations. The PSP was prominent within this movement.
285:
and elsewhere; and to
American military installations on the island fueled the activity of the MPI and this in its turn created a perspective of a possible decolonization.
593:. Similar tensions had surfaced during the MPI stage, in a disagreement in 1970 between Mari Brás and another leader of the organization, Marxist journalist and novelist
552:
while assigning importance to civil society, grass-roots movements, alliances, and mass politics. The 1978 program reflected influence of the theories of Italian Marxist
549:
1961:
525:
and strategic preparation for politico-military struggle. Other debates were on how to promote national independence and socialism in a US territory where, unlike
499:
477:
forces on the island. Mari Brás's son, Santiago Mari Pesquera, was murdered mysteriously in March 1976, and the offices and printing press of the PSP newspaper
1051:
La cuestión nacional. El Partido Nacionalista y el movimiento obrero puertorriqueño (aspectos de las luchas económicas y políticas de la década de 1930-1940)
344:
scoops on corruption, on the links between private interests and the politicians and bureaucrats, and on the intrigues regarding the unsolved question of the
247:
556:. It also reassured both revolutionary armed action and electoral politics, given the electoral culture of Puerto Ricans since the early 20th century.
526:
2363:
2353:
1513:
2368:
2343:
1474:
507:
2134:
2061:
1954:
1477:[Loida Figueroa Mercado: A century of Puerto Rican history] (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: El Post Antillano. Archived from
2338:
2199:
1517:
653:
in the Bronx, NY, former members of the PSP, now working under the name of the "October 27 Committee", held a small conference titled "
2317:
369:
The socialist movement in Puerto Rico grew in the 1960s and 1970s despite police repression and terrorist activities from right-wing
2297:
2046:
1970:
611:
544:" modernizing aspects of US presence on the island. The new program indirectly criticized practices of nationalist desperation and
167:
2154:
2274:
2253:
2209:
2119:
1947:
1558:
2358:
1994:
384:
The MPI and PSP launched campaigns against US military bases on the island, including campaigns against bombing drills by the
2104:
1627:
1272:
1223:
1114:
1100:
1072:
988:
974:
925:
911:
897:
855:
841:
813:
799:
785:
729:
715:
2144:
494:
133:
2139:
646:, though it has a limited circulation and is no longer the news and research paper it was in the 1960s through the 1980s.
2179:
1989:
2124:
521:
In 1977, internal disagreements took place within the PSP, one being over what priority the organization would give to
378:
292:
At its Eighth General Assembly on November 28, 1971, the MPI transformed itself into the Puerto Rican Socialist Party.
265:
During the 1964 and 1968 elections, and the 1967 plebiscite on the political status of Puerto Rico, the MPI promoted a
227:
200:
2373:
1805:
1780:
1408:
1391:
1377:
1349:
1335:
1321:
1307:
1293:
1251:
1237:
1209:
1191:
1163:
1149:
1128:
1086:
1058:
1044:
1002:
953:
939:
883:
869:
827:
771:
757:
743:
694:
680:
2051:
239:
2159:
2025:
2004:
467:
235:
2109:
2067:
2184:
2041:
2020:
450:
on October 27, 1974, and was broadcast on television. PSP members were also active in the movement against the
438:
PSP branches emerged in the United States, most prominently among the Puerto Rican communities in the zones of
243:
1244:
Sobrevivencia, pobreza y mantengo. La política asistencialista estadounidense en Puerto Rico: el PAN y el TANF
2189:
2129:
2084:
2056:
1984:
22:
21:
This article is about the party founded in 1971. For the party founded in 1899 and reorganized in 1915, see
2164:
2099:
110:
2348:
2194:
2089:
2114:
2258:
2169:
570:
540:
The party adopted a new program in 1978 proposing a more modern form of politics that recognized the "
2094:
336:
anthem was often sung in its rallies and mass meetings, as well as the Puerto Rican national anthem,
278:
2232:
1478:
1179:(Monthly Review Press, New York and London, 1963) Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 63-20065
2149:
650:
420:
172:
614:(MINH), a smaller organization. Gallisá became active in a radio program of political discussion.
594:
301:
231:
2279:
2237:
162:
128:
1107:
None of the above. Puerto Ricans in the global era (new directions in Latino American cultures)
251:
1742:
1691:
1093:
Los Macheteros: The Wells Fargo robbery and the violent struggle for Puerto Rican independence
1361:
Héctor Meléndez, "La identidad ausente: Puerto Rico y sus intelectuales en el fin de siglo",
699:
Manuel Maldonado-Denis, "Prospects for Latin American Nationalism: The Case of Puerto Rico,"
574:
447:
345:
102:
446:. The PSP was primarily responsible for a pro-independence rally that drew 20,000 people to
2204:
1622:. San Juan: Centro para la investigación y promoción de los derechos civiles. p. 359.
454:. The PSP saw the Puerto Rican struggle as a part of the struggle of Latin America against
393:
317:
313:
1620:
Las carpetas. Persecución política y derechos civiles en Puerto Rico; ensayos y documentos
8:
541:
427:
415:
374:
2219:
1428:
148:
143:
2227:
1903:
1566:
932:
The Puerto Rican nation on the move. Identities on the Island and in the United States
2303:
1999:
1841:
1801:
1776:
1729:
1678:
1623:
1404:
1387:
1373:
1345:
1331:
1317:
1303:
1289:
1268:
1247:
1233:
1219:
1205:
1187:
1159:
1145:
1124:
1110:
1096:
1082:
1068:
1054:
1040:
1026:
998:
984:
970:
949:
935:
921:
907:
893:
879:
865:
851:
837:
823:
809:
795:
781:
767:
753:
739:
725:
711:
690:
676:
522:
443:
297:
152:
890:
The Political Economy of Colonialism: The State and Industrialization in Puerto Rico
293:
255:
1939:
904:
The Disenchanted Island. Puerto Rico and the United States in the Twentieth Century
643:
309:
259:
188:
1356:
Can't jail the spirit. Political prisoners in the U.S.A. Collection of Biographies
1014:
César J. Ayala, "La formación de capital local en Puerto Rico, 1947 al presente",
337:
2307:
1442:
553:
203:
258:
and Santiago Mari Pesquera, among others. The MPI was greatly influenced by the
50:
1504:[Inventory of the Collection of Dr. Loida Figueroa Mercado, 1917-1996]
1396:
655:
Desde Las Entrañas, 30 Years Later: Implications for the Independence Movement.
474:
455:
414:
The MPI and PSP continued the tradition set in the 1930s by Nationalist leader
408:
404:
333:
305:
282:
1934:
Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
946:
Mujeres puertorriqueñas, 'welfare' y globalización; desconstruyendo el estigma
2332:
1932:
1384:
Sponsored identities. Cultural politics in Puerto Rico (Puerto Rican Studies)
439:
211:
370:
1133:
Wilfredo Mattos Cintrón, "La hegemonía de Estados Unidos en Puerto Rico".
1037:
Desafío y solidaridad. Breve historia del movimiento obrero puertorriqueño
1030:
1502:"Inventario de la Colección de la Dra. Loida Figueroa Mercado, 1917-1996"
1137:
16 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, 1988) ISSN 0185-2426
586:
451:
357:
321:
273:(in which Puerto Ricans had to serve since 1917); to the presence of the
207:
1436:
1845:
995:
Las ideas anexionistas en Puerto Rico bajo la dominación norteamericana
934:(The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, 2002)
470:
324:
countries especially in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and the Americas.
407:, in 1950 and 1954 denouncing US colonial rule in Puerto Rico. In the
281:; to aggressive US military policies in the Caribbean, Latin America,
1924:
1707:
Por un partido obrero para el Puerto Rico de hoy; programa socialista
590:
545:
218:
island of Puerto Rico. It proposed a "democratic workers' republic".
215:
118:
1607:. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto Rico. pp. 164–168.
1592:. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto Rico. pp. 217–228.
1184:
Islands at the Crossroads: Politics in the Non-Independent Caribbean
958:
Héctor Meléndez, "Historia ambigua: inercia de la nación cultural",
250:, including such figures as Lidia Barreto, Rafael Cancel Rodríguez,
1643:
750:
Colonial Dilemma: Critical perspectives on contemporary Puerto Rico
479:
687:
Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals turn to Lenin, Mao and Che
304:
later became party president. The party gained a following in the
1704:
1457:
389:
385:
270:
266:
196:
123:
1202:
La nación puertorriqueña; ensayos en torno a Pedro Albizu Campos
1009:
Bibliografía sobre el movimiento obrero de Puerto Rico 1873-1996
820:
Desalambrar; orígenes de los rescates de terrenos en Puerto Rico
1462:. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto Rico. pp. iv.
1065:
La represión contra el independentismo puertorriqueño 1960-2010
792:
From Bomba to Hip-hop. Puerto Rican Culture and Latino Identity
530:
1370:
Pedro Albizu Campos y el nacionalismo puertorriqueño 1930-1939
1891:
Puerta sin casa. Crisis del PSP y encrucijada de la izquierda
1876:
Puerta sin casa: crisis del PSP y encrucijada de la izquierda
1823:
Puerta sin casa. Crisis del PSP y encrucijada de la izquierda
1475:"Loida Figueroa Mercado: Un siglo de historia puertorriqueña"
1342:
Violation of Human Rights in Puerto Rico by the United States
1156:
The National Question. Decolonising the theory of nationalism
349:
1541:
1401:
The United States and Puerto Rico; the struggle for equality
1720:
web site. "Comisión estatal de elecciones de Puerto Rico".
1669:
web site. "Comisión estatal de elecciones de Puerto Rico".
534:
274:
1258:
Pedro Albizu Campos. Obras Escogidas 1923-1936 (dos tomos)
848:
Puerto Rico; the trials of the oldest colony in the world
722:
Puerto Rico in the American century. A history since 1898
1300:
Del cañaveral a la fábrica. Cambio social en Puerto Rico
778:
Puerto Rican Jam. Rethinking colonialism and nationalism
1838:
César Andreu Iglesias. Aproximación a su vida y su obra
1204:(Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, 1993)
967:
Nation within a nation. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
411:
it repeatedly denounced US colonialism in Puerto Rico.
246:, and university students, some of them members of the
234:. The MPI was formed by a group of dissidents from the
1279:
El movimiento libertador en la historia de Puerto Rico
1363:
La identidad ausente; credos, pueblos, capital, siglo
248:
Federación de Universitarios Pro Independencia (FUPI)
1969:
1861:
Breve Historia del Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño
1418:
585:
The 1982 split manifested a latent conflict between
1798:
El fracaso del proyecto PSP de la pequeña burguesía
1773:
El fracaso del proyecto PSP de la pequeña burguesía
673:
The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora
316:. The PSP was also an observer organization at the
230:(MPI), founded on January 11, 1959, in the city of
1512:(in Spanish). Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico:
1286:Partidos, política pública y status en Puerto Rico
1263:Fidel Castro, "Segunda Declaración de La Habana",
864:(Editorial Ateneo Puertorriqueño, San Juan, 1997)
1170:Pedro Albizu Campos, el líder de la desesperación
776:Frances Negrón-Muntaner and R. Grosfoguel, eds.,
2330:
1617:
1510:Library System of the University of Puerto Rico
1177:Puerto Rico. Freedom and Power in the Caribbean
724:(The University of North Carolina Press, 2007)
1873:
1863:. San Juan: Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño.
1858:
1820:
1755:
710:(Markus Wiener, Princeton and New York, 1993)
1955:
1878:. San Juan: Ediciones La Sierra. p. 161.
1825:. San Juan: Ediciones La Sierra. p. 161.
1514:University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus
1328:A Puerto Rican in New York and other sketches
1230:Conflictos de clase y política en Puerto Rico
918:Puerto Rico. A Political and Cultural History
806:Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia
37:
1077:Ramón Arbona Martínez and A. Núñez Miranda,
671:Andrés Torres and José E. Velázquez (eds.),
495:Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA)
403:incarcerated in the US for armed actions in
401:Puerto Rican Nationalist political prisoners
1544:La hora de la independencia. Tesis política
1403:(Robert Krieger Publishing, Florida, 1990)
1330:(International Publishers, New York, 1982)
878:(Ediciones Barco de Papel, San Juan, 2006)
748:Edwin Meléndez and Edgardo Meléndez, eds.,
433:
2293:
2135:Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo
1962:
1948:
1888:
1705:Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño (1978).
1458:Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño (1974).
1186:(Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, 2001)
1079:Pedro Grant. Memorias de un líder sindical
1018:, University of Puerto Rico, Num. 18, 2008
708:The Four-Storeyed Country and other essays
49:
1316:(Ediciones Patria, San Juan, 1995, 2011)
1158:(Zed Books, London and New Jersey, 1987)
396:, and against environmental destruction.
2364:Political parties disestablished in 1993
2354:Defunct political parties in Puerto Rico
2047:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1795:
1770:
1121:La política y lo político en Puerto Rico
1067:(Publicaciones Gaviota, San Juan, 2011)
1035:Gervasio García y A.G. Quintero Rivera,
962:, University of Puerto Rico, Num 5, 1998
862:Selección de obra periodística 1959-1994
804:Gail Cueto, R. Fernández and S. Méndez,
612:Hostosian National Independence Movement
2275:Political party strength in Puerto Rico
2254:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
969:(Ediciones Cordillera, San Juan, 2011)
780:(University opf Minnesota Press, 2008)
766:(Monthly Review Press, New York, 1984)
738:(Monthly Review Press, New York, 1977)
2331:
1499:
1298:Eduardo Rivera Medina and R. Ramírez,
948:(Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas, 2001)
2369:Political parties established in 1971
2344:1993 disestablishments in Puerto Rico
2200:Unificación Puertorriqueña Tripartita
2155:Partido Unión Republicana Progresista
1943:
1835:
1556:
1542:Movimiento Pro Independencia (1963).
1372:(Editorial Cultural, San Juan, 1990)
1365:(Ediciones La Sierra, San Juan, 1996)
1081:(Ediciones Callejón, San Juan, 2005)
1760:. San Juan: Ediciones Tortuga Verde.
1719:
1668:
1472:
1025:(Ediciones Huracán, San Juan, 1978)
1007:Erick Pérez Velasco and D. Baronov,
997:(Ediciones Huracán, San Juan, 1987)
2180:Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party
1602:
1587:
1344:(Ediciones Puerto, San Juan, 2002)
836:(Princeton University Press, 1987)
461:
13:
2339:1971 establishments in Puerto Rico
2145:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
1758:Sociología política puertorriqueña
1618:R. Bosque Pérez, J. Colón (1997).
1260:(Editorial Jelofe, San Juan, 1975)
1144:(Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1985)
1011:(Ediciones Cildes, San Juan, 1996)
794:(Columbia University Press, 2000)
665:
548:. It reassured the concept of the
466:The PSP faced disruption from the
14:
2385:
2140:Partido Reformista Puertorriqueño
1915:
1874:Mattos Cintrón, Wilfredo (1984).
1859:Mattos Cintrón, Wilfredo (1979).
1821:Mattos Cintrón, Wilfredo (1984).
1023:Bolívar ante Marx y otros ensayos
399:The MPI-PSP demanded freedom for
340:, with its revolutionary lyrics.
289:their programs and declarations.
193:Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño
39:Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño
2313:
2312:
2302:
2292:
2125:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
1971:Political parties in Puerto Rico
1435:
1421:
1386:(Temple University Press, 1997)
752:(South End Press, Boston, 1993)
736:Workers' Struggle in Puerto Rico
675:(Temple University Press, 1998)
634:
240:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
238:(PIP), former militants of the
2005:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1908:International Socialist Review.
1897:
1882:
1867:
1852:
1840:. San Juan: Ediciones Huracán.
1829:
1814:
1800:. San Juan: Edil. p. 177.
1789:
1775:. San Juan: Edil. p. 177.
1764:
1749:
1713:
1698:
1662:
1288:(Nueva Aurora, San Juan, 1998)
834:Economic History of Puerto Rico
822:(Ed. Tal Cual, San Juan, 2006)
720:César J. Ayala and R. Bernabe,
642:continues to be published as a
236:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2052:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1756:Frambes Buxeda, Aline (1990).
1636:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1559:"Puerto Rico: The Last Colony"
1550:
1535:
1493:
1466:
1451:
1182:Angel I. Rivera and A. Ramos,
1142:Hispanics in the United States
1049:Taller de Formación Política,
983:(CG Editores, San Juan, 2010)
920:(W.W. Norton, New York, 1983)
850:(Yale University Press, 1999)
364:
352:Indians and the Black slaves.
244:Communist Party of Puerto Rico
1:
2359:Left-wing nationalist parties
2247:Other political organizations
2130:Partido Estadista Republicano
2120:Partido del Pueblo Trabajador
1985:Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana
1557:Reyes, Héctor (Winter 1997).
1500:Torres, Yarelis, ed. (2014).
1473:Cruz, Féliz (15 March 2017).
1414:
1218:(Monthly Review Press, 2010)
1140:Joan Moore and Harry Pachon,
1105:Frances Negrón Muntaner, ed,
23:Socialist Party (Puerto Rico)
2175:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
2165:Puerto Rican Communist Party
2110:Movimiento Unión Soberanista
2068:Movimiento Unión Soberanista
1905:Puerto Rico: The Last Colony
1016:Revista de Ciencias Sociales
960:Revista de Ciencias Sociales
762:César Andreu Iglesias, ed.,
228:Movimiento Pro-Independencia
214:control on the Hispanic and
185:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
33:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
7:
2195:Unconditional Spanish Party
1644:"Elecciones en Puerto Rico"
1358:(El Coquí Publishers, 1988)
1246:(Callejón, San Juan, 2011)
1109:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)
1095:(Simon and Schuster, 1987)
892:(Praeger Publishers, 1993)
701:Latin American Perspectives
86:; 31 years ago
10:
2390:
2259:Popular Socialist Movement
2170:Puerto Rican Renewal Party
2062:Socialist Workers Movement
1889:Mattos Cintrón, Wilfredo.
1267:(Ocean Sur, Mexico, 2008)
1232:(Huracán, San Juan, 1977)
1228:Angel G. Quintero Rivera,
1039:(Huracán, San Juan, 1982)
944:Luisa Hernández Angueira,
734:Angel G. Quintero Rivera,
493:teachers. A worker of the
226:The PSP originated as the
221:
20:
2288:
2267:
2246:
2218:
2077:
2034:
2013:
1977:
1796:Meléndez, Héctor (1984).
1771:Meléndez, Héctor (1984).
1605:La alternativa socialista
1590:La alternativa socialista
1460:La alternativa socialista
1340:Luis Nieves Falcón, ed.,
1256:J. Benjamín Torres, ed.,
1119:Wilfredo Mattos Cintrón,
617:
604:
473:program and attacks from
279:University of Puerto Rico
158:
142:
134:Puerto Rican independence
109:
98:
80:
65:
57:
48:
30:
2374:Socialism in Puerto Rico
2150:Partido Republicano Puro
2115:Partido Acción Cristiana
1995:Popular Democratic Party
1836:Fromm, Georg H. (1977).
1648:eleccionespuertorico.org
1314:Coabey, el valle heroico
1312:Heriberto Marín Torres,
1168:Juan Antonio Corretjer,
916:Arturo Morales Carrión,
876:Memorias de un ciudadano
764:Memoirs of Bernardo Vega
651:Hostos Community College
559:
487:
434:Branches in the mainland
212:United States of America
2280:Politics of Puerto Rico
2105:Liberal Reformist Party
1135:El Caribe Contemporáneo
1063:José "Che" Paralitici,
818:Liliana Cotto-Morales,
571:Wilfredo Mattos Cintrón
550:Leninist vanguard party
314:community organizations
163:Politics of Puerto Rico
144:Political position
129:Revolutionary socialism
2233:Alianza Puertorriqueña
2210:Working People's Party
1172:(San Juan, 1972, 1978)
500:labor unions of the US
252:Loida Figueroa Mercado
192:
38:
2014:National affiliations
1990:New Progressive Party
1277:Ramón Medina Ramírez,
1214:Antonio A. Santucci,
1196:Juan Manuel Carrión,
993:Aarón Ramos Bonilla,
595:César Andreu Iglesias
448:Madison Square Garden
346:status of Puerto Rico
302:Carlos Gallisá Bisbal
2205:Union of Puerto Rico
1354:Luis Nieves Falcón,
1123:(ERA, Mexico, 1980)
965:Juan Carlos Albors,
706:José Luis González,
542:democratic-bourgeois
516:Arriba los de abajo!
421:Spanish–American War
318:Non-Aligned Movement
296:was named the PSP's
1523:on 6 September 2017
1481:on 6 September 2017
1242:Linda Colón Reyes,
649:On May 5, 2007, at
569:the resignation of
428:means of production
416:Pedro Albizu Campos
210:seeking the end of
2349:COINTELPRO targets
1429:Puerto Rico portal
1284:Edgardo Meléndez,
1091:Ronald Fernández,
902:Ronald Fernández,
888:Sherrie L. Baver,
846:José Trías Monge,
808:(Greenwood, 1998)
703:3:3 (Summer 1976).
659:Desde Las Entrañas
2326:
2325:
2000:Proyecto Dignidad
1737:Missing or empty
1686:Missing or empty
1629:978-0-9650043-0-5
1273:978-1-921438-01-1
1224:978-1-58367-211-2
1175:Gordon K. Lewis,
1115:978-0-8166-2849-0
1101:978-0-13-950056-5
1073:978-1-61505-046-8
989:978-1-59608-749-1
975:978-0-88495-216-9
926:978-0-393-30193-9
912:978-0-275-95227-3
898:978-0-275-94503-9
856:978-0-300-07618-9
842:978-0-691-02248-2
814:978-0-313-29822-6
800:978-0-231-11077-8
786:978-0-8166-2849-0
730:978-0-8078-3113-7
716:978-1-55876-072-1
523:guerrilla warfare
298:general secretary
181:
180:
168:Political parties
2381:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2185:Republican Union
2085:Autonomist Party
2026:Republican Party
2021:Democratic Party
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1923:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1709:. San Juan: PSP.
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1565:. Archived from
1563:www.isreview.org
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:. San Juan: MPI.
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1516:. Archived from
1507:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1368:Luis A. Ferrao,
1302:(Huracán, 1985)
1281:(San Juan, 1965)
1265:Antología mínima
1154:James M. Blaut,
1053:(Huracán, 1982)
1021:Pedro Juan Rúa,
979:Carlos Gallisá,
906:(Preager, 1996)
874:Juan Mari Brás,
860:Juan Mari Brás,
832:James L. Dietz,
644:weekly newspaper
527:colonial regimes
462:FBI interference
379:pro-Commonwealth
310:student movement
260:Cuban Revolution
201:pro-independence
94:
92:
87:
76:
74:
53:
42:
41:
28:
27:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2308:Politics portal
2284:
2263:
2242:
2228:Alianza de País
2214:
2190:Socialist Party
2078:Defunct parties
2073:
2057:Socialist Front
2042:Communist Party
2030:
2009:
1973:
1968:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1857:
1853:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1736:
1727:
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1703:
1699:
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1676:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1653:
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1642:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1569:on 21 July 2017
1555:
1551:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1443:Politics portal
1441:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1382:Arlene Dávila,
1216:Antonio Gramsci
668:
666:Further reading
637:
620:
607:
562:
554:Antonio Gramsci
490:
464:
436:
367:
224:
204:political party
177:
138:
90:
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85:
72:
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44:
43:
36:
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26:
19:
18:Political party
12:
11:
5:
2387:
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2240:
2235:
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2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:People's Party
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
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2072:
2071:
2064:
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2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1917:
1916:External links
1914:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1881:
1866:
1851:
1828:
1813:
1806:
1788:
1781:
1763:
1748:
1722:www.ceepur.org
1712:
1697:
1671:www.ceepur.org
1661:
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1628:
1610:
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1397:Roland Perusse
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689:(Verso, 2002)
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489:
486:
463:
460:
456:US imperialism
435:
432:
409:United Nations
405:Washington, DC
366:
363:
334:Internationale
306:labor movement
294:Juan Mari Brás
283:Southeast Asia
256:Juan Mari Brás
223:
220:
195:, PSPR) was a
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2100:Liberal Party
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2090:Federal Party
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2035:Other parties
2033:
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2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
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1333:
1329:
1326:Jesús Colón,
1325:
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1322:1-932766-24-3
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828:0-9760352-5-1
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790:Juan Flores,
789:
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772:0-85345-656-9
769:
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591:socialism
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375:Statehood
356:American
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1926:Claridad
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1679:cite web
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629:Claridad
575:San Juan
480:Claridad
242:and the
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111:Ideology
103:San Juan
444:Chicago
394:Culebra
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560:1980s
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1743:help
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