Punjabis - Knowledge

1974: 1705: 2115: 2167: 2183: 2135: 2151: 2209: 2726: 1990: 1504: 2618:. The phulkari is folk embroidery that was typically inclusive of work in floral patterns but has taken on a larger aspect of including geometrical shapes, symbols and motifs relevant to the culture. This pattern has been worn by women for hundreds of years in very vibrant colours. The pattern is typically stitched with woven silk and colourful thread. The phulkari pattern is adorned onto dupattas/chunis, better known as a decorative scarf. Over time the phulkari pattern has taken onto embellishments onto suits, dresses, accessories and more. You will see women wearing phulkari during important religious and cultural folk celebrations (i.e.: Vaisakhi, Lohri) and then in wedding celebrations such as the Jago. 10091: 2383: 1587: 1674:(India), Jats are almost 20 per cent of East Punjab's population. The Scheduled Castes constitute almost 32 per cent of its total population and 4.3 per cent of the SCs nationally, official data show. Of more than 35 designated Scheduled Castes in the state, the Mazhabis, the Ravidasias/Ramdasias, the Ad Dharmis, the Valmikis, and the Bazigars together make up around 87 per cent of East Punjab's total Scheduled Caste population. The Ravidasia Hindus/Ad-Dharmi and the Ramdasia Sikhs together constitute 34.93 per cent of East Punjab's total Scheduled Caste population and 11.15 per cent of 1595: 1575: 1390: 1949: 948: 195: 3159: 2002: 141: 2851:

performed while farmers did agricultural chores. As they did each farming activity they would perform bhangra moves on the spot. This allowed them to finish their job in a pleasurable way. For many years, farmers performed bhangra to showcase a sense of accomplishment and to welcome the new harvesting season. Traditional bhangra is performed in a circle and is performed using traditional dance steps. Traditional bhangra is now also performed on occasions other than during the harvest season.

159: 231: 177: 249: 285: 10045: 213: 105: 549: 473: 408: 606: 267: 559: 487: 443: 321: 303: 8994: 1965: 123: 7932: 452: 526: 505: 421: 7523:: "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts ( 2803:); for Sikh and Hindu women, the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered, as in a temple or the presence of elders. Everywhere in South Asia, modern versions of the attire have evolved; the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with higher splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves. 540: 496: 430: 7535:) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life ( 4486:. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the 6709:

and the salwar-kameez or kurta-pyjama, a two-piece suit garment, sometimes also called Punjabi because of its region of origin. Whereas the sari can be considered the national dress of Indian women, the salwar-kameez, though originally from the north, has been adopted all over India as more comfortable attire than the sari.

7551:: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism." 2407:

during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan". Besides being known for agriculture and trade, the Punjab is also a region that over the centuries has experienced many foreign invasions and consequently has a long-standing history of warfare,

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Christian conversion followed patterns of previous religious inroads, striking at the two sections of the social structure. Initial conversions came from the upper levels of Punjab society, from the privileged and prestigious. Few in number and won individually, high caste converts accounted for far

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Some Punjabi Muslims participate in the traditional, seasonal festivals of the Punjab region: Baisakhi, Basant and to a minor scale Lohri, but this is controversial. Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation because of the religious basis of the Punjabi festivals,

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The salwar-kameez is a form of dress that has been adopted widely in Punjab and is now known in English as the Punjabi suit; J. P. S. Uberoi suggests that the salwar-kameez is an Afghani import to Punjab (1998 personal communication). Punjabi forms of dress are therefore constructs or inventions of

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Even highly educated women pursuing careers continue to wear traditional dress in urban India, although men of similar status long ago adopted Western attire. The forms of dress most popular with urban Indian women are the sari, the long wrapped and draped dress-like garment, worn throughout India,

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The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for 'Five rivers' the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point

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Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with traditional musical instruments. Bhangra is one of the most famous dances originating in the Punjab by farmers during the harvesting season. It was mainly

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Most of the modern Punjabi Christians are descended from converts during British rule; initially, conversions to Christianity came from the "upper levels of Punjab society, from the privileged and prestigious", including "high caste" Hindu families, as well as Muslim families. However, other modern

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Muslim and Punjabi women—whether Muslim, Sikh, or Hindu—often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color. When entering a temple, Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads. Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and

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in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the

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in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge,

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The Pakistani National dress worn by women is Shalwar Kameez. This consists of a long tunic (Kameez) teamed with a wide legged trouser (Shalwar) that skims in at the bottom accompanied by a duppata, which is a less stringent alternative to the burqa. Modern versions of this National dress have

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Thapar said Buddhism was very popular in Punjab during the Mauryan and post-Mauryan period. Bookended between Gandhara in Taxila on the one side where Buddhism was practised on a large scale and Mathura on another side where Buddhism, Jainism and Puranic religions were practised, this religion

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According to Pippa Virdee, the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan has shadowed the sense of loss of what used to be a homeland nation for the Punjabi people in the Indian subcontinent and its diaspora. Since the mid-1980s, there has been a drive for Punjabi cultural revival, consolidation of

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The Kaintha, a traditional necklace which is usually made out of gold or steel, is an integral element of Punjabi clothing. It is adorned with a pendant that stands out from the rest of the necklace, which is accompanied by matching color schemes as well as yarn in the back to hold the piece

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words were incorporated in Punjabi. So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language. After the fall of the Sikh empire, Urdu was made the official language of Punjab (in Pakistani Punjab, it is still the primary official language), and

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was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century, becoming the majority by the 16th century, via local conversion. There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century. The region became

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The Anglican mission work in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent was primarily carried out by CMS and USPG in the Punjab Province (Gabriel 2007, 10), which covered most parts of the present state of Pakistan, particularly Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi (Gibbs 1984, 178-203). A native

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The village's men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt (shalwar kameez) worn across Pakistan. Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps (pakol), waistcoats and long coats (chugha), made by Chitrali tailors (darzi) who skills are renowned across

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as the Punjab is situated on the principal route of invasions through the northwestern frontier of the Indian subcontinent, which promoted to adopt a lifestyle that entailed engaging in warfare to protect the land. Warrior culture typically elevates the value of the community's honour (

6281:'In 1881 there were 3,976 Christians in the Punjab. By 1891 their number had increased to 19,547, by 1901 to 37,980, by 1911 to 163,994 and by 1921 to 315,931 persons' (see Figure 8.1). However, the Sikhs were more alarmed when some of the high caste families starting converting. 4881: 4925: 4903: 4570:

means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab " for this region. Again it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes

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more public attention and reaction to Christian conversion than the numerically superior successes among the depressed. Repeatedly, conversion or the threat of conversion among students at mission schools, or members of the literate castes, produced a public uproar.

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evolved into less modest versions. Shalwar have become more low cut so that the hips are visible and are worn with a shorter length of Kameez which has high splits and may have a lowcut neckline and backline as well as being sleeveless or having cropped sleeves.

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Traditionally, the Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the

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The shalwar kamiz was worn traditionally by Muslim women and gradually adopted by many Hindu women following the Muslim conquest of northern India. Eventually, it became the regional style for parts of northern India, as in Punjab where it has been worn for

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Punjabi ethnicity and a virtual Punjabi nation. According to Giorgio Shani, this is predominantly a Sikh ethno-nationalism movement led by some Sikh organisations, and a view that is not shared by Punjabi people organisations belonging to other religions.

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which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt, which causes them to become pleated around the waist. The trousers can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the

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around the head or neck. The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the

2085:, of which many ultimately settled in Delhi. Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates, Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 per cent of Delhi's population; based on 2011 official census counts, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 people. 3386: 2402:

has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership. The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the

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are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. While Punjabis share a common territory, ethnicity and language, they are likely to be followers of one of several religions, most often

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Salwar/Shalwar: A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers, usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez (the two together being a salwar kameez). Origin From Persian and Urdu

2504:, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech') From 600 BCE, Sanskrit was advocated as official language and Prakrit gave birth to many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit (Sanskrit: 7832:

Kivisild, T; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Mastana, S; Kaldma, K; Parik, J; Metspalu, E; Adojaan, M; Tolk, H. V; Stepanov, V; Gölge, M; Usanga, E; Papiha, S. S; Cinnioğlu, C; King, R; Cavalli-Sforza, L; Underhill, P. A; Villems, R (2003).

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The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE. Historically, the Punjabi people were a

6844:. For these, you must have the salwar pants stitched from cloth you buy separately. A third option would be to buy a two-piece ensemble, consisting of the top and pants, leaving you the task of buying an appropriate 1817:, a rapid shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across the Punjab region owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to 4561:

The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. In the later period the word

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comprise approximately 44.7% of the national population. With an estimated national population of 252 million in 2024, ethnic Punjabis thus number approximately 112.8 million in Pakistan; this makes Punjabis the

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While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established, there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab. Buddhist communities, however, had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth

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following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became

4073: 2339:. Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among high caste Sikh families, and as a result, they responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions. 2134: 2182: 3462: 6848:, or using one you already own, or buying a strip of cloth and having it dyed to your desire. The end result will always be a three-piece ensemble, but a customer may start with one piece (only the 1883:

Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 97% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India.

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The Punjab, to say the least, was less Brahmanical. It was an ancient centre of the worship of Indra, who was always regarded as an enemy by the Bráhmans; and it was also a stronghold of Buddhism.

2544:, though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore. The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium 6227:

Those Christians who were converted from the "high caste" families both Hindus and Muslims look down upon those Christians who were converted from the low caste, specially from the untouchables.

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As a result of the population exchanges during partition, both parts of Punjab are now relatively homogeneous, as far as religion is concerned. Today the majority of Pakistani Punjabis follow

2762:), which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. The kameez is usually cut straight and flat; older kameez use traditional cuts; modern kameez are more likely to have European-inspired 2528:

were Prakrit languages, which were spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from one of these Prakrits. Later in northern India, these Prakrits gave rise to their own

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does not actually cover the body, its presence implies modesty, like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer, ...

7397:, Saba Naqvi (28 August 2016), Quote: "Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam" 1519:. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India. The most populous areas being London, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow. In Canada (specifically 6209:

subcontinental church began to take shape with people from humbler backgrounds, while converts from high social caste preferred to attend the worship with the English (Gibbs 1984, 284).

2092:, there are about 200,000 Hindus in Punjab province, forming approximately 0.2% of the total population. Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of 1067:. However, the religious demographics significantly vary when viewed from Pakistani and Indian sides, respectively, with over 95 percent of the Punjabi population from Pakistan being 1704: 4519: 7964: 1535:

as well as the New York and New Jersey region). In the 1970s, a large wave of emigration of Punjabis (predominately from Pakistan) began to the Middle East, in places such as the

3088:"Though Punjabis constitute a mere twenty-four per cent of so of the capital city's population, on average they hold fifty-three per cent of the available managerial positions." 1446:

The Punjabi-speaking people make up 2.74% of India's population as of 2011. The total number of Indian Punjabis is unknown due to the fact that ethnicity is not recorded in the

4856: 10207: 1598: 3133: 1374:. The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts. The geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century 10011: 3364: 2239:, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. Being one of the youngest amongst the major world religions, with 25-28 million adherents worldwide, 9483: 4707: 3519: 6770:

Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise).

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With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam. Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers.

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We now estimate the Punjabi community at about 700,000, with Punjabi established as the second language certainly in London and possibly within the United Kingdom.

2915:(Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year. The Hindu and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni-solar 10637: 2088:

Following the large scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition, there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today. According to the

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The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.

9921: 4740: 3182: 2725: 3175: 1083:. Over 57 percent of the population of the Indian state of Punjab is Sikh and over 38 percent Hindu with a small minority of Muslims and Christians. 4524:

The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words,

2711:, only kings, royalty, and those of high stature wore turbans, but Sikh Gurus adopted the practice to assert equality and sovereignty among people. 2208: 9756: 9721: 7904: 4310: 4478:

used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g.,

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First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the

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Punjabi people are the ethnic majority in the Punjab region of Pakistan and Northern India accounting for 44.7% of the population in Pakistan.

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The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. In the early 20th century, many Punjabis began settling in the

1146:, with each person bound to a clan. With the passage of time, tribal structures became replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society, as 10041: 5412:

Jones, R. (2007). The great uprising in India, 1857–58: Untold stories, Indian and British (worlds of the east India company). Boydell Press.

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Ph.D. Scholars, Centre for the Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi – 110 067, India

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The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.

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together. It is worn with the Shalwar Kameez alongside a shawl, chunni, or vest. Men and women alike traditionally wear the Kaintha to the

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Due to religious tensions, emigration between Punjabi people started far before the partition and dependable records. Shortly prior to the

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on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25.4 million, this amounts to 8.1 million people. "Punjabi Hindus in Haryana"

5554: 3440: 3297: 3211: 2545: 2536:, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century CE and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to 1735:

was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC, while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the

6492: 6453: 5808: 5685: 1470:. The Indian censuses record the native languages, but not the descent of the citizens. Thus, there is no concrete official data on the 10033: 4225: 7539:), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions." 4283:

Yoga, Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture Sub Project: Consciousness, Science, Society, Value, and (2009).

4882:"Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]" 4388: 9020: 8367: 9562: 8902: 7896: 7394: 6410: 3079:"The most important section among settlers is the Punjabis who are estimated to constitute around 35 per cent of the population." 7218: 3901: 3747: 1948: 7641:

Punjabi Culture: Punjabi Language, Bhangra, Punjabi People, Karva Chauth, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Lohri, Punjabi Dhabha,

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A Dissertation on the Proper Names of Panjabis: With Special Reference to the Proper Names of Villagers in the Eastern Panjab

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Started in 1978, Derawal Nagar was a colony of those who had migrated from Dera Ismile Khan in Northwest Frontier provinces.

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Punjabis comprise 44.7% (112,806,516) of Pakistan's total population of 252,363,571 per 2024 estimate by the World Factbook.

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of the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture

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Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p196

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forming 38.5%. Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly

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Punjabis comprise 2.7% (38,046,464) of India's total population of 1,409,128,296 per 2024 estimate by the World Factbook.

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where they form 3.12% and 1.12% of the population respectively, while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as

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with a small Christian minority, and less Sikh and Hindu populations, while the majority of Indian Punjabis are either

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became Christians, with all of these religions characterising the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.

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in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith. A number of Punjabis during the

2782:, of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a 10049: 7296: 2630:

Snehi, Y. (2013). Book review: Punjab reconsidered: History, culture and practice. Studies in History, 29(1), 155–

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Malhotra, A., & Mir, F. (2012). Punjab Reconsidered: History, culture, and Practice. Oxford University Press.

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derives from the Persian "چاك ćāk, Fissure, cleft, rent, slit, a narrow opening (intentionally left in clothes)."

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Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice

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Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice

4926:"Census Profile, 2016 Census Calgary [Census metropolitan area], Alberta and Alberta [Province]" 4904:"Census Profile, 2016 Census Toronto [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Ontario [Province]" 2636:

Szivak, J. (2022). The changing landscape of Punjab in Bollywood film songs. South Asia: Journal of South Asian

2231:, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in 10099: 10026: 7916: 6990:

What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar, kameez, and dupatta, the national dress of Pakistan.

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the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan, including in all of Gilgit-Baltistan.

6156: 5614: 17: 2001: 8946: 7910:(A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free "Online Book") 5801:"Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts" 4664: 3339: 2665:

is an article of faith that represents equality, honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The

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Punjabi culture grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the

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to describe the geographic region of the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, where five rivers

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make up approximately 38.5% of the state's population; numbering 10.7 million and are a majority in the

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Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi". In Lust, Barbara; Gair, James (eds.).

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tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html

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is a long shirt or tunic. The side seams are left open below the waist-line (the opening known as the

10545: 10019: 9578: 8204: 6607: 5660: 4678: 4532:(water, having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features." 3690: 3276: 2433:

Punjabi is the most popular first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the

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In the settlements of the Punjab, Indra thus advanced to the first place among the Vedic divinities.

3506:"Punjabi community involved in money lending in Philippines braces for 'crackdown' by new President" 3158: 10632: 10519: 10398: 10328: 9813: 9393: 9095: 8978: 8951: 7875: 7281: 5855: 4494:, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for 1307: 800: 589: 39: 7257: 1481:'s Muslims left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in 10627: 10612: 10493: 10448: 9825: 9176: 4200: 4059: 2967: 2540:

era from 9th to 14th century CE. The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to

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Photograph of Sikh girls enrolled in a school run by the Church Missionary School, Amritsar, 1875

2093: 2089: 674: 4589:. The New Cambridge History of India (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 10423: 9711: 9275: 9268: 8938: 8888: 6722: 6160: 6150: 5433: 4473:. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named 3597:"Deutsche Informationszentrum für Sikhreligion, Sikhgeschichte, Kultur und Wissenschaft (DISR)" 2982: 2971: 2963: 2382: 1699: 1616: 1471: 1136: 969: 796: 727: 7442: 7357: 7312: 7059: 6973: 6943: 6881: 6753: 6658: 6515: 6123: 6010: 5958: 5313: 5261: 5100: 4405: 4284: 3875: 3849: 3822: 3768: 3721: 3650: 10418: 10303: 10200: 9433: 9307: 9063: 9035: 9002: 8745: 7886: 7444:

Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities With Information And Communication Technology

7408: 7028: 6912: 6811: 6691: 6476: 6437: 5800: 5374: 5150: 5120: 4794: 4434:

Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.).

3246: 3055: 1167: 786: 762: 5283:

performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).

5212: 4947: 4513: 4502:

render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."

4469: 4240: 3935: 3821:

Goh, Daniel P. S.; Gabrielpillai, Matilda; Holden, Philip; Khoo, Gaik Cheng (12 June 2009).

1586: 10473: 9983: 9149: 9115: 9083: 7621:

Mohini Gupta, Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture & History – Vol. 1 (Window on Punjab) ,

5643: 4096: 3041:

in India. Ethnic Punjabis who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.

2816: 2438: 2427: 1536: 7527:), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime ( 7343: 6372:"The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language" 4826:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. 1991. pp. 181–204. 8: 10458: 10338: 10333: 10308: 9993: 9860: 9840: 9671: 9589: 9473: 9423: 9413: 9302: 9201: 9166: 8168: 7092:

Folk music & musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights

5706: 5647: 4226:"Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)" 2944: 2890: 2377: 2354: 2312: 2097: 2044: 1822: 1690:

are subgroups of the Chamar and are traditionally linked to leather-related occupations.

1594: 1363: 1319: 1123: 722: 651: 2824:

describes dance-oriented popular music with Punjabi rhythms, developed since the 1980s.

1747:, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward. 1287:, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the 10503: 10438: 10348: 9998: 9978: 9963: 9766: 9443: 9418: 9408: 9030: 7826: 7821: 7783: 7543: 6193: 5214:

The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism

4333: 4304: 4127: 3937:

The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism

2924: 2541: 2521: 2480: 2460: 2362: 2320: 2281: 2105: 2040: 2036: 1899: 1829:

riots that occurred across the region at the time. According to historical demographer

1814: 1799: 1652: 1574: 1389: 1184: 1163: 1151: 1147: 1072: 1025: 1003: 781: 732: 577: 562: 490: 446: 387: 9594: 7862: 4267:

The Scheduled Castes in Modern Indian Politics: Their Emergence as a Political Context

2751: 2272:(1666 – 1708) established the Khalsa Brotherhood, and set for them a code of conduct. 1559:. Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including 10483: 10468: 10453: 10403: 10378: 10368: 10080: 10070: 10062: 10053: 9988: 9894: 9458: 9428: 9403: 9388: 9383: 9373: 9228: 9218: 8961: 7867: 7806: 7791: 7774: 7759: 7737: 7722: 7707: 7692: 7678: 7665: 7652: 7642: 7632: 7622: 7601: 7482: 7448: 7414: 7363: 7331: 7224: 7197: 7170: 7121: 7096: 7090: 7065: 7034: 7007: 6979: 6949: 6918: 6887: 6817: 6759: 6728: 6697: 6666: 6637: 6560: 6521: 6482: 6443: 6416: 6390: 6371: 6346: 6298: 6270: 6266: 6197: 6164: 6129: 6102: 6071: 6016: 5989: 5964: 5752: 5720: 5693: 5631: 5610: 5586: 5534: 5476: 5380: 5350: 5319: 5267: 5218: 5186: 5156: 5126: 5054: 5027: 4983: 4835: 4800: 4590: 4441: 4411: 4368: 4290: 4204: 4153: 4119: 4063: 4032: 4005: 3973: 3941: 3881: 3855: 3828: 3801: 3774: 3727: 3656: 3551: 2904: 2886: 2696: 2684: 2525: 2497: 2348: 2269: 2257: 2228: 2223:, meaning a "disciple", or a "learner", is a monotheistic religion originated in the 1355: 1298: 962: 767: 745: 710: 698: 617: 5050:

Combating Social Exclusion: Inter-sectionalities of Caste, Gender, Class and Regions

4131: 2621:

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2024, February 21). Punjab. Encyclopædia Britannica.

2533: 2529: 2437:, and the 11th most popular in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the 10478: 10463: 10428: 10393: 10373: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10195: 10185: 10170: 10160: 10155: 10145: 10044: 9463: 9448: 9398: 9378: 9285: 9196: 9156: 9127: 9090: 8790: 8780: 8644: 8639: 8629: 8456: 8312: 8257: 8242: 8100: 8057: 8034: 7857: 7849: 6326: 6322: 5423:"Journal of Punjab Studies – Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies – UC Santa Barbara" 4827: 4733:"Delhi Assembly Elections 2015: Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site" 4464: 4453:

of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.

4111: 3719: 3325: 3051: 3038: 2997: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911:

as seasonal festivals. The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to the lunar

2899:. The Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus typically do not observe these, and instead observe 2896: 2860: 2833: 2604: 2577: 2565: 2560:

Punjabis also speak several languages and dialects related to Punjabi, such as the

2549: 2464: 2445: 2421: 2404: 2336: 2232: 2141: 2078: 2048: 1891: 1839: 1810:

population at about 53.2% in 1941, which was an increase from the previous years.

1628: 1571:, Singapore and Hong Kong. Of recent times many Punjabis have also moved to Italy. 1498: 1200: 1159: 1095: 1045: 994: 888: 854: 752: 686: 664: 634: 629: 624: 461: 364: 360: 340: 31: 7788:

Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)

7030:

The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India

6813:

The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India

6663:

Sites and Politics of Religious Diversity in Southern Europe: The Best of All Gods

6098: 6092: 4831: 3387:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]" 1477:

Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christians. Most of the

10607: 10535: 10498: 10488: 10413: 10408: 10388: 10383: 10363: 10353: 10343: 10298: 10180: 10175: 10127: 9845: 9691: 9368: 9295: 9144: 9139: 9068: 9058: 9045: 8983: 8750: 8566: 8372: 8262: 8092: 7595: 7476: 7325: 7300: 6883:

Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs

6594: 5606: 5464: 5296: 4584: 4437:

Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18-20, 2005: Proceedings

4435: 4026: 3795: 3545: 3247:"South Asia :: Pakistan — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency" 3101: 3063: 2992: 2821: 2812: 2593: 2561: 2472: 2373: 2324: 2236: 2224: 1915: 1878: 1447: 1411: 1172: 1068: 879: 806: 791: 757: 552: 476: 411: 370: 5457: 3596: 2763: 2592:

and Jaggo ceremonies. It is also commonly worn while performing the traditional

10443: 10433: 10358: 10150: 10140: 9973: 9968: 9911: 9850: 9761: 9746: 9646: 9171: 9053: 8869: 8707: 8669: 8611: 8586: 8506: 8387: 8317: 8307: 8277: 6318: 6314: 5248:

flourished in the state. But after the Gupta period, Buddhism began to decline.

5102:

The History of India from the Earliest Ages: Hindu Buddhist Brahmanical revival

4610: 4269:. New Delhi, India: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 121–122. 2779: 2720: 2675: 2661:

and is an important part of the Punjabi and Sikh culture. Among the Sikhs, the

2453: 2409: 2074: 2070: 2028: 2018: 1818: 1787: 1467: 1333: 1180: 1142: 1076: 834: 543: 499: 433: 354: 164: 7816: 7597:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

7142: 7061:

Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity

5986:

Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study (Themes in Comparative Religion)

5638:

2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million

4325: 4115: 3340:"South Asia :: India — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency" 2335:

saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into the

87: 10601: 10238: 10190: 10165: 9941: 9936: 9906: 9830: 9796: 9716: 9636: 9604: 9438: 9317: 9206: 9120: 8915: 8834: 8501: 8186: 8148: 6864:), and exercise her creativity and fashion sense to end up with the complete 6788:(online ed.), London: W. H. Allen & Co., p. 418, archived from 4123: 3906: 3752: 3146: 3059: 2987: 2874: 2870: 2845: 2688: 2683:

as an important part of the unique Sikh identity. After the ninth Sikh Guru,

2328: 2251: 2203: 2125: 2024: 1895: 1834: 1675: 1671: 1579: 1547:. There are also large communities in East Africa including the countries of 1512: 1455: 1394: 1375: 1349: 1176: 1131: 1080: 1041: 1029: 952: 947: 605: 514: 182: 9547: 7293: 6125:

The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India

2035:

region. Punjabi Hindus form a majority in five districts of Punjab, namely,

884: 9956: 9951: 9916: 9899: 9855: 9599: 9536: 9110: 8859: 8702: 8576: 8541: 8521: 8423: 8143: 8024: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7913:

The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.

7871: 6914:

Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier

6478:

The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab

6190:

Contemporary Issues in the Worldwide Anglican Communion: Powers and Pieties

5635: 5298:

Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh

5239:"In ancient Punjab, religion was fluid, not watertight, says Romila Thapar" 4174: 2308: 1911: 1724: 1648: 1540: 1516: 1435: 1383: 1325: 1264: 1260: 1107: 1103: 1064: 7677:

Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Series)

2491: 10090: 9946: 9808: 9786: 9751: 9741: 9078: 8880: 8770: 8730: 8322: 8158: 8072: 8067: 8029: 7661: 7120:(New rev. ed.). Paṭiālā: Pabalikeshana Biūro, Pañjābī Yūniwarasiṭī. 4982:. Horizon Books (A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd). p. 18. 2866: 2703:

and gave five articles of faith, one of which is unshorn hair, which the

2670: 2639:

Studies, 45(6), 1112–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2022.2114061

2399: 2300: 2296: 1939: 1919: 1687: 1564: 1478: 1379: 1289: 1284: 1119: 896: 849: 437: 254: 236: 6945:

Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins

6693:

Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City

10576: 10571: 10566: 9803: 9731: 9706: 9516: 8929: 8347: 8224: 8077: 8049: 6239: 6223:

Human person in Punjabi society: a tension between religion and culture

5774:"Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders" 5627: 5023:

Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory

3571: 3480: 3176:"Abstract Of Speakers' Strength Of Languages And Mother Tongues - 2011" 3151: 2948: 2825: 2332: 2066: 1923: 1744: 1723:

constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the

1632: 1486: 1359: 1276: 1268: 1111: 1099: 934: 930: 918: 914: 910: 455: 290: 5505:"Ahmadiyya – Ahmadiyya Community – Al Islam Online – Official Website" 4679:"SCHEDULED LANGUAGES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH - 2011" 1622: 9776: 9726: 9531: 9501: 8677: 8596: 8516: 8252: 8118: 7734:

The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise

5376:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

4515:

History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time

4004:, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). 4001: 3109: 2692: 2517: 2391: 2358: 1931: 1866: 1830: 1683: 1520: 1431: 1280: 1017: 926: 922: 904: 900: 892: 869: 200: 7382: 5830: 4150:

Globalisation and the region : explorations in Punjabi identity

2475:. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader 2062:'s population and are very much influential in the state politics. 1719:

is the oldest of the religions practised by the Punjabi people. The

1711: is the oldest Hindu text that originated in the Punjab region. 548: 472: 407: 9867: 9626: 9511: 9496: 9491: 9322: 9253: 9181: 9132: 8829: 8697: 8687: 8556: 8546: 8536: 8491: 8436: 8382: 8327: 8267: 8163: 7853: 7817:

DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26

6050: 5778: 5582: 5530: 4364: 3969: 2908: 2746: 2615: 2468: 1755: 1716: 1708: 1679: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1367: 1228: 1087: 1060: 1037: 1011: 864: 218: 110: 8993: 7323: 5399:

Jones. (2006). Socio-religious reform movements in British India (

1902:. With a population of more than 80 million, they are the largest 558: 486: 442: 10586: 10075: 9931: 9889: 9835: 9701: 9631: 9614: 9506: 9280: 8798: 8682: 8526: 8471: 8431: 8302: 8178: 8128: 8082: 7993: 6242:: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p183 4708:"Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame?" 4152:. Coventry, United Kingdom: Association for Punjab Studies (UK). 2783: 2708: 2658: 2487: 2316: 2261: 2240: 2216: 2065:

During the 1947 partition, millions of Punjabi Hindus (including

2059: 1955: 1862: 1783: 1759: 1732: 1664: 1528: 1524: 1056: 874: 859: 529: 508: 424: 308: 7917:

Glimpses of Punjabi society and everyday life in Punjab villages

5988:. Wallingford, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 117. 4611:"Population Profile Punjab | Population Welfare Department" 4172: 4097:"Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab" 3720:

Wade Davis; K. David Harrison; Catherine Herbert Howell (2007).

10581: 10561: 9877: 9791: 9781: 9696: 9661: 9641: 9609: 9526: 9521: 9248: 9243: 9161: 9105: 9100: 9073: 8864: 8849: 8844: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8740: 8725: 8717: 8649: 8634: 8606: 8591: 8581: 8571: 8561: 8531: 8511: 8496: 8486: 8481: 8466: 8461: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8415: 8405: 8397: 8337: 8332: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8247: 8232: 8214: 8196: 8153: 8138: 8133: 8123: 8019: 8001: 7931: 6310: 6295:

Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages

2829: 2800: 2788: 2700: 2666: 2654: 2648: 2597: 2589: 2553: 2449: 2304: 2292: 2288: 2157: 2121: 2101: 1980: 1887: 1858: 1807: 1776: 1768: 1740: 1736: 1656: 1644: 1636: 1552: 1544: 1482: 1459: 1407: 1272: 1115: 641: 272: 146: 35: 30:

This article is about an ethnic group. For their language, see

5956: 5075:"Understanding the Dalit demography of Punjab, caste by caste" 4470:

Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica

4173:

Mukherjee, Protap; Lopamudra Ray Saraswati (20 January 2011).

1259:

thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers

451: 9926: 9872: 9233: 9223: 9186: 8966: 8854: 8839: 8824: 8819: 8803: 8735: 8659: 8654: 8621: 8616: 8601: 8551: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8342: 8237: 8209: 8039: 8011: 7981: 7831: 7004:

Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs

5983: 2932: 2900: 2796: 2792: 2265: 2189: 2173: 2032: 1886:

Forming the majority of the Punjabi ethnicity in the greater

1854: 1846: 1763: 1728: 1660: 1640: 1548: 1463: 1451: 1423: 1371: 1196: 1052: 1033: 844: 839: 829: 383: 326: 128: 7704:

The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India)

5713: 3851:

Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia

3770:

Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia

2250:

The Sikhs form a majority of close to 58% in the modern day

1199:

in the late sixteenth century. Though the name Punjab is of

9818: 9238: 8775: 8692: 8476: 8377: 8272: 8062: 7892:

Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947

7247:. Royal Book Company. 23 May 2017 – via Google Books. 3015: 3013: 2537: 2058:

Punjabi Hindus also form around 32 percent of Indian State

1927: 1850: 1772: 1427: 376: 6832:, or a two-piece suit that consists of either a readymade 5504: 4330:

The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh

3820: 3652:

Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations

3385:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 August 2022).

2923:

and the date of the festival also typically varies in the

2741:(bottom) is the traditional attire of the Punjabi people. 2260:

is the writing script used by Sikhs and for scriptures of

1964: 1842:, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951. 1833:, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became 5562: 4055:

Punjab reconsidered : history, culture, and practice

1754:

and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of

1195:

The term "Punjab" came into currency during the reign of

525: 504: 420: 7270:

Peelu: The First Narrator of the Legend of Mirza-SahibaN

6755:

Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set

6724:

Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set

6636:(2 ed.). Singapore: Select Publishing. p. 35. 5485: 3010: 1134:

group and were subdivided into a number of clans called

7275: 6803: 6090: 5831:"CCI defers approval of census results until elections" 5312:

Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014).

5260:

Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014).

4979:

THEORY OF INDIAN DIASPORA: DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION

2614:

A traditional element of Punjabi clothing has been the

1422:

Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant

60: 7790:. Oxford University Press, US; New Ed edition (2002), 7749:

Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab

7706:. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), 6152:

Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab

2511: 2315:

officers and Christian missionaries. Large numbers of

1312: 1250: 1238: 1051:

Majority of the overall Punjabi population adheres to

7313:

Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manage of Publications

6745: 6008: 5878:"Pakistani Hindus celebrate Janmashtami with fervour" 5343:

Nicholls, Ruth J.; Riddell, Peter G. (31 July 2020).

1727:(1500–500 BCE), centered primarily in the worship of 1655:, major communities of West Punjab also included the 1410:

is 110 million as noted in the 2017 Pakistan census,

1378:

it referred to a relatively smaller area between the

1222: 1210: 539: 495: 429: 7441:

Marshall, Stewart; Taylor, Wal; Yu, Xinghuo (2005).

3384: 2624:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India

1531:) and the United States, (specifically California's 1454:

are largely concentrated in the modern-day state of

7754:Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). 7689:

Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan

6714: 6632:Dominique, Grele; Raimbault, Lydie (1 March 2007). 5122:

The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products

5009:. M.N. Publishers and Distributors. pp. 19–20. 4051: 3824:

Race and Multiculturalism in Malaysia and Singapore

3715: 3713: 3711: 2836:; are other important genres in the Punjab region. 2673:, wear the turban to cover their long, uncut hair ( 1918:. The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of 1340:), which has the same meaning as the Persian word. 1293:, which calls one of the regions in ancient Bharat 7574:A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English 6785:A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English 6631: 5952: 5950: 4410:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199. 4407:The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places 4367:: Aleph Book Company. p. 1 ("Introduction"). 3183:Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India 1515:, including independence activists who formed the 7434: 7406: 7346:, Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar in India, Festival Dates 7006:. Trent and Sterling: Trentham Book. p. 68. 6899:tradition rather than having historical veracity. 6650: 5903:"Hindu community celebrates Diwali across Punjab" 5875: 4857:"Punjab Polls: The mood in Malerkotla and Qadian" 4761: 3723:Book of Peoples of the World: A Guide to Cultures 3378: 2532:, a descendant of Prakrit. Punjabi emerged as an 1255:, 'water', of the same meaning. The word 440:) • 10599: 7440: 7413:. New York: Routledge. p. 'No man's land'. 6404: 6402: 6094:The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 6053:The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 5520: 5518: 4403: 3708: 2927:but stays within the same two Gregorian months. 7517:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMichaels2004 ( 7506: 7306: 6683: 6342:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) 6238:Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and 5947: 5579:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten 5527:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten 5342: 4566:was used by the Greeks to identify this land. ( 4361:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten 4028:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 3966:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten 3648: 3463:"Top ten languages spoken at home in Australia" 2264:. It is used in official documents in parts of 10638:Ethnic groups divided by international borders 7559:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHalbfass1991 ( 6751: 6720: 6481:. University of California Press. p. 35. 6115: 6084: 6051:William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). 6040:. Chelsea House, Philadelphia. pp. 41–50. 6029: 6002: 5311: 5301:. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37. 5259: 5026:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 43–45. 4820:"Towards the 'Punjabi Province' (1947–1966)". 4576: 4323: 4143: 4141: 3959: 3957: 3877:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 3687:"C-1 Population By Religious Community - 2011" 2766:. The combination garment is sometimes called 2633:158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0257643013496694 2505: 2307:communities of Punjab, and to a lesser extent 1743:rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the 1244: 1232: 10027: 9577: 9563: 8896: 7958: 7541: 7478:Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age 7474: 7324:Jacqueline Suthren Hirst; John Zavos (2013). 6513: 6435: 6399: 6263:Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis 6121: 6059: 5848: 5607:Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times 5515: 5266:. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–491. 5217:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 7–8. 4788: 4786: 4784: 3649:Jacobsen, Knut A.; Myrvold, Kristina (2011). 3622:"National Population and Housing Census 2011" 1216: 1204: 970: 67: 7651:Kamla C. Aryan, Cultural Heritage of Punjab 7631:Iqbal Singh Dhillion, Folk Dances of Punjab 7542:Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). 7051: 6965: 6904: 6886:, University of Toronto Press, p. 260, 6044: 6035: 5823: 4792: 4764:"Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election" 4582: 4309:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3271: 3269: 3267: 3170: 3168: 2386:Photograph of a group of Punjabi women, 1905 2303:. The vast majority were converted from the 7287: 7020: 6935: 6873: 6254: 6214: 6091:Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). 5497: 5475:Avari, B. (2007). India: The ancient past. 5346:Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart 5315:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion 5263:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion 4553:Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 4433: 4194: 4147: 4138: 3954: 3140: 3058:individuals do not speak the language as a 2778:. The shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn, and 2733:A Punjabi suit that features two items - a 2546:Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent 2287:Punjabi Christians have converted from the 1861:minority. Punjab is also the birthplace of 1362:, specifically in the northern part of the 34:. For the geographical Punjabi region, see 10034: 10020: 9570: 9556: 8910: 8903: 8889: 7965: 7951: 7355: 6917:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. 6689: 6142: 5793: 5765: 5155:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 4781: 4258: 4195:Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder S. (1999). 4148:Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder S. (1996). 2895:The Punjabi Muslims typically observe the 2459:In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the 2426:Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an 2295:were largely converted to Christianity in 2108:to write the Hindi and Punjabi languages. 1343: 1028:ethnolinguistic group associated with the 998: 977: 963: 69: 7861: 7805:, University of California Press (1968), 7327:Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia 6752:Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), 6727:, Oxford University Press, p. 1272, 6721:Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), 6552: 6388: 6309:Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include 6009:Christopher Partridge (1 November 2013). 5957:Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (1996). 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3794:Temple, Richard Carnac (20 August 2017). 3726:. National Geographic. pp. 132–133. 3410: 3332: 3264: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3165: 2412:), which is highly esteemed by Punjabis. 1779:dot the landscape of the Punjab region. 1590:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham 1154:form the new pillars of Punjabi society. 7554: 7512: 7407:Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (2014). 7284:, Government of Punjab – Pakistan (2016) 7033:, Indiana University Press, p. 72, 6816:. Indiana University Press. p. 75. 6782:Platts, John Thompson (February 2015) , 6758:, Oxford University Press, p. 774, 6696:, Cornell University Press, p. 43, 6507: 6468: 6439:East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab 6181: 5984:W.Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1993). 5963:. Oxford University Press. p. 395. 5721:"Colonies, posh and model in name only!" 5630:and 36.4 million Bengali Muslims in the 5318:. Oxford University Press. p. 490. 5206: 5204: 5202: 3995: 3681: 3679: 2724: 2381: 2268:and elsewhere. The tenth Guru of Sikhs, 2245:the fifth- largest religion in the world 2207: 1703: 1593: 1585: 1573: 1502: 1388: 1354:Punjab is a geopolitical, cultural, and 7897:Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee 7756:Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change 7303:, Karachi Metropolitan, Sindh, Pakistan 7057: 6975:Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures 6971: 6910: 6661:, in Blanes, Ruy; Mapril, José (eds.), 6608:"Sikh Theology Why Sikhs Wear A Turban" 6600: 6588: 6474: 6429: 6408: 5929:"Dussehra celebrated at Krishna Mandir" 5626:roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in 5294: 5253: 5098: 5046: 4854: 3847: 3766: 3543: 3050:Statistic includes all speakers of the 2657:is an item of headgear associated with 2430:natively spoken by the Punjabi people. 1227:, 'water') are cognates of the 1055:with significant minorities practicing 14: 10600: 7531:); the idea of the world as illusion ( 7385:, IRFAN HUSAIN, Dawn, 18 February 2017 7189: 7115: 7026: 6941: 6879: 6809: 6781: 6690:Khandelwal, Madhulika Shankar (2002), 6657:Fraile, Sandra Santos (11 July 2013), 6656: 6579: 6338: 6292: 6260: 6220: 5744: 5576: 5524: 5148: 5118: 4543: 4537: 4358: 3963: 3914: 3793: 3232: 3044: 3037:This figure comprises speakers of the 2311:; under the influence of enthusiastic 2235:, striving for social justice for the 1908:third-largest Islam-adhering ethnicity 1693: 27:Ethnolinguistic group native to Punjab 10015: 9551: 8884: 7946: 7885: 7664:, Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab 7593: 7216: 7162: 7088: 7064:, Taylor & Francis, p. 405, 6995: 6625: 6553:Schiffman, Harold (9 December 2011). 6376:International Journal of Sikh Studies 6369: 6148: 6065: 6055:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 200. 5977: 5771: 5491: 5458:South Asia: British India Partitioned 5372: 5210: 5199: 5178: 5013: 4975: 4705: 4511: 4278: 4276: 4264: 4223: 4094: 4052:Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (2012). 3991: 3989: 3933: 3676: 3443:American Community Survey (2009-2013) 2275: 1627:Among the major castes and tribes of 1458:forming 57.7% of the population with 1140:(literally meaning "brotherhood") or 7801:Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. 7002:Rait, Satwant Kaur (14 April 2005). 7001: 6534:from the original on 9 February 2018 6495:from the original on 9 February 2018 6456:from the original on 9 February 2018 5876:Dharmindar Balach (17 August 2017). 5745:Nagpal, Vinod Kumar (25 June 2020). 5019: 5002: 4996: 4928:. Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017 4906:. Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017 4884:. Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017 4621: 4498:, which English translations of the 4282: 4197:Punjabi identity in a global context 4024: 3880:. Elsevier. 2010. pp. 522–523. 3544:Strazny, Philipp (1 February 2013). 2571: 2568:region of Northern Pakistani Punjab 2467:; in India, it is written using the 1610: 1324:'five rivers'). The ancient 97:Regions with significant populations 7691:. Univ of California Press (1988), 7156: 7140: 7134: 6187: 5006:The Khatris, a Socio-cultural Study 4762:Jupinderjit Singh (February 2015). 4317: 3411:McDonnell, John (5 December 2006). 3112:spelling from the native script(s). 1492: 1217: 1205: 1032:, comprising areas of northwestern 24: 10208:Archaeological sites and monuments 7614: 7481:. Routledge. pp. 1–8, 86–88. 6840:cloth piece, each with a matching 6828:You can buy an entire three-piece 6584:(2nd ed.). Punjab Government. 6442:. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 81. 6297:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. 5401:The New Cambridge History of India 5373:Singh, Pritam (19 February 2008). 5047:Chander, Rajesh K. (1 July 2019). 4976:Tyagi, Dr Madhu (1 January 2017). 4699: 4440:. Punjabi University. p. 80. 4273: 3986: 3760: 3404: 3365:"Punjabi - Worldwide distribution" 3326:"Punjabi - Worldwide distribution" 3134:"Punjabi - Worldwide distribution" 2729:Punjabi traditional dress in India 2699:, the tenth Sikh Guru created the 1872: 1582:, Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939 1122:, in addition of the now-vanished 1063:and smaller minorities practicing 604: 25: 10659: 7924: 7771:A History of the Sikhs – Volume 1 7702:Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. 7674:Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales 7116:Thinda, Karanaila Siṅgha (1996). 6595:“Importance of turban in Sikhism” 6070:. Black Rabbit Books. p. 4. 6015:. Fortress Press. pp. 429–. 5811:from the original on 2 March 2017 5585:: Aleph Book Company. p. 2. 5533:: Aleph Book Company. p. 1. 5349:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 5119:Hunter, W. W. (5 November 2013). 4739:. 6 February 2015. Archived from 4340:from the original on 5 March 2016 2957: 2865:The folk tales of Punjab include 2669:Sikh men and women, who keep the 2557:influenced the language as well. 2012: 10089: 10043: 8992: 7930: 7567: 7549:. Harvard University. p. 3. 7468: 7400: 7388: 7376: 7349: 7317: 7263: 7251: 7237: 7210: 7183: 7163:Singh, Khushwant (23 May 2017). 7109: 7082: 6775: 6582:Gazetteer of Rawalpindi District 6573: 6546: 6382: 6363: 6332: 6286: 6245: 6232: 5921: 5895: 5869: 5738: 5678: 5661:"Religion by districts - Punjab" 5653: 5211:Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). 4706:Mohan, Vibhor (27 August 2015). 4025:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). 3998:Persia in Historical Perspective 3934:Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). 3800:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 3157: 3091: 3082: 3073: 2938: 2687:, was sentenced to death by the 2197: 2181: 2165: 2149: 2144:Carpenters of Lahore, ca.1862-72 2133: 2113: 2000: 1988: 1972: 1963: 1947: 1417:largest ethnic group in Pakistan 1079:and an even smaller minority of 946: 557: 547: 538: 524: 503: 494: 485: 471: 450: 441: 428: 419: 406: 319: 301: 283: 265: 247: 229: 211: 193: 175: 157: 139: 121: 103: 7736:. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., 7587: 7362:. Routledge. pp. 209–212. 7223:. Crabtree Publishing Company. 6261:Chadha, Vivek (23 March 2005). 6128:. Routledge. pp. 312–313. 6012:Introduction to World Religions 5640:Bangladeshis in the Middle East 5620: 5599: 5570: 5547: 5469: 5451: 5415: 5406: 5393: 5366: 5336: 5305: 5288: 5231: 5172: 5149:Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). 5142: 5112: 5099:Wheeler, James Talboys (1874). 5092: 5067: 5040: 4969: 4940: 4918: 4896: 4874: 4855:Dikshit, V. (3 February 2017). 4848: 4813: 4755: 4725: 4671: 4646: 4603: 4520:Calcultta Central Press Company 4505: 4458: 4427: 4397: 4381: 4352: 4217: 4188: 4166: 4088: 4045: 4018: 3940:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 3894: 3868: 3841: 3814: 3787: 3740: 3642: 3614: 3589: 3564: 3537: 3512: 3498: 3473: 3455: 3433: 3357: 3031: 3022: 2444:The language is spoken among a 1825:but also caused by large-scale 1804:Punjab Province (British India) 6370:Singh, Sikander (April 2019). 6345:. Hemkunt Press. p. 166. 6188:Day, Abby (28 December 2015). 6157:University of California Press 5772:Singh, Raj (6 February 2015). 5185:. Cambridge University Press. 4404:Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). 3773:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–259. 3318: 3290: 3204: 3126: 2355:Punjabi Muslims § History 2104:. Punjabi Hindus in India use 1934:community which originated in 1406:While the total population of 1366:, comprising areas of eastern 13: 1: 7937:Punjabi people (ethnic group) 7190:Bedell, J. M. (23 May 2017). 6597:, earlytimes.in. 29 May 2018. 5609:, Intercultural Press, 2005, 5403:). Cambridge University Press 5179:Flood, Gavin (13 July 1996). 4832:10.1017/CHOL9780521268844.011 4665:Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 4512:Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). 3119: 2854: 2477:Indo-European language family 2452:, the United States, and the 2446:significant overseas diaspora 2363:Punjabi Hindus § History 2237:benefit and prosperity of all 1922:, while a minority adhere to 1793: 1605: 7751:. Palgrave Macmillan (2000). 7260:. Digital.library.upenn.edu. 5581:. New Delhi, India, Urbana, 5529:. New Delhi, India, Urbana, 4629:"Pakistan Population (2019)" 4546:"Lahore of Pre Historic Era" 4363:. New Delhi, India, Urbana, 3996:Canfield, Robert L. (1991). 3968:. New Delhi, India, Urbana, 2880: 2176:Trader of Lahore, ca.1862-72 2083:North-West Frontier Province 1890:, Punjabi Muslims write the 1599:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha 1190: 7: 10643:Ethnic groups in South Asia 9291:Qila Raipur Sports Festival 7758:. South Asia Books (1996), 7600:, Oxford University Press, 7447:. Idea Group. p. 409. 7058:Koerner, Stephanie (2016), 5960:The World's Writing Systems 5182:An Introduction to Hinduism 5105:. N. Trübner. p. 330. 4948:"Punjab Province, Pakistan" 4289:. Pearson Education India. 4239:(2): 153–72. Archived from 3655:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 3547:Encyclopedia of Linguistics 3277:"Ethnic Groups in Pakistan" 2976: 2512: 2492: 2415: 2398:, dating back to 3000 BCE. 2319:were also converted in the 1507:Punjabis in Vancouver, 1908 1401: 1313: 1251: 1239: 1223: 1211: 1071:, with a small minority of 10: 10664: 9469:Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar 7919:shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in 7827:Ethnologue Western Panjabi 7822:Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi 7773:.Oxford University Press, 7529:jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana 7499: 7395:The barricaded Muslim mind 7330:. Routledge. p. 274. 6978:. Routledge. p. 222. 6948:, Routledge, p. 162, 6634:Discover Singapore on Foot 6580:Fred A, Robertson (1895). 6412:Students' Britannica India 6225:. Christian Study Centre. 6149:Jones, Kenneth W. (1976). 4286:Different Types of History 3827:. Routledge. p. 187. 2961: 2942: 2884: 2858: 2843: 2810: 2718: 2646: 2602: 2575: 2419: 2371: 2367: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2279: 2201: 2053:Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar 2016: 1876: 1697: 1620: 1614: 1496: 1347: 1328:referred to the region as 61: 29: 10623:Ethnic groups in Pakistan 10554: 10546:Faisalabad Hockey Stadium 10528: 10512: 10291: 10247: 10221: 10126: 10098: 10087: 10061: 9585: 9579:Ethnic groups in Pakistan 9482: 9359: 9333: 9044: 9001: 8990: 8937: 8922: 8812: 8789: 8716: 8668: 8414: 8396: 8223: 8195: 8177: 8109: 8091: 8048: 8010: 7992: 7803:Punjabi Century 1857–1947 7206:– via Google Books. 7179:– via Google Books. 7095:. Ahmedabad : Mapin Pub. 6068:Sikhism:Religion in focus 5605:Margaret Kleffner Nydell 5577:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). 5525:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). 5125:. Routledge. p. 80. 4359:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). 4233:Journal of Punjab Studies 4116:10.1017/s0021911808001204 3964:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). 3560:– via Google Books. 2506: 2501: 2396:Indus Valley civilisation 1721:historical Vedic religion 1474:and other Indian states. 1337: 1302: 1245: 1233: 1090:is derived from the term 575: 570: 401: 396: 351: 346: 335: 317: 299: 281: 263: 245: 227: 209: 191: 173: 155: 137: 119: 101: 96: 86: 81: 68: 55: 10520:University of the Punjab 7299:1 September 2018 at the 7027:Shukla, Pravina (2015), 6911:Marsden, Magnus (2005). 6810:Shukla, Pravina (2015). 6221:Moghal, Dominic (1997). 5003:Puri, Baij Nath (1988). 4654:"Population by Religion" 4104:Journal of Asian Studies 3003: 2931:and they being declared 2839: 2832:, commonly practised in 2806: 2679:). The Sikhs regard the 2394:as early as the ancient 2007:Punjabi Muslim, Firuzpur 1954:A Punjabi Muslim of the 1904:ethnic group in Pakistan 1788:colonial period of India 1441: 40:Punjabi (disambiguation) 9177:Punjabi Tamba and Kurta 7217:Black, Carolyn (2003). 6880:Mooney, Nicola (2011), 5463:2 November 2007 at the 5295:Chhabra, G. S. (1968). 5020:Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). 4953:Encyclopædia Britannica 4823:The Sikhs of the Punjab 4586:The Sikhs of the Punjab 4544:Khalid, Kanwal (2015). 4390:Encyclopædia Britannica 4201:Oxford University Press 4060:Oxford University Press 4031:. Infobase Publishing. 3848:Minahan, James (2012). 3767:Minahan, James (2012). 2968:List of Punjabi Muslims 2486:Punjabi developed from 2023:In the Indian state of 1344:Geographic distribution 1203:origin, its two parts ( 1040:. They generally speak 10618:Ethnic groups in India 7475:Giorgio Shani (2007). 7294:Official Holidays 2016 7282:Official Holidays 2016 7118:Pañjāba dā loka wirasā 6665:, BRILL, p. 263, 6520:. Brill. p. 314. 6514:Schiffman, H. (2011). 6436:Brard, G.S.S. (2007). 6409:Hoiberg, Dale (2000). 6339:Singha, H. S. (2000). 6122:John M Koller (2016). 5856:"District wise census" 5555:"Pakistan Census 2017" 5152:From the Ashes of 1947 4224:Singh, Prtiam (2012). 4095:Ayers, Alyssa (2008). 3972:: Aleph Book Company. 3298:"Pakistan Census 2017" 3212:"Pakistan Census 2017" 2983:Dialects of the Punjab 2972:List of Punjabi Hindus 2964:List of Punjabi people 2935:(forbidden in Islam). 2730: 2387: 2213: 1806:had a slight majority 1712: 1700:Religion in the Punjab 1617:List of Punjabi tribes 1602: 1591: 1583: 1508: 1472:ethnic makeup of Delhi 1398: 609: 38:. For other uses, see 10201:Salwar (Punjabi) Suit 9314:Folk arts and crafts 9308:Punjabi Suba movement 7719:History of the Panjab 7220:Pakistan: The culture 7169:. Orient Paperbacks. 6972:Ozyegin, Gul (2016). 6942:Haines, Chad (2013), 6415:. Popular Prakashan. 6097:. Routledge. p. 6066:Teece, Geoff (2004). 4796:The Invasion of Delhi 4793:Sanjay Yadav (2008). 4583:J. S. Grewal (1998). 4387:"Punjab." Pp. 107 in 2728: 2385: 2211: 2192:of Lahore, ca.1862-72 2160:of Multan, ca.1862-72 1707: 1653:the partition in 1947 1597: 1589: 1577: 1506: 1392: 1243:, 'five' and 1215:, 'five' and 1162:their mother tongue. 608: 571:Related ethnic groups 9260:Religious festivals 9084:Tipri dance (Punjab) 9016:Legislative Assembly 7939:at Wikimedia Commons 7881:on 19 February 2006. 7410:Remembering Genocide 7272:. Hrisouthasian.org. 7089:Pande, Alka (1999). 6659:"Sikhs in Barcelona" 5644:Bengalis in Pakistan 5439:on 24 September 2015 4324:H K Manmohan Siṅgh. 4265:Gupta, S.K. (1985). 3696:on 23 September 2015 2817:Folk music of Punjab 2542:Shauraseni Apbhramsa 2490:languages and later 2359:Sikhs § History 1623:Punjab § Tribes 10108:Provincial Assembly 9672:European Pakistanis 9303:Punjabi nationalism 9214:Fairs and festivals 9202:Nanakshahi calendar 9167:Punjabi ghagra suit 7594:Dyson, Tim (2018), 7356:Tej Bhatia (2013). 7258:Tales of the Punjab 7166:Land of Five Rivers 6792:on 24 February 2021 6359:on 21 January 2017. 5933:The Express Tribune 5907:The Express Tribune 5648:British Bangladeshi 5494:, pp. 188–189. 4799:. Worldwide Books. 4743:on 30 December 2015 3413:"Punjabi Community" 3391:www12.statcan.gc.ca 3192:on 20 February 2022 3062:, but instead as a 2945:Punjabi nationalism 2891:Festivals in Lahore 2465:Perso-Arabic script 2428:Indo-Aryan language 2378:Punjabi Culture Day 1896:Perso-Arabic script 1827:religious cleansing 1823:population exchange 1752:spread of Buddhisim 1694:Religions in Punjab 1631:(Pakistan) are the 1364:Indian subcontinent 52: 10648:Indo-Aryan peoples 7784:Steel, Flora Annie 7769:Singh, Khushwant. 7747:Singh, Gurharpal. 7721:. Kalyani (1997), 7687:Gilmartin, David. 7245:"Pakistan Almanac" 7141:Pandher, Gurdeep. 6612:The Sikh Coalition 6392:Panjab And Panjabi 6389:G S Sidhu (2004). 6194:Ashgate Publishing 6036:Sewa Singh Kalsi. 5243:The Indian Express 4712:The Times of India 4686:censusindia.gov.in 4334:Punjabi University 4246:on 24 January 2016 3441:"US Census Bureau 2925:Gregorian calendar 2731: 2461:Shahmukhi alphabet 2448:, particularly in 2388: 2321:Moradabad district 2282:Punjabi Christians 2276:Punjabi Christians 2214: 1979:Punjabi Muslim of 1800:Partition of India 1771:due to missionary 1731:. The bulk of the 1713: 1603: 1592: 1584: 1509: 1399: 1397:, with its rivers. 1152:group cohesiveness 1148:community building 610: 578:Indo-Aryan peoples 324: 115:112,806,516 (2024) 91: 150 million 50: 10595: 10594: 10081:History of Lahore 10071:History of Punjab 10056:, Pakistan topics 10009: 10008: 9545: 9544: 9454:Sri Muktsar Sahib 9219:Punjabi festivals 8878: 8877: 8205:Gurjara-Pratihara 7935:Media related to 7842:Am. J. Hum. Genet 7732:Sekhon, Iqbal S. 7683:978-0-415-10191-2 7670:978-0-19-547579-1 7657:978-81-900002-9-1 7647:978-1-157-61392-3 7637:978-81-7116-220-8 7627:978-81-202-0507-9 7607:978-0-19-882905-8 7488:978-1-134-10189-4 7454:978-1-59140-791-1 7420:978-1-317-75421-3 7369:978-1-136-89460-2 7337:978-1-136-62668-5 7193:Teens in Pakistan 7143:"Bhangra History" 7127:978-81-7380-223-2 7102:978-18-902-0615-4 7071:978-1-351-87667-4 7040:978-0-253-02121-2 7013:978-1-85856-353-4 6985:978-1-317-13051-2 6955:978-1-136-44997-0 6924:978-1-139-44837-6 6893:978-0-8020-9257-1 6852:) or two pieces ( 6823:978-0-253-02121-2 6765:978-0-19-960110-3 6734:978-0-19-960110-3 6672:978-90-04-25524-1 6643:978-981-4022-33-0 6566:978-90-04-20145-3 6422:978-0-85229-760-5 6352:978-81-7010-301-1 6304:978-3-11-014388-1 6276:978-0-7619-3325-0 6267:SAGE Publications 6203:978-1-4724-4415-8 6170:978-0-520-02920-0 6135:978-1-315-50740-8 6108:978-0-7100-8842-0 6077:978-1-58340-469-0 6022:978-0-8006-9970-3 5995:978-0-333-54107-4 5970:978-0-19-507993-7 5935:. 23 October 2015 5909:. 8 November 2018 5758:978-1-64869-984-9 5748:Lessons Unlearned 5632:Republic of India 5592:978-93-83064-41-0 5540:978-93-83064-41-0 5481:978-0-415-35616-9 5386:978-1-134-04946-2 5356:978-1-5275-5748-2 5325:978-0-19-971354-7 5273:978-0-19-971354-7 5224:978-0-7735-4070-5 5192:978-0-521-43878-0 5162:978-1-108-42811-8 5132:978-1-136-38301-4 5060:978-93-85883-58-3 5053:. Studera Press. 5033:978-90-5356-035-8 4989:978-93-86369-37-6 4841:978-0-521-26884-4 4806:978-81-88054-00-8 4633:Worldometers.info 4615:Pwd.punjab.gov.pk 4596:978-0-521-63764-0 4465:Lassen, Christian 4447:978-81-7380-990-3 4417:978-1-61530-202-4 4374:978-93-83064-41-0 4296:978-81-317-1818-6 4210:978-0-19-564864-5 4159:978-1-874699-05-7 4069:978-0-19-807801-2 4038:978-1-4381-1913-7 4011:978-0-521-52291-5 3979:978-93-83064-41-0 3947:978-0-7735-4070-5 3887:978-0-08-087775-4 3861:978-1-59884-659-1 3834:978-1-134-01649-5 3807:978-1-375-66993-1 3780:978-1-59884-659-1 3733:978-1-4262-0238-4 3662:978-1-4094-2434-5 3557:978-1-135-45522-4 3524:Stats New Zealand 3155:(21st ed., 2018) 2897:Islamic festivals 2887:Punjabi festivals 2707:covers. Prior to 2697:Guru Gobind Singh 2572:Traditional dress 2469:Gurmukhi alphabet 2349:History of Punjab 2270:Guru Gobind Singh 2229:Guru Granth Sahib 1983:tribe from Multan 1865:and the movement 1815:partition of 1947 1611:Castes and tribes 1370:and northwestern 1356:historical region 1323: 1311: 1094:(Five rivers) in 987: 986: 583: 582: 133:38,046,464 (2024) 16:(Redirected from 10655: 10176:Pothwari dialect 10156:Saraiki language 10146:Punjabi language 10093: 10048: 10047: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10013: 10012: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9549: 9548: 9474:Tarn Taran Sahib 9286:Kabaddi in India 9207:Bikrami calendar 9197:Punjabi calendar 8996: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8882: 8881: 8111:Scheduled Castes 8058:Yaduvanshi Ahirs 7967: 7960: 7953: 7944: 7943: 7934: 7900: 7887:Talib, Gurbachan 7882: 7880: 7874:. Archived from 7865: 7839: 7610: 7581: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7550: 7548: 7544:"Vedic Hinduism" 7522: 7510: 7493: 7492: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7321: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6475:Mir, F. (2010). 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6406: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6355:. Archived from 6336: 6330: 6327:Dardic languages 6308: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5751:. Notion Press. 5742: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5657: 5651: 5624: 5618: 5617:, page xxiii, 14 5603: 5597: 5596: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5473: 5467: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5432:. Archived from 5427: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5208: 5197: 5196: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4790: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4550: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4509: 4503: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4401: 4395: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4230: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4101: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4072:. Archived from 4049: 4043: 4042: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3931: 3912: 3911: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3717: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3689:. Archived from 3683: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3465:. Archived from 3459: 3453: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3417:House of Commons 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3283:. 30 July 2019. 3273: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3191: 3185:. Archived from 3180: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3113: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3056:multi-generation 3052:Punjabi language 3048: 3042: 3039:Punjabi language 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3017: 2998:Punjabi diaspora 2921:Punjabi calendar 2917:Bikrami calendar 2913:Islamic calendar 2861:Punjabi folklore 2834:Punjab, Pakistan 2605:Punjabi clothing 2578:Punjabi clothing 2516:) collectively. 2515: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2479:in its usage of 2422:Punjabi language 2405:Green Revolution 2337:Methodist Church 2233:selfless service 2185: 2169: 2153: 2137: 2117: 2004: 1992: 1976: 1967: 1951: 1930:, including the 1906:and the world's 1892:Punjabi language 1840:Pakistani Punjab 1499:Punjabi diaspora 1493:Punjabi diaspora 1426:population with 1339: 1318: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1160:Punjabi language 1046:Punjabi dialects 1042:Standard Punjabi 1015: 1007: 1000: 979: 972: 965: 950: 704:Mexican American 585: 584: 565: 561: 551: 542: 528: 507: 498: 489: 475: 462:Pakistani Punjab 454: 445: 432: 423: 410: 392: 388:Indian languages 381: 374: 358: 341:Punjabi diaspora 325: 323: 322: 307: 305: 304: 289: 287: 286: 271: 269: 268: 253: 251: 250: 235: 233: 232: 217: 215: 214: 199: 197: 196: 181: 179: 178: 163: 161: 160: 145: 143: 142: 127: 125: 124: 109: 107: 106: 92: 82:Total population 73: 72: 71: 64: 63: 53: 49: 32:Punjabi language 21: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10633:Punjabi culture 10598: 10597: 10596: 10591: 10550: 10536:Gaddafi Stadium 10524: 10508: 10399:Mandi Bahauddin 10329:Dera Ghazi Khan 10287: 10257:Dera Ghazi Khan 10243: 10217: 10122: 10094: 10085: 10057: 10042: 10040: 10010: 10005: 9712:Indus Kohistani 9581: 9576: 9546: 9541: 9478: 9394:Fatehgarh Sahib 9355: 9329: 9296:Punjabi kabaddi 9264:Hindu festivals 9040: 9021:Chief Ministers 8997: 8988: 8933: 8918: 8909: 8879: 8874: 8808: 8785: 8712: 8664: 8410: 8392: 8219: 8191: 8173: 8105: 8087: 8044: 8006: 7988: 7971: 7927: 7922: 7878: 7837: 7617: 7615:Further reading 7608: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7489: 7473: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7354: 7350: 7338: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7307: 7301:Wayback Machine 7292: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7087: 7083: 7072: 7056: 7052: 7041: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7000: 6996: 6986: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6940: 6936: 6925: 6909: 6905: 6894: 6878: 6874: 6824: 6808: 6804: 6795: 6793: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6673: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6528: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6407: 6400: 6387: 6383: 6368: 6364: 6353: 6337: 6333: 6305: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6269:. p. 174. 6259: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6237: 6233: 6219: 6215: 6204: 6196:. p. 220. 6186: 6182: 6171: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6064: 6060: 6049: 6045: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5955: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5805:City Population 5799: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5743: 5739: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5702: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5625: 5621: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5575: 5571: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5523: 5516: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5474: 5470: 5465:Wayback Machine 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430:Global.ucsb.edu 5425: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5293: 5289: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5209: 5200: 5193: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4959: 4957: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4861:National Herald 4853: 4849: 4842: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4791: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4510: 4506: 4463: 4459: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4402: 4398: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4322: 4318: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4281: 4274: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4193: 4189: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4146: 4139: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4076:on 7 March 2016 4070: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3932: 3915: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3765: 3761: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3718: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3684: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3469:on 9 July 2017. 3461: 3460: 3456: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3156: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3102:British English 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2993:Punjabi cuisine 2979: 2974: 2962:Main articles: 2960: 2951: 2943:Main articles: 2941: 2893: 2885:Main articles: 2883: 2863: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2819: 2813:Music of Punjab 2811:Main articles: 2809: 2723: 2651: 2607: 2580: 2574: 2471:, based on the 2463:, based on the 2424: 2418: 2380: 2374:Punjabi culture 2372:Main articles: 2370: 2365: 2351: 2345: 2325:Bijnor district 2284: 2278: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2177: 2170: 2161: 2154: 2145: 2138: 2129: 2128:, ca. 1868-1872 2118: 2021: 2015: 2008: 2005: 1996: 1995:Pothwari Muslim 1993: 1984: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1952: 1881: 1879:Punjabi Muslims 1875: 1873:Punjabi Muslims 1796: 1762:in the Punjab. 1702: 1696: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1608: 1501: 1495: 1448:Census of India 1444: 1419:by population. 1412:ethnic Punjabis 1404: 1352: 1346: 1193: 1118:merge into the 1048:on both sides. 1009: 1001: 983: 951: 941: 940: 825: 817: 816: 748: 738: 737: 667: 657: 656: 620: 556: 537: 533: 523: 519: 512: 511: 484: 480: 470: 466: 459: 458: 418: 414: 405: 390: 379: 368: 367: 352: 320: 318: 302: 300: 284: 282: 266: 264: 248: 246: 230: 228: 212: 210: 194: 192: 176: 174: 158: 156: 140: 138: 122: 120: 104: 102: 90: 77: 76: 48: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10661: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10628:Punjabi tribes 10625: 10620: 10615: 10613:Punjabi people 10610: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10449:Rahim Yar Khan 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10225: 10223: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10151:Saraiki people 10148: 10143: 10141:Punjabi tribes 10138: 10132: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10113:Chief Minister 10110: 10104: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10039: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10016: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9575: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9552: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9488: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9365: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9269:Sikh festivals 9266: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9216: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9172:Patiala salwar 9169: 9164: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9096:Folk practices 9093: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9056: 9050: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9005: 9003:Administration 8999: 8998: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8908: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8885: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8795: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8670:Mohyal Brahmin 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8229: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8201: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7926: 7925:External links 7923: 7921: 7920: 7914: 7911: 7883: 7854:10.1086/346068 7848:(2): 313–332. 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7799: 7781: 7767: 7752: 7745: 7730: 7715: 7700: 7685: 7675: 7672: 7659: 7649: 7639: 7629: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7566: 7557:, pp. 1–2 7513:Michaels (2004 7504: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7487: 7467: 7453: 7433: 7419: 7399: 7387: 7383:The ban on fun 7375: 7368: 7348: 7336: 7316: 7305: 7286: 7274: 7262: 7250: 7236: 7229: 7209: 7202: 7182: 7175: 7155: 7133: 7126: 7108: 7101: 7081: 7070: 7050: 7039: 7019: 7012: 6994: 6984: 6964: 6954: 6934: 6923: 6903: 6892: 6872: 6856:and pants, or 6822: 6802: 6774: 6764: 6744: 6733: 6713: 6702: 6682: 6671: 6649: 6642: 6624: 6599: 6587: 6572: 6565: 6545: 6526: 6506: 6487: 6467: 6448: 6428: 6421: 6398: 6381: 6362: 6351: 6331: 6319:Western Pahari 6303: 6285: 6275: 6253: 6244: 6231: 6213: 6202: 6180: 6169: 6141: 6134: 6114: 6107: 6083: 6076: 6058: 6043: 6028: 6021: 6001: 5994: 5976: 5969: 5946: 5920: 5894: 5868: 5847: 5822: 5792: 5764: 5757: 5737: 5712: 5677: 5652: 5619: 5598: 5591: 5569: 5546: 5539: 5514: 5496: 5484: 5468: 5450: 5414: 5405: 5392: 5385: 5365: 5355: 5335: 5324: 5304: 5287: 5272: 5252: 5245:. 3 May 2019. 5230: 5223: 5198: 5191: 5171: 5161: 5141: 5131: 5111: 5091: 5066: 5059: 5039: 5032: 5012: 4995: 4988: 4968: 4939: 4917: 4895: 4873: 4847: 4840: 4812: 4805: 4780: 4754: 4724: 4698: 4670: 4645: 4620: 4602: 4595: 4575: 4536: 4504: 4457: 4446: 4426: 4416: 4396: 4380: 4373: 4351: 4316: 4295: 4272: 4257: 4216: 4209: 4187: 4165: 4158: 4137: 4087: 4068: 4044: 4037: 4017: 4010: 3985: 3978: 3953: 3946: 3913: 3893: 3886: 3867: 3860: 3840: 3833: 3813: 3806: 3786: 3779: 3759: 3739: 3732: 3707: 3675: 3661: 3641: 3613: 3588: 3576:Ethnologue.com 3563: 3556: 3536: 3511: 3508:. 18 May 2016. 3497: 3485:Ethnologue.com 3472: 3454: 3432: 3403: 3377: 3356: 3331: 3317: 3289: 3281:Worldatlas.com 3263: 3231: 3203: 3164: 3139: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3104:spelling, and 3090: 3081: 3072: 3068:third language 3043: 3030: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2959: 2958:Notable people 2956: 2940: 2937: 2882: 2879: 2859:Main article: 2856: 2853: 2844:Main article: 2841: 2838: 2808: 2805: 2780:national dress 2764:set-in sleeves 2721:Shalwar kameez 2719:Main article: 2717: 2716: 2647:Main article: 2645: 2644: 2603:Main article: 2576:Main article: 2573: 2570: 2564:spoken in the 2454:United Kingdom 2420:Main article: 2417: 2414: 2369: 2366: 2347:Main article: 2344: 2341: 2277: 2274: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2119: 2112: 2094:Rahim Yar Khan 2029:Punjabi Hindus 2019:Punjabi Hindus 2014: 2013:Punjabi Hindus 2011: 2010: 2009: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1953: 1946: 1874: 1871: 1819:mass migration 1795: 1792: 1767:predominantly 1698:Main article: 1695: 1692: 1615:Main article: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1533:Central Valley 1497:Main article: 1494: 1491: 1468:Punjabi Hindus 1443: 1440: 1403: 1400: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1192: 1189: 985: 984: 982: 981: 974: 967: 959: 956: 955: 943: 942: 939: 938: 908: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 815: 814: 809: 804: 794: 789: 784: 779: 765: 760: 755: 749: 744: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 730: 725: 714: 713: 708: 707: 706: 690: 689: 687:United Kingdom 678: 677: 668: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 638: 637: 627: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 601: 600: 594: 593: 581: 580: 573: 572: 568: 567: 399: 398: 394: 393: 349: 348: 344: 343: 337: 333: 332: 329: 315: 314: 311: 297: 296: 293: 279: 278: 275: 261: 260: 257: 243: 242: 239: 225: 224: 221: 207: 206: 205:132,496 (2017) 203: 189: 188: 185: 171: 170: 169:700,000 (2006) 167: 165:United Kingdom 153: 152: 151:942,170 (2021) 149: 135: 134: 131: 117: 116: 113: 99: 98: 94: 93: 84: 83: 79: 78: 75: 74: 65: 57: 56: 46: 26: 18:Punjabi people 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10660: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10541:Iqbal Stadium 10539: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10283: 10280: 10277: 10274: 10271: 10268: 10265: 10262: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10166:Saraiki Ajrak 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10092: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10055: 10051: 10046: 10037: 10032: 10030: 10025: 10023: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9797:Urdu speakers 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9568: 9566: 9561: 9559: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9348: 9345: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9318:Chowk poorana 9316: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9121:Punjabi fasts 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8995: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8916:Punjab, India 8913: 8906: 8901: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8164:Ramdasia Sikh 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7978:social groups 7975: 7974:Ethnic groups 7968: 7963: 7961: 7956: 7954: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7811:0-520-01253-4 7808: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7796:0-19-579789-2 7793: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7779:0-19-562643-5 7776: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7764:81-7304-117-2 7761: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7742:81-7755-051-9 7739: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7727:81-7096-245-5 7724: 7720: 7717:Latif, Syed. 7716: 7713: 7712:0-521-63764-3 7709: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7697:0-520-06249-3 7694: 7690: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7555:Halbfass 1991 7545: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7515:, p. 38) 7514: 7509: 7505: 7490: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7471: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7437: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7371: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7352: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7320: 7314: 7309: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7246: 7240: 7232: 7230:9780778793489 7226: 7222: 7221: 7213: 7205: 7203:9780756540432 7199: 7195: 7194: 7186: 7178: 7176:9788122201079 7172: 7168: 7167: 7159: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7085: 7078: 7073: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6968: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6907: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6876: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6806: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6778: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6717: 6710: 6705: 6703:0-8014-8807-9 6699: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6596: 6591: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6527:9789004201453 6523: 6519: 6518: 6510: 6494: 6490: 6488:9780520262690 6484: 6480: 6479: 6471: 6455: 6451: 6449:9788170103608 6445: 6441: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6405: 6403: 6394: 6393: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6335: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6248: 6241: 6235: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6145: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6118: 6110: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6087: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5953: 5951: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5857: 5851: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5741: 5734: 5723:. NCR Tribune 5722: 5716: 5708: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5666: 5665:census.gov.in 5662: 5656: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5564: 5556: 5550: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5418: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5379:. Routledge. 5378: 5377: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5095: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5043: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4927: 4921: 4905: 4899: 4883: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4816: 4808: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4737:India TV News 4734: 4728: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4649: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4522:. p. 1. 4521: 4517: 4516: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4261: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4199:. New Delhi: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4110:(3): 917–46. 4109: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4058:. New Delhi: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4013: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3909: 3908: 3907:Encyclopaedia 3903: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3753:Encyclopaedia 3749: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3630: 3629:Unstats.unorg 3623: 3617: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3553: 3550:. Routledge. 3549: 3548: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3520:"New Zealand" 3515: 3507: 3501: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3429: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3366: 3360: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3220: 3213: 3207: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060:mother tongue 3057: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3014: 3009: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2988:Punjabi press 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2939:Punjabi State 2936: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2875:Sohni Mahiwal 2872: 2871:Mirza Sahiban 2868: 2862: 2852: 2847: 2846:Punjabi dance 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2722: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473:Indic scripts 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Uttar Pradesh 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:Mazhabi Sikhs 2314: 2310: 2309:Mazhabi Sikhs 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2252:Punjab, India 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:Punjab region 2222: 2218: 2210: 2205: 2204:Punjabi Sikhs 2198:Punjabi Sikhs 2191: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2106:Nāgarī script 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888:Punjab region 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1835:Indian Punjab 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1775:saints whose 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1581: 1580:Guru Ravidass 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:United States 1505: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1396: 1395:Punjab region 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:Mughal Empire 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1350:Punjab region 1341: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1241: 1230: 1225: 1213: 1202: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132:heterogeneous 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:Punjab region 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1005: 996: 992: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 961: 960: 958: 957: 954: 953:Punjab portal 949: 945: 944: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 821: 820: 813: 810: 808: 805: 802: 801:Folk religion 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 777: 773: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 747: 742: 741: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 720: 719: 718: 712: 709: 705: 702: 701: 700: 699:United States 697: 696: 695: 694: 693:North America 688: 685: 684: 683: 682: 676: 673: 672: 671: 666: 661: 660: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 636: 633: 632: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 619: 614: 613: 607: 603: 602: 599: 596: 595: 591: 587: 586: 579: 574: 569: 564: 560: 554: 550: 545: 541: 536: 531: 527: 522: 517: 516: 515:Indian Punjab 510: 506: 501: 497: 492: 488: 483: 478: 474: 469: 464: 463: 457: 453: 448: 444: 439: 435: 431: 426: 422: 417: 413: 409: 404: 400: 395: 389: 385: 380:(in Pakistan) 378: 373: 372: 366: 362: 357: 356: 350: 345: 342: 338: 334: 331:10,000 (2011) 330: 328: 316: 313:18,000 (2020) 312: 310: 298: 295:23,700 (2019) 294: 292: 280: 277:24,000 (2013) 276: 274: 262: 259:34,227 (2018) 258: 256: 244: 241:50,000 (2016) 240: 238: 226: 223:56,400 (2019) 222: 220: 208: 204: 202: 190: 186: 184: 183:United States 172: 168: 166: 154: 150: 148: 136: 132: 130: 118: 114: 112: 100: 95: 89: 85: 80: 66: 59: 58: 54: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10555:Major cities 10419:Muzaffargarh 10304:Bahawalnagar 10135: 9952:Meghwar Bhil 9884: 9484:Major cities 9374:Sri Amritsar 9116:Sakhi Sarwar 9111:Chhapar Mela 8973: 8947:Demographics 8928: 8144:Mazhabi Sikh 7985: 7891: 7876:the original 7845: 7841: 7802: 7787: 7770: 7755: 7748: 7733: 7718: 7703: 7688: 7596: 7588:Bibliography 7577: 7573: 7569: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7508: 7477: 7470: 7458:. Retrieved 7443: 7436: 7424:. Retrieved 7409: 7402: 7390: 7378: 7358: 7351: 7344:Eid ul-Fitar 7326: 7319: 7308: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7239: 7219: 7212: 7196:. Capstone. 7192: 7185: 7165: 7158: 7146:. Retrieved 7136: 7117: 7111: 7091: 7084: 7075: 7060: 7053: 7044: 7029: 7022: 7003: 6997: 6989: 6974: 6967: 6959: 6944: 6937: 6928: 6913: 6906: 6897: 6882: 6875: 6866:salwar kurta 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6812: 6805: 6794:, retrieved 6790:the original 6784: 6777: 6769: 6754: 6747: 6738: 6723: 6716: 6707: 6692: 6685: 6676: 6662: 6652: 6633: 6627: 6615:. Retrieved 6611: 6602: 6590: 6581: 6575: 6555: 6548: 6536:. Retrieved 6516: 6509: 6497:. Retrieved 6477: 6470: 6458:. Retrieved 6438: 6431: 6411: 6391: 6384: 6375: 6365: 6357:the original 6341: 6334: 6294: 6288: 6280: 6262: 6256: 6247: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6207: 6189: 6183: 6174: 6151: 6144: 6124: 6117: 6093: 6086: 6067: 6061: 6052: 6046: 6037: 6031: 6011: 6004: 5985: 5979: 5959: 5937:. Retrieved 5932: 5923: 5911:. Retrieved 5906: 5897: 5887:20 September 5885:. Retrieved 5881: 5871: 5861:20 September 5859:. Retrieved 5850: 5838:. Retrieved 5834: 5825: 5813:. Retrieved 5804: 5795: 5783:. Retrieved 5777: 5767: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5725:. Retrieved 5715: 5680: 5670:20 September 5668:. Retrieved 5664: 5655: 5646:, 5 million 5642:, 1 million 5636:CIA Factbook 5622: 5601: 5578: 5572: 5561: 5549: 5526: 5508: 5499: 5487: 5471: 5453: 5441:. Retrieved 5434:the original 5429: 5417: 5408: 5395: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5345: 5338: 5329: 5314: 5307: 5297: 5290: 5279: 5277: 5262: 5255: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5213: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5082:. Retrieved 5078: 5069: 5049: 5042: 5022: 5015: 5005: 4998: 4978: 4971: 4958:. Retrieved 4951: 4942: 4930:. Retrieved 4920: 4908:. Retrieved 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4876: 4866:10 September 4864:. Retrieved 4860: 4850: 4822: 4815: 4795: 4771:. Retrieved 4767: 4757: 4745:. Retrieved 4741:the original 4736: 4727: 4717:10 September 4715:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4689:. Retrieved 4685: 4673: 4660: 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4585: 4578: 4567: 4564:Pentapotamia 4563: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4539: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4460: 4451: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4406: 4399: 4389: 4383: 4360: 4354: 4342:. Retrieved 4329: 4326:"The Punjab" 4319: 4285: 4266: 4260: 4248:. Retrieved 4241:the original 4236: 4232: 4219: 4196: 4190: 4181: 4168: 4149: 4107: 4103: 4090: 4078:. Retrieved 4074:the original 4054: 4047: 4027: 4020: 3997: 3965: 3936: 3905: 3896: 3876: 3870: 3854:. ABC-CLIO. 3850: 3843: 3823: 3816: 3796: 3789: 3769: 3762: 3751: 3742: 3722: 3698:. Retrieved 3691:the original 3666:. Retrieved 3651: 3644: 3632:. Retrieved 3628: 3616: 3604:. Retrieved 3600: 3591: 3579:. Retrieved 3575: 3572:"Bangladesh" 3566: 3546: 3539: 3529:24 September 3527:. Retrieved 3523: 3514: 3500: 3488:. Retrieved 3484: 3475: 3467:the original 3457: 3449:2.census.gov 3448: 3445:See Row #62" 3442: 3435: 3427: 3420:. Retrieved 3416: 3406: 3394:. Retrieved 3390: 3380: 3368:. Retrieved 3359: 3347:. Retrieved 3343: 3334: 3320: 3310:20 September 3308:. Retrieved 3304: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3254:. Retrieved 3250: 3224:20 September 3222:. Retrieved 3218: 3206: 3194:. Retrieved 3187:the original 3150: 3142: 3128: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3046: 3033: 3024: 2952: 2929: 2894: 2864: 2849: 2820: 2776:Punjabi suit 2775: 2771: 2768:salwar kurta 2767: 2759: 2755: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2715:Punjabi suit 2704: 2685:Tegh Bahadur 2680: 2674: 2662: 2652: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2559: 2485: 2481:lexical tone 2458: 2443: 2432: 2425: 2389: 2285: 2256: 2249: 2220: 2215: 2087: 2064: 2057: 2022: 1885: 1882: 1844: 1812: 1797: 1782:The rise of 1781: 1749: 1725:Vedic period 1714: 1678:Population. 1669: 1626: 1541:Saudi Arabia 1517:Ghadar Party 1510: 1476: 1445: 1438:minorities. 1421: 1405: 1353: 1338:Πενταποταμία 1330:Pentapotamía 1329: 1294: 1288: 1256: 1194: 1185:Christianity 1168:assimilation 1156: 1141: 1135: 1128: 1091: 1085: 1065:Christianity 1050: 1036:and eastern 1021: 990: 988: 716: 715: 692: 691: 680: 679: 669: 646: 597: 563:Christianity 534: 520: 513: 491:Christianity 481: 467: 460: 447:Christianity 438:Nanakpanthis 415: 402: 369: 353: 47:Ethnic group 44: 10474:Sheikhupura 9907:Salvi Mewar 9878:Spin Tareen 9787:Rajasthanis 9424:Kapurthala 9079:Aawat pauni 9064:Folk dances 8731:Mair Rajput 8073:Hindu Ghosi 7662:Shafi Aqeel 7460:12 November 7426:12 November 7148:28 November 6830:salwar suit 6617:13 November 5939:18 December 5913:18 December 5882:Daily Times 5815:28 February 5785:8 September 5509:Alislam.org 5079:India Today 4773:7 September 4747:7 September 4528:(five), an 4492:Mahabharata 4336:, Patiala. 3344:www.cia.gov 3251:www.cia.gov 2867:Heer Ranjha 2772:salwar suit 2439:2011 census 2435:2017 census 2400:Agriculture 2305:Hindu Chura 2301:British Raj 2299:during the 2297:North India 2291:group. The 2090:2017 Census 2079:West Punjab 2069:Hindus and 2055:districts. 1940:British Raj 1938:during the 1920:Sunni Islam 1813:Due to the 1750:Later, the 1688:Ravidassias 1672:East Punjab 1651:. Prior to 1629:West Punjab 1565:Philippines 1479:East Punjab 1290:Mahabharata 1285:Indus River 1281:tributaries 1164:Integration 1120:Indus River 1044:or various 889:Sindh Sagar 728:New Zealand 675:Afghanistan 652:Nationalism 255:New Zealand 237:Philippines 10602:Categories 10577:Gujranwala 10572:Rawalpindi 10567:Faisalabad 10459:Rawalpindi 10339:Gujranwala 10334:Fasialabad 10309:Bahawalpur 10278:Rawalpindi 10263:Gujranwala 10260:Faisalabad 10254:Bahawalpur 10100:Government 9895:Rajasthani 9804:Nuristanis 9707:Hindkowans 9517:Hoshiarpur 9414:Hoshiarpur 9193:Calendars 9150:Folk music 9031:Raj Bhavan 9011:Government 8967:King Porus 8930:Chandigarh 8348:Sial tribe 6678:centuries. 6538:13 January 6499:13 January 6460:13 January 6240:Rohilkhand 6159:. p. 5703:|url= 5628:Bangladesh 5615:1931930252 5492:Dyson 2018 4661:pbs.gov.pk 4475:Panchanada 4394:, vol. 20. 3902:"Punjabis" 3748:"Punjabis" 3481:"Malaysia" 3305:www.pbs.pk 3219:www.pbs.pk 3152:Ethnologue 3120:References 3054:, as many 2949:Punjabiyat 2855:Folk tales 2826:Sufi music 2534:Apabhraṃśa 2530:Apabhraṃśa 2522:Shauraseni 2493:Apabhraṃśa 2353:See also: 2333:Rohilkhand 2280:See also: 2202:See also: 2124:Trader of 2098:Bahawalpur 2045:Hoshiarpur 2017:See also: 1926:and other 1924:Shia Islam 1894:under the 1877:See also: 1794:Modern era 1745:Manusmriti 1621:See also: 1606:Demography 1601:, Southall 1487:Malerkotla 1466:-speaking 1360:South Asia 1314:pañca-nada 1295:Panchanada 1279:. All are 1073:Christians 1026:Indo-Aryan 812:Television 782:Literature 546:(38.5%) • 456:Ravidassia 391:(in India) 386:and other 291:Bangladesh 10513:Education 10504:Wazirabad 10439:Pakpattan 10349:Hafizabad 10292:Districts 10248:Divisions 10234:Districts 10222:Geography 10213:Festivals 9922:Shumashti 9777:Gujaratis 9727:Kashmiris 9532:Pathankot 9502:Jalandhar 9444:Pathankot 9419:Jalandhar 9409:Gurdaspur 9404:Firozpur 9389:Faridkot 9369:SAS Nagar 9361:Districts 9346:Jalandhar 9334:Divisions 9026:Governors 8957:Education 8597:Sabharwal 8517:Khukhrain 8253:Chaudhary 8119:Ad-Dharmi 8101:Khandowya 7895:. India: 7553:See also 6930:Pakistan. 6559:. 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