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region. Dismayed by the turn of events and to control the violence in the region, the Diwan declared martial law in
Alleppey on 25 October 1946. The Travancore army moved from their camp and surrounded the communists at Vayalar by 27 October. The Travancore navy supported the army in isolating Vayalar, which is surrounded by water on three sides. Once the blockade was in place, the army moved in. The communists were defeated and over 470 communists were killed and rest submitted within few minutes. When the communist front line reached the Travancore army, the army killed 470 communists while losing 40 of their men.
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Family sources indicate that C. P., himself, was not in favour of independence but only greater autonomy and that a favourable agreement had been reached between C. P. and the Indian representatives by 23 July 1947 and accession to the Indian Union could not be carried out only because it was pending
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In response, over 2,000 communists attacked police stations all across
Alappuzha and practically established their independent government free from the monarchy. The government was established from Cherthala to Ambalapuzha, a stretch of 40 kilometres (25 mi) in Alappuzha. The communist cadres in
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The
Communists in Travancore opposed this move with the slogans, '(Throw the) American Model in the Arabian Sea' (American Model Arabikadalil) . The struggle against the Travancore Kingdom began in 1939 when the merger of socialist parties, which created a new radical communist party took place. The
2007:
505:
On the same day, at least 130 people were killed in army firings, at different places due to erupting violence in the district. The situation had gone out of control from the hands of Diwan. The local people and press maintain that many more people were killed and the bodies disposed by the army.
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On 25 October 1946 (Maharajah's
Birthday), the new Travancore constitution was to be implemented, Making Travancore an Independent Country (US model). Over 1000 communists in Vayalar fiercely retaliated this move and revolted and killed Travancore police officials and government officials in that
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Following the suppression of the communist local governments, the
Travancore police in an attempt to bring peace in the region and used strict methods to repress the political movement in the region and detained many activists without any trial temporarily to handle the situation.
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The killings of communist comrades turned the
Communists and even some non-communists totally against Iyer. When, on 3 June 1947, United Kingdom accepted demands for a partition and announced its intention to quit India within a short period, the
498:
Alappuzha were given military training by some ex-servicemen who had returned home from the Second World War. The Avarna communist cadres were armed with country weapons, especially varikundams (spears made out of arecanut tree stems).
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uprising against the
Travancore Kingdom and its Nair aristocracy. The communists who took part in Punnapra revolt were mostly coir workers of Rural Alappuzha. They still form the backbone of Communist parties in Kerala even today.
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In March 1946, Alappuzha was filled up by
Travancore Police to attack the members of ATTUC (All Travancore Trade Union Congress), who used non-violent protest against the Diwan for not helping poor during the Famine.
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Historians like Prof
Sreedhara Menon (though it is claimed that he had retracted his views later) maintain this was a proper struggle against the declaration of 'Independent Travancore' by the then Travancore.
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Sir CP Ramaswami Iyer had proposed constitutional reforms making
Travancore an independent country, not joining Indian Union. CP had proposed an 'American model' for Travancore.
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Punnapra-Vayalar is described by Robin Jeffrey as the only moment in history when an organised working class led an armed revolt against a British-backed kingdom.
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taluk alone during the Famine (1939–43) (the Famine which had a disastrous effect in India, especially in West Bengal) led to discontent in Cherthala and
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brutal famine conditions in Travancore Kingdom during the Second World War had pushed the peasants towards the Communists. Over 21,000 peasants died in
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page 373, 374, A Survey of Kerala History by Prof. Sreedhara Menon, S. Viswanathan Printers and Publishers, Madras, 1996,
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As Travancore's declaration of independence was unacceptable to India, negotiations were started with the Diwan by the
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had sidelined his General Officer Commander (G.O.C.), V.N. Parameswaran Pillai, in favor of the Inspector General,
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of Travancore desired to declare himself independent. Supported by the Diwan C.P.Ramaswami Iyer, the Maharaja
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who was an activist of a Socialist group, on 25 July 1947 during a concert commemorating the anniversary of
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in presence of Mountbatten had warned Sir CP and Travancore Kingdom against the move for Independence.
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has some part of the uprising. This film was based on a It is based on the play of the same name
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and the state. The revolt is named after the two places in which it took place; beginning in
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approval by the Maharajah. Nevertheless, an assassination attempt was made on C. P. by
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Memorial to those killed in the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising located near Kalarcode,
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Victory of the Travancore forces, defeat of the Communist uprising
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In order to achieve this aggressive police response, the Diwan
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Part of the Communist Movements in Travancore against the Diwan
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issued a declaration of independence on 18 June 1947.
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2019:
1905:. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013
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1953:Sir C.P. Thiruvithamcore Charithrathil
1738:Manorama Yearbook 2011, ISSN 0970-9096
1681:is a Malayalam language film starring
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2003:Communist Party of India web site
1582:List of communist parties in India
1040:2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley
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1850:"C.P. and independent Travancore"
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651:Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi
167:More than 1,000 people dead
10:
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2008:K. K. Kunhan's article in
1980:. Vikas Publishing House.
1962:A survey of Kerala History
1960:Prof. A. Sreedhara Menon.
1899:"In the Name of Biography"
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1944:"Punnapra Vayalar revolt"
1923:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
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159:Casualties and losses
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1672:In popular culture
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1951:Sreedhara Menon.
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153:P.T. Punnoose
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22:
19:
2009:
1977:
1961:
1952:
1936:Bibliography
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1934:
1907:. Retrieved
1902:
1892:
1880:
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1859:
1853:
1788:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1667:
1655:
1587:Red corridor
1528:Visalaandhra
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1479:
1474:Deshabhimani
1472:
1276:CPI (Maoist)
1162:People's war
1125:Anti-fascism
1013:
1012:
918:
917:
911:
846:
811:Kobad Ghandy
796:Manik Sarkar
791:Vinod Mishra
716:Dasarath Deb
656:Bhagat Singh
547:
543:Sardar Patel
536:
524:
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407:Architecture
401:
394:Other topics
338:Dutch period
264:
174:
172:
141:T. V. Thomas
130:
92:Belligerents
55:October 1946
18:
1521:Theekkathir
1140:Land reform
1035:Salwa Judum
985:West Bengal
976:Left Front
696:Saroj Dutta
671:S.K. Limaye
551:K.C.S. Mani
488:Ambalapuzha
378:Lakshadweep
314:Kolattunadu
290:Ezhil Malai
282:Spice trade
145:R. Sugathan
2022:Categories
1799:8178271389
1721:References
1698:Prem Nazir
1683:Prem Nazir
1656:Historian
1514:Qaumi Jang
1507:Prajasakti
1481:Ganashakti
1114:Principles
1102:Trotskyism
1052:Ideologies
992:Rajan case
776:Biman Bose
701:Jyoti Basu
681:V. Subbiah
661:Ajoy Ghosh
474:Background
310:Valluvanad
187:Travancore
149:S. Kumaran
70:Travancore
2010:Janayugom
1919:cite news
1903:The Hindu
1855:Frontline
1726:Citations
1577:Lal Salam
1145:in Kerala
1075:Stalinism
806:Ganapathy
766:Mohit Sen
596:M. N. Roy
484:Cherthala
398:Geography
274:Tamilakam
179:communist
164:40 deaths
42:Alappuzha
1976:(1997).
1887:, p. 113
1875:, p. 111
1835:, p. 261
1818:, p. 260
1709:See also
1440:Lal Sena
1420:CPI (ML)
1315:CPIML ND
1298:CPI(ML)L
970:Timeline
860:Peshawar
565:a series
563:Part of
528:Maharaja
213:a series
211:Part of
199:Punnapra
60:Location
1768:4 April
1362:SUCI(C)
1320:MCPI(U)
1177:Welfare
980:Tripura
843:History
801:D. Raja
621:Yashpal
541:. Even
403:Economy
302:Calicut
203:Vayalar
66:Vayalar
2012:(1975)
1984:
1909:13 May
1796:
1704:(1952)
1688:1970:
1677:1968:
1662:Ezhava
1244:CPI(M)
1063:Maoism
870:Meerut
590:People
318:Cochin
278:Cheras
215:on the
80:Result
1862:(13).
1652:Views
1467:Media
1325:AICTU
1249:AIDWA
1222:AITUC
412:Forts
1982:ISBN
1925:link
1911:2020
1794:ISBN
1770:2014
1696:and
1450:MCPI
1445:LKPH
1425:HSRA
1390:BLPI
1385:AICP
1367:UCPI
1352:RMPI
1347:RCPI
1308:AISA
1303:AIKM
1286:PLGA
1281:KAMS
1264:DYFI
1259:CITU
1254:AIKS
1237:NFIW
1232:BKMU
1227:AIYF
1217:AISF
1200:TUCC
1195:AIFB
257:Main
173:The
52:Date
1455:WPP
1430:ICS
1400:CMP
1395:CIC
1357:RSP
1342:NSA
1332:MFB
1291:RYL
1269:SFI
1212:CPI
1207:BPI
286:Ays
185:of
2024::
1972:;
1921:}}
1917:{{
1901:.
1860:20
1858:.
1852:.
1840:^
1823:^
1808:^
1778:^
1761:.
567:on
557:.
205:.
189:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
68:,
1990:.
1964:.
1946:.
1927:)
1913:.
1802:.
1772:.
1640:e
1633:t
1626:v
458:e
451:t
444:v
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