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In a recently developed modification of the process, developed and patented by Thomas GmbH + Co. Technik + Innovation KG, the die is no longer stationary but moving back and forth along the profile to be manufactured. This modified process, known as "Radius-Pultrusion" allows also to manufacture two-
228:
For the radius pultrusion process the layout of the machines has two moving stages similar to the hand over hand pulling unit, but as the process is intermittent with only one puller and the mould mounted on the stage of other one. Whether the stages are moving linear or circular depends on the type
144:(PET) either by powder impregnation of the glass fiber or by surrounding it with sheet material of the thermoplastic matrix, which is then heated. Engineered Composites Ltd in the UK has led the improvements in the process over the last 38 years working with major production houses and universities.
37:
A very early pultrusions type patent was filed by J.H. Watson in 1944. This was followed by M.J. Meek's filing of 1950. The first commercial pultrusions were provided by
Glastic Company of Cleveland, Ohio under the patent filed in 1952 by Rodger B. White. The patent issued to W. B. Goldsworthy in
151:
appear to be forcible arguments in favor of reinforced thermoplastics. For these reasons the industrial output and use of the given materials in highly industrialized countries have increased by 8–10% per year in recent decades. New developments (see process modifications) which enable the
179:
in electrical power engineering for manufacturing of dielectric structures, fiberglass rods used in composite insulators and as supporting structures for elements of signaling blocks, and fiberglass profiles used in manufacturing of transformers and electric
48:
Invention, development and the issuance of patents continue in the pultrusion field through today. A later innovation in this field has been developed and patented by Thomas GmbH + Co. Technik + Innovation KG in
Germany 2008 and is described below.
215:
166:
In the agriculture and chemical industries for manufacturing of chemically resistant to aggressive media slatted floors with enhanced strength characteristics used in the construction of livestock facilities, chemical plants,
158:
Economic and environmental factors favor use of a thermoplastic matrix but due to the high viscosity of melts it is difficult to achieve high productivity and high quality of fiberfills impregnation with this type of matrix.
106:. The impregnation is either done by pulling the reinforcement through a bath or by injecting the resin into an injection chamber which typically is connected to the die. Many resin types may be used in pultrusion including
202:
and three-dimensional curved profiles. It also is beneficiary for a number of tasks in the linear process especially if quite complex textile reinforcements with a low rate of distortion are needed.
122:. Resin provides the resistance to the environment, (i.e., the corrosion resistance, the UV resistance, the impact resistance, etc.) and the glass provides strength, in addition to safety from fire.
183:
in commercial production, using grains of long-fiber molding material (LLM) as a raw material for subsequent manufacturing of structures and products with enhanced strength and chemical properties;
229:
of profiles to be manufactured. The minimum radius for a linear machine with rotating stages is approx. 2 m. For smaller radii a circular movement of the mould and gripper stage is necessary.
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147:
Ecological cleanness of manufactured products, in contrast to composites on thermosetting resins base, as well as practically unlimited possibilities of recycling (processing) after the
176:
in the sports and tourism industries for manufacturing of equipment exhibiting enhanced strength properties: skis, ski poles, golf course flagsticks, tent and hovel constructions, etc.;
45:
Parallel to the work of
Goldsworthy, who concentrated his work on unsaturated polyester resins, Ernst KĂĽhne in Germany developed a quite similar process in 1954 based on epoxy resin.
39:
189:
and in many other industries and plants, using mechanisms, structures and materials, which meet high standards of chemical, dielectric and strength stability.
796:
152:
manufacturing not only of straight but also curved profiles are actually pushing the demand for this technology, especially in the automotive sector.
186:
in the automotive industry for the production of structural and complex parts of the vehicles with enhanced stiffness, rigidity and lightness;
198:
As the materials are pulled through a die in the standard pultrusion process the process is only suited to manufacture straight profiles.
125:
A surface veil can also be added to protect against erosion or “fiber bloom” and provide corrosion resistance and ultraviolet resistance.
170:
in the construction industry for the production of glass-fiber reinforcement, profiles, carcasses, stiffening bars for PVC-windows, etc.;
155:
Pultrusion technology of manufacturing of fiber composites with polymer matrix appears to be energy-efficient and resource-saving.
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225:
The design of pultrusion machines varies. Two often used types are reciprocating (hand-over-hand) and continuous (cat-track).
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Products manufactured under this technology are widely used in the following industries:
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34:". As opposed to extrusion, which pushes the material, pultrusion pulls the material.
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in the aerospace industry for manufacturing of structure components of aircraft;
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258:"Pultrusion Process | Pultrusion Manufacturing | Liberty Pultrusions"
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1959 helped initiate the promotion and knowledge spread within the industry.
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Process to manufacture fibre-reinforced plastics with constant cross-sections
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In the standard pultrusion process the reinforcement materials like
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132:. More recently, pultrusion has been successfully used with
364:
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65:
Continuous roll of reinforced fibers/woven fiber mat
42:is widely regarded as the inventor of pultrusion.
94:or woven or braided strands are impregnated with
1165:
790:
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26:with constant cross-section. The term is a
22:is a continuous process for manufacture of
797:
783:
290:
276:
246:"Brandt Goldsworthy: Composites Visionary"
83:Finished hardened fiber reinforced polymer
204:
193:
56:
1166:
380:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
778:
320:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
315:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
271:
1132:List of environmental health hazards
1052:List of environmental health hazards
61:Diagram of the pultrusion process.
13:
937:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
14:
1195:
128:The technology is not limited to
469:
463:
355:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
330:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
213:
335:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
698:Category:Plastics applications
445:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
440:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
425:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
250:
239:
1:
405:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
232:
209:Flexible pultruded 3D-profile
1122:Persistent organic pollutant
1083:Toxic Substances Control Act
1042:Persistent organic pollutant
325:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
297:
220:
30:word, combining "pull" and "
7:
1115:Great Pacific garbage patch
1037:Great Pacific garbage patch
450:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
365:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
10:
1200:
1078:Japan Toxic Substances Law
873:Miscellaneous plasticizers
142:polyethylene terephthalate
138:polybutylene terephthalate
102:where the resin undergoes
52:
1152:
1097:
1073:European REACH regulation
1068:California Proposition 65
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1017:
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903:
872:
818:
811:polyhalogenated compounds
767:
712:
688:High-performance plastics
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650:
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521:
513:High-performance plastics
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461:
305:
24:fibre-reinforced plastics
498:Fibre-reinforced plastic
435:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
549:Biodegradable additives
964:Perfluorooctanoic acid
400:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
395:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
340:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
210:
130:thermosetting polymers
87:
1144:Biodegradable plastic
493:Thermosetting polymer
390:Polylactic acid (PLA)
208:
194:Process modifications
60:
40:W. Brandt Goldsworthy
1155:Identification codes
755:Foam food containers
678:Engineering plastics
1179:Composite materials
994:Endocrine disruptor
592:Compression molding
544:Polymer stabilizers
77:Die and heat source
1009:Polymer fume fever
668:Commodity plastics
642:Rotational molding
612:Fiberglass molding
572:Injection moulding
554:Filler (materials)
503:Corrugated plastic
455:Tritan copolyester
410:Polypropylene (PP)
360:Polycarbonate (PC)
211:
149:resource depletion
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74:Resin soaked fiber
1184:Plastics industry
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1160:
1139:Plastic recycling
1105:Plastic pollution
1091:
1090:
1025:Plastic pollution
805:Health issues of
763:
762:
659:Plastics industry
577:Plastic extrusion
430:Polyurethane (PU)
420:Polysulfone (PES)
375:Polyethylene (PE)
350:Polybutylene (PB)
136:matrices such as
71:Resin impregnator
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1030:Rubber pollution
880:Organophosphates
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627:Filament winding
602:Transfer molding
529:Polymer additive
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415:Polystyrene (PS)
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1174:Unit operations
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104:polymerization
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80:Pull mechanism
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68:Tension roller
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1110:Garbage patch
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750:Shopping bags
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820:Plasticizers
768:Environment
720:Blister pack
673:Construction
616:
582:Blow molding
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161:
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127:
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112:polyurethane
89:
47:
44:
36:
19:
18:
1061:Regulations
913:Bisphenol A
597:Calendering
539:Plasticizer
479:Mechanical
28:portmanteau
1168:Categories
989:Carcinogen
954:Organotins
824:Phthalates
770:and health
617:Pultrusion
607:Laminating
565:processing
233:References
116:vinylester
20:Pultrusion
1018:Pollution
984:Teratogen
915:(BPA, in
563:Plastics
534:Colorants
522:Additives
306:Chemical
221:Equipment
108:polyester
32:extrusion
999:Diabetes
905:Monomers
885:Adipates
807:plastics
661:segments
651:Products
299:Plastics
1127:Dioxins
1047:Dioxins
1004:Obesity
745:Cutlery
735:Bottles
180:motors;
140:(PBT),
53:Process
844:(BBzP)
813:(PHCs)
725:Chairs
693:Nurdle
92:fibers
1098:Waste
944:PBDEs
855:(DOP)
481:types
308:types
167:etc.;
120:epoxy
96:resin
959:PFCs
949:PCBs
925:(in
889:DEHA
864:DINP
859:DIDP
853:DEHP
848:DIHP
832:DIBP
809:and
740:Bags
118:and
927:PVC
894:DOA
842:BBP
837:DBP
100:die
1170::
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114:,
110:,
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919:)
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887:(
798:e
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291:e
284:t
277:v
260:.
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