1636:
3379:
1390:
1558:
1406:
1209:
2799:
1928:
1221:
3726:
1789:
2293:
2208:
to notable changes in the respiratory epithelium; alterations are noted in the extracellular matrix and in the protein content of the basement membrane. The extracellular matrix maintains lung elasticity; the basement membrane is associated with alveolar epithelium and is important in the blood-air barrier. The deficiency is associated with functional defects and disease states. Vitamin A is crucial in the development of the alveoli which continues for several years after birth.
56:
3449:
3707:, there is only a single lung, albeit divided into two lobes. Other lungfish, however, have traditionally been considered having two lungs, but newer research defines paired lungs as bilateral lung buds that arise simultaneously and are both connected directly to the foregut, which is only seen in tetrapods. In all lungfish, including the Australian, the lungs are located in the upper dorsal part of the body, with the connecting duct curving around and above the
1628:
3441:
2889:
2897:
3284:
3338:. Functional residual capacity cannot be measured by tests that rely on breathing out, as a person is only able to breathe a maximum of 80% of their total functional capacity. The total lung capacity depends on the person's age, height, weight, and sex, and normally ranges between 4 and 6 litres. Females tend to have a 20–25% lower capacity than males. Tall people tend to have a larger total lung capacity than shorter people.
68:
3602:
1341:
2049:. A horizontal interlobar fissure was found to be incomplete in 25% of right lungs, or even absent in 11% of all cases. An accessory fissure was also found in 14% and 22% of left and right lungs, respectively. An oblique fissure was found to be incomplete in 21% to 47% of left lungs. In some cases a fissure is absent, or extra, resulting in a right lung with only two lobes, or a left lung with three lobes.
727:
3269:
6901:
Dijana; Takanen, Jenny
Ottosson; Hober, Sophia; Alm, Tove; Edqvist, Per-Henrik; Berling, Holger; Tegel, Hanna; Mulder, Jan; Rockberg, Johan; Nilsson, Peter; Schwenk, Jochen M.; Hamsten, Marica; Feilitzen, Kalle von; Forsberg, Mattias; Persson, Lukas; Johansson, Fredric; Zwahlen, Martin; Heijne, Gunnar von; Nielsen, Jens; Pontén, Fredrik (23 January 2015). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
1053:
1044:
1598:. This lobule is a discrete unit that is the smallest component of the lung that can be seen without aid. The secondary pulmonary lobule is likely to be made up of between 30 and 50 primary lobules. The lobule is supplied by a terminal bronchiole that branches into respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles supply the alveoli in each acinus and is accompanied by a
993:. The left lung is divided into two lobes by an oblique fissure which is closely aligned with the oblique fissure in the right lung. In the right lung the upper horizontal fissure, separates the upper (superior) lobe from the middle lobe. The lower, oblique fissure separates the lower lobe from the middle and upper lobes.
1233:
1317:
1297:
1254:
1274:
6900:
Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Asplund, Anna; Olsson, IngMarie; Edlund, Karolina; Lundberg, Emma; Navani, Sanjay; Szigyarto, Cristina Al-Khalili; Odeberg, Jacob; Djureinovic,
3625:
are simple and balloon-like, with gas exchange limited to the outer surface of the lung. This is not very efficient, but amphibians have low metabolic demands and can also quickly dispose of carbon dioxide by diffusion across their skin in water, and supplement their oxygen supply by the same method.
2155:
on each side of the trachea. During the fifth week the right bud branches into three secondary bronchial buds and the left branches into two secondary bronchial buds. These give rise to the lobes of the lungs, three on the right and two on the left. Over the following week, the secondary buds branch
1981:
The blood volume of the lungs is about 450 millilitres on average, about 9% of the total blood volume of the entire circulatory system. This quantity can easily fluctuate from between one-half and twice the normal volume. Also, in the event of blood loss through hemorrhage, blood from the lungs can
3452:
The cross-current respiratory gas exchanger in the lungs of birds. Air is forced from the air sacs unidirectionally (from left to right in the diagram) through the parabronchi. The pulmonary capillaries surround the parabronchi in the manner shown (blood flowing from below the parabronchus to above
2207:
has been linked to changes in the epithelial lining of the lung and in the lung parenchyma. This can disrupt the normal physiology of the lung and predispose to respiratory diseases. Severe nutritional deficiency in vitamin A results in a reduction in the formation of the alveolar walls (septa) and
1452:
needed. Elastin is more concentrated in areas of high stress such as the openings of the alveoli, and alveolar junctions. The connective tissue links all the alveoli to form the lung parenchyma which has a sponge-like appearance. The alveoli have interconnecting air passages in their walls known as
1076:
The right lung has both more lobes and segments than the left. It is divided into three lobes, an upper, middle, and a lower lobe by two fissures, one oblique and one horizontal. The upper, horizontal fissure, separates the upper from the middle lobe. It begins in the lower oblique fissure near the
3461:
that extend through much of the body, and are in turn connected to air spaces within the bones. On inhalation, air travels through the trachea of a bird into the air sacs. Air then travels continuously from the air sacs at the back, through the lungs, which are relatively fixed in size, to the air
2160:. From week 16 to week 26, the bronchi enlarge and lung tissue becomes highly vascularised. Bronchioles and alveolar ducts also develop. By week 26 the terminal bronchioles have formed which branch into two respiratory bronchioles. During the period covering the 26th week until birth the important
2184:
at the air-alveolar surface which allows expansion of the alveolar sacs. The alveolar sacs contain the primitive alveoli that form at the end of the alveolar ducts, and their appearance around the seventh month marks the point at which limited respiration would be possible, and the premature baby
3480:
The air sacs, which hold air, do not contribute much to gas exchange, despite being thin-walled, as they are poorly vascularised. The air sacs expand and contract due to changes in the volume in the thorax and abdomen. This volume change is caused by the movement of the sternum and ribs and this
3005:, and with continued stress can undergo a malignant transformation. Studies have shown that the initial development of emphysema is centred on the early changes in the airway epithelium of the small airways. Basal cells become further deranged in a smoker's transition to clinically defined COPD.
3775:
to breathe air. Juveniles are released into the ocean, however adults cannot swim and possess an only rudimentary set of gills. The adult crabs can breathe on land and hold their breath underwater. The branchiostegal lungs are seen as a developmental adaptive stage from water-living to enable
2120:
grows out as a tubular epithelium that becomes a bronchus. Each bronchus branches into bronchioles. The branching is a result of the tip of each tube bifurcating. The branching process forms the bronchi, bronchioles, and ultimately the alveoli. The four genes mostly associated with branching
1525:
are found throughout the respiratory epithelium including the alveolar epithelium, though they only account for around 0.5 percent of the total epithelial population. PNECs are innervated airway epithelial cells that are particularly focused at airway junction points. These cells can produce
3506:
The lungs of most reptiles have a single bronchus running down the centre, from which numerous branches reach out to individual pockets throughout the lungs. These pockets are similar to alveoli in mammals, but much larger and fewer in number. These give the lung a sponge-like texture. In
2577:
are expressed in human cells and almost 75% of these genes are expressed in the normal lung. A little less than 200 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the lung with less than 20 genes being highly lung specific. The highest expression of lung specific proteins are different
477:, where majority of gas exchange takes place. Alveoli are also sparsely present on the walls of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Together, the lungs contain approximately 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli. Each lung is enveloped by a
2383:
is an important defence system against air-borne infection. The dust particles and bacteria in the inhaled air are caught in the mucosal surface of the airways, and are moved up towards the pharynx by the rhythmic upward beating action of the cilia. The lining of the lung also secretes
6612:
Montoro, Daniel T; Haber, Adam L; Biton, Moshe; Vinarsky, Vladimir; Lin, Brian; Birket, Susan E; Yuan, Feng; Chen, Sijia; Leung, Hui Min; Villoria, Jorge; Rogel, Noga; Burgin, Grace; Tsankov, Alexander M; Waghray, Avinash; Slyper, Michal; Waldman, Julia; Nguyen, Lan; Dionne, Danielle;
5225:
Srikanth, Lokanathan; Venkatesh, Katari; Sunitha, Manne Mudhu; Kumar, Pasupuleti
Santhosh; Chandrasekhar, Chodimella; Vengamma, Bhuma; Sarma, Potukuchi Venkata Gurunadha Krishna (16 October 2015). "In vitro generation of type-II pneumocytes can be initiated in human CD34+ stem cells".
428:
Human lungs, like other tetrapods, are paired with one on the left and one on the right. Due to the leftward rotation of the heart, the right lung is bigger and heavier than the left, and the two lungs together weigh approximately 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb). The lungs are part of the
3675:) of soft tissue around the outer walls, increasing the respiratory surface area and giving the lung a honeycomb appearance. In some salamanders even these are lacking, and the lung has a smooth wall. In caecilians, as in snakes, only the right lung attains any size or development.
3221:, and these are the posterior, lateral, and anterior lung fields. The posterior fields can be listened to from the back and include: the lower lobes (taking up three quarters of the posterior fields); the anterior fields taking up the other quarter; and the lateral fields under the
2228:
reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment. This triggers the first breath, within about 10 seconds after delivery. Before birth, the lungs are filled with fetal lung fluid. After the first breath, the fluid is quickly absorbed into the body or exhaled. The
2240:
At birth the lungs are very undeveloped with only around one sixth of the alveoli of the adult lung present. The alveoli continue to form into early adulthood, and their ability to form when necessary is seen in the regeneration of the lung. Alveolar septa have a double
2105:
2855:
is a bruise caused by chest trauma. It results in hemorrhage of the alveoli causing a build-up of fluid which can impair breathing, and this can be either mild or severe. The function of the lungs can also be affected by compression from fluid in the pleural cavity
1236:
1035:. Segments for the left and right lung are shown in the table. The segmental anatomy is useful clinically for localising disease processes in the lungs. A segment is a discrete unit that can be surgically removed without seriously affecting surrounding tissue.
1235:
1240:
1239:
1234:
2350:
in the neck and abdomen are recruited, that during exhalation pull the ribcage down, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. The FRC is now decreased, but since the lungs cannot be emptied completely there is still about a litre of residual air left.
1322:
1321:
1318:
1368:
in their mucosa and submucosa. The smaller bronchi have a single layer of lymph capillaries, and they are absent in the alveoli. The lungs are supplied with the largest lymphatic drainage system of any other organ in the body. Each lung is surrounded by a
1299:
1256:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1260:
1259:
1255:
972:
Each lung is divided into sections called lobes by the infoldings of the visceral pleura as fissures. Lobes are divided into segments, and segments have further divisions as lobules. There are three lobes in the right lung and two lobes in the left lung.
1276:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1241:
2245:
instead of the single network of the developed lung. Only after the maturation of the capillary network can the lung enter a normal phase of growth. Following the early growth in numbers of alveoli there is another stage of the alveoli being enlarged.
1324:
1323:
1304:
1261:
3654:, which respirate through their skin and tissues lining their mouth. This necessarily restricts their size: all are small and rather thread-like in appearance, maximising skin surface relative to body volume. Other known lungless tetrapods are the
3163:. The lung cannot expand against the air pressure inside the pleural space. An easy to understand example is a traumatic pneumothorax, where air enters the pleural space from outside the body, as occurs with puncture to the chest wall. Similarly,
1281:
1859:
Estimates of the total surface area of lungs vary from 50 to 75 square metres (540 to 810 sq ft); although this is often quoted in textbooks and the media being "the size of a tennis court", it is actually less than half the size of a
1674:
that make up the alveolar wall structure. They have extremely thin walls that enable an easy gas exchange. These type I cells also make up the alveolar septa which separate each alveolus. The septa consist of an epithelial lining and associated
2147:
molecule needed for epithelial branching, and SHH inhibits FGF10. The development of the alveoli is influenced by a different mechanism whereby continued bifurcation is stopped and the distal tips become dilated to form the alveoli.
1156:. Its name means "little tongue". The lingula on the left lung serves as an anatomic parallel to the middle lobe on the right lung, with both areas being predisposed to similar infections and anatomic complications. There are two
1238:
3695:. Like in tetrapods, but unlike fish with swim bladder, the opening is at the ventral side of the esophagus. The coelacanth has a nonfunctional and unpaired vestigial lung surrounded by a fatty organ. Bichirs, the only group of
1561:
A lobule of the lung enclosed in septa and supplied by a terminal bronchiole that branches into the respiratory bronchioles. Each respiratory bronchiole supplies the alveoli held in each acinus accompanied by a pulmonary artery
2116:, and is generated by the repeated splitting of the tip of the branch. In the development of the lungs (as in some other organs) the epithelium forms branching tubes. The lung has a left-right symmetry and each bud known as a
1258:
1320:
1301:
780:
to accommodate this. The front and outer sides of the lungs face the ribs, which make light indentations on their surfaces. The medial surfaces of the lungs face towards the centre of the chest, and lie against the heart,
8201:
Camila
Cupello, Tatsuya Hirasawa, Norifumi Tatsumi, Yoshitaka Yabumoto, Pierre Gueriau, Sumio Isogai, Ryoko Matsumoto, Toshiro Saruwatari, Andrew King, Masato Hoshino, Kentaro Uesugi, Masataka Okabe, Paulo M Brito (2022)
1278:
1526:
serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, as well as polypeptide products. Cytoplasmic processes from the pulmonary neuroendocrine cells extend into the airway lumen where they may sense the composition of inspired gas.
3638:
where the lungs are inflated by expanding the rib cage. In buccal pumping, the floor of the mouth is lowered, filling the mouth cavity with air. The throat muscles then presses the throat against the underside of the
2934:. This limits the amount of air that is able to enter alveoli because of constriction of the bronchial tree, due to inflammation. Obstructive lung diseases are often identified because of symptoms and diagnosed with
6613:
Rozenblatt-Rosen, Orit; Tata, Purushothama Rao; Mou, Hongmei; Shivaraju, Manjunatha; Bihler, Hermann; Mense, Martin; Tearney, Guillermo J; Rowe, Steven M; Engelhardt, John F; Regev, Aviv; Rajagopal, Jayaraj (2018).
3342:
have a lower capacity than nonsmokers. Thinner persons tend to have a larger capacity. Lung capacity can be increased by physical training as much as 40% but the effect may be modified by exposure to air pollution.
3000:
become disarranged and lose their regenerative ability needed to repair the epithelial barrier. The disorganised basal cells are seen to be responsible for the major airway changes that are characteristic of
2289:. This thin membrane (about 0.5 –2 μm thick) is folded into about 300 million alveoli, providing an extremely large surface area (estimates varying between 70 and 145 m) for gas exchange to occur.
1096:
The mediastinal surface of the right lung is indented by a number of nearby structures. The heart sits in an impression called the cardiac impression. Above the hilum of the lung is an arched groove for the
1820:. These supply air to the right and left lungs, splitting progressively into the secondary and tertiary bronchi for the lobes of the lungs, and into smaller and smaller bronchioles until they become the
7531:
Criée, C.P.; Sorichter, S.; Smith, H.J.; Kardos, P.; Merget, R.; Heise, D.; Berdel, D.; Köhler, D.; Magnussen, H.; Marek, W.; Mitfessel, H.; Rasche, K.; Rolke, M.; Worth, H.; Jörres, R.A. (July 2011).
1571:
The conducting zone of the respiratory tract ends at the terminal bronchioles when they branch into the respiratory bronchioles. This marks the beginning of the terminal respiratory unit called the
1605:
The respiratory bronchiole gives rise to the alveolar ducts that lead to the alveolar sacs, which contain two or more alveoli. The walls of the alveoli are extremely thin allowing a fast rate of
8049:
Wilkinson, M.; Sebben, A.; Schwartz, E.N.F.; Schwartz, C.A. (April 1998). "The largest lungless tetrapod: report on a second specimen of (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Typhlonectidae) from Brazil".
6954:
Lindskog, Cecilia; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Hellwig, Birte; Rahnenführer, Jörg; Kampf, Caroline; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik; Micke, Patrick (28 August 2014).
4454:"Lady Windermere revisited: Treatment with thoracoscopic lobectomy/segmentectomy for right middle lobe and lingular bronchiectasis associated with non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease"
985:
by invaginations of the visceral pleura that divide the lobar bronchi, and section the lungs into lobes that helps in their expansion. The right lung is divided into three lobes by a
1182:, a branch off the aortic arch, sits in a groove from the arch to near the apex of the lung. A shallower groove in front of the artery and near the edge of the lung, lodges the left
1319:
8365:
Land Snails (& other Air-Breathers in
Pulmonata Subclass & Sorbeconcha Clade). at Washington State University Tri-Cities Natural History Museum. Accessed 25 February 2016.
1300:
1277:
3462:
sacs at the front. From here, the air is exhaled. These fixed size lungs are called "circulatory lungs", as distinct from the "bellows-type lungs" found in most other animals.
1237:
6999:
3444:
On inhalation, air travels to air sacs near the back of a bird. The air then passes through the lungs to air sacs near the front of the bird, from where the air is exhaled.
1257:
2006:, this causes constriction of the smooth muscle lining the bronchus and bronchioles, and increases the secretions from glands. The lungs also have a sympathetic tone from
3575:(part of the pelvis) called the diaphragmaticus, which in turn creates negative pressure in the crocodile's thoracic cavity, allowing air to be moved into the lungs by
9408:
4817:
Garg, Ankur; Sui, Pengfei; Verheyden, Jamie M.; Young, Lisa R.; Sun, Xin (2019). "Consider the lung as a sensory organ: A tip from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells".
3303:
is carried out by evaluating a person's capacity to inhale and exhale in different circumstances. The volume of air inhaled and exhaled by a person at rest is the
1667:"), and Type II cells generally cluster in the corners of the alveoli and have a cuboidal shape. Despite this, cells occur in a roughly equal ratio of 1:1 or 6:4.
713:, air begins to pass through the lungs, and the diversionary duct closes, so that the lungs can begin to respire. The lungs only fully develop in early childhood.
7025:
3358:(FEV1)) as a proportion of how much they are able to exhale in total (FEV). This ratio, the FEV1/FEV ratio, is important to distinguish whether a lung disease is
3699:
with lungs, have a pair which are hollow unchambered sacs, where the gas-exchange occurs on very flat folds that increase their inner surface area. The lungs of
3225:, the left axilla for the lingual, the right axilla for the middle right lobe. The anterior fields can also be auscultated from the front. An area known as the
2052:
A variation in the airway branching structure has been found specifically in the central airway branching. This variation is associated with the development of
3488:
and are found in all birds. Some birds, however, have, in addition, a lung structure where the air flow in the parabronchi is bidirectional. These are termed
8416:
8369:
3711:. The blood supply also twists around the esophagus, suggesting that the lungs originally evolved in the ventral part of the body, as in other vertebrates.
3315:
are the additional amounts a person is able to forcibly inhale and exhale respectively. The summed total of forced inspiration and expiration is a person's
1583:
is the part of the lung distal to the respiratory bronchiole. Thus, it includes the alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli but not the respiratory bronchioles.
8133:
8078:"The vestigial lung of the coelacanth and its implications for understanding pulmonary diversity among vertebrates: New perspectives and open questions"
4779:
Van Lommel, A (June 2001). "Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) and neuroepithelial bodies (NEB): chemoreceptors and regulators of lung development".
2233:
in the lung's blood vessels decreases giving an increased surface area for gas exchange, and the lungs begin to breathe spontaneously. This accompanies
2112:
The respiratory tract has a branching structure, and is also known as the respiratory tree. In the embryo this structure is developed in the process of
8583:
7332:
Sieunarine, K.; May, J.; White, G.H.; Harris, J.P. (August 1997). "Anomalous azygos vein: a potential danger during endoscopic thoracic sypathectomy".
4173:
Arakawa, H; Niimi, H; Kurihara, Y; Nakajima, Y; Webb, WR (December 2000). "Expiratory high-resolution CT: diagnostic value in diffuse lung diseases".
3740:
have lung-like structures that serve a similar respiratory purpose to true vertebrate lungs, but are not evolutionarily related and only arise out of
3703:
show more resemblance to tetrapod lungs. There is an elaborate network of parenchymal septa, dividing them into numerous respiration chambers. In the
3477:
by simple diffusion. The blood flow around the parabronchi and their atria forms a cross-current process of gas exchange (see diagram on the right).
6134:
Timoneda, Joaquín; Rodríguez-Fernández, Lucía; Zaragozá, Rosa; Marín, M.; Cabezuelo, M.; Torres, Luis; Viña, Juan; Barber, Teresa (21 August 2018).
1093:. The lower, oblique fissure, separates the lower from the middle and upper lobes and is closely aligned with the oblique fissure in the left lung.
9709:
5848:
3522:
Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent.
3453:
it in the diagram). Blood or air with a high oxygen content is shown in red; oxygen-poor air or blood is shown in various shades of purple-blue.
3350:, measuring the amount (volume) and flow of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. The maximum volume of breath that can be exhaled is called the
2976:
The breakdown of alveolar tissue, often as a result of tobacco-smoking leads to emphysema, which can become severe enough to develop into COPD.
9401:
7576:
6727:
7285:
165:
2518:, are excreted through the lungs. Drugs and other substances can be absorbed, modified or excreted in the lungs. The lungs filter out small
7289:
5419:
2221:
1974:. There are usually three arteries, two to the left lung and one to the right, and they branch alongside the bronchi and bronchioles. The
710:
7813:
2156:
into tertiary buds, about ten on each side. From the sixth week to the sixteenth week, the major elements of the lungs appear except the
6777:
9394:
4126:
2435:
The size of the respiratory tract and the flow of air also protect the lungs from larger particles. Smaller particles deposit in the
1978:
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns the oxygenated blood to the heart to supply the rest of the body.
1701:. They remove substances which deposit in the alveoli including loose red blood cells that have been forced out from blood vessels.
10075:
7409:
7003:
517:
between them, allowing for easier expansion of the lungs during breathing. The visceral pleura also invaginates into each lung as
3927:
3760:
used for atmospheric gas exchange. Some species of spider have four pairs of book lungs but most have two pairs. Scorpions have
1197:, the weight of the left lung is 110–675 g (0.243–1.488 lb) in men and 105–515 g (0.231–1.135 lb) in women.
8576:
8536:
8526:
1444:. Elastin gives the necessary elasticity and resilience required for the persistent stretching involved in breathing, known as
7655:
5469:
2782:(MCC). MCC is an innate defense system protecting against pollutants and pathogens, and when this is disrupted the numbers of
8396:
8350:
8323:
8143:
8014:
7797:
7761:
7586:
7515:
6862:
6820:
6757:
6596:
6542:
6510:
6485:
6453:
6379:
6118:
6093:
6068:
6043:
6015:
5982:
5831:
5806:
5568:
5479:
5443:
5202:
5156:
5063:
4905:
4712:
4629:
4553:
4321:
4119:
4062:
4035:
2915:
596:
2778:
in the respiratory epithelium. However, chronic exposure has the effect of desensitising the ciliary response which reduces
1602:
branch. Each lobule is enclosed by an interlobular septum. Each acinus is incompletely separated by an intralobular septum.
1550:
which are mainly just of epithelium. The absence of cartilage in the terminal bronchioles gives them an alternative name of
1542:
and smaller plates of cartilage that keep them open. Bronchioles are too narrow to support cartilage and their walls are of
1167:
where the heart sits. This is deeper and larger than that on the right lung, at which level the heart projects to the left.
9702:
7751:
4615:
3128:
2455:
In addition to their function in respiration, the lungs have a number of other functions. They are involved in maintaining
8031:
6241:
Schittny, JC; Mund, SI; Stampanoni, M (February 2008). "Evidence and structural mechanism for late lung alveolarization".
4998:
Hochhegger, B (June 2019). "Pulmonary Acinus: Understanding the
Computed Tomography Findings from an Acinar Perspective".
2844:
that has a large number of differing causes. Other rarer conditions may also affect the blood supply of the lung, such as
2311:
on their own, and will only do so when there is an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity. This is achieved by the
3541:
have seemingly even further refined this type of lung, extending the airsacs into the wing membranes and, in the case of
2764:
1935:
8269:
Farrelly CA, Greenaway P (2005). "The morphology and vasculature of the respiratory organs of terrestrial hermit crabs (
6423:
2545:
1522:
10146:
10001:
3537:
have lungs similar to those of birds, providing a unidirectional airflow and even possessing air sacs. The now extinct
1723:
that interacts with the airway epithelial cells; an interaction of probable importance in maintaining homeostasis. The
7139:"The involvement of GM-CSF deficiencies in parallel pathways of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and the alcoholic lung"
8569:
7435:
5897:
5662:
5634:
5543:
5518:
4979:
4875:
4834:
4672:
4599:
4152:
2408:
that is suggested may regulate mucus viscosity has been described. In addition, the lining of the lung also contains
8159:
Zaccone, Giacomo; Mauceri, Angela; Maisano, Maria; Giannetto, Alessia; Parrino, Vincenzo; Fasulo, Salvatore (2007).
7962:
Brainerd, E. L. (December 1999). "New perspectives on the evolution of lung ventilation mechanisms in vertebrates".
7900:"The accessory role of the diaphragmaticus muscle in lung ventilation in the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus"
9555:
5708:
Meenakshi, S; Manjunath, KY; Balasubramanyam, V (2004). "Morphological variations of the lung fissures and lobes".
3720:
2845:
2574:
1409:
1140:
The left lung is divided into two lobes, an upper and a lower lobe, by the oblique fissure, which extends from the
410:
17:
8455:
8366:
7186:
Galli, Elena; Gianni, Simona; Auricchio, Giovanni; Brunetti, Ercole; Mancino, Giorgio; Rossi, Paolo (2007-09-01).
4493:
Ayed, A.K. (2004). "Resection of the right middle lobe and lingula in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome".
10189:
9695:
6407:
3378:
3124:
2347:
2234:
3319:. Not all air is expelled from the lungs even after a forced breath out; the remainder of the air is called the
3045:. Severe respiratory disorders, where spontaneous breathing is not enough to maintain life, may need the use of
1220:
1208:
10065:
6995:
3034:
2993:
1995:
553:
1352:, and accommodate the bronchial airways when they branch from the trachea. The bronchial airways terminate in
1077:
posterior border of the lung, and, running horizontally forward, cuts the anterior border on a level with the
9792:
9077:
9055:
3870:, the bladders have evolved to primarily function as lungs. The lobe-finned fish gave rise to the land-based
3069:
2760:
2657:
2472:
2367:
The lungs possess several characteristics which protect against infection. The respiratory tract is lined by
1797:
3822:, that allowed early fish to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions. These outpocketings first arose in the
999:
in the fissures are fairly common being either incompletely formed or present as an extra fissure as in the
9914:
8604:
7068:
3414:
3335:
2568:
2464:
2332:
2140:
4619:
1635:
10084:
10033:
9884:
7602:
Laeremans, M (2018). "Black Carbon
Reduces the Beneficial Effect of Physical Activity on Lung Function".
2961:) in severe cases. A common cause of chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, is smoking; and common causes of
1902:
1389:
813:
8160:
6670:
Plasschaert, LW; Zillionis, R; Choo-Wing, R; Savova, V; Knehr, J; Roma, G; Klein, AM; Jaffe, AB (2018).
4921:
Abbott, Gerald F.; Rosado-de-Christenson, Melissa L.; Rossi, Santiago E.; Suster, Saul (November 2009).
4294:
10038:
9305:
3308:
3300:
3254:
2825:
2137:
2122:
2011:
9426:
5105:
3526:, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung.
2412:, immune cells which engulf and destroy debris and microbes that enter the lung in a process known as
2331:
the muscles relax, returning the lungs to their resting position. At this point the lungs contain the
9946:
9877:
9858:
9577:
9265:
4213:"The fissure: interlobar collateral ventilation and implications for endoscopic therapy in emphysema"
3902:
3473:
radiate from the walls of the tiny passages; these, like the alveoli in other lungs, are the site of
3312:
3065:
3030:
3026:
2492:
2113:
1656:
616:
529:. The right lung typically has three lobes, and the left has two. The lobes are further divided into
6915:
6255:
5083:
3501:
1652:
1027:
also known as segmental bronchi and these supply air to the further divisions of the lobes known as
1023:
also known as lobar bronchi that supply air to each lobe of the lung. The lobar bronchi branch into
418:
10022:
9889:
9853:
9747:
9592:
9273:
7293:
6956:"The lung-specific proteome defined by integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling"
6007:
5798:
4052:
3655:
3646:
Due to the possibility of respiration across the skin combined with small size, all known lungless
3363:
3359:
3226:
3014:
2935:
2927:
2829:
2130:
1991:
1910:
1875:
in order to hold open the airways. The bronchioles have no cartilage and are surrounded instead by
1680:
1664:
1157:
1132:
in men of 155–720 g (0.342–1.587 lb) and in women of 100–590 g (0.22–1.30 lb).
1028:
530:
342:
307:
148:
5510:
1686:
Type II are larger and they line the alveoli and produce and secrete epithelial lining fluid, and
757:. The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck, reaching shortly above the level of the
60:
Diagram of the human lungs with the respiratory tract visible, and different colours for each lobe
10055:
9924:
6837:
3202:
3180:
1841:
1471:
All of the lower respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles is lined with
1378:
1349:
1061:
The left lung (left) and right lung (right). The lobes of the lungs can be seen, and the central
458:
430:
7839:
Claessens, Leon P.A.M.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Unwin, David M.; Sereno, Paul (18 February 2009).
7187:
2984:
in the lung's connective tissue that can also result in emphysema. Elastase is inhibited by the
2598:, expressed in type II pneumocytes. Other proteins with elevated expression in the lung are the
2074:
and develop to maturity over several weeks in the foetus and for several years following birth.
2065:
9872:
9819:
9809:
9718:
9618:
9199:
9104:
8956:
7050:
6910:
6250:
4545:
4409:
Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J. M. (September 2015). "Normal Organ
Weights in Women".
3635:
3046:
3017:, because of a restriction in the amount of lung tissue involved in respiration. These include
2837:
2771:
2649:
2502:
The lungs also serve a protective role. Several blood-borne substances, such as a few types of
2421:
2368:
2312:
2297:
2225:
2071:
1892:
1821:
1547:
1472:
1466:
1110:
1004:
691:
462:
386:
184:
172:
160:
38:
7315:
6789:
6586:
3435:
3064:
from another part of the body. There are two main types of primary tumour described as either
10060:
9996:
9006:
7706:"Commentary: Elevated performance: the unique physiology of birds that fly at high altitudes"
4107:
4023:
3761:
3101:
2779:
2747:
2583:
2380:
2286:
2282:
2161:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1922:
1896:
1606:
1516:
1008:
683:
565:
541:
31:
8542:
7680:
6476:
Levitzky, Michael G. (2013). "Chapter 1. Function and
Structure of the Respiratory System".
5999:
5790:
5502:
4537:
373:
to facilitate breathing, while in primitive tetrapods, air was driven into the lungs by the
10115:
9970:
9934:
9769:
9764:
9572:
9235:
9181:
8971:
8431:
8286:
8089:
7971:
7852:
6683:
6626:
4363:
Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J.M. (December 2012). "Normal Organ
Weights in Men".
3949:
3741:
3660:
3190:
3136:
3120:
2821:
2669:
2637:
2591:
2587:
2204:
2194:
2177:
2144:
2046:
1876:
1687:
1437:
1183:
1106:
982:
776:
The left lung shares space with the heart, and has an indentation in its border called the
569:
454:
414:
3421:
or cross-contamination with other organs, although this has been criticised as unfounded.
3370:– this is a measure of the transfer of gas from air to the blood in the lung capillaries.
2919:
1557:
1170:
On the same surface, immediately above the hilum, is a well-marked curved groove for the
705:
and so they do not function to breathe. Blood is also diverted from the lungs through the
8:
9797:
9608:
9491:
9386:
8984:
8753:
7941:"Modes of ventilation in early tetrapods: Costal aspiration as a key feature of amniotes"
7506:
Kim E., Barrett (2012). "Chapter 34. Introduction to
Pulmonary Structure and Mechanics".
6000:
5791:
5503:
4569:
3854:
condition with the sac being open to the esophagus. In more basal bony fish, such as the
3772:
3704:
3651:
3167:
ascending while holding their breath with their lungs fully inflated can cause air sacs (
3112:
2989:
2985:
2852:
2783:
2726:
2641:
2623:
2320:
2230:
2090:
1694:
1648:
1496:
793:
is an indentation formed on the surfaces of the lungs where they rest against the heart.
580:
398:
303:
8435:
8290:
8093:
7975:
7856:
7368:
6687:
6630:
6348:
5679:"Variations in the lobes and fissures of lungs – a study in South Indian lung specimens"
5586:"Molecular mechanisms of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor function, response, and regulation"
3229:
is an area of thinner musculature on the back which allows improved listening. Abnormal
10125:
10120:
10100:
9958:
9834:
9628:
9176:
9047:
8809:
8800:
8786:
8501:
8476:(June 2013). "Homology of lungs and gas bladders: Insights from arterial vasculature".
8447:
8110:
8077:
7987:
7875:
7841:"Respiratory Evolution Facilitated the Origin of Pterosaur Flight and Aerial Gigantism"
7840:
7637:
7401:
7345:
7262:
7237:
7163:
7138:
7119:
6936:
6704:
6672:"A single-cell atlas of the airway epithelium reveals the CFTR-rich pulmonary ionocyte"
6671:
6647:
6614:
6312:
6287:
6162:
6135:
5947:
5922:
5761:
5736:
5395:
5370:
5346:
5319:
5295:
5270:
5251:
5033:
4952:
4848:
4756:
4729:
4518:
4434:
4388:
4239:
4212:
3875:
3596:
3367:
3230:
3184:
3168:
3038:
3018:
2931:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2645:
2316:
2278:
2255:
2157:
2022:
1849:
1829:
1801:
1622:
1353:
1149:
1122:
1118:
1102:
754:
650:
diseases rather than lung diseases. Medical terms related to the lung often begin with
600:
588:
573:
549:
474:
394:
374:
370:
214:
210:
88:
5889:
4664:
3634:. This is distinct from most higher vertebrates, who use a breathing system driven by
2089:
and lungs that make up the respiratory tract, begin to form during the fourth week of
1148:. The left lung, unlike the right, does not have a middle lobe, though it does have a
10163:
10079:
10045:
9847:
9802:
9784:
9633:
9453:
9418:
9375:
9365:
8896:
8693:
8493:
8392:
8346:
8319:
8184:
8139:
8115:
8010:
7940:
7921:
7880:
7793:
7757:
7727:
7641:
7629:
7582:
7554:
7511:
7481:
7431:
7393:
7349:
7267:
7215:
7207:
7168:
7123:
7111:
6977:
6928:
6816:
6753:
6709:
6652:
6592:
6538:
6506:
6481:
6449:
6403:
6375:
6352:
6317:
6268:
6223:
6167:
6114:
6089:
6064:
6039:
6011:
5978:
5952:
5903:
5893:
5827:
5802:
5766:
5717:
5690:
5658:
5630:
5607:
5564:
5539:
5514:
5475:
5400:
5351:
5300:
5243:
5198:
5152:
5059:
5025:
4975:
4944:
4901:
4871:
4840:
4830:
4796:
4761:
4708:
4678:
4668:
4625:
4595:
4549:
4538:
4510:
4475:
4426:
4380:
4342:
4317:
4244:
4190:
4148:
4115:
4058:
4031:
3982:
3627:
2997:
2734:
2702:
2220:, the baby's lungs are filled with fluid secreted by the lungs and are not inflated.
2108:
Lungs during development, showing the early branching of the primitive bronchial buds
1872:
1813:
1808:
and the structures below this including the lungs. The trachea receives air from the
1783:
1676:
1492:
1374:
1179:
820:
786:
706:
482:
310:. This article primarily concerns with the lungs of tetrapods (particularly those of
252:
8523:
8505:
8451:
7991:
7753:
The lung air sac system of birds development, structure, and function; with 6 tables
7405:
5678:
5271:"The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease"
5255:
5037:
4956:
4852:
4522:
4438:
4392:
4295:"Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
1942:. The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the
9980:
9929:
9839:
9754:
9614:
9540:
9342:
8849:
8832:
8713:
8663:
8658:
8485:
8439:
8417:"Did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates"
8294:
8176:
8105:
8097:
8058:
7979:
7911:
7870:
7860:
7717:
7619:
7611:
7544:
7385:
7341:
7257:
7249:
7199:
7158:
7150:
7103:
6967:
6920:
6699:
6691:
6642:
6634:
6591:. Illustrations by Robert Britton (22nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
6587:
Brian R. Walker; Nicki R. Colledge; Stuart H. Ralston; Ian D. Penman, eds. (2014).
6344:
6307:
6299:
6260:
6215:
6157:
6147:
5942:
5934:
5885:
5756:
5748:
5597:
5390:
5382:
5341:
5331:
5290:
5282:
5235:
5015:
5007:
4934:
4822:
4788:
4751:
4741:
4660:
4502:
4465:
4418:
4372:
4234:
4224:
4182:
3907:
2857:
2841:
2742:
2738:
2385:
1967:
1943:
1752:
1609:. The alveoli have interconnecting small air passages in their walls known as the
1599:
1508:
1361:
1175:
1090:
1082:
1062:
1019:
The main or primary bronchi enter the lungs at the hilum and initially branch into
809:
797:
766:
635:
514:
478:
100:
8556:
7154:
6940:
6876:
6188:
3355:
1735:. For example significant changes can take place in COPD following infection with
1405:
10158:
10006:
9975:
9604:
9560:
9350:
9298:
9250:
9171:
8768:
8596:
8530:
8386:
8373:
8340:
8313:
7865:
7660:
7615:
4939:
4922:
4422:
4376:
4101:
3584:
3339:
3116:
3097:
3073:
2966:
2848:, which causes inflammation of the small blood vessels of the lungs and kidneys.
2181:
2034:
2015:
1868:
1720:
1710:
1660:
1445:
1425:
1413:
1398:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1194:
1129:
840:
836:
828:
824:
734:
631:
450:
350:
331:
319:
225:
206:
153:
7756:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 3.2–3.3 "Lung", "Airway (Bronchiol) System" 66–82.
7238:"Airway basal cells. The "smoking gun" of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
5938:
4826:
4544:. Deakin PJ (illust) (5th ed.). : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp.
4470:
4453:
4268:
3559:
lungs typically receive air via expansion and contraction of the ribs driven by
2798:
2151:
At the end of the fourth week the lung bud divides into two, the right and left
1982:
partially compensate by automatically transferring to the systemic circulation.
1512:
10104:
10094:
9951:
9909:
9774:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9443:
9227:
9117:
8961:
8939:
8912:
8758:
8613:
8367:
http://shells.tricity.wsu.edu/ArcherdShellCollection/Gastropoda/Pulmonates.html
8221:
7814:"Unidirectional airflow in the lungs of birds, crocs…and now monitor lizards!?"
7549:
7532:
7253:
6398:
Williams, Peter L; Warwick, Roger; Dyson, Mary; Bannister, Lawrence H. (1989).
6264:
5602:
5585:
5011:
3974:
3917:
3827:
3696:
3631:
3576:
3560:
3542:
3534:
3351:
3331:
3316:
3088:
is taken. Cancers may be treated surgically by removing the tumour, the use of
3077:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2911:
2877:
2496:
2488:
2460:
2417:
2335:(FRC) of air, which, in the adult human, has a volume of about 2.5–3.0 litres.
2242:
2173:
2165:
2126:
2007:
1449:
1441:
1394:
844:
699:
561:
498:
406:
402:
378:
299:
263:
112:
8443:
8298:
8245:
8161:"Innervation and Neurotransmitter Localization in the Lung of the Nile bichir
8062:
7983:
7451:
7107:
6695:
6638:
6303:
5286:
5239:
4186:
1946:
have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the
1724:
1663:. Type I cells provide 95% of the surface area of each alveoli and are flat ("
1121:, and near the lower part of the esophageal groove is a deeper groove for the
10184:
10178:
10110:
9866:
9779:
9623:
9567:
9545:
9498:
9474:
9370:
9210:
9065:
9035:
9023:
9010:
8994:
8748:
8683:
7211:
7137:
Slovinsky, WS; Romero, F; Sales, D; Shaghaghi, H; Summer, R (November 2019).
6728:"CF Study Finds New Cells Called Ionocytes Carrying High levels of CFTR Gene"
6219:
5694:
3922:
3867:
3791:
3725:
3571:
piston method, in which the liver is pulled back by a muscle anchored to the
3550:
3523:
3519:, the lungs are simpler in structure, similar to that of typical amphibians.
3409:, and is consumed as a foodstuff around the world in dishes such as Scottish
3156:
2698:
2503:
2484:
2030:
2003:
1927:
1825:
1764:
1716:
1698:
1644:
1610:
1543:
1515:(ASL), the composition of which is tightly regulated and determines how well
1454:
1421:
1145:
848:
782:
672:
643:
612:
506:
466:
177:
136:
7203:
6924:
6537:(Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp. 556–582.
2559:
Research suggests a role of the lungs in the production of blood platelets.
2440:
2292:
10050:
9919:
9901:
9759:
9582:
9535:
9530:
9355:
8678:
8626:
8561:
8497:
8203:
8188:
8119:
7925:
7884:
7731:
7633:
7624:
7558:
7485:
7397:
7271:
7219:
7172:
7115:
6981:
6932:
6713:
6656:
6321:
6272:
6227:
6171:
6006:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
5956:
5907:
5884:. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Vol. 81. pp. 291–310.
5797:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
5770:
5721:
5611:
5420:"Tennis Courts and Godzilla: A Conversation with Lung Biologist Thiennu Vu"
5404:
5355:
5304:
5247:
5029:
4948:
4844:
4800:
4792:
4765:
4682:
4514:
4506:
4479:
4430:
4384:
4346:
4248:
4194:
3986:
3912:
3823:
3768:
3737:
3572:
3474:
3418:
3354:. In particular, how much a person is able to exhale in one second (called
3324:
3320:
3304:
3274:
3258:
3214:
3210:
3152:
3140:
3093:
3089:
2901:
2861:
2752:
2730:
2686:
2542:
2507:
2413:
2397:
2389:
2356:
2274:
2263:
2199:
The developing lung is particularly vulnerable to changes in the levels of
2169:
1931:
1884:
1861:
1833:
1788:
1576:
1535:
1288:
801:
702:
502:
470:
327:
279:
255:
83:
7656:"Here’s Why It’s Illegal to Sell Animal Lungs for Consumption in the U.S."
7353:
6615:"A revised airway epithelial hierarchy includes CFTR-expressing ionocytes"
6356:
4821:. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Vol. 132. pp. 67–89.
4746:
3448:
2392:
secrete mucus which also contains several antimicrobial compounds such as
1913:
that prevents the lungs from over-inflation, during forceful inspiration.
1727:
is complex and dynamic in healthy people, and altered in diseases such as
10089:
9687:
9672:
9283:
9132:
9112:
8927:
8922:
8862:
6972:
6955:
5505:
Computational fluid and particle dynamics in the human respiratory system
5386:
4229:
3892:
3811:
3795:
3564:
3538:
3466:
3218:
3164:
3132:
3057:
2996:
in this, emphysema can develop. With persistent stress from smoking, the
2945:
Many obstructive lung diseases are managed by avoiding triggers (such as
2869:
2722:
2665:
2633:
2627:
2611:
2607:
2541:
by providing air and airflow for the creation of vocal sounds, and other
2468:
2456:
2436:
2401:
2021:
The action of breathing takes place because of nerve signals sent by the
1999:
1845:
1770:
1639:
3D Medical illustration showing different terminating ends of bronchioles
1480:
1171:
1128:
The weight of the right lung varies between individuals, with a standard
1098:
1086:
1000:
762:
664:
592:
545:
291:
55:
8101:
7898:
Munns, SL; Owerkowicz, T; Andrewartha, SJ; Frappell, PB (1 March 2012).
6133:
4452:
Yu, J.A.; Pomerantz, M; Bishop, A; Weyant, M.J.; Mitchell, J.D. (2011).
3672:
3233:
heard during a lung exam can indicate the presence of a lung condition;
2237:
which result in an increased amount of blood entering the lung tissues.
1340:
10151:
10070:
9965:
9742:
9737:
9600:
9512:
9191:
9060:
9030:
8979:
8884:
8592:
8489:
8473:
7916:
7899:
7722:
7705:
6785:
6505:(Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. p. 567.
6402:(37th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 1278–1282.
6152:
5752:
5020:
3851:
3818:
are believed to have evolved from simple sacs, as outpocketings of the
3807:
3783:
3779:
3684:
3583:, which are unable to move their ribs, instead use their forelimbs and
3530:
3347:
3290:
3160:
3061:
3042:
2939:
2865:
2802:
2756:
2694:
2681:
2579:
2515:
2444:
2409:
2339:
2328:
2217:
1853:
1837:
1758:
1736:
1671:
1504:
1500:
557:
446:
442:
244:
221:
7389:
6243:
American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology
4920:
1690:. Type II cells are able to divide and differentiate to Type I cells.
1428:
that are interspersed between the capillaries and the alveolar walls.
72:
The human lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity.
10027:
9667:
9154:
8949:
8730:
8180:
5500:
3819:
3757:
3729:
3708:
3665:
3630:
system to get air to their lungs, forcing air down into the lungs by
3622:
3546:
3465:
The lungs of birds contain millions of tiny parallel passages called
3457:
The lungs of birds are relatively small, but are connected to 8 or 9
3206:
3104:
is being recommended in the United States for high-risk populations.
3021:
which can occur when the lung is inflamed for a long period of time.
2946:
2923:
2755:
forming in the lung. In the US certain species of rat can transmit a
2710:
2690:
2661:
2511:
2480:
2308:
2259:
2200:
2026:
1747:
1539:
1187:
1114:
1031:. Each bronchopulmonary segment has its own (segmental) bronchus and
726:
676:
620:
604:
584:
390:
382:
346:
295:
275:
240:
237:
8688:
3671:
The lungs of amphibians typically have a few narrow internal walls (
3481:
movement is often synchronised with movement of the flight muscles.
2896:
2888:
2786:
are decreased. A subsequent inflammatory response is the release of
2721:. When the lung tissue is inflamed due to other causes it is called
1109:; behind this, and close to the top of the lung is a groove for the
773:
and downwards from the lower part of the trachea to the diaphragm.
9486:
9479:
9463:
9330:
9293:
9288:
9215:
9087:
8668:
8653:
8631:
6669:
4707:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 315–318.
4111:
4027:
3897:
3871:
3753:
3745:
3700:
3692:
3647:
3458:
3417:
legally prohibits the sale of animal lungs due to concerns such as
3234:
3022:
2977:
2973:
is not yet known, but it has been linked to other atopic diseases.
2787:
2714:
2706:
2519:
2393:
2343:
2324:
2301:
2152:
2117:
2094:
2086:
1966:
supplies oxygenated blood to the airways of the lungs, through the
1880:
1817:
1627:
1024:
1020:
832:
805:
742:
624:
510:
486:
338:
271:
259:
229:
218:
7897:
7320:
Congenital malformations: evidence-based evaluation and management
6063:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 156.
5559:
Levitzky, Michael G. (2013). "Chapter 2. Mechanics of Breathing".
5336:
5146:
3440:
3283:
1852:, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs to be
1659:(also known as pneumocytes). Types I and II make up the walls and
1579:, and alveoli. An acinus measures up to 10 mm in diameter. A
839:
directly lines the surface of the lungs. Between the pleurae is a
190:
67:
9448:
9435:
9360:
9278:
9255:
9159:
9149:
9144:
9082:
9018:
8723:
8673:
8648:
6335:
Burri, PH (1984). "Fetal and postnatal development of the lung".
6088:(3. ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone. p. 134.
6038:(3. ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone. p. 144.
5707:
4659:. Advances in Protein Chemistry. Vol. 70. pp. 437–461.
3843:
3839:
3830:
the sacs evolved into closed off gas bladders, while a number of
3606:
3568:
3556:
3508:
3406:
3194:
3081:
2981:
2950:
2873:
2833:
2653:
2549:
2098:
2082:
1809:
1805:
1433:
1429:
1078:
758:
687:
628:
608:
438:
434:
362:
354:
323:
7838:
7683:. Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University
6953:
5151:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 418–422.
4730:"The Contribution of the Airway Epithelial Cell to Host Defense"
1679:. Type I cells are not able to divide, and consequently rely on
1575:
which includes the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts,
1144:
to the mediastinal surface of the lung both above and below the
9732:
9315:
9310:
9245:
9240:
9186:
9122:
9070:
8989:
8879:
8867:
8822:
8781:
8776:
8718:
8643:
8048:
7792:. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 330–334.
6899:
3863:
3859:
3749:
3688:
3601:
3580:
3516:
3484:
Parabronchi in which the air flow is unidirectional are called
3410:
3386:
3238:
3222:
3085:
2970:
2907:
2599:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2476:
2429:
2425:
2078:
1939:
1906:
1743:
1740:
1728:
1476:
1190:
may sit in a wider shallow impression at the base of the lung.
1032:
770:
647:
639:
422:
358:
283:
267:
233:
95:
8204:
Lung evolution in vertebrates and the water-to-land transition
8158:
6113:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 56.
5371:"The human lung and Aspergillus: You are what you breathe in?"
4217:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
3171:) to burst and leak high pressure air into the pleural space.
9325:
9320:
9205:
8932:
8839:
8740:
8698:
8637:
8208:
7136:
6397:
5224:
4540:
Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas
3835:
3640:
3512:
3402:
3398:
3268:
3198:
3060:
can either arise directly from lung tissue or as a result of
2775:
2718:
2632:
Lungs can be affected by a number of diseases and disorders.
2603:
2595:
2376:
2372:
2133:
1971:
1888:
1488:
1484:
738:
695:
655:
315:
311:
124:
7185:
4337:
Chaudhry R, Bordoni B (Jan 2019). "Anatomy, Thorax, Lungs".
4172:
4018:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W.M. (2014).
2892:
3D still image of constricted airways as in bronchial asthma
2143:. FGF10 is seen to have the most prominent role. FGF10 is a
10129:
9828:
8827:
8703:
8621:
8388:
Mollusca: Metabolic Biochemistry and Molecular Biomechanics
8135:
Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment
8009:. illustrated by L. Trueb. Johns Hopkins University Press.
5977:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 499–500.
5737:"Human lung development:recent progress and new challenges"
4655:
Mithieux, Suzanne M.; Weiss, Anthony S. (2005). "Elastin".
3879:
3831:
3815:
3787:
3618:
3390:
3242:
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2523:
2053:
1732:
572:
that provides a separate supply of oxygenated blood to the
366:
248:
107:
9416:
7426:
Weinberger, Steven; Cockrill, Barbara; Mandell, J (2019).
7242:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
6994:
6208:
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
5880:
Miura, T (2008). "Modeling Lung Branching Morphogenesis".
5821:
5710:
The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences
5054:
Gray, Henry; Standring, Susan; Anhand, Neel, eds. (2021).
3139:
which though usually without effect can cause problems in
2824:
in the legs. Pulmonary emboli may be investigated using a
2790:. Another consequence is the susceptibility to infection.
2104:
1052:
1043:
789:
where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi. The
523:, which divides the lung into independent sections called
497:
pleurae, respectively) form an enclosing sac known as the
9127:
8944:
8708:
8524:
Dr D.R. Johnson: Introductory anatomy, respiratory system
7530:
7425:
7376:
6611:
6206:
O'Brodovich, Hugh (2001). "Fetal lung liquid secretion".
5471:
Lung surfactants: basic science and clinical applications
5197:(7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health. pp. 670–678.
5056:
Gray's Anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
4103:
Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
3973:
Tucker, William D.; Weber, Carly; Burns, Bracken (2023),
3855:
3847:
3764:
on their body for the entrance of air to the book lungs.
3155:(collapsed lung) is an abnormal collection of air in the
2371:
or respiratory mucosa, with hair-like projections called
1141:
287:
7533:"Body plethysmography – Its principles and clinical use"
7331:
5923:"Branching morphogenesis: from cells to organs and back"
4865:
2957:, and with suppression of inflammation (such as through
2840:
describes an increased pressure at the beginning of the
4657:
Fibrous Proteins: Coiled-Coils, Collagen and Elastomers
4451:
4411:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
4365:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
4316:(5th ed.). New York: Harper and Row. p. 564.
4057:. OpenStax College, Rice University. pp. 787–846.
3650:
are amphibians. The majority of salamander species are
7595:
7026:"The Surgical Specialties: 8 – Cardiothoracic Surgery"
6877:"The human proteome in lung – The Human Protein Atlas"
6533:
Tortora, Gerard J.; Anagnostakos, Nicholas P. (1987).
6501:
Tortora, Gerard J.; Anagnostakos, Nicholas P. (1987).
6240:
5920:
5368:
3013:
Some types of chronic lung diseases are classified as
2880:
until the underlying cause is identified and treated.
2868:), or rarer causes. These may be investigated using a
2774:. Acute exposure to alcohol stimulates the beating of
686:, the lungs begin to develop as an outpouching of the
314:), which are paired and located on either side of the
8277:): gills, branchiostegal lungs and abdominal lungs".
6750:
Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
5268:
4816:
4535:
2770:
Alcohol affects the lungs and can cause inflammatory
2420:
which present antigens to activate components of the
2097:
which appears ventrally to the caudal portion of the
1844:
through the walls of the alveoli into the enveloping
1163:
The mediastinal surface of the left lung has a large
1003:, or absent. Incomplete fissures are responsible for
690:, a tube which goes on to form the upper part of the
5824:
The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology
5369:
Richardson, M; Bowyer, P; Sabino, R (1 April 2019).
5103:
5058:(42nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 1028.
4594:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 634.
3798:
allows air to be taken into the mantle cavity lung.
3613:) retains its larval form with gills into adulthood.
7998:
7788:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
7476:Malik, N; Tedder, BL; Zemaitis, MR (January 2021).
7475:
7069:"Clinical Manifestation | Hantavirus | DHCPP | CDC"
6532:
6500:
6443:
6369:
5269:Hiemstra, PS; McCray PB, Jr; Bals, R (April 2015).
5147:Stanton, Bruce M.; Koeppen, Bruce A., eds. (2008).
5053:
4404:
4402:
4358:
4356:
1416:
in a cross sectional slice of mammalian lung tissue
1152:feature, a projection of the upper lobe termed the
5501:Jiyuan Tu; Kiao Inthavong; Goodarz Ahmadi (2013).
4900:(12th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
4703:Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006).
4147:(8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 333–339.
3025:in the lung replaces functioning lung tissue with
2070:The development of the human lungs arise from the
1007:, airflow between lobes which is unwanted in some
745:. They are conical in shape with a narrow rounded
556:, before returning the re-oxygenated blood to the
8537:Franlink Institute Online: The Respiratory System
8471:
8268:
7570:
7568:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7366:
6863:"An overlooked role for lungs in blood formation"
6582:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6052:
5921:Ochoa-Espinosa, A; Affolter, M (1 October 2012).
5624:
5467:
4017:
2569:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
1954:The lungs have a dual blood supply provided by a
1812:and travels down to a place where it splits (the
1420:The connective tissue of the lungs is made up of
552:, exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide across the
509:) that separates the two pleurae and reduces the
10176:
7510:(24th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
7367:Bintcliffe, Oliver; Maskell, Nick (8 May 2014).
7318:, in Kumar, Praveen; Burton, Barbara K. (eds.),
6572:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6058:
5049:
5047:
4399:
4353:
4100:Standring, Susan (2008). Borley, Neil R. (ed.).
3972:
1360:) of the lung, and veins, arteries, nerves, and
485:, which also overlays the inside surface of the
8339:Burggren, Warren W.; McMahon, Brian R. (1988).
8338:
8312:Burggren, Warren W.; McMahon, Brian R. (1988).
8311:
6747:
6480:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
6205:
5563:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
5317:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
4336:
4262:
4260:
4258:
3981:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
3159:that causes an uncoupling of the lung from the
2388:which protects against respiratory infections;
1905:in the smooth muscle of the airways initiate a
796:Both lungs have a central recession called the
8414:
7939:Janis, Christine M.; Keller, Julia C. (2001).
7681:"BIO 554/754 – Ornithology: Avian respiration"
7664:, 10 November 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
7565:
7492:
6771:
6769:
6589:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
6462:
6183:
6181:
5914:
5590:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
5552:
5509:(1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp.
4898:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
4866:Weinberger, S; Cockrill, B; Mandel, J (2019).
4702:
4536:Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW (2006).
3878:to the gas bladders of fish (but not to their
3131:caused by a deficiency in lung surfactant. An
2562:
540:The lungs have two unique blood supplies: the
9703:
9402:
8577:
8262:
8032:"First Lungless Frog Discovered in Indonesia"
8004:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7648:
6551:
6029:
6027:
5657:(8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 342.
5044:
4993:
4991:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4705:Human physiology : the basis of medicine
4654:
3683:Lungs are found in three groups of fish; the
2675:
1879:. Air is warmed to 37 °C (99 °F),
1546:, and this is largely absent in the narrower
564:for pumping to the rest of the body; and the
544:, which receives deoxygenated blood from the
8591:
7787:
6775:
5882:Multiscale Modeling of Developmental Systems
5211:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
4608:
4408:
4362:
4255:
4210:
3008:
2883:
1895:lining the passageways, in a process called
417:. The lungs also provide airflow that makes
8345:. Cambridge University Press. p. 331.
7938:
7604:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
6766:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6178:
5320:"The human mycobiome in health and disease"
5188:
4963:
4650:
4648:
4458:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
3975:"Anatomy, Thorax, Heart Pulmonary Arteries"
3794:. An externally located opening called the
3790:that have developed a simple lung from the
2816:is a blood clot that becomes lodged in the
2404:. A rare type of specialised cell called a
1792:The lungs as main part of respiratory tract
1364:. The trachea and bronchi have plexuses of
658:
646:, although such conditions are technically
9717:
9710:
9696:
9409:
9395:
8584:
8570:
8410:
8408:
8318:. Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
7932:
7738:
7699:
7697:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7578:The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System
7231:
7229:
6279:
6024:
5968:
5966:
5927:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
5815:
5533:
5494:
5362:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
4997:
4988:
4969:
4884:
4870:(Seventh ed.). Elsevier. p. 67.
4859:
4778:
4772:
3771:is terrestrial and uses structures called
3323:. Together these terms are referred to as
2820:. The majority of emboli arise because of
2307:The lungs are not capable of expanding to
1330:3D anatomy of the lung lobes and fissures.
1101:, and above this is a wide groove for the
66:
54:
8384:
8109:
7915:
7874:
7864:
7721:
7623:
7601:
7581:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 335.
7574:
7548:
7478:Anatomy, Thorax, Triangle of Auscultation
7261:
7162:
7130:
6971:
6914:
6703:
6646:
6311:
6254:
6161:
6151:
5946:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5760:
5648:
5646:
5601:
5394:
5345:
5335:
5294:
5123:
5019:
4938:
4755:
4745:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4624:(32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 1077.
4469:
4238:
4228:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4099:
3502:Reptile anatomy § Respiratory system
3146:
1511:throughout the respiratory tract secrete
1503:with actions similar to basal cells, and
1460:
8075:
8029:
7961:
7313:
7307:
6743:
6741:
6519:
6475:
6393:
6391:
6285:
6234:
6127:
6111:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5558:
5474:. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 120.
5262:
5097:
4645:
4621:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
4562:
4330:
4266:
4206:
4204:
4078:
3776:land-living, or from fish to amphibian.
3724:
3600:
3447:
3439:
3397:Mammal lung is one of the main types of
3377:
3237:for example is commonly associated with
3123:(an incomplete development of the lungs)
3029:. This can be due to a large variety of
2900:Lung tissue affected by emphysema using
2895:
2887:
2797:
2617:
2491:. The lungs are involved in the blood's
2327:upwards as shown in the diagram. During
2291:
2103:
1990:The lungs are supplied by nerves of the
1926:
1787:
1634:
1626:
1556:
1404:
1388:
1339:
753:that rests on the convex surface of the
725:
579:The lung can be affected by a number of
8405:
7955:
7694:
7667:
7360:
7235:
7226:
6108:
5972:
5963:
5583:
5577:
5192:
5165:
5077:
5075:
4812:
4810:
4614:
4589:
4583:
4311:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3947:
3928:List of terms of lung size and activity
3801:
3597:Frog § Respiration and circulation
3205:may be carried out. This exam includes
3193:in response to respiratory symptoms of
3107:
2793:
2763:with a similar presentation to that of
2188:
2014:in the respiratory tract, which causes
1381:attached to the substance of the lung.
1160:of the lingula: superior and inferior.
847:containing a thin layer of lubricating
501:, which contains a lubricating film of
27:Primary organ of the respiratory system
14:
10177:
7891:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7505:
7469:
7093:
7087:
6811:Smyth, Hugh D.C. (2011). "Chapter 2".
6416:
6083:
6033:
5997:
5788:
5777:
5643:
5627:Principles of Anatomy & Physiology
5417:
5104:Gilcrease-Garcia, B; Gaillard, Frank.
4914:
4727:
4689:
4570:"The Lymphatic System – Human Anatomy"
4305:
4131:
3587:to force air in and out of the lungs.
3436:Bird anatomy § Respiratory system
3366:. Another test is that of the lung's
3072:. The major risk factor for cancer is
2537:The lungs also play a pivotal role in
2443:, and larger particles are trapped in
2066:Sonic hedgehog § Lung development
1590:is the lobule most referred to as the
765:. The lungs stretch from close to the
318:, occupying most of the volume of the
9691:
9390:
8565:
8279:Arthropod Structure & Development
7818:Sauropod Vertebra picture of the week
7749:
7703:
7508:Ganong's review of medical physiology
7290:U.S. Preventative Services Task Force
6810:
6804:
6738:
6388:
6334:
5879:
5866:
5822:Moore, K.L.; Persaud, T.V.N. (2002).
5734:
5652:
4201:
4142:
4050:
3874:. Thus, the lungs of vertebrates are
3213:. The areas of the lungs that can be
3096:or a combination, or with the aim of
3049:to ensure an adequate supply of air.
2916:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2876:, and may require the insertion of a
2830:a CT scan of the arteries of the lung
2759:to humans that can cause untreatable
2737:infections often occur in those with
2352:
2277:between the lungs and the blood. The
2180:, appear. The surfactant reduces the
2045:The lobes of the lung are subject to
1883:and cleansed by the conducting zone.
1651:. The two types of cell are known as
1356:which make up the functional tissue (
1089:surface it may be traced back to the
597:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
10076:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
7678:
7061:
6535:Principles of anatomy and physiology
6503:Principles of anatomy and physiology
6446:Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
6444:Tortora, G; Anagnostakos, N (1987).
6372:Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
6370:Tortora, G; Anagnostakos, N (1987).
5072:
4895:
4807:
4492:
4314:Principles of anatomy and physiology
4161:
4044:
3998:
3129:infant respiratory distress syndrome
3076:. Once a cancer is identified it is
2709:. Inflammation is usually caused by
2606:in ciliated cells, and the secreted
1777:
1631:Alveoli and their capillary networks
1534:In the bronchi there are incomplete
1529:
1384:
860:Lobes and bronchopulmonary segments
769:in the rib cage to the front of the
619:can be caused by substances such as
7904:The Journal of Experimental Biology
7770:
6988:
6838:"Introduction to Speech Production"
6835:
6720:
6349:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.003153
6136:"Vitamin A Deficiency and the Lung"
5311:
3248:
3217:using a stethoscope are called the
2860:, or other substances such as air (
2765:acute respiratory distress syndrome
2273:The major function of the lungs is
2172:will take place, together with the
1824:. These in turn supply air through
1566:
1377:, which has an underlying layer of
409:muscles might also be recruited as
24:
10002:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
8516:
8030:Bickford, David (April 15, 2008).
8005:Duellman, W.E.; Trueb, L. (1994).
7346:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1997.tb02046.x
7316:"Chapter 22: Pulmonary hypoplasia"
6813:Controlled pulmonary drug delivery
6752:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 605.
5625:Tortora, G; Derrickson, B (2011).
5538:. Saunders/Elsevier. p. 478.
5318:Cui L, Morris A, Ghedin E (2013).
4923:"Imaging of Small Airways Disease"
3732:of a female spider (shown in pink)
3643:, forcing the air into the lungs.
3346:Other lung function tests include
2689:conditions of the lung tissue are
2285:gases equilibrate across the thin
2121:morphogenesis in the lung are the
1887:from the air being removed by the
1344:Cross-sectional detail of the lung
808:pass into the lungs making up the
453:. The conducting zone ends at the
341:in and out of the lungs is called
302:from the bloodstream out into the
25:
10201:
8550:
7428:Principles of Pulmonary Pathology
6778:"The Lungs and Respiratory Tract"
6776:Hoad-Robson, Rachel; Kenny, Tim.
6189:"Changes in the newborn at birth"
5444:"8 Interesting Facts About Lungs"
4292:
4175:American Journal of Roentgenology
3806:The lungs of today's terrestrial
2375:that beat rhythmically and carry
2315:, through the contraction of the
1448:. It is also responsible for the
1440:and is the main component of the
1005:interlobar collateral ventilation
981:The fissures are formed in early
534:
8465:
8378:
8359:
8332:
8305:
8238:
8214:
8195:
8152:
8126:
8069:
8042:
8023:
7832:
7806:
7524:
7444:
7419:
7415:from the original on 2022-10-09.
7236:Crystal, RG (15 December 2014).
7096:Revue des maladies respiratoires
6193:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
5849:"Respiratory System Development"
5846:
5275:The European Respiratory Journal
5081:
4972:Principles of Pulmonary Medicine
4868:Principles of pulmonary medicine
3721:Respiratory system of gastropods
3714:
3424:
3307:(normally 500–750 mL); the
3282:
3267:
3041:or more rarely to a reaction to
2953:), with symptom control such as
2846:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
2123:intercellular signalling protein
1816:) into a right and left primary
1643:Alveoli consist of two types of
1507:. The epithelial cells, and the
1315:
1295:
1272:
1252:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1200:
1174:, and a groove below it for the
1051:
1042:
819:The lungs are surrounded by the
749:at the top, and a broad concave
694:. When the lungs are formed the
489:; the two membranes (called the
278:). Their function is to conduct
8557:Lung at the Human Protein Atlas
7710:Journal of Experimental Biology
7325:
7278:
7179:
7094:Arvers, P (December 2018). "".
7043:
7018:
6947:
6893:
6869:
6855:
6829:
6663:
6605:
6494:
6448:. Harper and Row. p. 574.
6437:
6374:. Harper and Row. p. 555.
6363:
6328:
6199:
6102:
6077:
5991:
5840:
5728:
5701:
5671:
5618:
5527:
5461:
5436:
5411:
4721:
4529:
4486:
4445:
4286:
4211:Koster, TD; Slebos, DJ (2016).
3125:congenital diaphragmatic hernia
2693:, of the respiratory tract are
2526:and prevent them from entering
2459:, helping in the regulation of
2268:
1985:
1916:
1335:
675:πνεύμων, meaning "lung") as in
663:(meaning "of the lungs") as in
349:, which is driven by different
7192:Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
7188:"Atopic dermatitis and asthma"
6996:American College of Physicians
5418:Miller, Jeff (11 April 2008).
4781:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
4267:Hacking, Craig; Knipe, Henry.
3966:
3941:
3174:
3084:and a sample of tissue from a
3070:non-small-cell lung carcinomas
2965:include severe infections and
2471:of the blood vessels secretes
2211:
2059:
1996:parasympathetic nervous system
1697:have an important role in the
1523:Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells
1267:Chest CT (coronal lung window)
1226:Chest CT (coronal lung window)
996:
778:cardiac notch of the left lung
607:, and are commonly related to
445:, and which receive fresh air
13:
1:
8138:. Academic Press. June 2011.
7945:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
7155:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.07.006
5890:10.1016/S0070-2153(07)81010-6
4665:10.1016/S0065-3233(05)70013-9
3934:
3590:
3373:
2832:, or blood tests such as the
2761:hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
2658:lung volume reduction surgery
2473:angiotensin-converting enzyme
2362:
1715:There is a large presence of
1704:
1479:epithelium interspersed with
1071:
733:The lungs are located in the
519:
8472:Longo, Sarah; Riccio, Mark;
8385:Hochachka, Peter W. (2014).
7866:10.1371/journal.pone.0004497
7616:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001632
7314:Cadichon, Sandra B. (2007),
7143:Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)
6061:Gross Anatomy (Board Review)
6002:Langman's medical embryology
5793:Langman's medical embryology
5195:Histology a Text & Atlas
5106:"Secondary pulmonary lobule"
4940:10.1097/RTI.0b013e3181c1ab83
4590:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011).
4423:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000175
4377:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad
4106:(40th ed.). Edinburgh:
3948:Association, American Lung.
3415:Food and Drug Administration
3336:functional residual capacity
2610:protein in mucus-secreting
2439:and behind the mouth in the
2333:functional residual capacity
2164:is established. Specialised
2040:
1247:Chest CT (axial lung window)
1214:Chest CT (axial lung window)
1135:
1125:before it enters the heart.
1113:. There is a groove for the
831:lines the inner wall of the
814:bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
716:
381:, a mechanism still seen in
7:
10034:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
9885:pulmonary stretch receptors
8543:Avian lungs and respiration
7964:Experimental Biology Online
6337:Annual Review of Physiology
6286:Schittny, JC (March 2017).
6084:Larsen, William J. (2001).
6034:Larsen, William J. (2001).
5939:10.1101/cshperspect.a008243
5683:European Journal of Anatomy
5655:Clinically oriented anatomy
5534:Guyton, A; Hall, J (2011).
5381:(Supplement_2): S145–S154.
5149:Berne & Levy physiology
4970:Weinberger, Steven (2019).
4927:Journal of Thoracic Imaging
4827:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.002
4471:10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.12.028
4145:Clinically oriented anatomy
4022:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh:
4020:Gray's anatomy for students
3885:
3495:
3385:, a Chinese dish made with
3035:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
2563:Gene and protein expression
2355:is carried out to evaluate
2249:
1903:Pulmonary stretch receptors
1746:that are commonly found as
1014:
976:
10:
10206:
10066:alveolar–arterial gradient
8082:Royal Society Open Science
8051:Journal of Natural History
7550:10.1016/j.rmed.2011.02.006
7369:"Spontaneous pneumothorax"
7254:10.1164/rccm.201408-1492PP
6732:Cystic Fibrosis News Today
6265:10.1152/ajplung.00296.2007
5826:(7th ed.). Saunders.
5603:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.012
5584:Johnson M (January 2006).
5468:Notter, Robert H. (2000).
5084:"Primary pulmonary lobule"
5012:10.1007/s00408-019-00214-7
3718:
3594:
3499:
3433:
3401:, or pluck, alongside the
3309:inspiratory reserve volume
3255:Pulmonary function testing
3252:
3178:
3052:
3031:occupational lung diseases
2969:. The definitive cause of
2826:ventilation/perfusion scan
2679:
2676:Inflammation and infection
2621:
2566:
2253:
2192:
2138:bone morphogenetic protein
2063:
1920:
1781:
1750:in the microbiota include
1719:in the lungs known as the
1708:
1620:
1616:
1588:secondary pulmonary lobule
1586:The unit described as the
1464:
1348:The lungs are part of the
721:
617:occupational lung diseases
554:alveolar–capillary barrier
525:
306:, a process also known as
36:
29:
10139:
10015:
9989:
9947:respiratory minute volume
9900:
9859:ventral respiratory group
9818:
9725:
9643:
9591:
9578:Middle lobe of right lung
9520:
9511:
9462:
9434:
9425:
9341:
9264:
9226:
9103:
9046:
9005:
8970:
8911:
8848:
8808:
8799:
8767:
8739:
8612:
8603:
8444:10.1017/S0094837300019734
8342:Biology of the Land Crabs
8315:Biology of the Land Crabs
8299:10.1016/j.asd.2004.11.002
8063:10.1080/00222939800770321
7984:10.1007/s00898-999-0002-1
7704:Scott, Graham R. (2011).
7575:Applegate, Edith (2014).
7108:10.1016/j.rmr.2018.02.009
7030:Royal College of Surgeons
6696:10.1038/s41586-018-0394-6
6639:10.1038/s41586-018-0393-7
6304:10.1007/s00441-016-2545-0
6288:"Development of the lung"
6059:Kyung Won, Chung (2005).
5975:Principles of development
5448:Bronchiectasis News Today
5287:10.1183/09031936.00141514
5240:10.1007/s10529-015-1974-2
4187:10.2214/ajr.175.6.1751537
4051:Betts, J. Gordon (2013).
3903:Interstitial lung disease
3756:, have structures called
3486:paleopulmonic parabronchi
3313:expiratory reserve volume
3027:fibrous connective tissue
3009:Restrictive lung diseases
2928:obstructive lung diseases
2884:Obstructive lung diseases
2131:fibroblast growth factors
1672:squamous epithelial cells
1158:bronchopulmonary segments
1117:behind the hilum and the
1029:bronchopulmonary segments
531:bronchopulmonary segments
183:
171:
159:
147:
135:
123:
118:
106:
94:
82:
77:
65:
53:
48:
9854:dorsal respiratory group
9748:obligate nasal breathing
8163:Polypterus bichir bichir
7430:. Elsevier. p. 30.
6748:Walter F. Boron (2004).
6424:"Gas Exchange in humans"
6292:Cell and Tissue Research
6220:10.1165/ajrcmb.25.1.f211
6109:Alberts, Daniel (2012).
5689:(1): 16–20. 2019-06-09.
4312:Tortora, Gerard (1987).
4054:Anatomy & physiology
3656:Bornean flat-headed frog
3429:
3356:forced expiratory volume
3277:as described in the text
3227:triangle of auscultation
3015:restrictive lung disease
2936:pulmonary function tests
2644:involving the lungs and
2465:renin–angiotensin system
2450:
1992:autonomic nervous system
1581:primary pulmonary lobule
854:
465:and further divide into
457:, which divide into the
369:use different dedicated
10056:pulmonary gas pressures
9419:lower respiratory tract
8415:Colleen Farmer (1997).
8250:Encyclopædia Britannica
8226:Encyclopædia Britannica
7750:Maina, John N. (2005).
7286:"Lung Cancer Screening"
7204:10.2500/aap2007.28.3048
6925:10.1126/science.1260419
5973:Wolpert, Lewis (2015).
4974:. Elsevier. p. 2.
3678:
3490:neopulmonic parabronchi
3181:Respiratory examination
2656:of the lungs including
2114:branching morphogenesis
1936:high-resolution CT scan
1822:respiratory bronchioles
1798:lower respiratory tract
1548:respiratory bronchioles
1379:loose connective tissue
1350:lower respiratory tract
634:dust. Diseases such as
568:, which is part of the
459:respiratory bronchioles
431:lower respiratory tract
10190:Human anatomy by organ
9810:mechanical ventilation
9719:Respiratory physiology
9619:Respiratory bronchiole
9036:Lymphoid immune system
8605:Musculoskeletal system
7334:ANZ Journal of Surgery
7292:. 2013. Archived from
6815:. New York: Springer.
5629:. Wiley. p. 504.
4793:10.1053/prrv.2000.0126
4507:10.1378/chest.125.1.38
3733:
3614:
3454:
3445:
3394:
3147:Pleural space pressure
3080:using scans such as a
3047:mechanical ventilation
2992:, and when there is a
2904:
2893:
2838:Pulmonary hypertension
2809:
2772:alcoholic lung disease
2705:surrounding the lungs
2650:Cardiothoracic surgery
2614:of the airway mucosa.
2422:adaptive immune system
2369:respiratory epithelium
2313:muscles of respiration
2304:
2226:central nervous system
2174:type II alveolar cells
2153:primary bronchial buds
2109:
2072:laryngotracheal groove
1951:
1893:respiratory epithelium
1804:, and consists of the
1793:
1640:
1632:
1563:
1552:membranous bronchioles
1487:the main component of
1473:respiratory epithelium
1467:Respiratory epithelium
1461:Respiratory epithelium
1417:
1402:
1401:(outer lining) of lung
1345:
1287:"Meet the lungs" from
1180:left subclavian artery
1111:brachiocephalic artery
823:. The pleurae are two
737:on either side of the
730:
659:
469:that give rise to the
449:(breathed in) via the
437:and branches into the
387:muscles of respiration
385:. In humans, the main
353:in different species.
224:and a small number of
185:Anatomical terminology
39:anatomical terminology
10061:alveolar gas equation
9997:pulmonary circulation
9024:Myeloid immune system
8810:Cardiovascular system
8478:Journal of Morphology
8222:"book lung | anatomy"
8169:The Anatomical Record
8076:Lambertz, M. (2017).
8007:Biology of amphibians
7002:. ACP. Archived from
5596:(1): 18–24, quiz 25.
5424:UCSF News & Media
5228:Biotechnology Letters
4114:. pp. 992–1000.
4108:Churchill Livingstone
4024:Churchill Livingstone
3728:
3719:Further information:
3604:
3595:Further information:
3451:
3443:
3381:
3301:Lung function testing
3102:Lung cancer screening
2918:(COPD) that includes
2899:
2891:
2805:of the lung due to a
2801:
2780:mucociliary clearance
2748:Aspergillus fumigatus
2725:. One major cause of
2618:Clinical significance
2567:Further information:
2493:acid–base homeostasis
2381:mucociliary clearance
2353:Lung function testing
2295:
2166:type I alveolar cells
2107:
2064:Further information:
2047:anatomical variations
2002:. When stimulated by
1976:pulmonary circulation
1964:bronchial circulation
1960:pulmonary circulation
1948:pulmonary circulation
1930:
1923:Pulmonary circulation
1897:mucociliary clearance
1791:
1638:
1630:
1560:
1517:mucociliary clearance
1513:airway surface liquid
1408:
1392:
1343:
1009:lung volume reduction
729:
684:embryonic development
566:bronchial circulation
542:pulmonary circulation
32:Lung (disambiguation)
10116:respiratory quotient
9971:body plethysmography
9890:Hering–Breuer reflex
9765:pulmonary surfactant
9573:Lingula of left lung
9376:Islets of Langerhans
9236:Genitourinary system
8972:Integumentary system
8246:"spiracle | anatomy"
7537:Respiratory Medicine
7057:. TheFreeDictionary.
6973:10.1096/fj.14-254862
6881:www.proteinatlas.org
6842:Macquarie University
6792:on 15 September 2015
6478:Pulmonary physiology
5561:Pulmonary physiology
4230:10.2147/COPD.S103807
4030:. pp. 167–174.
3802:Evolutionary origins
3773:branchiostegal lungs
3742:convergent evolution
3661:Atretochoana eiselti
3652:lungless salamanders
3626:Amphibians employ a
3563:and buccal pumping.
3469:. Small sacs called
3413:. The United States
3334:are used to measure
3191:physical examination
3137:anatomical variation
3121:pulmonary hypoplasia
3113:Congenital disorders
3108:Congenital disorders
2822:deep vein thrombosis
2794:Blood-supply changes
2784:alveolar macrophages
2751:that can lead to an
2670:lung transplantation
2642:respiratory diseases
2575:protein coding genes
2346:, a large number of
2205:Vitamin A deficiency
2195:Vitamin A deficiency
2189:Vitamin A deficiency
2178:pulmonary surfactant
2145:paracrine signalling
2012:beta 2 adrenoceptors
1911:Hering–Breuer reflex
1871:are reinforced with
1695:alveolar macrophages
1683:from Type II cells.
1497:terminal bronchioles
1438:extracellular matrix
1184:brachiocephalic vein
1107:brachiocephalic vein
983:prenatal development
581:respiratory diseases
570:systemic circulation
455:terminal bronchioles
415:respiratory distress
30:For other uses, see
9959:Lung function tests
9793:hyperresponsiveness
9609:Terminal bronchiole
9266:Reproductive system
8985:Subcutaneous tissue
8754:Cartilaginous joint
8436:1997Pbio...23..358F
8291:2005ArtSD..34...63F
8102:10.1098/rsos.171518
8094:2017RSOS....471518L
8036:Scientific American
7976:1999EvBO....4b...1B
7857:2009PLoSO...4.4497C
7790:The Vertebrate Body
7006:on 9 September 2015
6688:2018Natur.560..377P
6631:2018Natur.560..319M
5998:Sadler, T. (2010).
5789:Sadler, T. (2010).
5193:Pawlina, W (2015).
4896:Hall, John (2011).
4747:10.1155/2015/463016
3705:Australian lungfish
3611:Ambystoma mexicanum
3195:shortness of breath
3039:autoimmune diseases
2990:alpha-1 antitrypsin
2986:acute-phase protein
2727:bacterial pneumonia
2624:Respiratory disease
2321:intercostal muscles
2298:respiratory muscles
2283:pulmonary capillary
1867:The bronchi in the
1836:take place. Oxygen
1649:alveolar macrophage
861:
574:tissue of the lungs
433:that begins at the
399:intercostal muscles
371:respiratory muscles
215:terrestrial animals
10126:diffusion capacity
10121:arterial blood gas
10101:carbonic anhydrase
9835:pneumotaxic center
9048:Respiratory system
8801:Circulatory system
8529:2009-11-24 at the
8490:10.1002/jmor.20128
8391:. Academic Press.
8372:2018-11-09 at the
7917:10.1242/jeb.061952
7723:10.1242/jeb.052548
7654:Davies, Madeline.
7452:"Lung examination"
7075:. 21 February 2019
7055:Medical Dictionary
6153:10.3390/nu10091132
5753:10.1242/dev.163485
5536:Medical Physiology
5387:10.1093/mmy/myy149
4728:Stanke, F (2015).
3850:have retained the
3734:
3617:The lungs of most
3615:
3455:
3446:
3395:
3368:diffusing capacity
3185:Respiratory sounds
3019:pulmonary fibrosis
2998:airway basal cells
2932:airway obstruction
2920:chronic bronchitis
2905:
2894:
2818:pulmonary arteries
2814:pulmonary embolism
2810:
2807:pulmonary embolism
2741:and can include a
2646:respiratory system
2638:medical speciality
2582:proteins, such as
2483:the conversion of
2447:after inhalation.
2406:pulmonary ionocyte
2305:
2296:The effect of the
2256:Respiratory system
2110:
2037:to the diaphragm.
2023:respiratory center
1968:bronchial arteries
1952:
1802:respiratory system
1794:
1677:basement membranes
1641:
1633:
1623:Pulmonary alveolus
1596:respiratory lobule
1564:
1491:, ciliated cells,
1418:
1403:
1346:
1165:cardiac impression
1123:inferior vena cava
1119:pulmonary ligament
1103:superior vena cava
1081:end of the fourth
987:horizontal fissure
859:
791:cardiac impression
731:
601:chronic bronchitis
589:pulmonary fibrosis
550:pulmonary arteries
375:pharyngeal muscles
211:respiratory system
89:Respiratory system
37:This article uses
10172:
10171:
10080:Oxygen saturation
10046:zones of the lung
9785:airway resistance
9685:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9634:Blood-air barrier
9507:
9506:
9449:Annular ligaments
9384:
9383:
8907:
8906:
8897:Glymphatic system
8795:
8794:
8398:978-1-4832-7603-8
8352:978-0-521-30690-4
8325:978-0-521-30690-4
8145:978-0-08-092323-9
8016:978-0-8018-4780-6
7910:(Pt 5): 845–852.
7799:978-0-03-910284-5
7763:978-3-540-25595-6
7716:(15): 2455–2462.
7588:978-0-323-29082-1
7517:978-0-07-178003-2
7390:10.1136/bmj.g2928
7102:(10): 1039–1049.
6966:(12): 5184–5196.
6960:The FASEB Journal
6909:(6220): 1260419.
6836:Mannell, Robert.
6822:978-1-4419-9744-9
6759:978-1-4160-2328-9
6682:(7718): 377–381.
6625:(7718): 319–324.
6598:978-0-7020-5035-0
6544:978-0-06-350729-6
6512:978-0-06-350729-6
6487:978-0-07-179313-1
6455:978-0-06-350729-6
6381:978-0-06-350729-6
6120:978-1-4160-6257-8
6095:978-0-443-06583-5
6070:978-0-7817-5309-8
6045:978-0-443-06583-5
6017:978-0-7817-9069-7
5984:978-0-19-967814-3
5833:978-0-7216-9412-2
5808:978-0-7817-9069-7
5747:(16): dev163485.
5735:Marko, Z (2018).
5653:Moore, K (2018).
5570:978-0-07-179313-1
5481:978-0-8247-0401-8
5204:978-1-4511-8742-7
5158:978-0-323-04582-7
5065:978-0-7020-7705-0
4907:978-1-4160-4574-8
4819:Organ Development
4734:Mediators Inflamm
4714:978-0-19-856878-0
4631:978-1-4160-6257-8
4555:978-0-443-06850-8
4323:978-0-06-350729-6
4143:Moore, K (2018).
4121:978-0-443-06684-9
4064:978-1-938168-13-0
4037:978-0-7020-5131-9
3826:. In most of the
3636:negative pressure
3628:positive pressure
3567:also rely on the
3553:, the hindlimbs.
3289:A person doing a
2930:characterised by
2348:accessory muscles
2300:in expanding the
2287:blood–air barrier
2243:capillary network
2162:blood–air barrier
1994:. Input from the
1873:hyaline cartilage
1834:exchange of gases
1784:Respiratory tract
1778:Respiratory tract
1530:Bronchial airways
1509:submucosal glands
1385:Connective tissue
1366:lymph capillaries
1362:lymphatic vessels
1325:
1310:Pulmonology video
1305:
1282:
1262:
1242:
1021:secondary bronchi
970:
969:
821:pulmonary pleurae
812:. There are also
707:ductus arteriosus
535:pulmonary lobules
515:sliding movements
473:that contain the
421:(including human
413:in situations of
411:accessory muscles
298:, and to release
199:
198:
194:
142:πνεύμων (pneumon)
16:(Redirected from
10197:
9981:nitrogen washout
9840:apneustic center
9755:respiratory rate
9712:
9705:
9698:
9689:
9688:
9615:Respiratory zone
9518:
9517:
9432:
9431:
9427:Respiratory tree
9411:
9404:
9397:
9388:
9387:
9343:Endocrine system
9105:Digestive system
8850:Lymphatic system
8833:Lymphatic vessel
8806:
8805:
8610:
8609:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8563:
8562:
8545:, people.eku.edu
8510:
8509:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8454:. Archived from
8421:
8412:
8403:
8402:
8382:
8376:
8363:
8357:
8356:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8266:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8218:
8212:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8181:10.1002/ar.20576
8175:(9): 1166–1177.
8156:
8150:
8149:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8113:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8027:
8021:
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7953:
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7936:
7930:
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7919:
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7878:
7868:
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7829:
7827:
7825:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7785:
7768:
7767:
7747:
7736:
7735:
7725:
7701:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7676:
7665:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7627:
7610:(9): 1875–1881.
7599:
7593:
7592:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7552:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7503:
7490:
7489:
7473:
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7301:
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7275:
7265:
7233:
7224:
7223:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7166:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7065:
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7058:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6975:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6918:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6788:. Archived from
6773:
6764:
6763:
6745:
6736:
6735:
6734:. 3 August 2018.
6724:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6650:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6584:
6549:
6548:
6530:
6517:
6516:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6473:
6460:
6459:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6315:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6258:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6185:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6155:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6086:Human embryology
6081:
6075:
6074:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6036:Human embryology
6031:
6022:
6021:
6005:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5970:
5961:
5960:
5950:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5877:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5796:
5786:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5508:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5375:Medical Mycology
5366:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5339:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5298:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5222:
5209:
5208:
5190:
5163:
5162:
5144:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5023:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4942:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4893:
4882:
4881:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4700:
4687:
4686:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4543:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4264:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4232:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4181:(6): 1537–1543.
4170:
4159:
4158:
4140:
4129:
4125:
4097:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4015:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3950:"How Lungs Work"
3945:
3908:Liquid breathing
3868:lobe-finned fish
3286:
3271:
3249:Function testing
3231:breathing sounds
3203:lung examination
3135:is a congenital
2980:breaks down the
2858:pleural effusion
2842:pulmonary artery
2743:fungal infection
2739:immunodeficiency
2640:that deals with
2499:when breathing.
2386:immunoglobulin A
2359:and capacities.
2136:and FGFR2b, and
1944:root of the lung
1600:pulmonary artery
1592:pulmonary lobule
1567:Respiratory zone
1426:collagen fibres
1327:
1326:
1307:
1306:
1284:
1283:
1264:
1263:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1211:
1176:descending aorta
1083:costal cartilage
1065:is also present.
1063:root of the lung
1055:
1046:
1025:tertiary bronchi
862:
858:
825:serous membranes
810:root of the lung
692:digestive system
662:
642:can also affect
636:acute bronchitis
479:serous membranes
463:respiratory zone
351:muscular systems
339:movements of air
217:, including all
191:edit on Wikidata
188:
101:Pulmonary Artery
70:
58:
46:
45:
21:
18:Pulmonary lobule
10205:
10204:
10200:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10195:
10194:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10168:
10159:oxygen toxicity
10135:
10023:ventilation (V)
10011:
10007:pulmonary shunt
9985:
9976:peak flow meter
9896:
9814:
9721:
9716:
9686:
9677:
9639:
9605:Conducting zone
9587:
9503:
9458:
9421:
9417:Anatomy of the
9415:
9385:
9380:
9337:
9299:Seminal vesicle
9260:
9222:
9172:Small intestine
9099:
9042:
9001:
8966:
8903:
8844:
8791:
8769:Muscular system
8763:
8735:
8614:Skeletal system
8599:
8590:
8553:
8548:
8531:Wayback Machine
8519:
8517:Further reading
8514:
8513:
8470:
8466:
8458:
8419:
8413:
8406:
8399:
8383:
8379:
8374:Wayback Machine
8364:
8360:
8353:
8337:
8333:
8326:
8310:
8306:
8267:
8263:
8254:
8252:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8230:
8228:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8200:
8196:
8157:
8153:
8146:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8074:
8070:
8047:
8043:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8003:
7999:
7960:
7956:
7937:
7933:
7896:
7892:
7837:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7812:
7811:
7807:
7800:
7786:
7771:
7764:
7748:
7739:
7702:
7695:
7686:
7684:
7677:
7668:
7653:
7649:
7600:
7596:
7589:
7573:
7566:
7529:
7525:
7518:
7504:
7493:
7474:
7470:
7460:
7458:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7424:
7420:
7412:
7371:
7365:
7361:
7330:
7326:
7312:
7308:
7299:
7297:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7248:(12): 1355–62.
7234:
7227:
7184:
7180:
7135:
7131:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7076:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7034:
7032:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6993:
6989:
6952:
6948:
6916:10.1.1.665.2415
6898:
6894:
6885:
6883:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6793:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6746:
6739:
6726:
6725:
6721:
6668:
6664:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6585:
6552:
6545:
6531:
6520:
6513:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6474:
6463:
6456:
6442:
6438:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6368:
6364:
6333:
6329:
6284:
6280:
6256:10.1.1.420.7315
6249:(2): L246–254.
6239:
6235:
6204:
6200:
6187:
6186:
6179:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6032:
6025:
6018:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5971:
5964:
5933:(10): a008243.
5919:
5915:
5900:
5878:
5867:
5857:
5855:
5853:UNSW Embryology
5845:
5841:
5834:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5787:
5778:
5733:
5729:
5706:
5702:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5623:
5619:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5499:
5495:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5466:
5462:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5428:
5426:
5416:
5412:
5367:
5363:
5316:
5312:
5267:
5263:
5223:
5212:
5205:
5191:
5166:
5159:
5145:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5110:radiopaedia.org
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5052:
5045:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4968:
4964:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4894:
4885:
4878:
4864:
4860:
4837:
4815:
4808:
4777:
4773:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4701:
4690:
4675:
4653:
4646:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4534:
4530:
4491:
4487:
4450:
4446:
4407:
4400:
4361:
4354:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4310:
4306:
4299:radiopaedia.org
4293:Jones, Jeremy.
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4269:"Lung fissures"
4265:
4256:
4209:
4202:
4171:
4162:
4155:
4141:
4132:
4122:
4098:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4016:
3999:
3991:
3989:
3971:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3888:
3828:ray-finned fish
3804:
3723:
3717:
3697:ray-finned fish
3681:
3599:
3593:
3585:pectoral girdle
3535:monitor lizards
3504:
3498:
3438:
3432:
3427:
3376:
3332:plethysmographs
3321:residual volume
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3261:
3253:Main articles:
3251:
3187:
3179:Main articles:
3177:
3149:
3117:cystic fibrosis
3110:
3098:symptom control
3055:
3011:
2967:cystic fibrosis
2959:corticosteroids
2955:bronchodilators
2886:
2796:
2684:
2678:
2630:
2622:Main articles:
2620:
2571:
2565:
2463:as part of the
2453:
2418:dendritic cells
2365:
2340:heavy breathing
2323:which pull the
2271:
2266:
2254:Main articles:
2252:
2214:
2197:
2191:
2185:could survive.
2182:surface tension
2068:
2062:
2043:
2035:cervical plexus
2016:bronchodilation
1998:occurs via the
1988:
1970:that leave the
1925:
1919:
1869:conducting zone
1800:is part of the
1786:
1780:
1721:lung microbiota
1713:
1711:Lung microbiota
1707:
1688:lung surfactant
1681:differentiation
1625:
1619:
1569:
1532:
1469:
1463:
1446:lung compliance
1414:collagen fibres
1399:visceral pleura
1387:
1375:visceral pleura
1371:serous membrane
1338:
1331:
1328:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1203:
1195:reference range
1138:
1130:reference range
1074:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1033:arterial supply
1017:
991:oblique fissure
979:
857:
841:potential space
837:visceral pleura
829:parietal pleura
724:
719:
698:is held in the
615:. A number of
611:or exposure to
562:pulmonary veins
451:conducting zone
332:ray-finned fish
320:thoracic cavity
264:tetrapulmonates
226:amphibious fish
195:
73:
61:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10203:
10193:
10192:
10187:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10155:
10154:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10133:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10105:chloride shift
10098:
10095:Haldane effect
10092:
10087:
10082:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10025:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9993:
9991:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9961:
9955:
9954:
9952:FEV1/FVC ratio
9949:
9944:
9942:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9906:
9904:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9892:
9882:
9881:
9880:
9875:
9867:chemoreceptors
9863:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9824:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9775:elastic recoil
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9729:
9727:
9723:
9722:
9715:
9714:
9707:
9700:
9692:
9683:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9664:
9663:
9658:
9651:Alveolar cells
9647:
9645:
9641:
9640:
9638:
9637:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9612:
9597:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9558:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9524:
9522:
9515:
9509:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9495:
9494:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9477:
9468:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9444:Tracheal rings
9440:
9438:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9414:
9413:
9406:
9399:
9391:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9347:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9270:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9232:
9230:
9228:Urinary system
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9150:Laryngopharynx
9147:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9118:Salivary gland
9109:
9107:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9052:
9050:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9038:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9015:
9013:
9011:immune systems
9007:Haematopoietic
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8987:
8982:
8976:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8957:Somatic system
8954:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8940:Sensory system
8937:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8917:
8915:
8913:Nervous system
8909:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8892:CNS equivalent
8889:
8888:
8887:
8882:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8854:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8814:
8812:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8773:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8759:Synovial joint
8756:
8751:
8745:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8618:
8616:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8589:
8588:
8581:
8574:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8552:
8551:External links
8549:
8547:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8484:(6): 687–703.
8464:
8461:on 2010-06-11.
8430:(3): 358–372.
8404:
8397:
8377:
8358:
8351:
8331:
8324:
8304:
8261:
8237:
8213:
8194:
8151:
8144:
8125:
8068:
8057:(4): 617–627.
8041:
8022:
8015:
7997:
7954:
7931:
7890:
7831:
7805:
7798:
7769:
7762:
7737:
7693:
7666:
7647:
7594:
7587:
7564:
7543:(7): 959–971.
7523:
7516:
7491:
7468:
7456:meded.ucsd.edu
7443:
7436:
7418:
7359:
7340:(8): 578–579.
7324:
7306:
7277:
7225:
7198:(5): 540–543.
7178:
7129:
7086:
7060:
7051:"Aspergilloma"
7042:
7017:
6987:
6946:
6892:
6868:
6854:
6828:
6821:
6803:
6765:
6758:
6737:
6719:
6662:
6604:
6597:
6550:
6543:
6518:
6511:
6493:
6486:
6461:
6454:
6436:
6415:
6408:
6400:Gray's Anatomy
6387:
6380:
6362:
6327:
6298:(3): 427–444.
6278:
6233:
6198:
6177:
6126:
6119:
6101:
6094:
6076:
6069:
6051:
6044:
6023:
6016:
5990:
5983:
5962:
5913:
5898:
5865:
5839:
5832:
5814:
5807:
5776:
5727:
5700:
5670:
5663:
5642:
5635:
5617:
5576:
5569:
5551:
5544:
5526:
5519:
5493:
5480:
5460:
5435:
5410:
5361:
5310:
5281:(4): 1150–62.
5261:
5234:(2): 237–242.
5210:
5203:
5164:
5157:
5122:
5096:
5071:
5064:
5043:
5006:(3): 259–265.
4987:
4980:
4962:
4933:(4): 285–298.
4913:
4906:
4883:
4876:
4858:
4835:
4806:
4771:
4720:
4713:
4688:
4673:
4644:
4630:
4618:(2011-06-09).
4607:
4600:
4582:
4561:
4554:
4528:
4485:
4464:(3): 671–675.
4444:
4417:(3): 182–187.
4398:
4371:(4): 368–372.
4352:
4329:
4322:
4304:
4285:
4254:
4200:
4160:
4153:
4130:
4120:
4077:
4063:
4043:
4036:
3997:
3965:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3918:Lung-on-a-chip
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3803:
3800:
3716:
3713:
3680:
3677:
3632:buccal pumping
3592:
3589:
3524:Amphisbaenians
3500:Main article:
3497:
3494:
3434:Main article:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3375:
3372:
3352:vital capacity
3317:vital capacity
3288:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3247:
3176:
3173:
3148:
3145:
3109:
3106:
3054:
3051:
3010:
3007:
2963:bronchiectasis
2912:bronchiectasis
2885:
2882:
2878:surgical drain
2853:lung contusion
2795:
2792:
2677:
2674:
2619:
2616:
2564:
2561:
2546:communications
2504:prostaglandins
2497:carbon dioxide
2489:angiotensin II
2461:blood pressure
2452:
2449:
2364:
2361:
2270:
2267:
2251:
2248:
2213:
2210:
2193:Main article:
2190:
2187:
2127:sonic hedgehog
2061:
2058:
2056:in adulthood.
2042:
2039:
2010:acting on the
2008:norepinephrine
1987:
1984:
1921:Main article:
1918:
1915:
1826:alveolar ducts
1782:Main article:
1779:
1776:
1717:microorganisms
1709:Main article:
1706:
1703:
1661:alveolar septa
1621:Main article:
1618:
1615:
1568:
1565:
1536:tracheal rings
1531:
1528:
1483:which produce
1465:Main article:
1462:
1459:
1450:elastic recoil
1442:elastic fibres
1395:elastic fibres
1386:
1383:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1137:
1134:
1073:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1016:
1013:
1001:azygos fissure
978:
975:
968:
967:
966:
965:
962:
959:
956:
947:
946:
943:
934:
933:
930:
929:Apicoposterior
922:
921:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
899:
898:
895:
886:
885:
882:
879:
870:
869:
866:
856:
853:
845:pleural cavity
835:and the inner
816:on the hilum.
723:
720:
718:
715:
613:air pollutants
499:pleural cavity
467:alveolar ducts
401:, while other
379:buccal pumping
300:carbon dioxide
282:by extracting
197:
196:
187:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
116:
115:
113:Pulmonary Vein
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10202:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10153:
10150:
10149:
10148:
10147:high altitude
10145:
10144:
10142:
10140:Insufficiency
10138:
10131:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10111:oxyhemoglobin
10109:
10106:
10102:
10099:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9988:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9905:
9903:
9899:
9891:
9888:
9887:
9886:
9883:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9817:
9811:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9780:hysteresivity
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9735:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9713:
9708:
9706:
9701:
9699:
9694:
9693:
9690:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9642:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9624:Alveolar duct
9622:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9583:Inferior lobe
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9568:Superior lobe
9566:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9500:
9497:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9461:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9412:
9407:
9405:
9400:
9398:
9393:
9392:
9389:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9340:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9211:Biliary tract
9209:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9138:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9102:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9045:
9037:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9029:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9008:
9004:
8996:
8995:Mammary gland
8993:
8992:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8969:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8938:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8910:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8749:Fibrous joint
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8636:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8593:Human systems
8587:
8582:
8580:
8575:
8573:
8568:
8567:
8564:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8544:
8541:
8538:
8535:
8533:, leeds.ac.uk
8532:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8474:McCune, Amy R
8468:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8418:
8411:
8409:
8400:
8394:
8390:
8389:
8381:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8362:
8354:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8335:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8308:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8265:
8251:
8247:
8241:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8198:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8164:
8155:
8147:
8141:
8137:
8136:
8129:
8121:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8045:
8037:
8033:
8026:
8018:
8012:
8008:
8001:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7958:
7951:(2): 137–170.
7950:
7946:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7835:
7819:
7815:
7809:
7801:
7795:
7791:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7765:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7700:
7698:
7682:
7679:Ritchson, G.
7675:
7673:
7671:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7626:
7625:10044/1/63478
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7598:
7590:
7584:
7580:
7579:
7571:
7569:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7457:
7453:
7447:
7439:
7437:9780323523714
7433:
7429:
7422:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7370:
7363:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7317:
7310:
7296:on 2010-11-04
7295:
7291:
7287:
7281:
7273:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7230:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7005:
7001:
7000:"Pulmonology"
6997:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6950:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6865:. 2017-04-03.
6864:
6858:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6824:
6818:
6814:
6807:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6770:
6761:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6742:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6608:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6546:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6514:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6483:
6479:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6457:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6425:
6419:
6411:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6392:
6383:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6202:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6013:
6009:
6004:
6003:
5994:
5986:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5967:
5958:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5899:9780123742537
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5716:(3): 179–82.
5715:
5711:
5704:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5666:
5664:9781496347213
5660:
5656:
5649:
5647:
5638:
5636:9780470646083
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5545:9781416045748
5541:
5537:
5530:
5522:
5520:9789400744875
5516:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5497:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5464:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5337:10.1186/gm467
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4992:
4983:
4981:9780323523714
4977:
4973:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4879:
4877:9780323523714
4873:
4869:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4836:9780128104897
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4674:9780120342709
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4603:
4601:9780071222075
4597:
4593:
4592:Human anatomy
4586:
4571:
4565:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4357:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4154:9781496347213
4150:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Secarecytosis
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:mantle cavity
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:invertebrates
3731:
3727:
3722:
3715:Invertebrates
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:axial muscles
3558:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3543:lonchodectids
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3425:Other animals
3422:
3420:
3419:fungal spores
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:As part of a
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:pleural space
3154:
3144:
3142:
3141:thoracoscopic
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2902:H&E stain
2898:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:, and of the
2700:
2699:bronchiolitis
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2573:About 20,000
2570:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2495:by expelling
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:angiotensin I
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:antiproteases
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:breathing out
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2235:other changes
2232:
2227:
2224:the infant's
2223:
2219:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:that secrete
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:bronchial bud
2115:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:embryogenesis
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:phrenic nerve
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:acetylcholine
2001:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1909:known as the
1908:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:smooth muscle
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1862:singles court
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:and into the
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:Saccharomyces
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1699:immune system
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:type II cells
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:alveolar cell
1637:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1611:pores of Kohn
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:alveolar sacs
1574:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:smooth muscle
1541:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:, and in the
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1455:pores of Kohn
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1313:
1293:
1290:
1270:
1250:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1201:Illustrations
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1064:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
988:
984:
974:
963:
960:
958:Anteriomedial
957:
954:
953:
952:
951:
944:
941:
940:
939:
938:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
904:
903:
896:
893:
892:
891:
890:
883:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
863:
852:
850:
849:pleural fluid
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:blood vessels
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:great vessels
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
728:
714:
712:
708:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:lung function
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
507:pleural fluid
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:alveolar sacs
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
328:swim bladders
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:, which have
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:pallial lungs
254:
251:, which have
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:are the main
204:
192:
186:
182:
179:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
162:
158:
155:
152:
150:
146:
143:
140:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
117:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
76:
69:
64:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
10051:gas exchange
10016:Interactions
9941:calculations
9902:Lung volumes
9865:
9846:
9827:
9798:constriction
9760:respirometer
9198:
9166:
9139:
9092:
8891:
8874:
8857:
8817:
8539:, sln.fi.edu
8481:
8477:
8467:
8456:the original
8427:
8424:Paleobiology
8423:
8387:
8380:
8361:
8341:
8334:
8314:
8307:
8285:(1): 63–87.
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8264:
8253:. Retrieved
8249:
8240:
8229:. Retrieved
8225:
8216:
8207:
8197:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8154:
8134:
8128:
8085:
8081:
8071:
8054:
8050:
8044:
8035:
8025:
8006:
8000:
7967:
7963:
7957:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7851:(2): e4497.
7848:
7844:
7834:
7822:. Retrieved
7820:. 2013-12-11
7817:
7808:
7789:
7752:
7713:
7709:
7685:. Retrieved
7659:
7650:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7577:
7540:
7536:
7526:
7507:
7477:
7471:
7459:. Retrieved
7455:
7446:
7427:
7421:
7381:
7375:
7362:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7319:
7309:
7298:. Retrieved
7294:the original
7280:
7245:
7241:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7077:. Retrieved
7072:
7063:
7054:
7045:
7033:. Retrieved
7029:
7020:
7008:. Retrieved
7004:the original
6990:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6906:
6902:
6895:
6884:. Retrieved
6880:
6871:
6857:
6845:. Retrieved
6841:
6831:
6812:
6806:
6794:. Retrieved
6790:the original
6782:Patient.info
6781:
6749:
6731:
6722:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6622:
6618:
6607:
6588:
6534:
6502:
6496:
6477:
6445:
6439:
6427:. Retrieved
6418:
6399:
6371:
6365:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6295:
6291:
6281:
6246:
6242:
6236:
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6143:
6139:
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6110:
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6085:
6079:
6060:
6054:
6035:
6001:
5993:
5974:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5881:
5856:. Retrieved
5852:
5847:Hill, Mark.
5842:
5823:
5817:
5792:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5686:
5682:
5673:
5654:
5626:
5620:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5560:
5554:
5535:
5529:
5504:
5496:
5485:. Retrieved
5470:
5463:
5452:. Retrieved
5450:. 2016-10-17
5447:
5438:
5427:. Retrieved
5423:
5413:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5231:
5227:
5194:
5148:
5113:. Retrieved
5109:
5099:
5087:. Retrieved
5055:
5003:
4999:
4971:
4965:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4897:
4867:
4861:
4818:
4787:(2): 171–6.
4784:
4780:
4774:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4704:
4656:
4635:. Retrieved
4620:
4610:
4591:
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4564:
4539:
4531:
4501:(1): 38–42.
4498:
4494:
4488:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4414:
4410:
4368:
4364:
4338:
4332:
4313:
4307:
4298:
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4272:
4220:
4216:
4178:
4174:
4144:
4102:
4068:. Retrieved
4053:
4046:
4019:
3990:, retrieved
3978:
3968:
3957:. Retrieved
3954:www.lung.org
3953:
3943:
3913:Lung abscess
3812:gas bladders
3805:
3778:
3769:coconut crab
3766:
3736:A number of
3735:
3682:
3670:
3659:
3645:
3616:
3610:
3565:Crocodilians
3555:
3551:azhdarchoids
3531:crocodilians
3528:
3521:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:gas exchange
3470:
3464:
3456:
3396:
3382:
3345:
3329:
3325:lung volumes
3305:tidal volume
3299:
3275:Lung volumes
3259:Lung volumes
3211:auscultation
3188:
3165:scuba divers
3153:pneumothorax
3150:
3143:procedures.
3111:
3094:chemotherapy
3090:radiotherapy
3056:
3012:
2975:
2944:
2906:
2862:pneumothorax
2850:
2811:
2803:Tissue death
2769:
2753:aspergilloma
2746:
2731:tuberculosis
2687:Inflammatory
2685:
2631:
2612:goblet cells
2572:
2558:
2543:paralanguage
2536:
2530:and causing
2508:leukotrienes
2501:
2469:inner lining
2454:
2434:
2414:phagocytosis
2405:
2402:antioxidants
2390:goblet cells
2366:
2357:lung volumes
2337:
2306:
2275:gas exchange
2272:
2269:Gas exchange
2264:Gas exchange
2239:
2215:
2198:
2170:gas exchange
2150:
2111:
2076:
2069:
2051:
2044:
2029:, along the
2020:
1989:
1986:Nerve supply
1980:
1953:
1932:3D rendering
1917:Blood supply
1901:
1866:
1858:
1854:breathed out
1832:, where the
1795:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1714:
1692:
1685:
1669:
1642:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1570:
1551:
1533:
1521:
1481:goblet cells
1475:. This is a
1470:
1419:
1347:
1336:Microanatomy
1289:Khan Academy
1193:By standard
1192:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1139:
1127:
1095:
1075:
1018:
1011:procedures.
995:
990:
986:
980:
971:
949:
948:
936:
935:
924:
901:
900:
888:
887:
873:
827:; the outer
818:
800:, where the
795:
790:
777:
775:
750:
746:
732:
703:amniotic sac
700:fluid-filled
681:
668:
651:
583:, including
578:
539:
524:
518:
503:serous fluid
494:
490:
427:
425:) possible.
419:vocalization
389:that drives
336:
280:gas exchange
258:), and some
202:
200:
166:A06.5.01.001
141:
129:
43:
10090:Bohr effect
9990:Circulation
9726:Respiration
9673:Goblet cell
9366:Parathyroid
9066:Nasopharynx
8928:Spinal cord
8863:Bone marrow
8632:Collar bone
7970:(2): 1–28.
7073:www.cdc.gov
6796:11 February
6409:0443-041776
6343:: 617–628.
6214:(1): 8–10.
6146:(9): 1132.
5858:23 February
5741:Development
5021:10923/17852
4637:11 February
4575:8 September
4339:StatPearls
4273:Radiopaedia
3893:Atelectasis
3814:of today's
3808:vertebrates
3796:pneumostome
3784:land snails
3782:are mostly
3685:coelacanths
3577:Boyle's law
3515:, and some
3467:parabronchi
3364:obstructive
3360:restrictive
3219:lung fields
3215:listened to
3175:Examination
3133:azygos lobe
3058:Lung cancer
2870:chest X-ray
2723:pneumonitis
2666:pneumectomy
2652:deals with
2634:Pulmonology
2628:Pulmonology
2520:blood clots
2457:homeostasis
2410:macrophages
2222:After birth
2212:After birth
2060:Development
2000:vagus nerve
1850:circulation
1846:capillaries
1838:breathed in
1771:Aspergillus
1670:Type I are
1505:macrophages
1493:basal cells
1432:is the key
1172:aortic arch
1099:azygos vein
1087:mediastinal
843:called the
761:end of the
665:pulmonology
660:pulmonarius
654:, from the
629:crystalline
627:fibres and
593:lung cancer
546:right heart
443:bronchioles
343:ventilation
308:respiration
292:bloodstream
245:land snails
222:vertebrates
119:Identifiers
10179:Categories
10152:death zone
10071:hemoglobin
9966:spirometry
9925:dead space
9878:peripheral
9803:dilatation
9789:bronchial
9770:compliance
9743:exhalation
9738:inhalation
9601:Bronchiole
9593:BP segment
9556:Horizontal
9527:Landmarks
9492:eparterial
9145:Oropharynx
8885:Lymph node
8818:peripheral
8664:Metatarsus
8659:Metacarpus
8638:Thigh bone
8634:(clavicle)
8255:2016-02-24
8231:2016-02-24
7824:9 February
7687:2009-04-23
7300:2016-07-10
7035:9 February
7010:9 February
6886:2017-09-25
6847:8 February
6786:Patient UK
5487:2008-10-11
5454:2020-05-05
5429:2020-05-05
5324:Genome Med
4740:: 463016.
4278:8 February
4223:: 765–73.
3992:2023-11-18
3979:StatPearls
3959:2023-11-18
3935:References
3876:homologous
3852:physostome
3780:Pulmonates
3758:book lungs
3748:, such as
3730:Book lungs
3623:amphibians
3621:and other
3591:Amphibians
3573:pubic bone
3539:pterosaurs
3383:Öpke-hésip
3374:Human uses
3348:spirometry
3330:Pulmonary
3291:spirometry
3161:chest wall
3066:small-cell
3062:metastasis
3043:medication
2994:deficiency
2947:dust mites
2940:spirometry
2926:, are all
2866:hemothorax
2864:), blood (
2757:hantavirus
2711:infections
2695:bronchitis
2682:Ghon focus
2680:See also:
2580:surfactant
2516:bradykinin
2445:nasal hair
2441:oropharynx
2363:Protection
2319:, and the
2231:resistance
1881:humidified
1759:Malassezia
1737:rhinovirus
1725:microbiota
1705:Microbiota
1501:club cells
1358:parenchyma
1150:homologous
1105:and right
1072:Right lung
997:Variations
868:Left lung
865:Right lung
785:, and the
667:, or with
558:left heart
383:amphibians
324:homologous
322:, and are
304:atmosphere
276:book lungs
241:gastropods
10028:Perfusion
9668:Club cell
9552:Fissures
9487:Secondary
9351:Pituitary
9200:accessory
9155:Esophagus
8875:secondary
8787:Diaphragm
8731:Cartilage
8679:Phalanges
8271:Coenobita
7642:207183760
7461:31 August
7384:: g2928.
7212:1088-5412
7149:: 73–79.
7124:239523761
7079:7 January
6911:CiteSeerX
6251:CiteSeerX
6140:Nutrients
5695:1136-4890
5330:(7): 63.
5115:10 August
5082:Goel, A.
4070:11 August
3872:tetrapods
3824:bony fish
3820:esophagus
3762:spiracles
3754:scorpions
3746:arachnids
3709:esophagus
3666:caecilian
3648:tetrapods
3557:Reptilian
3547:tupuxuara
3389:lung and
3207:palpation
2924:emphysema
2788:cytokines
2691:pneumonia
2662:lobectomy
2512:serotonin
2481:catalyses
2475:(ACE) an
2394:defensins
2317:diaphragm
2260:Breathing
2201:vitamin A
2093:from the
2041:Variation
2033:from the
2027:brainstem
1956:bronchial
1885:Particles
1828:into the
1748:mycobiota
1607:diffusion
1540:cartilage
1412:image of
1397:from the
1188:esophagus
1136:Left lung
1115:esophagus
1085:; on the
989:, and an
964:Posterior
919:Posterior
881:Posterior
763:first rib
755:diaphragm
717:Structure
677:pneumonia
621:coal dust
605:emphysema
599:includes
585:pneumonia
576:.
395:diaphragm
391:breathing
347:breathing
296:diffusion
290:into the
286:from the
272:scorpions
260:arachnids
253:analogous
238:pulmonate
10039:V/Q scan
9629:Alveolus
9499:Tertiary
9331:Placenta
9294:Testicle
9289:Prostate
9216:Pancreas
9177:Appendix
9167:lower GI
9140:upper GI
9088:Bronchus
9031:Lymphoid
8714:Vertebra
8669:Ossicles
8654:Mandible
8527:Archived
8506:29995935
8498:23378277
8452:87285937
8370:Archived
8189:17722050
8120:29291127
7992:35368264
7926:22323207
7885:19223979
7845:PLOS ONE
7732:21753038
7634:29634643
7559:21356587
7486:30969656
7410:Archived
7406:32575512
7398:24812003
7272:25354273
7220:18034972
7173:31229291
7116:29941207
6982:25169055
6933:25613900
6714:30069046
6657:30069044
6429:19 March
6322:28144783
6273:18032698
6228:11472968
6172:30134568
5957:22798543
5908:18023732
5771:30111617
5722:15553206
5612:16387578
5405:30816978
5356:23899327
5305:25700381
5256:17083137
5248:26475269
5038:84846517
5030:30900014
4957:10249069
4949:19935225
4853:73489416
4845:30797518
4801:12531066
4766:26185361
4683:15837523
4523:45666843
4515:14718418
4480:21324708
4439:25319215
4431:26108038
4393:32174574
4385:22182984
4347:29262068
4249:27110109
4195:11090370
4112:Elsevier
4028:Elsevier
3987:30521233
3898:Drowning
3886:See also
3866:and the
3810:and the
3701:lungfish
3693:lungfish
3691:and the
3509:tuataras
3496:Reptiles
3459:air sacs
3235:wheezing
3115:include
3033:such as
3023:Fibrosis
2978:Elastase
2938:such as
2767:(ARDS).
2715:bacteria
2707:pleurisy
2602:protein
2548:such as
2528:arteries
2424:such as
2344:exertion
2325:rib cage
2302:rib cage
2279:alveolar
2250:Function
2095:lung bud
1842:diffuses
1818:bronchus
1665:squamous
1477:ciliated
1015:Segments
977:Fissures
955:Superior
945:Inferior
942:Superior
932:Anterior
913:Anterior
907:Superior
884:Anterior
833:rib cage
767:backbone
743:rib cage
711:At birth
625:asbestos
560:via the
548:via the
520:fissures
511:friction
495:parietal
491:visceral
487:rib cage
393:are the
363:reptiles
355:Amniotes
266:such as
230:lungfish
219:tetrapod
213:in many
10164:hypoxia
10085:2,3-BPG
9873:central
9848:medulla
9820:Control
9661:Type II
9561:Oblique
9521:General
9464:Bronchi
9436:Trachea
9371:Adrenal
9361:Thyroid
9279:Scrotum
9256:Urethra
9251:Bladder
9160:Stomach
9083:Trachea
9019:Myeloid
8858:primary
8724:Sternum
8674:Patella
8649:Humerus
8640:(femur)
8432:Bibcode
8287:Bibcode
8111:5717702
8090:Bibcode
7972:Bibcode
7876:2637988
7853:Bibcode
7354:9287933
7263:4299651
7164:6592783
6903:Science
6705:6108322
6684:Bibcode
6648:6295155
6627:Bibcode
6357:6370120
6313:5320013
6163:6164133
5948:3475165
5762:6124546
5396:6394755
5347:3978422
5296:4719567
5089:12 July
4757:4491388
4616:Dorland
4240:4835138
4127:Alt URL
3844:catfish
3840:herring
3750:spiders
3744:. Some
3689:bichirs
3607:axolotl
3581:Turtles
3569:hepatic
3517:lizards
3407:trachea
3393:sausage
3340:Smokers
3223:axillae
3169:alveoli
3082:CT scan
3074:smoking
3053:Cancers
2982:elastin
2951:smoking
2874:CT scan
2834:D-dimer
2735:Chronic
2719:viruses
2713:due to
2703:pleurae
2654:surgery
2636:is the
2608:SCGB1A1
2532:strokes
2430:B cells
2426:T cells
2379:. This
2338:During
2309:breathe
2158:alveoli
2129:(SHH),
2099:foregut
2087:bronchi
2083:trachea
2025:in the
1938:of the
1891:on the
1830:alveoli
1810:pharynx
1806:trachea
1753:Candida
1647:and an
1617:Alveoli
1562:branch.
1519:works.
1436:of the
1434:protein
1430:Elastin
1422:elastic
1354:alveoli
1154:lingula
1079:sternal
961:Lateral
937:Lingula
916:Lateral
894:Lateral
806:airways
759:sternal
741:in the
722:Anatomy
688:foregut
669:pneumo-
609:smoking
483:pleurae
481:called
475:alveoli
461:of the
447:inhaled
439:bronchi
435:trachea
359:mammals
326:to the
268:spiders
234:bichirs
209:of the
154:D008168
78:Details
9733:breath
9656:Type I
9454:Carina
9356:Pineal
9316:Vagina
9311:Uterus
9306:Female
9246:Ureter
9241:Kidney
9187:Rectum
9123:Tongue
9071:Larynx
8990:Breast
8962:Tissue
8880:Spleen
8868:Thymus
8823:Artery
8782:Tendon
8777:Muscle
8741:Joints
8719:Pelvis
8694:Tarsus
8684:Radius
8644:Fibula
8627:Carpus
8597:organs
8504:
8496:
8450:
8395:
8349:
8322:
8275:Birgus
8187:
8142:
8118:
8108:
8088:(11).
8013:
7990:
7924:
7883:
7873:
7796:
7760:
7730:
7640:
7632:
7585:
7557:
7514:
7484:
7434:
7404:
7396:
7352:
7270:
7260:
7218:
7210:
7171:
7161:
7122:
7114:
6980:
6941:802377
6939:
6931:
6913:
6819:
6756:
6712:
6702:
6676:Nature
6655:
6645:
6619:Nature
6595:
6541:
6509:
6484:
6452:
6406:
6378:
6355:
6320:
6310:
6271:
6253:
6226:
6170:
6160:
6117:
6092:
6067:
6042:
6014:
6010:–204.
5981:
5955:
5945:
5906:
5896:
5830:
5805:
5801:–207.
5769:
5759:
5720:
5693:
5661:
5633:
5610:
5567:
5542:
5517:
5478:
5403:
5393:
5354:
5344:
5303:
5293:
5254:
5246:
5201:
5155:
5062:
5036:
5028:
4978:
4955:
4947:
4904:
4874:
4851:
4843:
4833:
4799:
4764:
4754:
4711:
4681:
4671:
4628:
4598:
4552:
4548:–250.
4521:
4513:
4478:
4437:
4429:
4391:
4383:
4345:
4320:
4247:
4237:
4193:
4151:
4118:
4061:
4034:
3985:
3864:bowfin
3860:bichir
3846:, and
3687:, the
3549:, and
3513:snakes
3411:haggis
3239:asthma
3197:, and
3127:, and
3086:biopsy
3078:staged
2971:asthma
2922:, and
2914:, and
2908:Asthma
2600:dynein
2596:napsin
2594:, and
2584:SFTPA1
2539:speech
2477:enzyme
2467:. The
2416:; and
2400:, and
2342:as in
2262:, and
2168:where
2079:larynx
1962:. The
1958:and a
1940:thorax
1907:reflex
1814:carina
1768:, and
1744:genera
1741:Fungal
1729:asthma
1653:type I
1573:acinus
1393:Thick
1186:. The
1178:. The
1142:costal
910:Medial
897:Medial
889:Middle
878:Apical
787:carina
671:(from
652:pulmo-
648:airway
640:asthma
632:silica
423:speech
312:humans
284:oxygen
207:organs
96:Artery
84:System
9644:Cells
9546:Hilum
9513:Lungs
9480:right
9471:Main
9326:Ovary
9321:Vulva
9284:Penis
9206:Liver
9182:Colon
9133:Tooth
9113:Mouth
9078:Lower
9056:Upper
8933:Nerve
8923:Brain
8840:Heart
8699:Tibia
8689:Skull
8502:S2CID
8459:(PDF)
8448:S2CID
8420:(PDF)
8209:eLife
7988:S2CID
7661:Eater
7638:S2CID
7413:(PDF)
7402:S2CID
7372:(PDF)
7120:S2CID
6937:S2CID
5513:–24.
5252:S2CID
5034:S2CID
4953:S2CID
4849:S2CID
4519:S2CID
4495:Chest
4435:S2CID
4389:S2CID
3880:gills
3836:trout
3788:slugs
3673:septa
3641:skull
3619:frogs
3529:Both
3471:atria
3430:Birds
3403:heart
3399:offal
3199:cough
2776:cilia
2604:DNAH5
2592:SFTPC
2588:SFTPB
2554:gasps
2550:sighs
2524:veins
2522:from
2479:that
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