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Occasionally the three lobar veins on the right side remain separate, and not infrequently the two left lobar veins end by a common opening into the left atrium. Therefore, the number of pulmonary veins opening into the left atrium can vary between three and five in the healthy
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256:
At the root of the lung, the right superior pulmonary vein lies in front of and a little below the pulmonary artery; the inferior is situated at the lowest part of the lung hilum. Behind the pulmonary artery is the
1292:
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On chest X-ray, the diameters of pulmonary veins increases from upper to lower lobes, from 3 mm at the first intercoastal space, to 6 mm just above the diaphragm.
354:
becomes less of an initiator and the left atrium becomes an independent source of arrhythmias. Pulmonary vein isolation ablation technology has used thermal methods (
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374:, however, eliminates the risk of thermal damage. Atrial fibrillation most often recurs after ablation because of pulmonary vein reconnection.
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253:. The peripheral feeding veins do not follow the bronchial tree. They run between the pulmonary segments from which they drain the blood.
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The two left lobar veins may be united as a single pulmonary vein in about 25% of people; the two right veins may be united in about 3%.
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to the pulmonary veins. Pulmonary vein anatomy is highly variable among atrial fibrillation patients. Pulmonary vein isolation by
788:"Recurrent Atrial Fibrillation After Catheter Ablation: Considerations For Repeat Ablation And Strategies To Optimize Success"
507:
385:
593:"The anatomical basis of pulmonary vein reconnection after ablation for atrial fibrillation: wounds that never felt a scar?"
551:
Bradley CJ, Haines DE (2020). "Pulsed field ablation for pulmonary vein isolation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation".
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of the pulmonary veins can cause them to drain into the pulmonary circulation in whole or in part, this is known as a total
1353:
835:
Porres, Diego Varona; Morenza, Óscar
Persiva; Pallisa, Esther; Roque, Alberto; Andreu, Jorge; Martínez, Manel (July 2013).
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1592:
1587:
644:"2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation"
699:
910:
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As part of the pulmonary circulation they carry oxygenated blood back to the heart, as opposed to the veins of the
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Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by
Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005).
61:
535:
165:
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695:"Mid term freedom from atrial fibrillation following hybrid ablation, a systematic review and meta analysis"
249:. The main pulmonary veins receive blood from three or four feeding veins in each lung, and drain into the
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A groundbreaking study published in 1998 identified the pulmonary vein as the predominant trigger for
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350:. As atrial fibrillation becomes more persistent, the junction between the pulmonary veins and the
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Skandalakis, John E. (2004). "Chapter 7. Pericardium, Heart, and Great
Vessels in the Thorax".
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Ramirez FD, Reddy VY, Jaïs P (2020). "Emerging
Technologies for Pulmonary Vein Isolation".
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Skandalakis' surgical anatomy : the embryologic and anatomic basis of modern surgery
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is a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart, whether oxygenated or deoxygenated.
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Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.
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Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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245:, two from each lung – an inferior and a superior main vein, emerging from each
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261:. The right main pulmonary veins (contains oxygenated blood) pass behind the
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388:(or drainage), or partial anomalous pulmonary connection, respectively.
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Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
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530:. Athens, Greece: PMP. pp. section titled 'Pulmonary veins'.
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Diagram of the alveoli with both cross-section and external view.
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Pulmonary vessels, seen in a dorsal view of the heart and lungs.
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Veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
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502:(Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.
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of a normal lung, with different levels of pulmonary veins.
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334:. Atrial fibrillation frequently results from bursts of
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at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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307:, by receiving blood that has been oxygenated in the
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that originate in muscle bundles extending from the
229:of the heart. The pulmonary veins are part of the
362:), which can damage adjacent tissues, notably the
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323:which carry deoxygenated blood. By definition, a
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303:The pulmonary veins play an essential role in
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693:Eranki A, Wilson-Smith A, Manganas C (2023).
598:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
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554:Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
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221:. The largest pulmonary veins are the four
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225:, two from each lung that drain into the
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642:Calkins H, Hindricks G, Yamane T (2018).
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472:This article incorporates text in the
269:; the left in front of the descending
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386:anomalous pulmonary venous connection
311:and returning it to the left atrium.
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837:"Learning from the Pulmonary Veins"
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700:Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery
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1354:Posterior of the left ventricle
591:McGarry TJ, Narayan SM (2012).
1363:Ligament of the left vena cava
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792:Journal of Atrial Fibrillation
1:
765:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.316402
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891:Illustration at infomat.net
500:Gray's anatomy for students
480:of the 20th edition of
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1670:Respiratory system anatomy
1543:posterior intercostal 5-11
1529:right superior intercostal
1359:Oblique of the left atrium
714:10.1186/s13019-023-02189-2
611:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.032
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1583:vertebral venous plexuses
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885:Anatomy figure: 19:05-08
1260:Circulatory anastomosis
1223:Internal elastic lamina
1014:Precapillary resistance
662:10.1093/europace/eux274
356:radiofrequency ablation
1009:Precapillary sphincter
456:anatomical terminology
344:transcatheter ablation
198:
178:Anatomical terminology
315:Clinical significance
299:Pulmonary circulation
297:Further information:
231:pulmonary circulation
197:
1548:accessory hemiazygos
1446:anterior intercostal
853:10.1148/rg.334125043
752:Circulation Research
321:systemic circulation
243:main pulmonary veins
223:main pulmonary veins
1506:pericardiacophrenic
1451:superior epigastric
406:Computed tomography
332:atrial fibrillation
1680:Veins of the torso
1379:Small cardiac vein
1170:Pulmonary arteries
1104:Circulatory system
804:10.4022/jafib.1427
454:This article uses
267:superior vena cava
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74:Circulatory system
62:Truncus arteriosus
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786:Darby AE (2016).
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509:978-0-443-06612-2
420:Bronchial anatomy
392:Additional images
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1539:intercostal
1218:Endothelium
1203:Microvessel
1166:Right heart
1151:Right heart
1135:Capillaries
997:Fenestrated
981:Capillaries
798:(1): 1427.
352:left atrium
336:tachycardia
305:respiration
251:left atrium
227:left atrium
112:Identifiers
94:Left atrium
80:Drains from
1659:Categories
1552:hemiazygos
1473:subclavian
1182:Left heart
1131:Arterioles
1119:Left heart
1002:Sinusoidal
992:Continuous
707:(1): 155.
537:9603990744
462:References
366:, lung or
284:population
1605:posterior
1534:bronchial
1468:vertebral
1424:vena cava
1160:Pulmonary
1147:Vena cava
1042:Deep vein
959:Arteriole
861:0271-5333
364:esophagus
277:Variation
237:Structure
213:from the
90:Drains to
57:Precursor
1610:anterior
1593:internal
1588:external
1478:axillary
1422:superior
1127:Arteries
1113:Systemic
946:Arteries
927:Arteries
869:23842969
822:27909521
773:32716722
733:37076929
724:10114378
680:29016840
649:Europace
629:22381430
575:32107812
478:page 642
450:See also
293:Function
259:bronchus
205:are the
1649:Anatomy
1463:supreme
1304:of the
1139:Venules
938:Vessels
813:5089515
671:5834122
620:3393092
380:A rare
309:alveoli
217:to the
135:D011667
51:Details
1635:Portal
1600:spinal
1521:Azygos
1318:Thorax
1306:thorax
1062:Venule
988:Types
867:
859:
820:
810:
771:
731:
721:
678:
668:
627:
617:
573:
534:
506:
486:(1918)
340:atrium
101:Artery
69:System
1405:Lungs
1327:Heart
1302:Veins
1174:Lungs
1143:Veins
1123:Aorta
1085:Lymph
1072:Lymph
1024:Veins
931:veins
476:from
247:hilum
219:heart
215:lungs
207:veins
201:The
182:[
171:66643
118:Latin
84:Lungs
1308:and
929:and
865:PMID
857:ISSN
818:PMID
769:PMID
729:PMID
676:PMID
625:PMID
571:PMID
532:ISBN
504:ISBN
325:vein
265:and
159:4107
142:TA98
130:MeSH
1180:→ (
1149:→ (
849:doi
808:PMC
800:doi
761:doi
757:127
719:PMC
709:doi
666:PMC
658:doi
615:PMC
607:doi
563:doi
370:.
358:or
166:FMA
154:TA2
1661::
1176:→
1172:→
1168:→
1145:→
1141:→
1137:→
1133:→
1129:→
1125:→
1121:→
863:.
855:.
845:33
843:.
839:.
816:.
806:.
794:.
790:.
767:.
755:.
741:^
727:.
717:.
705:18
703:.
697:.
674:.
664:.
654:20
652:.
646:.
623:.
613:.
603:50
601:.
595:.
583:^
569:.
559:31
557:.
518:^
286:.
273:.
233:.
1637::
1550:/
1541:/
1480::
1393:)
1389:(
1365:)
1361:(
1350:)
1346:(
1294:e
1287:t
1280:v
1184:)
1153:)
919:e
912:t
905:v
871:.
851::
824:.
802::
796:9
775:.
763::
735:.
711::
682:.
660::
631:.
609::
577:.
565::
540:.
512:.
458:.
186:]
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