Pashtuns - Knowledge

7970:; An Ethnic Interpretation of Pauranika Personages, 1971, p 34, Chandra Chakraberty; Revue internationale, 1803, p 803; Journal of Indian History: Golden Jubilee Volume, 1973, p 470, Trivandrum, India (City). University of Kerala. Dept. of History; Edinburgh University Publications, 1969, p 113, University of Edinburgh; Shi jie jian wen, 1930, p 68 by Shi jie zhi shi chu ban she. Cf also: Advanced History of Medieval India, 1983, p 31, Dr J. L. Mehta; Asian Relations, 1948, p 301, Asian Relations Organization ("Distributed in the United States by: Institute of Pacific Relations, New York."); Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1892, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society - Geography; The geographical dictionary of ancient and mediaeval India, 1971, p 87, Nundo Lal Dey; Nag Sen of Milind Paṅhö, 1996, p 64, P. K. Kaul - Social Science; The Sultanate of Delhi, 1959, p 30, Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava; Journal of Indian History, 1965, p 354, University of Kerala Dept. of History, University of Allahabad Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore - India; Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales, 1858, p 313, fn 3, Stanislas Julien Xuanzang - Buddhism. 8645:

that one branch of pre-Paṣ̌tō had already, before the splitting off of Waṇ., retained some special connection with Munǰī, an assumption unsupported by any other facts. Apart from l <*δ the only agreement between Paṣ̌tō and Munǰī appears to be Pṣ̌t. zə; Munǰī zo/a "I." Note also Pṣ̌t. l but Munǰī x̌ < θ (Pṣ̌t. plan "wide", cal(w)or "four", but Munǰī paҳəy, čfūr, Yidḡa čšīr < *čəҳfūr). Paṣ̌tō has dr-, wr- < *θr-, *fr- like Khotanese Saka (see above 23). An isolated, but important, agreement with Sangl. is the remarkable change of *rs/z > Pṣ̌t. ҳt/ǧd; Sangl. ṣ̌t/ẓ̌d (obəҳta "juniper;" Sangl. wəṣ̌t; (w)ūǧd "long;" vəẓ̌dük) (see above 25). But we find similar development also in Shugh. ambaҳc, vūγ̌j. The most plausible explanation seems to be that *rs (with unvoiced r) became *ṣ̌s and, with differentiation *ṣ̌c, and *rz, through *ẓ̌z > ẓ̌j (from which Shugh. ҳc, γ̌j). Pṣ̌t. and Sangl. then shared a further differentiation into ṣ̌t, ẓ̌d ( > Pṣ̌t. ҳt, ğd).

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Pashtuns belongs to West Eurasian lineages, and share a greater affinity with West Eurasian and Central Asian populations rather than to populations of South Asia or East Asia. The haplogroup analysis indicates the Pashtuns and Tajiks in Afghanistan share ancestral heritage. Among the studied ethnic groups, the Pashtuns have the greatest mtDNA diversity. The most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani Pashtuns is haplogroup R which is found at a rate of 28-50%. Haplogroup J2 was found in 9% to 24% depending on the study and Haplogroup E has been found at a frequency of 4% to 13%. Haplogroup L occurs at a rate of 8%. Certain Pakistani Pashtun groups exhibit high levels of R1b. Overall Pashtun groups are genetically diverse, and the Pashtun ethnic group is not a single genetic population. Different Pashtun groups exhibit different genetic backgrounds, resulting in considerable heterogeneity.

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Trivandrum, India (City), University of Kerala. Dept. of History; Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations, 1970, p 17, Chandra Chakraberty; Stile der Portugiesischen lyrik im 20 jahrhundert, p 124, Winfried Kreutzen.; See: Works, 1865, p 164, Dr H. H. Wilson; The Earth and Its Inhabitants, 1891, p 83; Chants populaires des Afghans, 1880, p clxiv, James Darmesteter; Nouvelle geographie universelle v. 9, 1884, p.59, Elisée Reclus; Alexander the Great, 2004, p.318, Lewis Vance Cummings (Biography & Autobiography); Nouveau dictionnaire de géographie universelle contenant 1o La géographie physique ... 2o La .., 1879, Louis Rousselet,

3504: 1036: 3553: 3721: 64: 1624: 3323:, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. Jadoon men have predominantly East Asian origin paternal ancestry with West Eurasian maternal ancestry and a lesser amount of South Asian maternal ancestry according to a Y and mtdna haplogroup test indicating local females marrying immigrant males during the medieval period. Y Haplogroup O3-M122 makes up the majority of Jadoon men, the same haplogroup carried by the majority (50-60%) of Han Chinese. 82.5% of Jadoon men carrying Q-MEH2 and O3-M122 which are both of East Asian origin. O3-M122 was absent in the Sayyid (Syed) population and appeared in low numbers among Tanolis, Gujars and 2538: 1655:"To Ormuzd Bunukan, from Bredag Watanan ... greetings and homage from ... ), the ( sotang ( ? ) of Parpaz ( under ) from you, so I have heard how written ' ' to me concerning ] my health . I arrived in good health, ( and ) ( afterwards ( ? ) ' ' I heard that a message ] was sent thither to you ( saying ) thus : ... look after the farming but the order was given to you thus. You should hand over the grain and then request it from the citizens store: I will not order, so.....I Myself order And I in Respect of winter sends men thither to you then look after the farming, To Ormuzd Bunukan, Greetings" 2010: 11769:...because of the state's patronage, Urdu is now the most widely-spoken language in Pakistan. But the preponderance of one language over all others eats upon the sphere of influence of other, smaller languages, which alienates the respective nationalities and fuels aversion towards the central leadership...If we look to our state policies regarding the promotion of Pashto and the interests of the Pakhtun political elite, it is clear that the future of the Pashto language is dark. And when the future of a language is dark, the future of the people is dark. 2666: 283: 5462:

Hazaras gained autonomy in the recent war.___Nomads depend on peasants for their staple food, grain, while peasants rely on nomads for animal products, trade goods, credit, and information...Nomads are also ideally situated for smuggling. For some Baluch and Pashtun nomads, as well as settled tribes in border areas, smuggling has been a source of more income than agriculture or pastoralism. Seasonal migration patterns of nomads have been disrupted by war and state formation throughout history, and the Afghan-Soviet war was no exception.

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common by the vari- ous regional Hazara groups and so had provided important bases for large "tribal" affiliations to be maintained. With the loss of their sum- mer pastures the units of practical Hazara affiliation declined. Also, Hazara leaders were killed or deported, and their lands were confis- cated. These activities of the Afghan government, carried on as a deliberate policy, sometimes exacerbated by other outrages effected by the Pashtun pastoralists, emasculated the Hazaras.

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class. The idea he was conveying was that students do not really have enough ability in Urdu to operate totally in that language. He also expressed the thought that Pashto-speaking students in the area really do not learn Urdu very well in public school and that they are thus somewhat ill prepared to meet the expectation that they will know how to use Urdu and English when they reach the college level. He likened the education system to a wall that has weak bricks at the bottom.

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Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties (with that country), we have a common ancestry and feel it's our duty to help put an end to this menace", Atif added. Academicians, social activists, writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative. The All India Muslim Majlis, All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga.

121: 223: 12804:"The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni group (Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli), with which Yaz-1ghulami (Sokolova 1967) and the now extinct Wanji (J. Payne in Schmitt, p. 420) are closely linked; Ishkashmi, Sanglichi, and Zebaki; Wakhi; Munji and Yidgha; and Pashto." 6755:

India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties (with that country), we have a common ancestry and feel it's our duty to help put an end to this menace," Atif added. Academicians, social activists, writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative. The All India Muslim Majlis, All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga.

101: 2908: 163: 2496:"The 'mythified' misconception that the Pashtuns are the descendants of the lost tribes of Israel is a fabrication popularized in 14th-century India. A claim that is full of logical inconsistencies and historical incongruities, and stands in stark contrast to the conclusive evidence of the Indo-Iranian origin of Pashtuns supported by the incontrovertible DNA sequencing that the genome analysis revealed scientifically." 263: 2513:"Our study demonstrates genetic similarities between Pathans from Afghanistan and Pakistan, both of which are characterized by the predominance of haplogroup R1a1a*-M198 (>50%) and the sharing of the same modal haplotype...Although Greeks and Jews have been proposed as ancestors to Pathans, their genetic origin remains ambiguous...Overall, Ashkenazi Jews exhibit a frequency of 15.3% for haplogroup R1a1a-M198" 141: 4566: 4562:

include witnessing women's ceremonies, mobilising women to practice religious festivals, preparing the female dead for burial, and performing services for deceased women. She also arranges marriages for her own family and arbitrates conflicts for men and women. Though many Pashtun women remain tribal and illiterate, some have completed universities and joined the regular employment world.

3729: 1478:"The northern regions of the country are inhabited by the Bolitai, the western regions by the Aristophyloi below whom live the Parsioi (Πάρσιοι). The southern regions are inhabited by the Parsiētai (Παρσιῆται), the eastern regions by the Ambautai. The towns and villages lying in the country of the Paropanisadai are these: Parsiana Zarzaua/Barzaura Artoarta Baborana Kapisa niphanda" 5431:

animals and wool from them, to be redeemed in local produce and fodder over a number of years. Nomads regard these friendships as important interest-bearing investments akin to the lands some of them own in the same villages; recently villagers have sometimes withheld their dues, but relations between the participants are cordial, in spite of latent tensions and backbiting.

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increasingly being challenged by women's rights organisations which find themselves struggling with conservative religious groups as well as government officials in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. According to a 1992 book, "a powerful ethic of forbearance severely limits the ability of traditional Pashtun women to mitigate the suffering they acknowledge in their lives."

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that when Daoud visited Hazaristan in the 1950s. where the majority of the population are Hazaras, the local people com- plained about Pashtun nomads bringing their cattle to their grazing lands and destroying their harvest and land. Daoud responded that it was the right of the Pashtuns to do so and that the land belonged to them (Kishtmand 2002: 106).

3537:. In Pakistan, although being the second-largest language being spoken, it is often neglected officially in the education system. This has been criticised as adversely impacting the economic advancement of Pashtuns, as students do not have the ability to comprehend what is being taught in other languages fully. Robert Nichols remarks: 10326:

Afghanistan and offered a host of memories. And I was able to meet Badshah Khan's surviving children, Wali Khan, the famous political figure of the NWFP, and his half-sister, Mehr Taj, whose husband Yahya Jan, a schoolmaster who became a Minister in the Frontier, was the brother of the late Mohammed Yunus, who had made India his home.

2090:, another Scythian-descending language, share cognates in their vocabulary which other Eastern Iranian languages lack Cheung suggests a common isogloss between Pashto and Ossetian which he explains by an undocumented Saka dialect being spoken close to reconstructed Old Pashto which was likely spoken north of the 1991:. Is there one specific beginning? And are the Pashtuns originally identical with the Afghans? Although the Pashtuns nowadays constitute a clear ethnic group with their own language and culture, there is no evidence whatsoever that all modern Pashtuns share the same ethnic origin. In fact it is highly unlikely." 8970:

A number of genetic studies of the Pashtuns have been conducted recently by researchers of various universities and research groups. The Greek ancestry of the Pashtuns of Pakistan has been investigated in . In this study, the claim of the three populations of the region, i.e. the Pashtuns, the Kalash

6468:'Pathan', an Urdu and a Hindi term, was usually used by the British when speaking in English. They preferred it to 'Pashtun', 'Pashtoon', 'Pakhtun' or 'Pukhtun', all Pashtu versions of the same word, which the frontier tribesmen would have used when speaking of themselves in their own Pashtu dialects. 4607:

of Afghanistan made rapid reforms to improve women's lives and their position in the family. She was the only woman to appear on the list of rulers in Afghanistan. Credited with having been one of the first and most powerful Afghan and Muslim female activists. Her advocacy of social reforms for women

12750:

There is a small Sikh community in the largely ungoverned Orakzai tribal region, while a few live in Kurram's regional headquarters of Parachinar. They consider themselves "sons of the soil" – Pashtuns to be more specific – and are identified as such. "We are proud to be Pashtuns," says Sahib Singh.

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Given the range of raiders and residents that the area has seen over the centuries, it is easy to see why today's Pashtuns could be descended from Persians, Greeks, Turks, Bactrians, Scythians, Tartars, Huns, Mongols, Moghuls or anyone else who has crossed the region over the years.__More unexpected

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In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the

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In 1846, the British sought to segregate settled areas on the frontier from the pastoral Pashtun communities found in the surrounding hills." British au- thorities made no attempt "to advance into the highlands, or even to secure the main passages through the mountains such as the Khyber Pass."2" In

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A typical issue that continues to disturb social order in Afghanistan even at the present time (2012) concerns the Pashtun nomads and grazing lands. Throughout the period 1929 78, governments supported the desire of the Pashtun nomads to take their cattle to graze in Hazara regions. Kishtmand writes

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In some parts of Afghanistan, Pashtun nomads favored by the state often clashed with non- Pashtun (especially Hazara) peasants. Much of their pasture was granted to them by the state after being expropriated from conquered non-Pashtun communities. The nomads appear to have lost these pastures as the

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was selected as Miss Afghanistan in 2003, a feat that was received with a mixture of support from those who back the individual rights of women and those who view such displays as anti-traditionalist and un-Islamic. Some have attained political office in Afghanistan and Pakistan. A number of Pashtun

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The Durranis and Ghiljis (or Ghilzais) are the two largest groups of Pashtuns, with approximately two-thirds of Afghan Pashtuns belonging to these confederations. The Durrani tribe has been more urban and politically successful, while the Ghiljis are more numerous, more rural, and reputedly tougher.

1844:

He retired, therefore, with his family, and a number of Arab retainers, into the Sulaiman Mountains, situated between Multan and Peshawar, where he took up his residence, and gave his daughter in marriage to one of the Afghan chiefs, who had become a proselyte to Mahomedism. From this marriage many

1507:"Most of the Scythians...each separate tribe has its peculiar name. All, or the greatest part of them, are nomades. The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of Bactriana, the Asii, Pasiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the Iaxartes (Syr Darya)" 12489:

The friends from Peshawar would speak of Hindu and Sikh Pashtuns who had migrated to India. In the tribal areas – the no man's land between Afghanistan and Pakistan – quite a few Hindus stayed on and were protected by the tribal codes. The same was true in Afghanistan itself (till the mujahidin and

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A brief interview with the principal of the high school in Madyan, along with a number of his teachers, helps to underscore the importance of Pashto in the school domain within Pashtoon territory. He reported that Pashto is used by teachers to explain things to students all the way up through tenth

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As is well known, the Pashtun people place a great deal of pride upon their language as an identifier of their distinct ethnic and historical identity. While it is clear that not all those who self-identify as ethnically Pashtun themselves use Pashto as their primary language, language does seem to

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It shares with Munǰī the change of *δ > l, but this tendency extends also to Sogdian. The Waṇ. dialect shares with Munǰī the change of -t- > -y-/0. If we want to assume that this agreement points to some special connection, and not to a secondary, parallel development, we should have to admit

5554:

The Hazaras, who rebelled and fought an extended war against the Afghan government, were stripped of their control over the Hindu Kush pastures and the pastures were given to the Pashtun pastoralists. This had a devastating impact on the Hazara's society and economy. These pastures had been held in

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of Afghanistan, settlement attested by Jewish inscriptions in Ghor. Historian André Wink suggests that the story "may contain a clue to the remarkable theory of the Jewish origin of some of the Afghan tribes which is persistently advocated in the Persian-Afghan chronicles." These references to Bani

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in northern Iran. The remnants of this once sizable exiled community, although assimilated, continue to claim Pashtun descent. During the early 18th century, in the course of a very few years, the number of Durrani Pashtuns in Iranian Khorasan, greatly increased. Later the region became part of the

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Besides Peshawar, literary and cultural organisations in Swat, Malakand, Buner, Swabi, Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Dera Ismail Khan, Bannu, Karak and tribal districts organised events to mark the importance of mother tongue.They were of the view that Pashto curriculum from 1st grade to 12th grade

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Nagy, Péter L.; Olasz, Judit; Neparáczki, Endre; Rouse, Nicholas; Kapuria, Karan; Cano, Samantha; Chen, Huijie; Di Cristofaro, Julie; Runfeldt, Goran; Ekomasova, Natalia; Maróti, Zoltán; Jeney, János; Litvinov, Sergey; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Gabidullina, Lilya; Szentirmay, Zoltán; Szabados, György;

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The Hephthalites may also have participated in the origin of the Afghans. The Afghan tribe Abdal is one of the big tribes that has lived there for centuries. Renaming the Abdals to Durrani occurred in 1747, when descendants from the Sadozai branch Zirak of this tribe, Ahmad-khan Abdali, became the

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Nāder Shah also defeated the last independent Ḡalzay ruler of Qandahār, Shah Ḥosayn Hotak, Shah Maḥmūd's brother in 1150/1738. Shah Ḥosayn and large numbers of the Ḡalzī were deported to Mazandarān (Marvī, pp. 543-52; Lockhart, 1938, pp. 115-20). The remnants of this once sizable exiled community,

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The politics of writing Pashto language textbooks in a nationalist environment promoting integration through Islam and Urdu had unique effects. There was no lesson on any twentieth century Pakhtun, especially Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the anti-British, pro-Pakhtun nationalist. There was no lesson on the

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See few more references on Asvaka = Afghan: The Numismatic Chronicle, 1893, p 100, Royal Numismatic Society (Great Britain); Awq, 1983, p 5, Giorgio Vercellin; Der Islam, 1960, p 58, Carl Heinrich Becker, Maymūn ibn al-Qāsim Tabarānī; Journal of Indian History: Golden Jubilee Volume, 1973, p 470,

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Pathans are now scattered across the country, and have pockets of influence in parts of UP, Bihar and other states. They have also shone in several fields, especially Bollywood and sports. Famous Indian Pathans include Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan. "The population of Pathans in

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Underhill, Peter A.; Poznik, G. David; Rootsi, Siiri; Järve, Mari; Lin, Alice A.; Wang, Jianbin; Passarelli, Ben; Kanbar, Jad; Myres, Natalie M.; King, Roy J.; Di Cristofaro, Julie; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Behar, Doron M.; Kushniarevich, Alena; Šarac, Jelena; Šaric, Tena; Rudan, Pavao; Pathak, Ajai

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Kumar; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Grugni, Viola; Semino, Ornella; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Farjadian, Shirin; Balanovsky, Oleg; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Herrera, Rene J.; Chiaroni, Jacques; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Quake, Stephen R.; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard (January 2015).

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In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindustani-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the

8939:

The Haplogroup J2 is from the Semitic population as well as the population shar- ing the common African ancestor. This Haplogroup was found 6.5 % in both the Greek and Pashtun population while 55.6% in the Israel population. The Israel popu- lation however did not result in exact match for

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people are descended from several ancestral groups. Likely the foundational population were of eastern Iranian (Persian) origin and brought the Indo-European language east with them. They probably mixed with other peoples, including possibly the Hephthalites or White Huns, 'Arabs', Mughals, and

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As for the Pashtun nomads, passing the length of the region, they maintain a complex chain of transactions involving goods and information. Most important, each nomad household has a series of 'friends' in Uzbek, Aymak and Hazara villages along the route, usually debtors who take cash advances,

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reaches 9% in Afghan Pashtuns and is the second most frequent haplogroup in Pashtuns from southern Afghanistan. Haplogroup L and Haplogroup J2 occurs at an overall frequency of 6%. According to a Mitochondrial DNA analysis of four ethnic groups of Afghanistan, the majority of mtDNA among Afghan

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Pathans are now scattered across the country, and have pockets of influence in parts of UP, Bihar and other states. They have also shone in several fields, especially Bollywood and sports. The three most famous Indian Pathans are Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan. "The population of

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Pashtun women these days vary from the traditional housewives who live in seclusion to urban workers, some of whom seek or have attained parity with men. But due to numerous social hurdles, the literacy rate remains considerably lower for them than for males. Abuse against women is present and

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Pashtun women are known to be modest and honorable because of their modest dressing. The lives of Pashtun women vary from those who reside in the ultra-conservative rural areas to those found in urban centres. At the village level, the female village leader is called "qaryadar". Her duties may

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The Pashtuns have made a vital contribution in diverse spheres of life: all rulers of Afghanistan since 1747, except for a nine-month interlude in 1929 and between 1992 and 1996, have been Pashtuns. In Pakistan, Ayub Khan, a Tarin Pashtun, as also Gen. Yahya Khan and Ghulam Ishaq Khan, became

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Ruled now by parties of the religious right, the Frontier province emerges soon after one proceeds westwards from Islamabad. I was lucky to find Ajmal Khan Khattak in his humble home in Akora Khattak, beyond the Indus. Once Badshah Khan's young lieutenant, Mr. Khattak spent years with him in

12705:, TRT World, 2019-04-16, "Hasanabdal is home to around 200 Sikh families that have primarily moved from Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, including Pakistan's former tribal areas. The majority are Pashtun Sikhs who abandoned their homes and took refuge near Sikhism's historical sites." 6923:

Superstar Salman Khan is a Pashtun from the Akuzai clan...One has to travel roughly forty-five kilometres from Mingora towards Peshawar to reach the nondescript town of Malakand. This is the place where the forebears of Salman Khan once lived. They belonged to the Akuzai clan of the Pashtun

7906:, a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander " 7762:, a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander " 1031:

significant Pashtun diaspora communities exist. While speakers of Pashto in the country only number 21,677 as of 2011, estimates of the ethnic or ancestral Pashtun population in India range from 3,200,000 to 11,482,000 to as high as double their population in Afghanistan (approximately 30

2482:...if we consider the easy way with which all rude nations receive accounts favourable to their own antiquity, I fear we much class the descents of the Afghans from the Jews with that of the Romans and the British from the Trojans, and that of the Irish from the Milesians or Brahmins." 4352:

Pashtun performers remain avid participants in various physical forms of expression including dance, sword fighting, and other physical feats. Perhaps the most common form of artistic expression can be seen in the various forms of Pashtun dances. One of the most prominent dances is

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Barfield (2007: 11) depicts Pashtun identity as sort of Venn diagram where those claiming Pashtun descent belong to the largest circle, those using the Pashto language appear as a smaller subset, and those adhering to the Pashtun code of conduct are the most authentic Pashtun of

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The meat-eating Hindu Pashtuns are a little known tribe in India even today, with a distinct culture carried forward from Afghanistan and Balochistan which includes blue tattoos on the faces of the women, traditional Pashtun dancing and clothes heavily adorned with coins and

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Over a lakh Pakhtoons living in Jammu and Kashmir as nomad tribesmen without any nationality became Indian subjects on July 17. Batches of them received certificates to this effect from the Kashmir Prime Minister, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, at village Gutligabh, 17 miles from

1525:(Πασιανοί) states: "Both forms show slight phonetic substitutions, viz. of υ for ι, and the loss of r in Pasianoi is due to perseveration from the preceding Asianoi. They are therefore the most likely candidates as the (linguistic) ancestors of modern day Pashtuns." 1420:

Other Indians dwell near the town of Caspatyrus and the Pactyic country, north of the rest of India; these live like the Bactrians; they are of all Indians the most warlike, and it is they who are sent for the gold; for in these parts all is desolate because of the

12336:"it is believed that millennia ago they emerged from Kandahar in Afghanistan and the Sulaiman Mountains in Pakistan. They then began expanding into what is known as the NWFP today. They are believed to have mainly practiced the Buddhist and Zoroastrian religions." 1949:

of the Pashtun ethnic group is unclear. There are many conflicting theories amongst historians and the Pashtuns themselves. Modern scholars believe that Pashtuns do not all share the same origin. The early ancestors of modern-day Pashtuns may have belonged to old

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Many of the communities of ethnic Pashtuns (known as Pathans in India) that had emerged in India over the previous centuries lived peaceably among their Hindu neighbors. Most of these Indo-Afghans lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead spoke Hindi and

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If we compare the archaic structure of Pashto with the much simplified morphology of Persian, the leading modern Iranian language, we see that it stands to its 'second cousin' and neighbour in something like the same relationship as Icelandic does to

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serves as the second language of Pashtuns in Afghanistan, while those in Pakistan speak Urdu and English. In India, the majority of those of Pashtun descent have lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead speak Hindi and other regional languages.

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This theory of Pashtuns Jewish origin has been largely denied and is said that Its biblical claims are anecdotal, its historical documentation is inconsistent, its geographic claims are incoherent, and its linguistic assertions are implausible.

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Demographers estimated the world's Pashtun at 60-70 million of which the vast majority now live in Pakistan. Of Afghanistan's current population of 38 million, the Pashtun account for less than a majority — 15 million — or 39 per cent of the

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Pashtun, also spelled Pushtun or Pakhtun, Hindustani Pathan, Persian Afghan, Pashto-speaking people residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in

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The Greek ancestry of the Pashtuns may also be traced on the basis of a homologous group. And Hoplogroup J2 is from the Semitic population, and this Hoplogroup is found in 6.5% of Greeks and Pashtuns and 55.6% of the Israelite population.

10680:

Di Cristofaro, Julie; Pennarun, Erwan; Mazières, Stéphane; Myres, Natalie M.; Lin, Alice A.; Temori, Shah Aga; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Witzel, Michael; King, Roy J.; Underhill, Peter A.; Villems, Richard; Chiaroni, Jacques (2013).

555:, an influential economist from Pakistan and himself an ethnic Pashtun, estimated their total population to be situated between 60 and 70 million, with most located in Pakistan and 15 million in Afghanistan. They are the second-largest 6814: 2442:

says they were permitted by the ruler to go east to Afghanistan. This inconsistency can be explained by the fact that Persia acquired the lands of the ancient Assyrian Empire when it conquered the Empire of the Medes and Chaldean

1982:

is so obscure, that no one, even among the oldest and most clever of the tribe, can give satisfactory information on this point." Others have suggested that a single origin of the Pashtuns is unlikely but rather they are a tribal

11041:(This research study has been conducted and reported as partial fulfillment of the requirements of PhD degree in Genetics awarded by Hazara UniversityMansehra, Pakistan). Hazara University, Mansehra. pp. 1–229. Docket 13737. 10167:

presidents; in India, Zakir Hussain, an Afridi Pashtun, became president. Muhammed Yusuf Khan (Dilip Kumar) and Mumtaz Jahan (Madhubala) were great Bollywood actors; Mansoor Ali Khan (Tiger Pataudi) led the Indian cricket team;

9289:. "The suggestion that the Hephthalites were originally of Turkic origin and only later adopted Bactrian as their administrative, and possibly native, language (de la Vaissière 2007: 122) seems to be most prominent at present." 1808:"We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principal mountain is called 3965:

and many other books to the English language. Many Pashtuns want to reclaim their identity from being lumped in with the Taliban and international terrorism, which is not directly linked with Pashtun culture and history.

2829:

intervened in its southern neighbor Afghanistan in order to defeat a rising insurgency. The Afghan mujahideen were funded by the United States, Saudi Arabia, China and others, and included some Pashtun commanders such as

5798:

In Afghanistan, up until the 1970s, the common reference to Afghan meant Pashtun. . . . The term Afghan as an inclusive term for all ethnic groups was an effort begun by the "modernizing" King Amanullah (1909-1921). . .

1039:

Pashtun-inhabited areas in Pakistan and Afghanistan (including the southern borders of the former Soviet Union, the northeastern borders of Iran, and the northwestern borders of India disputed with Pakistan), in early

3953:, Islamic scholars, such as Maulana Aazam an author of more than five hundred books including Tafasee of the Quran as Naqeeb Ut Tafaseer, Tafseer Ul Aazamain, Tafseer e Naqeebi and Noor Ut Tafaseer etc., as well as 11838:

Khpalwaak Pakhtunistan Ghurzang on Sunday demanded the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government to introduce Pashto as a medium of instruction for the Pakhtun children as that was needed for their socio-economic development.

4918:

Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday, Yasmin, the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get

10866:

Zubair, Muhammad; Hemphill, Brian E.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Tariq, Muhammad; Ilyas, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib (August 2020). "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Khattak and Kheshgi of the Peshawar Valley, Pakistan".

9441:

shah of Afghanistan. In 1747 the tribe changed its name to "Durrani" when Ahmad khan became the first king of Afghanistan and accepted the title "Dur-i-Duran" (the pearl of pearls, from Arabian: "durr" – pearl).

5524:

addition, the Close Border Policy tried to contract services from more resistant hill tribes in an attempt to co-opt them. In exchange for their cooperation, the tribes would receive a stipend for their services.

10814:

Ikram, Muhammad Salman; Mehmood, Tahir; Rakha, Allah; Akhtar, Sareen; Khan, Muhammad Imran Mahmood; Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed; Safhi, Fatmah Ahmed; Hadi, Sibte; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Adnan, Atif (30 November 2022).

3298:

The long wars in Afghanistan have led to Pashtuns gaining a reputation for being exceptional fighters. Some activists and intellectuals are trying to rebuild Pashtun intellectualism and its pre-war culture.

9211:

The fact is that the important Ghilzai tribe occupies now the region round Ghazni, where the Khalaj used to live and that historical data all point, to the transformation of the Turkish Khalaj into Afghan

9059:

In a nutshell, Bellew's thesis is that all Afghan tribal names can be traced to Greek and Rajput names, which posits the further possibility of a great Greek mixing with the ancient border tribes of India.

6203: 949:(the Hindustani word for Pashtun) both by themselves and other ethnic groups of the subcontinent. Some Indians claim descent from Pashtun soldiers who settled in India by marrying local women during the 1167:

with the other South Asian Muslim nationalities to form a common Indian Muslim community in tandem with the larger Indian community, losing their distinctive heritage. Some Pashtuns travelled as far as

13936:

Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).

1885:; but others, stubborn and self-willed, refusing to embrace the true faith, leaving their country, came to India, and eventually settled in the Sulimany mountains, where they bore the name of Afghans. 6380:

By the late-eighteenth century perhaps 100,000 "Afghan" or "Puthan" migrants had established several generations of political control and economic consolidation within numerous Rohilkhand communities

4308:

and Pashto One. Pashtuns around the world, particularly those in Arab countries, watch these for entertainment purposes and to get latest news about their native areas. Others are Afghanistan-based

11023: 2447:, which had conquered Assyria decades earlier. But no ancient author mentions such a transfer of Israelites further east, or no ancient extra-Biblical texts refer to the Ten Lost Tribes at all. 8247:

A Glossary Of The Tribes And Castes Of The Punjab And North-West Frontier Province Vol. 3 By H.A. Rose, Denzil Ibbetson Sir Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1997, Page 211,

5588:

A majority of Pashtuns live south of the Hindu Kush (the 500-mile mountain range that covers northwestern Pakistan to central and eastern Pakistan) and with some Persian speaking ethnic groups.

3311:, with a frequency of 50-65%. Subclade R1a-Z2125 occurs at a frequency of 40%. This subclade is predominantly found in Tajiks, Turkmen, Uzbeks and in some populations in the Caucasus and Iran. 2405:, among other Hebrew tribes, settled in the Afghanistan region. This oral tradition is widespread among the Pashtun tribes. There have been many legends over the centuries of descent from the 13828:

Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1988. "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press.

7881:"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" 7743:"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" 5747: 13396: 13301: 8662:

It is, however, possible that the original home of Paṣ̌tō may have been in Badaḵšān, somewhere between Munǰī and Sangl. and Shugh., with some contact with a Saka dialect akin to Khotanese.

12693:, Indica News, 2020-01-05, "Nankana Sahib is also home to the largest Sikh Pashtun community, many of whom have migrated from the North West Frontier Provinces, renamed Khyber-Pakhtunwa." 8296:

The Afghans and Khiljis who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Subooktugeen, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to

5854:

The largest ethnic group in Afghanistan is that of Pashtuns, who were historically known as the Afghans. The term Afghan is now intended to indicate people of other ethnic groups as well.

7194:

According to a sample survey in 1988, nearly 75 percent of all Afghan refugees in the southern part of Persian Khorasan were Dorrānī, that is, about 280,000 people (Papoli-Yazdi, p. 62).

1175:

Today, the Pashtuns are a collection of diversely scattered communities present across the length and breadth of India, with the largest populations principally settled in the plains of

11896: 11810:

Sources say that this is mainly because the Pushto text books in use in the settled areas of N.W.F.P. are written in the Yusufzai dialect, which is not the dialect in use in the Agency

9614: 8117: 3327:. There appears to be founder affect in the O3-M122 among the Jadoon. 76.32% of Jadoon men carry O3-M122 while 0.75% of Tanolis, 0.81% of Gujars and 2.82% of Yousafzais carry O3-M122. 6705: 3368:, based on an important orthodox law of Pashtunwali which mainly requires that only those who have a Pashtun father are Pashtun. This definition places less emphasis on the language. 1391:

Together came the Pakthas (पक्थास), the Bhalanas, the Alinas, the Sivas, the Visanins. Yet to the Trtsus came the Ārya's Comrade, through love of spoil and heroes' war, to lead them.

9335:"The Khalaj West of the Oxus [excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417–437]" 8940:

haplotype of the 9 or 7 markers tested. Very few exact matches were found only with the 5 markers test. However the 7 marker test had many exact matches from the Greek population.

11064: 2209:

have lately been undertaken by academics from various institutions and research institutes. The Greek heritage of Pakistani Pashtuns has been researched in. In this study, the

13537: 9029:

most of the Afghans were concentrated in Qandahar and adjacent areas and had not expanded to the north. Therefore, it is highly significant that Masudi should call Qandahar a

2194:

According to Firasat et al. 2007, a proportion of Pashtuns may descend from Greeks, but they also suggest that Greek ancestry may also have come from Greek slaves brought by

2296:

origin "seems to be most prominent at present". The Khalaj may originally have been Turkic-speaking and only federated with Iranian Pashto-speaking tribes in Medieval times.

10007: 9659:

Lacau, Harlette; Gayden, Tenzin; Regueiro, Maria; Chennakrishnaiah, Shilpa; Bukhari, Areej; Underhill, Peter A.; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph L.; Herrera, Rene J. (October 2012).

547:. The total population of the Pashtun people is estimated to be about 40 million in Pakistan and 20 million in Afghanistan, although this figure is disputed due to the 6652: 2082:

dialect and many others have observed the similarities between Pashto and other Saka languages as well, suggesting that the original Pashto speakers might have been a

12673:

One can sense a diminutive yet charming cultural amalgamation in certain localities within the town with the settling of around 250 Pashtun Sikh families in the city.

4900: 3446:

In the 18th century, the groups collaborated at times and at other times fought each other. With a few gaps, Durranis ruled modern Afghanistan continuously until the

3542:

Pashtun state-builders in nineteenth and twentieth century Afghanistan. There was little or no sampling of original Pashto language religious or historical material.

1677:"-bid the Afghan... Moreover, they are in nu(?) because of the Afghans, so impose a penalty on Nat Kharagan ... ...lord of Warnu with ... ... ...the Afghan... ... " 13700: 11633: 11426: 8010:

The earliest mention of the name 'Afghan' (Abgan) is to be found in a Sasanid inscription from the 3rd century, and it appears in India in the form of 'Avagana'...

1627:

Bactrian document in the Greek script from the 4th century mentioning the word Afghan (αβγανανο): "To Ormuzd Bunukan from Bredag Watanan, the chief of the Afghans"

1199:

over the course of generations. Pashtuns have influenced and contributed to various fields in India, particularly politics, the entertainment industry and sports.

9710:"A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500–1924), Chapter IV. An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)" 15996: 13981: 11024:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357933818_Contrasting_maternal_and_paternal_genetic_histories_among_five_ethnic_groups_from_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Pakistan

14050: 4681: 4665: 2863: 13817:(eds.). 1994. "The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. 13254: 9876: 4804:

Note: population statistics for Pashtuns (including those without a notation) in foreign countries were derived from various census counts, the UN, the CIA's

3457:

Tribal allegiances are stronger among the Ghilji, while governance of the Durrani confederation is more to do with cross-tribal structures of land ownership.

1495:(written between 43 BC to 23 AD) makes mention of the Scythian tribe Pasiani (Πασιανοί), which has also been identified with Pashtuns given that Pashto is an 13852: 8860:, is connected with the Sultan Ismail, founder of the Saimani dynasty, which succeddeded to that of the Suffari (founded by Yacub Bin Leith or Lais) 875 A.D. 5985: 4625: 2748: 12542: 11729: 14013: 12687:, Himal, 2016-08-03, "Singh also came across many non turban-wearing followers of Guru Nanak in Pakistan, all of Pashtun origin and from the Khyber area." 12585: 11391: 8573:(69) Paṣ̌tō undoubtedly belongs to the Northeastern Iranic branch. It shares with Munǰī the change of *δ > l, but this tendency extends also to Sogdian 14265: 6127: 5324:

The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, a Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usually applied only to the people living east of the Durand.

2330:

endorses this view who proposes that after the collapse of the Hephthalite confederacy, Hephthalite likely assimilated into different local populations.

12366:

Before the emergence of Islam, the Pakhtuns were followers of Hinduism and Buddhism and considered music sacred, employing it in many religious rituals.

9709: 9454: 7593:

All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group...

4203:

The advent of poetry helped transition Pashto to the modern period. Pashto literature gained significant prominence in the 20th century, with poetry by

14617: 10368:

He was visiting his cousin Mohammed Yunus, a Pathan who had chosen to move to Delhi at Partition and become a well-known figure in the Congress regime.

8435:...though most scholars believe it more likely that they arose from an intermingling of ancient Aryans from the north or west with subsequent invaders. 6971: 6749: 6572: 5076: 13782:

Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier." Saqi Books (1 March 2003).

6594: 6531: 4471:, which was introduced to South Asia during the early 18th century with the arrival of the British. Many Pashtuns have become prominent international 12678: 12655: 13393: 11051: 5755: 3682:

in the 16th century. In 1958, a meeting of Pashtun scholars and writers from both Afghanistan and Pakistan, held in Kabul, standardised the present

14452: 14417: 10304: 9739: 9432: 4995: 4549:) having a saucer shaped metallic plate at its distal end, and a long bow. In Afghanistan, some Pashtuns still participate in the ancient sport of 4129:

and is divided into two main dialects, the southern "Pashto" and the northern "Pukhto". The language has ancient origins and bears similarities to

13292: 6211: 3615:, quite remarkably uniform". Ibrahim Khan provides the following classification on the letter ښ: the Northern Western dialect (e.g. spoken by the 2755:

began to be heard in Afghanistan and the new state of Pakistan. This led to bad relations between the two nations. The Afghan monarchy ended when

15946: 14317: 13362: 11520: 11138: 11106: 7555:], the Greeks of Bactria became masters of Ariana, a vague term roughly indicating the eastern districts of the Persian empire, and of India. 5351:

Pathan (pəˈtɑːn) — n a member of the Pashto-speaking people of Afghanistan, Western Pakistan, and elsewhere, most of whom are Muslim in religion

4700:. Pashtun women often have their legal rights curtailed in favour of their husbands or male relatives. For example, though women are officially 901:, the country's political capital also serves as the major urban center of Pashtuns with more than 20% of the city's population belonging to the 13938: 12690: 10398: 8851:

An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan Prepared for and Presented to the 9th International Congress of Orientalists (London, Sept. 1891)

1666:"because (pl.), the clan of the Afghans, said thus to me:...And you should not have denied? the men of Rob the Afghans took (away) the horses" 14432: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14362: 14352: 13024: 12927: 12378: 9046: 4023: 3252: 3025: 2303:, archaeological documents do not support the suggestion that the Khalaj were the successors of the Hephthalites, while according to historian 13607: 12702: 11881: 10037: 9334: 9182: 7609: 7568: 5867: 1647:

during the 3rd century CE, In the 4th century the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) as a reference to a particular people is mentioned in the

13507: 3949:

activity may be found in some Pashtun regions, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as evident in songs and dances. Many Pashtuns are prominent

2451: 8872:

Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (January 2007).

3822:), which has been the main institution of authority that the largely egalitarian Pashtuns willingly acknowledge as a viable governing body. 15941: 15567: 12763: 11247: 8272: 5709: 4853:

argues, "Poetry is the collective creative expression of the secular, liberal, and democratic ideals of the estimated 70 million Pashtuns."

5014: 4958: 2150:(Mughals), and anyone else who has crossed the region where these Pashtun live. Further they are also, and probably most surprisingly, of 10449: 6945: 4301: 13490: 13293:"Yasir Shah ready to be the difference for Pakistan over England as world's best wrist-spinner prepares for his first Test outside Asia" 8087: 4967: 14043: 13236: 10183: 7306: 2862:, and from there tens of thousands proceeded to Europe, North America, Oceania and other parts of the world. The Afghan government and 1837: 950: 9138:

Mansoor A, Mazhar K, Khaliq S, et al. (April 2004). "Investigation of the Greek ancestry of populations from northern Pakistan".

7502: 7379: 14729: 5837: 5629: 2355: 1457:

The Sattagydae, Gandarii, Dadicae, and Aparytae (Ἀπαρύται) paid together a hundred and seventy talents; this was the seventh province

13548: 8236:

Ninhar, a place of which the king makes a show of Islam, and has many wives, (namely) over thirty Muslim, Afghan, and Hindu (wives).

5839:

Afghanistan Graveyard of Empires: Why the Most Powerful Armies of Their Time Found Only Defeat or Shame in This Land Of Endless Wars

3334:. Dental morphology of the Swabi Jadoons was also analyzed and compared to other groups in the regions like Yousufzais and Sayyids. 15720: 12795: 7127: 5781: 3295:. This was followed by the Ghani administration and the reconquest of Afghanistan by the Taliban (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan). 3083: 2971: 13064: 12699:, Siasat Daily, 2019-09-20, "The members of the Pashtun and Afghan Sikh community living in Europe and UK have gathered in Geneva" 11943: 10477: 10015: 14258: 12733: 11658: 10581:

Zgonjanin, Dragana; Chiaroni, Jacques; Behar, Doron M.; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Underhill, Peter A.; Kásler, Miklós (January 2021).

9515: 8953: 548: 12405: 11612:, Vol. 3, Part. 3. Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill (eds.). Berlin, De Gryuter: 2006. p. 1915. 5506: 3659:

distinction but provides that in addition these Central dialects have had a vowel shift which makes them distinct: for instance

15905: 11217: 10067: 7724:

Pashtun...bore the exclusive name of Afghan before that name came to denote any native of the present land area of Afghanistan.

5537: 5413: 3038:

Many Pashtuns of Pakistan and India have adopted non-Pashtun cultures, mainly by abandoning Pashto and using languages such as

2228: 12696: 5675: 4359:, which has ancient roots. A rigorous exercise, Attan is performed as musicians play various native instruments including the 15981: 15956: 15275: 14036: 14003: 13954: 13912: 13807:. 1976. "Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology." London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 13798: 13756: 13449: 13184: 13159: 12992: 12903: 12826: 12515: 12475: 12215: 12164: 12076: 12043: 12016: 11989: 11927: 11374: 11197: 11166: 10227: 10159: 10131: 9464: 9284: 9265: 8963: 8932: 8922: 8767: 8260: 8229: 8161: 8034: 7826: 7692: 7646: 7619: 7586: 7469: 7442: 7415: 7137: 7028: 7003: 6916: 6776: 6461: 6373: 6040: 5894: 5847: 5791: 5581: 5547: 5516: 5485: 5454: 5423: 5262: 4528: 3158: 1816:

ascended this mountain and having looked out over India, which was then covered with darkness, returned without entering it."

1163:, to work in the sugarcane fields and perform manual labour. Many stayed and formed communities of their own. Some of them 656: 12613: 6656: 5165: 4835: 4419:

involves the use of up to three swords and requires great skill. Young women and girls often entertain at weddings with the

3744:. Poetry is also an important part of Pashtun culture and it has been for centuries. Pre-Islamic traditions, dating back to 1139:

During the 19th century, when the British were recruiting peasants from British India as indentured servants to work in the

16006: 8849: 2642:

empires was useful to the Pashtuns of Afghanistan in resisting foreign control and retaining a degree of autonomy (see the

2492:

This theory has been criticised for not being substantiated by historical evidence. Zaman Stanizai criticises this theory:

6480: 4865: 1306:

links of their respective countries, and modern communities have been established starting around the 1960s mainly in the

15895: 15890: 15820: 13708: 11630: 11434: 2876: 2870: 9517:

Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries Vol 1

15951: 15915: 14251: 13116: 13090: 12006: 9761: 9525: 6854: 5140:"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions" 2794: 1786:, while on another occasion Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked and punished a group of opposing Afghans, as also corroborated by 1470:

made the connection of the Pashtuns with names such as the Parsiētai (Παρσιῆται), Parsioi (Πάρσιοι) that were cited by

736: 9375: 8955:

Intelligent Computing Theories: 9th International Conference, ICIC 2013, Nanning, China, July 28-31, 2013, Proceedings

8924:

Intelligent Computing Theories: 9th International Conference, ICIC 2013, Nanning, China, July 28-31, 2013, Proceedings

8389: 15257: 14467: 14108: 13989: 13971: 13929: 13896: 13882: 13833: 13822: 13787: 13642: 13434:

Agarwal, B. (1998). A field of one's own: Gender and land rights in South Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.

12949: 12359: 11671: 11617: 11503: 11471: 11364: 10347: 10288: 10261: 9810: 9491: 9385: 9086: 8545: 8458: 8366: 8332: 8252: 8195: 8062: 7995: 7538: 7217: 6403: 6103: 5381: 5292: 4484: 4464: 3063: 2756: 9906: 7636: 5475: 5363: 3319:

Y haplogroup and mtdna haplogroup samples were taken from Jadoon, Yousafzai, Sayyid, Gujar and Tanoli men living in

2687:

In the 20th century, many politically active Pashtun leaders living under British rule of undivided India supported

2413:

in Pashto translates to the "son of Joseph". A similar story is told by many historians, including the 14th century

15885: 13841: 10583:"Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third" 9884: 6306: 5444: 4673: 4621: 4058: 10499: 8482: 7331: 6815:""The Kabuliwala represents a dilemma between the state and migratory history of the world" – Shah Mahmoud Hanifi" 4966:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 3350:

and use it significantly. The Pashto language is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns.

15986: 15584: 15394: 15109: 11052:

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9941/1/Muhammad%20Tariq_Genetics_2017_HU_Mansehra_Main%20part.pdf

7461:

Geography, book 6 : Middle East, Central and North Asia, China. Part 1. Text and English/German translations

6343: 3986: 2923: 2541: 1331: 563:, constituting around 18.24% of the total Pakistani population and around 47% of the total Afghan population. In 11981:

Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures

11919:

Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice

11822: 11737: 11189:

Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice

11158:

Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice

10969:"Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan" 10912:"Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan" 10759:"Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan" 6258: 4959:

Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

1517:

This is considered a different rendering of Ptolemy's Parsioi (Πάρσιοι). Johnny Cheung, reflecting on Ptolemy's

15991: 14010: 11398: 7432: 6032: 4460: 4453: 4176:

is believed to have written a number of Pashto books while fighting with the Mughals. Pashtun scholars such as

2474:

and the purity of their religious belief, and that on the appearance of the last and greatest of the prophets (

2401:

Israel agree with the commonly held view by Pashtuns that when the twelve tribes of Israel were dispersed, the

1913: 1188: 10385:

Mohammad Yunus is belong to a rich and distinguished Pathan family and son of Haji Ghulam Samdani (1827–1926).

6074:

Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.

3105:, who are presidents of their respective political parties in Pakistan. Others became famous in sports (e.g., 15619: 14722: 13380: 13050: 11641: 9717: 9360: 9224: 9071: 8393: 6620: 6557: 4346: 4200:

region in Afghanistan. However, this is disputed by several European experts due to lack of strong evidence.

3958: 2897: 2334: 1905: 889:, the financial capital of Pakistan, is home to the world's largest urban community of Pashtuns, larger than 10204:

She's a Pathan girl who speaks Hindi and Urdu well and was spectacular in the screen test. It was pure luck.

9829: 8024: 6061: 2762: 14153: 14059: 9713: 9632: 7967: 5721: 5647: 4596: 4313: 4082: 3805: 3503: 3059: 3055: 2688: 777: 560: 513: 8679:... and their language is most closely related to on the one hand with Saka on the other with Munji-Yidgha 7946:, and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of 7790:, and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of 3668: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3636: 3628: 3620: 1853:; who each, subsequently, became head of the tribes which to this day bear their name. I have read in the 1035: 15787: 15164: 12261: 11463: 9421: 7294: 6293: 5309: 4508: 4062: 3264: 1703:"It would be unfavourable to the people of Chola, the Afghans (Avagāṇa), the white Huns and the Chinese." 11065:"HVSI polymorphism indicates multiple origins of mtDNA in the Hazarewal population of Northern Pakistan" 11038:

Genetic Analysis of the Major Tribes of Buner and Swabi Areas through Dental Morphology and DNA Analysis

10757:

Tariq, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib; Hemphill, Brian E.; Farooq, Umar; Schurr, Theodore G. (19 January 2022).

10312: 9021:

writes that Qandahar was a separate kingdom with a non- Muslim ruler and states that it is a country of

15920: 14347: 13685: 12333: 12092: 11221: 11063:

Akbae, N.; Ahmad, H.; Nadeem, M.S.; Hemphill, B.E.; Muhammad, K.; Ahmad, W.; Ilyas, M. (24 June 2016).

10424: 8744:

But it seems that the Old Iranic ancestor dialect of Paṣ̌tō must have been close to that of the Gathas.

8514: 7358:"The History of Herodotus Book 3, Chapter 91, Verse 4; Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by G. C. Macaulay" 4581: 4524: 4388:(wooden flute). With a rapid circular motion, dancers perform until no one is left dancing, similar to 4157:. Pashto may have ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighbouring languages including such as 3845: 3720: 3292: 3288: 2740: 2681: 2238:

expanded influence on the Pashtuns until 305 BCE when they gave up dominating power to the Indian

1895: 1749:("History of the Indus"), which describes groups of rebellious Afghans in the tribal lands west of the 544: 63: 12560: 11527: 9005:, notes that several characteristics are common to both the Rajputs and the Afghans and suggests that 8952:

Huang, De-Shuang; Bevilacqua, Vitoantonio; Figueroa, Juan Carlos; Premaratne, Prashan (20 July 2013).

8921:

Huang, De-Shuang; Bevilacqua, Vitoantonio; Figueroa, Juan Carlos; Premaratne, Prashan (20 July 2013).

8834: 6424: 5221: 3552: 15459: 15329: 14274: 14211: 13634: 13318: 11105:

Zubair, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib; Hemphill, Brian E.; Tariq4, Muhammad; Shah, Muzafar (25 March 2021).

10124:

Constitution-making in Asia: Decolonisation and State-Building in the Aftermath of the British Empire

7486: 3561: 3268: 3241: 3205: 3071: 2696: 1623: 1496: 940: 773: 556: 524: 13344: 11587: 10817:"Genetic diversity and forensic application of Y-filer STRs in four major ethnic groups of Pakistan" 9549: 7664:"Cheung2017-On the Origin of the Terms "Afghan" & "Pashtun" (Again) - Gnoli Memorial Volume.pdf" 4588:. The difficult lives of Afghan female refugees gained considerable notoriety with the iconic image 3992:

There are also Hindu Pashtuns, sometimes known as the Sheen Khalai, who have moved predominantly to

2106:

According to one school of thought, Pashtun are descended from a variety of ethnicities, including

15900: 15715: 15169: 14715: 14509: 14201: 13921: 13272: 11889:

National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguisitics

10045: 9753: 5139: 4664:, continue to work in the industry. During the 1980s many Pashtun women served in the ranks of the 4565: 4504: 3915: 3494: 3110: 2732: 2537: 2478:) the Afghans of Ghore listened to the invitation of their Arabian brethren, the chief of whom was 1543:

until the advent of modern Afghanistan in the 18th century, the Pashtuns were often referred to as

1280:

for a short period. According to a sample survey in 1988, 75 percent of all Afghan refugees in the

936: 665: 13515: 13200: 12962: 9854: 8219: 1987:"Looking for the origin of Pashtuns and the Afghans is something like exploring the source of the 1804:, when visiting Afghanistan following the era of the Khilji dynasty, also wrote about the Afghans. 1696: 790:. They can be found all over Pakistan and Afghanistan. Big cities with a Pashtun majority include 16001: 15966: 15860: 15830: 15810: 15604: 14521: 14216: 14143: 13425:

Ahmed, A. (2010). Women's Agency in Muslim Society. The SAGE Handbook of Islamic Studies, 22, 213

12834:

Estimates of the number of Pashto speakers range from 40 million to 60 million ...

9241: 7812: 7546: 4905: 4516: 4500: 3831: 3396: 3146: 3138: 2843: 2822: 2814: 2724: 2704: 2677: 2459: 1813: 1303: 1281: 595: 31: 17: 13801:. A loosely connected collection of short stories focused on life in the Pashtun tribal regions. 12767: 11666:. Vol. 4. Quaid-i-Azam University & Summer Institute of Linguistics. p. 36 to 37. 11255: 8283: 8125: 8057:. Oxford: The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press. 7853:(Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J. W. McCrindle). 7739:(Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle). 5725: 4882: 2662:– areas that would become western Pakistan fell within British India as a result of the border. 2583:

and seized control over much of Persia from 1722 to 1729. This was followed by the conquests of

961:, estimates that "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan". 15971: 15880: 15850: 15792: 15599: 14407: 14206: 12788: 11645: 11620: 10191: 9554: 8153:

Bṛhat Saṁhitā of Varāhamihira: with english translation, exhaustive notes and literary comments

7987: 6682: 6283: 6095: 6001: 5022: 4936: 4395:. Numerous other dances are affiliated with various tribes notably from Pakistan including the 3740:

and the understanding of Pashto language. The Kabul dialect is used to standardize the present

3701: 3182: 2421:. However, the similarity of names can also be traced to the presence of Arabic through Islam. 2370: 2300: 2094:

at that time. Others however have suggested a much older Iranic ancestor given the affinity to

1909: 1901: 1319: 1152: 729: 627: 13599: 13475: 10460: 10278: 10119: 9972: 9481: 8874:"Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan" 8739: 8657: 8639: 8568: 8448: 8397: 8356: 8322: 8095: 6937: 6393: 6234: 5914: 5367: 5282: 4960: 4584:

among Pashtun women, as many of their rights have been curtailed by a rigid interpretation of

2289:

confederacy. The Hephthalites may have been Indo-Iranian, although the view that they were of

15976: 15910: 15682: 15499: 15250: 15042: 14773: 12467: 11979: 11457: 11132: 11107:"Identification of Genetic Lineage of Peshawar and Nowshera Tribes through Dental Morphology" 10910:

Tariq, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib; Hemphill, Brian E.; Farooq, Umar; Schurr, Theodore G. (2022).

10217: 9246: 9218: 8311:

R. Khanam, Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: P-Z, Volume 3 - Page 18

8185: 7816: 7528: 7207: 6993: 6318: 5979: 5571: 4335: 4240: 4169: 4095: 3853: 3773: 3498: 3162: 3094: 3067: 3051: 2847: 2375: 1413: 1164: 1125: 958: 12792: 11760: 11702: 10251: 7611:

Herodotus's Scythians and Ptolemy's Central Asia: Semasiological and Onomasiological Studies

6678: 6451: 5901:

Niamatullah knew Persian very well, as all the educated Pashtuns generally do in Afghanistan

5603: 4931: 4215:

published Seraj-al-Akhbar, which became the first Pashto newspaper in Afghanistan. In 1977,

2591:

and founder of the Durrani Empire, which covered most of what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan,

1877:; and that when the prophet Moses got the better of that infidel who was overwhelmed in the 15130: 14679: 13218: 12184: 11496:

South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

10980: 10923: 10770: 10694: 10364:

The Pathan unarmed: opposition & memory in the North West Frontier (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

5093: 5069: 4440: 4252: 4204: 4099: 3954: 3871:

Before Islam there were various different beliefs which were practiced by Pashtuns such as

3835: 3569: 3547:

Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors, Chapter 8, page 278

3331: 3010: 2959: 2951: 2943: 2893: 2708: 2048: 2009: 1846: 1192: 1068:

in eastern India that each have a population of over a million with Pashtun ancestry; both

15184: 13659: 11123: 7883:(See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan). 7745:(See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture Abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan). 5446:

The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System

3259:

that was fighting against the Taliban also included a number of Pashtuns. Among them were

2396:

discusses the settlement of immigrant Bani Israel at the end of the 8th century CE in the

8: 15757: 15484: 15474: 15469: 15429: 15349: 14972: 14689: 14556: 14536: 14367: 14285: 12351: 12095:. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. 11948: 11078:(2). Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan: 1–10. 9980: 9123: 9119: 8971:

and the Burusho, to have des- cended from the soldiers of Alexander, has been considered.

8620:

Waghmar, Burzine; Frye, Richard N. (2001). "Bactrian History and Language: An Overview".

7947: 7791: 6239: 5921: 4901:"Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's great granddaughter seeks citizenship for 'Phastoons' in India" 4701: 4617: 3857: 3745: 3705: 3102: 3090: 3002: 2889: 2867: 2855: 2835: 2810: 2802: 2770: 2759: 2736: 2624: 2532: 2479: 2311: 2258: 2224: 2175: 2075: 1248: 1148: 920: 754: 10984: 10927: 10774: 10698: 8537: 7908:(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society). 7764:(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society). 7114:

raided in Khorasan, and "in the course of a very few years greatly increased in numbers"

5811: 3342:

The most prominent views amongst Pashtuns as to who exactly qualifies as a Pashtun are:

2665: 15835: 15825: 15662: 15439: 15399: 15384: 15374: 15354: 14887: 14762: 14694: 14674: 14659: 14462: 14234: 13947:

Afghanistan's Endless War:State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban

13486: 13068: 12921: 12243: 11953: 11569: 11302: 11294: 11001: 10968: 10944: 10911: 10892: 10843: 10816: 10791: 10758: 10717: 10682: 10657: 10632: 10607: 10582: 10557: 10530: 9953: 9757: 9685: 9660: 9596: 9202: 9163: 9115: 8898: 8873: 8787: 8508: 7332:"The History of Herodotus Chapter 7, Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by George Rawlinson" 7249: 7153: 6709: 6634: 6288: 6152: 6088: 5079: 4806: 4697: 4669: 4373: 4272: 4268: 4232: 4228: 4011: 3982: 3906:

tribe is approximately 50% Shia and the rest Sunni, who are mainly found in and around

3761: 3272: 3075: 3021: 2979: 2935: 2927: 2839: 2831: 2612: 2584: 2455: 2060: 2056: 1975: 1809: 1734: 1617: 1500: 1335: 1297: 1257: 1184: 1169: 1117: 1080:

during the colonial era. There are also populations over 100,000 each in the cities of

954: 932: 843: 552: 14290: 13810:

Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. "Pukhtun economy and society." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

12737: 12105: 11677: 7851:"The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " 7737:"The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " 4030:

tribe. Today, they continue to speak Pashto and celebrate Pashtun culture through the

3395:. The tribal system has several levels of organisation: the tribe they are in is from 15875: 15865: 15767: 15710: 15479: 15409: 15359: 15334: 15209: 15156: 15146: 15047: 14684: 14590: 13999: 13985: 13967: 13950: 13925: 13908: 13892: 13878: 13829: 13818: 13794: 13783: 13638: 13374: 13180: 13155: 13044: 12988: 12945: 12909: 12899: 12822: 12511: 12471: 12460: 12417: 12355: 12211: 12160: 12072: 12039: 12012: 11985: 11923: 11667: 11613: 11499: 11467: 11370: 11306: 11193: 11162: 11087: 11006: 10949: 10896: 10884: 10848: 10796: 10722: 10662: 10612: 10562: 10343: 10284: 10257: 10223: 10155: 10127: 9945: 9806: 9733: 9690: 9600: 9521: 9487: 9460: 9381: 9354: 9206: 9155: 9065: 8959: 8928: 8903: 8763: 8541: 8454: 8362: 8328: 8256: 8248: 8225: 8191: 8157: 8058: 8030: 7991: 7979: 7822: 7688: 7642: 7615: 7582: 7534: 7465: 7438: 7411: 7213: 7133: 7024: 6999: 6912: 6772: 6614: 6551: 6457: 6399: 6369: 6099: 6036: 5967: 5947: 5890: 5843: 5787: 5577: 5543: 5512: 5481: 5450: 5419: 5387: 5377: 5288: 5258: 5233: 4989: 4783: 4677: 4573: 4436: 4381: 4223:

which contains the family trees and Pashtun tribal names. Some notable poets include

4138: 4119: 4050: 3749: 3568:

in relation to verbs is complex compared to other Iranian languages. In this respect

3530: 3312: 3260: 3256: 3178: 3079: 2987: 2983: 2931: 2790: 2786: 2712: 2673: 2647: 2643: 2604: 2438: 2304: 2087: 2040: 1988: 1969: 1938: 1833: 1714: 1545: 1534: 1432: 1327: 1277: 1216: 964:

Historically, Pashtuns have settled in various cities of India before and during the

924: 758: 722: 528: 509: 13891:. 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier." Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). 13731: 12681:, Al Jazeera, 2017-01-01, "the culture among Afghan Hindus is predominantly Pashtun" 12440: 12286: 11225: 11036: 6015:

from the intercourse of the Persian-speaking Pathans with the Hindi-speaking Hindus.

5508:

Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty

3383: 3251:

In the late 1990s, Pashtuns were the primary ethnic group in the ruling regime i.e.

15840: 15815: 15777: 15652: 15574: 15519: 15514: 15389: 15324: 15303: 15243: 15014: 14877: 14833: 14781: 13963: 13888: 12064: 11561: 11286: 11118: 11079: 10996: 10988: 10939: 10931: 10876: 10838: 10828: 10786: 10778: 10741: 10712: 10702: 10652: 10644: 10602: 10594: 10552: 10542: 10529:

Lacau, Harlette; Gayden, Tenzin; Reguerio, Maria; Underhill, Peter (October 2012).

9937: 9680: 9672: 9588: 9194: 9167: 9147: 8893: 8885: 8488: 7574: 6884: 6795: 6730: 6484: 5959: 5652: 4769: 4717: 4603:

Modern social reform for Pashtun women began in the early 20th century, when Queen

4569: 4260: 4224: 4216: 4177: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4134: 4130: 4042: 3929: 3923: 3769: 3715: 3608: 3486: 3284: 3276: 3237: 3174: 3154: 3043: 3028: 2881: 2616: 2393: 2327: 2052: 2044: 1996: 1918: 1787: 1779: 1609: 1273: 1265: 1196: 928: 914: 803: 762: 750: 710: 637: 622: 568: 431: 396: 361: 12684: 12504: 12208:

The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan

11345: 9649:

Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul, Volume 1. By Mohan Lal (1846), pg.5

7956:

words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).

7800:

words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).

5812:"Constitution of the Kingdom of Afghanistan - Wikisource, the free online library" 4656:, who hailed from the lineage of Gujarat's historical Pathan community: the royal 2914:, Pakistani cricketer-turned-politician and former Prime Minister, belongs to the 1239:. In order to secure Durrani control in southern Afghanistan, Nader Shah deported 15961: 15855: 15845: 15642: 15547: 15542: 15534: 15464: 15379: 15319: 15298: 14738: 14541: 14387: 14173: 14017: 13400: 13008: 12869: 12816: 12799: 12633:"70 years on, one Pashtun town still safeguards its old Hindu-Muslim brotherhood" 12312: 12033: 11733: 11637: 11156: 10707: 9817:

Ashfaqullah's father, Shafeequlla Khan, was a member of a Pathan military family.

8757: 8221:

Hudud al-'Alam 'The Regions of the World' - A Persian Geography 372 A.H. (982 AD)

8151: 7981: 7682: 7459: 7405: 7273: 6906: 5963: 5751: 5173: 5072: 4866:"TABLE 11 : POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX, and RURAL/URBAN - 2023 Census" 4689: 4326: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4103: 4046: 3969:

Little information is available on non-Muslim as there is limited data regarding

3911: 3861: 3815: 3797: 3757: 3741: 3711: 3695: 3683: 3664: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3476: 3472: 3447: 3047: 3018: 2859: 2851: 2818: 2806: 2782: 2778: 2716: 2692: 2608: 2560: 2406: 2402: 2380: 2235: 2178:, who wrote extensively on Afghan culture, noted that some people claim that the 2032: 1955: 1644: 1613: 1401: 1339: 1293: 690: 675: 617: 464: 320: 316: 12985:

Afghan Monarchs: Sher Shah Suri, Amanullah Khan, Habibullah Khan, Amir Kror Suri

12632: 11320: 10399:"One Year Later: Taliban Reprise Repressive Rule, but Struggle to Build a State" 8608:

Pashto originally belonged to the north - eastern branch of the Iranic languages

8530: 7357: 7069: 6319:"South Asia :: Pakistan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" 5336: 4553:

in which horse riders attempt to place a goat or calf carcass in a goal circle.

4545:

is a traditional archery sport in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, played with a long arrow (

4539:

is of Pakistani Pashtun origin who has played for the Australian national team.

1958:. historians have also come across references to various ancient peoples called 1717:, where a reference is made to a village, Saul, which was probably located near 1207:

Pashtuns are also found in smaller numbers in the eastern and northern parts of

15870: 15667: 15627: 15589: 15562: 15424: 15344: 15224: 15022: 14986: 14949: 14942: 14935: 14856: 14812: 14801: 14669: 14664: 14607: 14546: 14457: 14442: 14342: 14133: 14028: 13995: 13977: 13804: 12818:

A Grammar of Pashto a Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan

12660: 10992: 10935: 10880: 10833: 10782: 9592: 9017:(solar race) from which many Rajputs claim descent. The great Muslim historian 7178: 7098: 7044: 6799: 5195: 4736: 4645: 4609: 4520: 4512: 4244: 4181: 4162: 4150: 4115: 4087: 3938: 3872: 3600: 3565: 3526: 3480: 3378: 3365: 3361: 3320: 3197: 3166: 3142: 2967: 2955: 2939: 2901: 2744: 2727:

to fight for an independent Pakistan through non violent resistance, including

2639: 2635: 2631: 2596: 2592: 2576: 2564: 2506: 2365: 2361: 2319: 2307:, the Khalaj were "perhaps only politically associated with the Hephthalites." 2290: 2282: 2115: 2036: 1951: 1866: 1795: 1791: 1467: 1446: 1380: 1307: 1253: 969: 871: 705: 670: 647: 540: 497: 347: 312: 208: 11290: 10598: 9198: 9151: 8026:

Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History

7578: 6706:"Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans" 6679:"Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans" 5252: 4932:"Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans" 2466:"The Afghan historians proceed to relate that the children of Israel, both in 15935: 15672: 15657: 15509: 15434: 15364: 15293: 15125: 15078: 15037: 15000: 14870: 14767: 14752: 14637: 14632: 14602: 14526: 14492: 14412: 14332: 14300: 14163: 14118: 14088: 14083: 13998:(1962; 2nd edition 1972). "The Way Of The Pathans." Oxford University Press. 12913: 12847: 12068: 11205:

be one of the primary markers of ethnic identity in contemporary Afghanistan.

10478:"Leaving Afghanistan's 'Bagarm Airfield' Was a Grave Military Mistake: Trump" 9949: 9401:

Morgenstierne, Georg (1979). "The Linguistic Stratification of Afghanistan".

7980:

Noelle-Karimi, Christine; Conrad J. Schetter; Reinhard Schlagintweit (2002).

7286: 5971: 5391: 5284:

Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia

5237: 4840: 4744: 4636: 4488: 4480: 4449: 4445: 4292: 4248: 4236: 4197: 4070: 4054: 3962: 3607:

as distinct group. As Elfenbein notes: "Dialect differences lie primarily in

3245: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3192:

film stars in India have Pashtun ancestry; some of the most notable ones are

3150: 3126: 3118: 2975: 2963: 2728: 2700: 2572: 2544: 2397: 2385: 2274: 2239: 2183: 2169: 2147: 2079: 2071: 1850: 1778:

was defeated. Al-Utbi further stated that Afghans and Ghiljis made a part of

1762: 1323: 1240: 1236: 1224: 1180: 1049: 1013: 700: 188: 14243: 13128: 13094: 12236:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

11650: 11279:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

8889: 6862: 5630:"Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan. Vol II: Letters and Buddhist" 3898:

communities exist in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Paktia. The Shias belong to the

512:

until 1964 after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all

15782: 15762: 15579: 15494: 15454: 15444: 15419: 15414: 15369: 15283: 15088: 14965: 14898: 14757: 14652: 14647: 14612: 14595: 14551: 14295: 14185: 14093: 14078: 14073: 13814: 11091: 11010: 10953: 10888: 10852: 10800: 10726: 10666: 10616: 10566: 9694: 9159: 8907: 8419: 7953: 7797: 7708: 6419: 6177: 5783:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature [3 volumes]

5118: 5048: 4657: 4653: 4613: 4604: 4297: 4288: 4284: 4212: 4185: 4091: 3998: 3899: 3357:. The cultural definition requires Pashtuns to adhere to Pashtunwali codes. 3280: 3233: 3130: 3122: 3032: 2998: 2991: 2947: 2826: 2752: 2651: 2568: 2323: 2293: 2278: 2254: 2139: 1946: 1692: 1550: 1220: 1144: 1057: 680: 632: 612: 12130: 11363:

Adebayo, Akanmu G.; Benjamin, Jesse J.; Lundy, Brandon D. (4 April 2014).

10633:"The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a" 9126:), upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange 500 elephants. 9097: 7545:

According to Strabo (c. 54 B.C., A.D. 24), who refers to the authority of

6506: 5948:"The Role of Pashto (as L1) and Urdu (as L2) in English Language Learning" 5887:

Crafting Masculine Selves: Culture, War, and Psychodynamics in Afghanistan

5477:

Education in Afghanistan: Developments, Influences and Legacies Since 1901

5415:

Bartered Brides: Politics, Gender and Marriage in an Afghan Tribal Society

3840: 2739:. The Pashtuns of Afghanistan attained complete independence from British 15772: 15677: 15637: 15552: 15504: 15489: 15235: 15194: 15189: 15073: 14921: 14905: 14642: 14504: 14482: 14447: 14437: 14024:(the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance). 11083: 10967:

Tariq, M.; Ahmad, H.; Hemphill, B. E.; Farooq, U.; Schurr, T. G. (2022).

10648: 10547: 9676: 9429:

Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University, Berlin

6366:

Ethnicity, Authority and Power in Central Asia: New Games Great and Small

5539:

The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan

5373: 4685: 4661: 4590: 4536: 4492: 4378: 4309: 4264: 4002:

meaning 'blue skinned' (referring to the color of Pashtun women's facial

3887: 3534: 3512: 3391:

A prominent institution of the Pashtun people is the intricate system of

3354: 3229: 3201: 3170: 3134: 3114: 3098: 3014: 3006: 2994:

as acting Prime Minister. A number of other ministers are also Pashtuns.

2720: 2670: 2659: 2655: 2414: 2286: 2095: 1821: 1801: 1783: 1750: 1540: 1492: 1176: 1121: 1077: 1065: 1061: 1009: 977: 965: 815: 787: 505: 493: 126: 13935: 13255:"Pakistan's Fakhar Zaman aims to win World Cup and break into Test team" 8280:, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15 3611:

and lexicon: the morphology and syntax are, again with the exception of

2409:

after groups converted to Christianity and Islam. Hence the tribal name

1845:

children were born, among whom were two sons famous in history. The one

15647: 15632: 15594: 15404: 15288: 14849: 14499: 14427: 14402: 14123: 14113: 14098: 14011:"Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan" 13870: 13124: 13013:. Vol. 20–22. Historical Society of Afghanistan. 1967. p. 47. 12764:"Chronology: the reigns of Abdur Rahman Khan and Habibullah, 1881–1919" 11392:"Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan" 10524: 10522: 10520: 9957: 9925: 8492: 7335: 6653:"Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001" 6481:"Memons, Khojas, Cheliyas, Moplahs ... How Well Do You Know Them?" 6204:"Hybrid Census to Generate Spatially-disaggregated Population Estimate" 4812: 4705: 4532: 4476: 4467:

have Pashtun players. One of the most popular sports among Pashtuns is

4331: 4305: 4256: 4173: 3970: 3907: 3895: 3791: 3679: 3564:

language, but a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto.

3213: 3193: 3106: 2911: 2766: 2620: 2588: 2429: 2428:

One conflicting issue in the belief that the Pashtuns descend from the

2067: 2025: 1771: 1757: 1687:

The name Afghan is later recorded in the 6th century CE in the form of

1575: 1269: 1228: 1045: 993: 989: 839: 685: 572: 228: 12247: 11800:

Carter and Raza. "Socio-Economic Profile of South Waziristan Agency".

11608:

Modarresi, Yahya: "Iran, Afghanistan and Tadjikistan, 1911–1916." In:

11573: 11298: 9084: 8591:

Pashto belongs to the North-Eastern group within the Iranian Languages

8041:

ang ( ? ) of Parpaz ( under ) thal, the chief ... of the Afghans

5573:

Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq

4407:(which, in modern times, involves the juggling of loaded rifles), and 1326:). Some Pashtuns have also settled in the Middle East, such as in the 15524: 15449: 15339: 15214: 15204: 15174: 15052: 14956: 14892: 14863: 14472: 14422: 14168: 12896:

Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia : An Encyclopedia

12656:"Two identities, twice the pride: The Pashtun Sikhs of Nankana Saheb" 11917: 11187: 10683:"Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge" 8988: 7871:

The Earth and Its Inhabitants, 1891, p 83, Élisée Reclus - Geography.

4836:"Poetry Fights Back: Modern Pashtun poetry is a poetry of resistance" 4652:

film industry. Bollywood blockbusters of the 1970s and 1980s starred

4649: 4641: 4193: 4007: 3330:

56.25% of the Jadoons in another test carried West Eurasian maternal

3324: 3209: 3189: 2781:

along with his family and relatives in a bloody coup orchestrated by

2774: 2444: 2151: 2131: 2123: 2091: 2013: 1924: 1858: 1742: 1567: 1442: 1435: 1405: 1372: 1364: 1334:

between 1976 and 1981, representing 35% of Pakistani immigrants. The

1315: 1140: 1129: 1113: 1109: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1001: 898: 851: 791: 783: 288: 15179: 12715: 12703:

Despite border tensions, Indian Sikhs celebrate festival in Pakistan

12567:

Most Hindus and Sikhs left Afghanistan during the 1992-1996 fighting

12334:

https://fieldsupport.dliflc.edu/products/pak_pashto/pw_co/pashto.pdf

11851: 11730:

TEACHING AND LEARNING IN PAKISTAN: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN EDUCATION

10517: 10093: 9941: 9803:

Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries

8046: 7678: 7663: 6178:"Pashtun | Definition, People, Culture, & Religion | Britannica" 3647:. He illustrates that the Central dialects, which are spoken by the 1562: 15219: 14994: 14791: 14580: 14322: 12751:"Pashto is our tongue, our mother tongue – and we are proud of it." 11565: 9658: 9253: 8277: 7923: 7895: 7862:

Etude Sur la Geog Grecque & c, pp 39-47, M. V. de Saint Martin.

7773: 7751: 6828: 5705: 4550: 4496: 4342: 4321: 4317: 4304:

becoming available. Two of the popular ones are the Pakistan-based

4125:, and spoken by up to 60 million people. It is written in the 4066: 3880: 3876: 3864: 3849: 3624: 3516: 2789:

commanders in exile in neighboring Pakistan began recruiting for a

2600: 2580: 2475: 2418: 2410: 2389: 2250: 2246: 2234:

Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the

2195: 2107: 1862: 1829: 1775: 1682:

the Bactrian documents, 4th century, Sims-Williams 2007b, pp. 90-91

1671:

the Bactrian documents, 4th century, Sims-Williams 2007b, pp. 90-91

1640: 1597: 1558: 1232: 1073: 1056:

community of Pashtun ancestry; the area came to be governed by the

1005: 985: 894: 875: 831: 795: 501: 106: 14707: 13701:"Afghanistan: The Trials of Woman Paratrooper Khatool Mohammadzai" 13538:"A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future" 11852:"Govt urged to declare Pashto as medium of instruction in schools" 10679: 4330:. International news sources that provide Pashto programs include 2227:(1834 – 1892) was of the view that the Pashtuns likely have mixed 1857:, a work written by a respectable author, and which I procured at 68:

Number of Pashtun Tribal and religious men in Southern Afghanistan

15735: 15083: 15027: 15007: 14929: 14819: 14627: 14585: 14531: 14397: 14327: 14310: 14158: 14128: 13547:. Aletta, Institute for Women's History. May 2003. Archived from 12586:"Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots" 12543:"Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots" 8951: 8920: 8871: 7926: 7841:

Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol I, fn 6; also Vol II, p 129, et al.

7776: 7239:

p. 2 "Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture" By D. R. Bhandarkar

6364:

Canfield, Robert L.; Rasuly-Paleczek, Gabriele (4 October 2010).

4693: 4616:

remained an important issue during the 1970s, as feminist leader

4472: 4468: 4424: 4400: 4392: 4019: 3903: 3765: 3672: 3648: 3632: 3612: 3604: 3490: 3436: 3408: 3404: 3400: 2907: 2885: 2433: 2318:

tribe who were known as the "Abdali" before the formation of the

2315: 2179: 2162: 2143: 1979: 1960: 1933: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1648: 1601: 1583: 1471: 1438: 1376: 1356: 1261: 1212: 1101: 1053: 886: 859: 827: 695: 489: 308: 13573: 12736:. Newsline Publications (Pvt.) Ltd. October 2008. Archived from 9187:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London

5704: 3776:

is celebrated as the Afghan New Year by all Afghan ethnicities.

3248:, is of Pashtun origin and related to the legendary Bacha Khan. 2368:

of the Pashtun tribes themselves. For example, according to the

1588: 953:. Many Pathans chose to live in the Republic of India after the 15557: 15199: 15093: 15032: 14840: 14796: 14786: 14573: 14487: 14477: 14392: 14357: 14337: 14305: 14178: 14148: 14103: 13877:(Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints). Oxford University Press. 13414:

Making the Good Earth Better: The Heritage of Kurtz Bros., Inc.

12697:

Pak misusing Durand Line to facilitate terrorists, says Pashtun

10743:

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of four ethnic groups of Afghanistan

9091: 8823:(Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)." Oxford University Press. 8297: 7919: 7769: 6769:

The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1859: A Short History with Documents

5082:= 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 538,554. 4585: 4389: 4180:

and others believe that the earliest Pashto work dates back to

4111: 4015: 4003: 3946: 3891: 3616: 3522: 3508: 3466: 3440: 3347: 3287:. The Taliban regime was ousted in late 2001 during the US-led 2552: 2548: 2338: 2270: 2135: 2111: 2066:

It is suggested by some that Pashto may have originated in the

2021: 1928: 1767: 1741:

and Hindu wives. In the 11th century, Afghans are mentioned in

1718: 1571: 1488: 1450: 1311: 1244: 1156: 1133: 1105: 1097: 1081: 1069: 1004:. The settlers are descended from both Pashtuns of present-day 997: 973: 902: 879: 867: 863: 835: 823: 819: 642: 580: 520: 304: 268: 248: 38: 11459:

Our Latest Longest War: Losing Hearts and Minds in Afghanistan

11427:"Tribal Dynamics of the Afghanistan and Pakistan Insurgencies" 11366:

Indigenous Conflict Management Strategies: Global Perspectives

7677:

Morano, Enrico; Provasi, Elio; Rossi, Adriano Valerio (2017).

7086:

although assimilated, continue to claim Ḡalzī Pashtun descent.

4692:

in the Pakistan Army, another Pashtun female became a fighter

4640:

women are found as TV hosts, journalists and actors. In 1942,

4165:. Modern borrowings come primarily from the English language. 782:

Pashtuns are spread over a wide geographic area, south of the

15609: 15057: 14912: 14806: 14622: 14568: 14021: 13793:

Ahmad, Jamil. 2012. "The Wandering Falcon." Riverhead Trade.

13476:"Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women's Legislative Authority" 12061:

The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa

11526:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin. Archived from 11494:

Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Ann Mills, Margaret (2003).

9300: 9111: 7894:"Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the 7750:"Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the 4542: 4367: 4355: 4038: 4031: 4027: 3993: 3974: 3950: 3934: 3919: 3809: 3785: 3764:

fused with localised variants and interpretation. Like other

3756:, while literary styles and music reflect influence from the 3753: 3737: 3640: 3451: 3392: 2915: 2798: 2797:- the Marxist government which was also dominated by Pashtun 2471: 2374:, the theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites is traced to 2158: 2127: 2119: 1605: 1441:

as early as the 1st millennium BCE, present-day Afghanistan.

1360: 1028: 1017: 981: 890: 855: 847: 811: 807: 799: 576: 564: 452: 405: 333: 146: 13966:. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History." Fenestra Books. 12462:

The clash of fundamentalisms: crusades, jihads and modernity

11966:

Paṧtō undoubtedly belongs to the Northeastern Iranic branch.

10528: 10068:"Ex Gov.Gen. Ghulam Muhammad's 54th death anniversary today" 9973:"Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures" 9752: 9025:. It would be pertinent to mention here that at the time of 7276:

and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.

7129:

Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond

6009:(213–214). The Leonard Scott Publishing Company: 154. 1877. 5915:"Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures" 2349: 1766:

recorded that many Afghans and Khiljis (possibly the modern

14827: 14514: 12379:"Sunni Militants Claim Deadly Attack at Market in Pakistan" 4961:"LANGUAGE INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES (Table C-16)" 4608:

led to a protest and contributed to the ultimate demise of

4361: 3978: 3808:. Most decisions in tribal life are made by members of the 3728: 3039: 2623:

held Afghanistan's monarchy from around 1826 to the end of

2467: 2168:

One historical account connects the Pashtuns to a possible

2083: 2017: 1870: 1553:

view supported by numerous noted scholars is that the name

1208: 1160: 532: 168: 30:"Pathan" and "Pakhtoon" redirect here. For other uses, see 13237:"Fakhar Zaman, Junaid Khan reveal their Pathan aggression" 12229: 12227: 10629: 10253:

Dr. Zakir Hussain, quest for truth (by Ziāʼulḥasan Fārūqī)

9422:"THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS" 7684:

Studia Philologica Iranica: Gherardo Gnoli Memorial Volume

7307:"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 102, section 1" 5369:

Tribal populations and cultures of the Indian subcontinent

5119:"Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Tajikistan (2017)" 3009:. Other prominent Pashtuns include the 17th-century poets 2341:

tribe of Afghanistan are the descendants of Hephthalites.

1426:

Herodotus, The Histories, Book III, Chapter 102, Section 1

443: 417: 408: 382: 373: 11977: 11781:

Carter, Lynn. "Socio-Economic Profile of Kurram Agency".

11104: 10865: 10425:"Afghanistan: At the Crossroads of Ancient Civilisations" 10111: 8788:"Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan?" 8361:(reprint, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 180. 7931:(Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood). 7781:(Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood). 7551: 7380:"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 91, section 4" 6595:"Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India" 6532:"Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India" 6153:"Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan?" 3308: 2470:

and in Arabia, preserved their knowledge of the unity of

2450:

Some Afghan historians have maintained that Pashtuns are

1798:

in 1290, Afghans have been well known in northern India.

1574:, which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the 1462:

Herodotus, The Histories, Book III, Chapter 91, Section 4

1350: 1268:, an ethnic Ghilji Pashtun, formerly second in charge of 1104:

both have a Pashtun population of over 1 million, whilst

440: 370: 12157:

Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)

11062: 10966: 10909: 10756: 10579: 9707: 9318:

Bonasli, Sonel (2016). "The Khalaj and their language".

9096:. American International School of Kabul. Archived from 8728:. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series). 8713:. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series). 8677:. Kolkata, India: Iran Society. 1946. pp. 173–174. 2432:

is that the Ten Lost Tribes were exiled by the ruler of

2039:, which is the closest existing language to the extinct 1790:. It is recorded that Afghans were also enrolled in the 1302:

Indian and Pakistani Pashtuns have utilised the British/

13982:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

12679:

The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities

12224: 11552:

Henderson, Michael (1983). "Four Varieties of Pashto".

10813: 10008:"Why Afghanistan should leave Pakistani Pashtuns alone" 7942:"The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a 7821:(Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 99. 7503:"Strabo, Geography, BOOK XI., CHAPTER VIII., section 2" 6453:

The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition

6363: 5868:"What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages?" 4572:, Pakistani activist for female education and the 2014 4065:

from their ancestral villages to settle in cities like

4022:

and Maikhter regions of the British Indian province of

3423:), each consisting of several extended families called 3411:. The tribe is then divided into kinship groups called 2723:

method of resistance. Many Pashtuns also worked in the

2587:

who was a former high-ranking military commander under

1528: 1445:

also mentions a tribe of known as Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται).

13592: 13444: 13442: 13440: 10038:"Malik Ghulam Muhammad - Governor-General of Pakistan" 8997:

in use in the East Gangetic Valley to denote a Muslim

7786:"The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a 7573:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 117. 4791: 3244:, India's former ambassador to Algeria and advisor to 2221:

to be descended from Alexander's soldiers considered.

1330:. For example, about 300,000 Pashtuns migrated to the 12716:"Tirah Sikhs glad at getting status of tribal elders" 11984:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 64. 11868:

was already evolved but it was yet to be implemented.

11493: 8491:. The History Files. 4 February 1998 . Archived from 7457: 5356: 4777: 4626:

Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan

2866:

would remain predominantly Pashtun until the fall of

2505:

According to genetic studies Pashtuns have a greater

1060:, a Pashtun dynasty. They also live in the states of 455: 446: 420: 411: 385: 376: 12691:

Sikh Religious Heritage – My visit to Lehenda Punjab

11362: 11277:

Shackle, C. (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar".

9907:"Young Afghan refugees and asylum seekers in the UK" 9483:

E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

9049:. Khyber. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014 8813: 8775:

are the alleged Pashtun ties to Israel (Israelites).

8536:. Vol. 1. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 8218:

Minorsky, V. V.; Bosworth, C. E. (31 January 2015).

7293:

territory in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan...

5362: 5049:"Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (2022)" 3981:

Pashtuns migrated from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after the

3973:

groups and minorities, especially since many of the

3307:

The majority of Pashtuns from Afghanistan belong to

1725:"Saul, a pleasant village on a mountain. In it live 1512:

Strabo, The Geography, Book XI, Chapter 8, Section 2

1431:

These Pactyans lived on the eastern frontier of the

1112:

have an estimate of around 100,000. The Pashtuns in

549:

lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979

475: 449: 437: 414: 402: 379: 367: 13757:"I have a right to – Muhammad Dawood Azami: Pashto" 13437: 12862: 12348:

The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia

11971: 11802:

Planning and Development Department, Peshawar, NWFP

11783:

Planning and Development Department, Peshawar, NWFP

10459:. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Archived from 9746: 9137: 8759:

The Pashtun Tribes in Afghanistan: Wolves Among Men

8324:

E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936

7603: 7601: 7458:Ptolemy; Humbach, Helmut; Ziegler, Susanne (1998). 6995:

Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban

6911:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 34, 35, 37, 38–. 6359: 6357: 6125: 6064:. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations 6029:

Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban

5307: 4754: 2850:. In the meantime, millions of Pashtuns joined the 2547:(in the center with his son) and his delegation in 2344: 434: 399: 364: 13291: 12934: 12608: 12606: 12503: 12459: 11703:"د کرښې پرغاړه (په پاکستان کې د مورنیو ژبو حیثیت)" 9822: 9264:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003 ( 8529: 7676: 6449: 6087: 5505:Clunan, Anne; Trinkunas, Harold A. (10 May 2010). 5146:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021 5094:"Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns" 4594:(Sharbat Gula) depicted on the June 1985 cover of 4300:has expanded in the last decade, with a number of 1708:Varāha Mihira, 6th century CE, chapt. 11, verse 61 1582:literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or " 1276:, gained power in the western regions of Iran and 13944: 13905:The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion 13031:. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006 12802:, in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition, 2010. 8697:Pashto in its origin, is probably a Saka dialect. 7437:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 28, 31. 7434:The Gates of India, Being an Historical Narrative 6526: 6524: 6053: 5984:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 5412:Lindisfarne, Nancy; Tapper, Nancy (23 May 1991). 5411: 4168:The earliest describes Sheikh Mali's conquest of 3752:in 330 BC, possibly survived in the form of 3724:Pashtuns prefer wearing their traditional clothes 3232:. In addition, one of India's former presidents, 2676:, also referred to as "the Red shirts" movement, 15933: 14058: 13924:. 1997. "Afghanistan." Oxford University Press. 12403: 12339: 12266:Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region 11580: 10145: 10143: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9453:Fisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1968). 8217: 8149: 7598: 7488:Untersuchungen zur geschichte von Eran II (1905) 6697: 6601:. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020 6354: 6062:"Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection" 5668: 5621: 5041: 3996:. A small Pashtun Hindu community, known as the 3886:The overwhelming majority of Pashtuns adhere to 3415:, which in turn is divided into smaller groups ( 1256:itself. The second Durrani king of Afghanistan, 1076:were primary locations of Pashtun migrants from 567:, significant and historical communities of the 199: 12603: 12313:"Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process" 12279: 12004: 11936: 11545: 10030: 9541: 9452: 9283:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRezakhani2017 ( 9259: 9131: 9085:Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). 8088:"Sanskritdictionary.com: Definition of avagāṇa" 7250:"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 7: HYMN XVIII. Indra" 6972:"Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan" 6750:"Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan" 6573:"Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan" 6443: 5598: 5596: 5565: 5563: 5536:Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron (1 August 1988). 5535: 5504: 4580:The decades of war and the rise of the Taliban 4211:. In 1919, during the expanding of mass media, 4076: 3772:. Contrary to the Pashtuns living in Pakistan, 2518:"Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective", 1733:The same book also speaks of a king in Ninhar ( 179: 27:Ethnic group native to Pakistan and Afghanistan 15997:Ethnic groups divided by international borders 13723: 13394:"Dom Joly: Know your Kokpar from your Kyz-Kuu" 13369:. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. 13017: 12893: 12726: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12035:Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects 10500:"Redeeming the Pashtun, the ultimate warriors" 9899: 9550:"The Virtual Jewish History Tour, Afghanistan" 9209:. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. 8282:. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from 7638:A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes 7125: 6521: 6128:"Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies" 5254:Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects 5062: 4014:. Prior to 1947, the community resided in the 3430: 3089:Many more held high government posts, such as 2922:Many high-ranking government officials in the 2619:took control of the empire. Specifically, the 1608:"). This view was propounded by scholars like 1282:southern part of the Iranian Khorasan Province 1231:defeated the last independent Ghilji ruler of 15251: 14723: 14273: 14259: 14044: 13622: 13500: 12894:Minahan, James (10 February 2014). "Pamiri". 12848:"Pashto language, alphabet and pronunciation" 12647: 12501: 12495: 12234:MacKenzie, D.N. (1959). "A Standard Pashto". 12008:Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture 11882:"Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan" 11727: 11455: 10531:"Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective" 10311:. Chennai, India. 26 May 2003. Archived from 10140: 10117: 9661:"Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective" 9652: 9569: 9400: 9001:. Bellew, one of the greatest authorities on 8740:"Enyclopedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō" 8658:"Encolypedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō" 8640:"Encolypedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō" 8569:"Encolypedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō" 8532:Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul 8179: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8052: 6987: 6985: 6965: 6963: 6059: 4660:. Other Indian actresses and models, such as 4324:, which has a special children's show called 4037:There is also a minority of Pashtun Sikhs in 3790:Another prominent Pashtun institution is the 730: 508:. They historically were also referred to as 117: 13083: 12940:Awde, Nicholas and Asmatullah Sarwan. 2002. 12397: 12178: 12176: 11978:Carol Benson; Kimmo Kosonen (13 June 2013). 11150: 11148: 10416: 10283:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 267. 9926:"The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan" 9738:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9473: 9341:. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 9114:and established settlements of his own, but 8622:Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 8055:Bactrian documents from northern Afghanistan 7607: 6703: 6645: 5775: 5773: 5593: 5569: 5560: 4994:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3556:The map of Pashto speaking areas of Pakistan 2611:in the first half of the 19th century under 2607:provinces of Iran. After the decline of the 1264:. Contemporary to Durrani rule in the east, 219: 13152:New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 12987:. London: General Books. 2010. p. 26. 12572: 12345: 11799: 11660:Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan 11397:. United Nations. p. 7. Archived from 11137:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9994:decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns. 9964: 9869: 9459:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. 8976: 8726:Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb 8711:Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb 8619: 8606:. Historical Society of Afghanistan. 1975. 8354: 8265: 8150:Varāhamihira; Bhat, M. Ramakrishna (1981). 7679:"On the Origin of Terms Afghan and Pashtun" 6970:Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). 6900: 6898: 6748:Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). 6571:Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). 6538:. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 6456:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–. 6398:. Cambridge University Press. p. 186. 5934:decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns. 5700: 5698: 5696: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4704:in Pakistan, some have been kept away from 4141:. Its closest modern relatives may include 3678:The first Pashto alphabet was developed by 2974:also include large percentage of Pashtuns. 2634:" of the 19th century, rivalry between the 1881:, many of the Copts became converts to the 1782:'s army and were sent on his expedition to 1211:. Records as early as the mid-1600s report 957:and Khan Mohammad Atif, a professor at the 945:Pashtuns in India are often referred to as 767: 279: 15265: 15258: 15244: 14730: 14716: 14266: 14252: 14051: 14037: 13749: 13109: 12926:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12814: 12457: 12451: 11602: 11512: 10177: 10175: 8474: 8170: 7520: 7407:History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages 6998:. Univ of California Press. pp. 18–. 6991: 6982: 6960: 6904: 6741: 6412: 6060:Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 June 2013). 5906: 5511:. Stanford University Press. p. 101. 5418:. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. 5372:. Handbuch der Orientalistik/2,7. Leiden: 5276: 5274: 4749: 2074:akin to Khotanese. In fact major linguist 951:Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent 737: 723: 586: 575:as well as in major Indian cities such as 97: 62: 13698: 13631:Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women 13154:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 12840: 12821:. Ishi Press International. p. 210. 12565:. Himal, Incorporated. 2002. p. 91. 12233: 12173: 11551: 11154: 11145: 11122: 11000: 10943: 10842: 10832: 10790: 10716: 10706: 10656: 10606: 10556: 10546: 9684: 9615:"Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribes of Israel?" 9278: 9087:"An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name" 8897: 8183: 8016: 7952:(Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial 7796:(Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial 7570:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 7527:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1 January 1992). 7205: 7199: 7126:Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2017). 6813:Finnigan, Christopher (29 October 2018). 6790: 6788: 6588: 6586: 6564: 6233:Burki, Shahid Javed (13 September 2021). 6020: 5884: 5770: 5627: 5576:. Stanford University Press. p. 36. 5542:. Syracuse University Press. p. 95. 4894: 4892: 4026:. They are mainly members of the Pashtun 3736:Pashtun culture is based on Pashtunwali, 2356:Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites 2350:Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites 2285:claimed the Khalaj to be remnants of the 2172:past but this lacks supporting evidence. 1713:The word Afghan also appeared in the 982 1651:documents found in Northern Afghanistan. 1147:and other places, Rohillas were sent to 13902: 13686:"Remembering the Brightest of the Babis" 13468: 13149: 12782: 12653: 12614:"India's Forgotten Links to Afghanistan" 12205: 11656: 11554:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11487: 11431:Combating Terrorism Center at West Point 11421: 11419: 10149: 10085: 10060: 9999: 9785: 9630: 9582: 9236: 9234: 8145: 8143: 7811: 7634: 7410:. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 77. 7018: 6895: 6812: 6760: 6704:Bhattacharya, Ravik (15 February 2018). 6391: 6344:"What Languages Are Spoken In Pakistan?" 5740: 5693: 5002: 4564: 4444: 4086: 3928: 3839: 3727: 3719: 3551: 3502: 3382: 2972:list of current governors of Afghanistan 2906: 2875: 2664: 2579:. The Hotak rulers rebelled against the 2559:Their modern past stretches back to the 2536: 2008: 1917: 1622: 1404:connects them with a tribe mentioned by 1359:, one of the tribes that fought against 1034: 259: 239: 13732:"Pakistan's first women fighter pilots" 13508:"Along Afghanistan's War-torn Frontier" 13179:. Cheltenham: SportsBooks. p. 15. 11952:. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from 11922:. Brill. 9 December 2011. p. 278. 11823:"Education in Pashto language stressed" 11758: 11276: 10422: 10396: 10337: 10172: 9794: 9701: 9633:"Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel" 9479: 9377:The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition 9317: 8755: 8320: 7983:Afghanistan -a country without a state? 7430: 7209:Pakistan: nationalism without a nation? 6829:"Bollywood actor Firoz Khan dies at 70" 6671: 6655:. Census of India. 2001. Archived from 6450:George Morton-Jack (24 February 2015). 6126:Syed Saleem Shahzad (20 October 2006). 5945: 5865: 5712:History of the Mohamedan Power in India 5280: 5271: 5091: 3529:of most Pashtuns. It is one of the two 2157:Some Pashtun tribes claim descent from 1978:stated in 1846 that "the origin of the 137: 14: 15947:Social groups of Balochistan, Pakistan 15934: 13683: 13174: 12815:Penzl, Herbert; Sloan, Ismail (2009). 12808: 12708: 12583: 12540: 12438: 11849: 11389: 11383: 11185: 10249: 10215: 10091: 9970: 9585:Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribe of Israel? 9373: 9298: 8982: 8847: 8762:. Pen and Sword Military. p. 14. 8723: 8708: 8584: 8022: 7973: 7635:Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). 7608:Humbach, Helmut; Faiss, Klaus (2012). 6935: 6929: 6785: 6592: 6583: 6094:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 6085: 6079: 5912: 5885:Chiovenda, Andrea (12 November 2019). 5640: 5329: 4889: 4833: 3732:Local clothes used by Pashtun children 2392:in the 17th century. The 13th century 2035:language. It shares features with the 1889: 1351:Ancient historical references: Pashtun 1191:. The majority of Indian Pashtuns are 838:, among others. Pashtuns also live in 159: 15239: 14711: 14247: 14032: 13842:"Pathan Identity and its Maintenance" 13839: 13729: 13657: 13628: 13566: 13304:from the original on 11 January 2022. 13289: 13150:McCollum, Jonathan (2014). "Ghaval". 12955: 12624: 12346:Arnold, Alison; Nettl, Bruno (2000). 12031: 11902:from the original on 9 October 2022. 11518: 11498:. Taylor & Francis. p. 447. 11416: 11155:Schiffman, Harold (9 December 2011). 11117:(3). Zoological Society of Pakistan. 11034: 10739: 10573: 10276: 10181: 10150:Devasher, Tilak (15 September 2022). 9923: 9507: 9438:from the original on 9 October 2022. 9374:Runion, Meredith L. (24 April 2017). 9231: 9044: 8848:Bellew, Henry Walter (8 March 1891). 8835:"Theory of Coptic origin of Pashtuns" 8690: 8440: 8358:Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354 8140: 7566: 7526: 6969: 6936:Swarup, Shubhangi (27 January 2011). 6747: 6635:"The 'Kabuliwala' Afghans of Kolkata" 6570: 6232: 6026: 5835: 5779: 5473: 5449:. Yale University Press. p. 33. 5442: 5301: 5250: 4184:, and they use the writings found in 3937:(praying) outside in the open in the 3639:and the South Eastern (spoken by the 2322:1747, might be connected to with the 2264: 2031:Pashto is generally classified as an 1794:(1148–1215). By the beginning of the 13875:The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 13699:Yousafzai, Sami (28 November 2011). 13496:from the original on 9 October 2022. 13345:"'Mukha' lovers throng Topi contest" 13168: 13067:. Afghanistan Online. Archived from 12630: 12584:Haider, Suhasini (3 February 2018). 12541:Haidar, Suhasini (3 February 2018). 12305: 12182: 12154: 11879: 11456:O'Connell, Aaron B. (3 April 2017). 10005: 9790:. National Galvanizing Pvt. Limited. 9643: 9513: 9332: 9249:, 15 December 2010 (Pierre Oberling) 9180: 8832: 8821:The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 8446: 8156:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 143. 7641:. Trafford Publishing. p. 142. 7533:. Northern Book Centre. p. 91. 7484: 7403: 6766: 5443:Rubin, Barnett R. (1 January 2002). 5281:Minahan, James B. (30 August 2012). 5251:David, Anne Boyle (1 January 2014). 5219: 4722: 4635:Further challenging the status quo, 2043:, but also shares features with the 2004: 1529:Middle historical references: Afghan 1342:around the world includes Pashtuns. 1020:, they are sometimes referred to as 92:Regions with significant populations 15942:Social groups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 14737: 13984:" Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. 13858:from the original on 9 October 2022 13574:"Making Waves: Interview with RAWA" 13091:"Rahman Baba: Poet of the Pashtuns" 12942:Pashto: Dictionary & Phrasebook 12011:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 89. 11124:10.17582/journal.pjz/20190927080941 10094:"The history of Lahore's Kakayzais" 9486:. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 150. 9419: 9299:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 9110:Alexander took these away from the 8808:others who passed through the area. 8527: 8273:"AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN" 8224:. Gibb Memorial Trust. p. 91. 7934: 7886: 7874: 7844: 7464:(in Greek). Reichert. p. 224. 6771:. Hackett Publishing. p. 141. 5111: 4973:from the original on 9 October 2022 4898: 4773: 4748: 4102:for publishing the first newspaper 3819: 3801: 3651:, can also be divided on the North 3631:, the South Western (spoken by the 3623:, the North Eastern (spoken by the 2978:serves as acting Defense Minister, 1954:that spread throughout the eastern 1660:the Bactrian documents, 4th century 1287: 972:. These include Bombay (now called 500:primarily residing in northwestern 468: 24: 13949:. University of Washington Press. 13775: 13660:"Warlords and women in uneasy mix" 13658:North, Andrew (14 November 2005). 13610:from the original on 28 April 2006 12944:, New York: Hippocrene Books Inc. 12183:Khan, Ibrahim (7 September 2021). 12038:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 185. 11780: 11186:Hakala, Walter (9 December 2011). 10637:European Journal of Human Genetics 10587:European Journal of Human Genetics 10535:European Journal of Human Genetics 10397:Watkins, Andrew (17 August 2022). 10219:Famous Indians of the 21st century 9800: 9665:European Journal of Human Genetics 9631:McCarthy, Rory (17 January 2010). 9583:Stanizai, Zaman (9 October 2020). 9480:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). 9301:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica" 8878:European Journal of Human Genetics 7990:, United States: IKO. p. 18. 7661: 7530:Foreign Influence on Ancient India 5999:"Hindu Society and English Rule". 5836:Tyler, John A. (10 October 2021). 5780:Huang, Guiyou (30 December 2008). 5220:Khan, Ibrahim (7 September 2021). 4834:Buneri, Shaheen (1 January 2012). 4666:Afghan communist regime's Military 3667:the non-Central dialects becoming 2795:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 2751:. By the 1950s a popular call for 2520:European Journal of Human Genetics 25: 16018: 13684:Khanna, Anshu (22 January 2021). 13319:"Hottie of the week: Fawad Ahmed" 13177:The Encyclopedia of World Cricket 13065:"Classical Dari and Pashto Poets" 12965:. UCLA Language Materials Project 11850:Report, Dawn (22 February 2021). 11759:Mohmand, Mureeb (27 April 2014). 10152:The Pashtuns: A Contested History 10092:Sheikh, Majid (22 October 2017). 9547: 8453:. Sarup & Sons. p. 273. 7687:. Scienze e lettere. p. 39. 7431:Holdich, Thomas (12 March 2019). 7179:"DORRĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 7099:"DORRĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 7045:"DORRĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 6767:Frey, James (16 September 2020). 6090:A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan 5952:Linguistics and Literature Review 5718:Persian Literature in Translation 5570:Dan Caldwell (17 February 2011). 5257:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 76. 5092:Maclean, William (10 June 2009). 4711: 4465:Afghanistan national cricket team 4278: 4188:as proof. Amir Kror Suri, son of 2773:agenda, which opened doors for a 2101: 1631:The earliest mention of the name 1396:Rigveda, Book 7, Hymn 18, Verse 7 1016:before 1947). In some regions in 14228: 13692: 13677: 13651: 13530: 13428: 13419: 13412:Dean, Ruth and Melissa Thomson, 13406: 13387: 13355: 13337: 13311: 13283: 13265: 13247: 13229: 13211: 13193: 13143: 13057: 13001: 12977: 12887: 12756: 12553: 12534: 12502:Trimbur, John (10 August 2004). 12432: 12371: 12327: 12287:"Q&A: What is a loya jirga?" 12254: 12199: 12148: 12123: 12098: 12085: 12052: 12025: 11998: 11910: 11873: 11843: 11815: 11793: 11774: 11752: 11721: 11695: 11624: 11449: 11433:. 15 August 2009. Archived from 11369:. Lexington Books. p. 203. 11356: 11346:"Minority Rights Group Pashtuns" 11338: 11313: 11270: 11240: 11210: 11179: 11098: 11056: 11045: 11028: 11017: 10960: 10903: 10859: 10807: 10750: 10733: 10673: 10623: 10492: 10470: 10442: 10403:United States Institute of Peace 10390: 10381:Encyclopædia of Muslim Biography 10373: 10356: 10331: 10297: 10270: 10243: 10209: 10182:Dalal, Mangal (8 January 2010). 10006:Rahi, Arwin (25 February 2020). 9917: 9847: 9779: 9624: 9607: 9446: 9413: 9394: 9367: 9326: 9320:Endangered Turkic Languages II A 9311: 9292: 9272: 9174: 9078: 9045:Ahmad, Khaled (31 August 2009). 9038: 8945: 8914: 8865: 8841: 8826: 8780: 8749: 8732: 8717: 8702: 8684: 8667: 8650: 8632: 8613: 8596: 8578: 8561: 8521: 8412: 8382: 8348: 8314: 8305: 8241: 8211: 8128:Online Edition. 15 December 1983 8110: 8080: 8071: 8053:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000). 8023:Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). 7959: 7911: 7865: 7856: 7835: 7805: 7729: 7701: 7670: 7655: 7628: 7560: 7495: 7019:Windfuhr, Gernot (13 May 2013). 6948:from the original on 4 June 2020 6885:"Northern Pashtuns in Australia" 6861:. Afghanland.com. Archived from 5866:Bodetti, Austin (11 July 2019). 4899:Ali, Arshad (15 February 2018). 4411:among others. A sub-type of the 4059:insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3804:) or 'grand council' of elected 2990:as acting Finance Minister, and 2646:). However, during the reign of 2452:linked to the ancient Israelites 2345:Anthropology and oral traditions 2273:tribe has been connected to the 2161:, including some claiming to be 1195:, who have assimilated into the 571:exist in the northern region of 430: 395: 360: 281: 261: 241: 221: 201: 181: 161: 139: 119: 99: 13600:"Laura Bush Meets Afghan Women" 13363:"Sports and Games of Pashtoons" 12654:Eusufzye, Khan Shehram (2018). 12562:Himāl: The South Asian Magazine 12441:"Pashtuns want an image change" 12410:(in 9 VOLUMES), Arabic-English" 11072:Genetics and Molecular Research 10480:. Khaama Press. 29 January 2023 10305:"To Islamabad and the Frontier" 10126:(1 ed.). U.S.: Routledge. 9013:, was a corruption of the word 8856:By Some, the Bangash ancestor, 8803:Many scholars believe that the 8190:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. 7614:. Reichert Verlag. p. 21. 7478: 7451: 7424: 7397: 7372: 7350: 7324: 7299: 7279: 7267: 7242: 7233: 7171: 7146: 7119: 7091: 7070:"ḠILZĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 7062: 7037: 7023:. Routledge. pp. 703–731. 7012: 6905:Jasim Khan (27 December 2015). 6877: 6847: 6821: 6806: 6723: 6627: 6499: 6483:. Islamic Voice. Archived from 6473: 6385: 6336: 6311: 6276: 6259:"Pakistan - The World Factbook" 6251: 6226: 6196: 6170: 6145: 6119: 5992: 5939: 5878: 5859: 5829: 5804: 5529: 5498: 5474:Baiza, Yahia (21 August 2013). 5467: 5436: 5405: 5364:von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph 5244: 5213: 5188: 5158: 5132: 5085: 4762: 4729: 3058:, from 1947 to 1951, and third 2924:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 2299:However, according to linguist 2269:According to some accounts the 2242:as part of an alliance treaty. 2205:A number of genetic studies on 2189: 2086:group. Furthermore, Pashto and 1838:Muslim rule in the subcontinent 1491:, the Greek geographer, in the 1223:. After the short reign of the 628:Discrimination against Pashtuns 539:There are an estimated 350–400 15916:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 10044:. 23 July 2017. Archived from 9877:"Mohammad Yousaf Khan Khattak" 9834:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 9766:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 9009:, one of the ancestors of the 7206:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2002). 6593:Haleem, Safia (24 July 2007). 6392:Siddiqui, Niloufer A. (2022). 6208:United Nations world data form 6033:University of California Press 5966:(inactive 11 September 2024). 5680:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5021:. 20 July 1954. Archived from 4952: 4924: 4875: 4858: 4827: 4672:served paratrooper during the 4461:Pakistan national cricket team 4454:Pakistan national cricket team 3337: 3253:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1914:History of Indian subcontinent 37:For the Pashtun language, see 13: 1: 13730:Abbas, Zaffar (11 May 2005). 13403:, The Independent: Columnists 13290:Berry, Scyld (11 July 2016). 12952:. Retrieved 18 February 2007. 12898:. Santa Barbara, California. 12631:Khan, Naimat (30 June 2020). 12106:"Waneci, Glottolog: wane1241" 11642:Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 10256:. APH Publishing. p. 8. 10250:Fārūqī, Z̤iāʼulḥasan (1999). 9805:. Notion Press. p. 524. 9708:Edward G. Browne, M.A., M.B. 9456:The Cambridge History of Iran 9183:"The Khalaj West of the Oxus" 8756:Acheson, Ben (30 June 2023). 8394:University of Texas at Austin 7918:"Afghans are Assakani of the 7768:"Afghans are Assakani of the 6817:. London School of Economics. 5222:"Tarīno and Karlāṇi dialects" 4820: 4399:(eponymously named after the 4110:The majority of Pashtuns use 3957:who has helped translate the 3587:Pashto has a large number of 3346:Those who are well-versed in 2982:as acting Interior Minister, 2898:Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai 2777:by neighbors. In April 1978, 2763:seized control of Afghanistan 2735:who was a close associate of 2526: 2487:Mountstuart Elphinstone, 1841 2378:, who compiled a history for 2335:The Cambridge History of Iran 2253:believe to be descended from 2229:Greek and Indian Rajput roots 2070:region and is connected to a 1906:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1836:writing about the history of 1616:, M. V. de Saint Martin, and 1384: 79: 15982:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 15957:Ethnic groups in Balochistan 14060:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 13849:National Chengchi University 13093:. Pashto.org. Archived from 12963:"History of Pushto language" 12404:Muhammad Muhsin Khan (ed.). 12185:"Tarīno and Karāṇi dialects" 12159:. Eisenbrauns. p. 736. 12091:Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. 10740:Whale, John William (2012). 10708:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 10342:. Vision Books. p. 28. 10222:. Pustak Mahal. p. 60. 10216:Sharma, Vishwamitra (2007). 9924:Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995). 9786:Thakurta, R.N. Guha (1978). 9714:Packard Humanities Institute 7968:Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin 5722:Packard Humanities Institute 5308:James William Spain (1963). 5172:(in Russian). Archived from 4983:AFGHANI/KABULI/PASHTO 21,677 4792: 4582:caused considerable hardship 4314:Radio Television Afghanistan 4221:Tawarikh-e-Hafiz Rehmatkhani 4083:Pashto literature and poetry 4077:Pashto literature and poetry 3619:) having the phonetic value 3560:Pashto is categorised as an 3397:four 'greater' tribal groups 3060:Governor-General of Pakistan 2986:as acting Foreign Minister, 2825:and many more. In 1979, the 1345: 778:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 561:ethnic groups in Afghanistan 514:ethnic groups in Afghanistan 7: 16007:Ethnic groups in South Asia 15788:Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 15165:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 13514:. June 1985. Archived from 12206:Siddique, Abubakar (2014). 11631:Population by Mother Tongue 11464:University of Chicago Press 11321:"Afghanistan ethnic groups" 11111:Pakistan Journal of Zoology 9788:The Contemporary, Volume 22 9047:"Pathans and Hindu Rajputs" 8983:Quddus, Syed Abdul (1987). 8587:The World's Major Languages 7334:. Piney.com. Archived from 6294:Central Intelligence Agency 6011:Hindustani had arisen as a 5889:. Oxford University Press. 5144:Census Profile, 2021 Census 4778: 4755: 3852:, which also serves as the 3825: 3460: 3431:Durrani and Ghilji Pashtuns 3407:, the Gharghashti, and the 3302: 3001:, which was represented by 2779:Daoud Khan was assassinated 2509:modal halogroup than Jews: 1972:and the 1st millennium BC, 1753:in what is today Pakistan. 498:Eastern Iranic ethnic group 476: 307:in its different dialects: 10: 16023: 15921:War in North-West Pakistan 15881:Afghan War of Independence 13945:Goodson, Larry P. (2001). 13025:"Amir Hamza Shinwari Baba" 12063:. 2003. pp. 116–130. 12032:David, Anne Boyle (2014). 11736:, Pakistan. Archived from 11222:University of Pennsylvania 10993:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3 10936:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3 10881:10.1007/s10709-020-00095-2 10834:10.1186/s12864-022-09028-z 10783:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3 10118:Kumarasingham, H. (2016). 9971:Hakala, Walter N. (2012). 9593:10.33774/coe-2020-vntk7-v4 8327:. BRILL. pp. 150–51. 8184:Vogelsang, Willem (2002). 8077:A small kingdom in Bactria 7567:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). 7404:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). 6796:"Pashtun, Pathan in India" 6509:. Houghton Mifflin Company 6368:. Routledge. p. 148. 5913:Hakala, Walter N. (2012). 5842:. Aries Consolidated LLC. 5480:. Routledge. p. 100. 5341:. World English Dictionary 4787: 4715: 4676:and was later promoted to 4434: 4427:) which is an instrument. 4282: 4080: 4061:, some Pashtun Sikhs were 3846:tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani 3829: 3783: 3709: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3484: 3470: 3464: 3434: 3376: 3185:, is a Pakistani Pashtun. 3177:, who became the youngest 3017:, and in contemporary era 2926:were Pashtuns, including: 2530: 2353: 2182:Pashtuns are connected to 2078:has described Pashto as a 1899: 1896:Theories of Pashtun origin 1893: 1770:) enlisted in the army of 1532: 1291: 1128:, whose father settled in 1116:include the khan siblings 918: 912: 771: 748: 545:variety of origin theories 36: 29: 15952:Ethnic groups in Pakistan 15801: 15748: 15728: 15704: 15691: 15618: 15533: 15460:Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai 15330:Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai 15312: 15274: 15155: 15139: 15118: 15102: 15066: 14745: 14281: 14275:Ethnic groups in Pakistan 14225: 14194: 14066: 13635:University of Texas Press 13629:Grima, Benedicte (1992). 13379:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 13273:"Mohammad Rizwan profile" 13049:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12793:Eastern Iranian languages 12722:. Pakistan. 12 July 2015. 11657:Hallberg, Daniel (1992). 11590:. Encyclopædia Britannica 11521:"The Phonology of Pashto" 11483:– via Google Books. 11291:10.1017/S0041977X00137401 11161:. BRILL. pp. 55–56. 10599:10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z 10541:(October 2012): 1063–70. 9520:. Brill. pp. 95–96. 9359:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9223:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9199:10.1017/S0041977X00087607 9152:10.1007/s00439-004-1094-x 9094:(64 BC – 24 AD) 9070:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8958:. Springer. p. 403. 8927:. Springer. p. 409. 8029:. Barkhuis. p. 144. 7579:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049 7491:(in German). p. 177. 7212:. Zed Books. p. 27. 7132:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 6619:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6556:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5706:Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah 5628:Sims-Williams, Nicholas. 5297:– via Google Books. 4740: 4430: 3894:school of thought. Small 3591:: generally divided into 3372: 3353:Adherence to the code of 2697:Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai 1691:by the Indian astronomer 1483:Ptolemy, 150 CE, 6.18.3-4 1449:has linked them with the 1369:"Battle of the Ten Kings" 1243:and large numbers of the 1193:Urdu-speaking communities 941:Pathans of Madhya Pradesh 774:Ethnic groups in Pakistan 504:and southern and eastern 345: 340: 331: 326: 303: 298: 278: 258: 238: 218: 198: 178: 158: 136: 116: 96: 91: 78: 73: 61: 54: 15716:Pashtun Tahafuz Movement 15170:Ancient Iranian religion 13903:Docherty, Paddy (2008). 13840:Barth, Frederik (n.d.). 12069:10.4324/9780203412336-14 12005:Ehsan M Entezar (2008). 11035:Tariq, Muhammad (2017). 10450:"Afghan Government 2009" 8695:. Academia. p. 32. 8693:A Study in Pashto Stress 8585:Comrie, Bernard (2009). 8484:The History of Herodotus 8321:Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). 7813:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra 6307:(Archived 2022 edition.) 6235:"The wandering Pashtuns" 5964:10.29145/2018/llr/040101 5946:Saddiqa, Ayesha (2018). 5676:"History of Afghanistan" 5648:"Afghan and Afghanistan" 4556: 4452:, former captain of the 4098:, became the pioneer of 4006:), migrated to Unniara, 3779: 3495:Languages of Afghanistan 3161:) and literature (e.g., 3111:Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 2715:), and were inspired by 1499:language, much like the 937:Pathans of Uttar Pradesh 908: 768:Pakistan and Afghanistan 557:ethnic group in Pakistan 541:Pashtun tribes and clans 55: 15861:Second Anglo-Afghan War 15831:Third Battle of Panipat 15811:First Battle of Panipat 15721:People's Peace Movement 15605:Yusuf Khan and Sherbano 15110:Ancient Iranian peoples 13307:(subscription required) 12874:Encyclopædia Britannica 12131:"Waneci, ISO 639-3 wne" 11944:"AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṧto" 11761:"The decline of Pashto" 11636:10 October 2014 at the 8890:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 8424:Encyclopedia Britannica 7713:Encyclopedia Britannica 6425:Encyclopædia Britannica 5748:"Afghanistan: Glossary" 5656:. alamahabibi.com. 1969 5608:Encyclopædia Britannica 5196:"Language used at home" 4906:Daily News and Analysis 4535:. Australian cricketer 3832:Religion in Afghanistan 3627:etc.) having the sound 3387:A map of Pashtun tribes 3084:nuclear weapons program 3082:, father of Pakistan's 2871:Republic of Afghanistan 2844:Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi 2815:Mohammad Aslam Vatanjar 2460:Mountstuart Elphinstone 2337:volume 3, Issue 1, the 1869:, that the Afghans are 1557:evidently derives from 1284:were Durrani Pashtuns. 1225:Ghilji Pashtuns in Iran 1202: 587:Geographic distribution 559:and one of the largest 529:Iranian language family 523:, which belongs to the 519:The Pashtuns speak the 32:Pathan (disambiguation) 15987:Ethnic groups in India 15793:Anti-Pashtun sentiment 15600:Adam Khan and Durkhani 14235:Afghanistan portal 14016:7 October 2006 at the 13907:. Union Square Press. 13399:28 August 2017 at the 12789:Nicholas Sims-Williams 12439:Rashid, Ahmed (2006). 12155:Kaye, Alan S. (1997). 11728:Hywel Coleman (2010). 11646:Government of Pakistan 11640:, Population Census – 11224:. 2006. Archived from 11218:"Understanding Pashto" 10340:Commonwealth and Nehru 10120:"Bureaucratic Statism" 9555:Jewish Virtual Library 8993:Grierson finds a form 8724:Cheung, Jonny (2007). 8709:Cheung, Jonny (2007). 8513:: CS1 maint: others ( 8092:sanskritdictionary.com 7988:University of Michigan 7922:; this word being the 7772:; this word being the 7547:Apollodorus of Artemia 6683:The News International 6002:The Westminster Review 5015:"Pakhtoons in Kashmir" 4937:The News International 4648:of India, entered the 4577: 4456: 4107: 3942: 3868: 3733: 3725: 3702:Culture of Afghanistan 3585: 3557: 3550: 3519: 3388: 3255:(Taliban regime). The 3062:, from 1951 to 1955), 2919: 2904: 2749:Third Anglo-Afghan War 2741:political intervention 2684: 2630:During the so-called " 2556: 2524: 2503: 2490: 2371:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2028: 2002: 1942: 1910:History of Balochistan 1902:History of Afghanistan 1887: 1827: 1812:. It is told that the 1731: 1711: 1685: 1674: 1663: 1628: 1515: 1486: 1465: 1429: 1399: 1332:Persian Gulf countries 1320:commonwealth countries 1187:in 1947, many of them 1041: 15992:Iranian ethnic groups 15067:Related ethnic groups 13201:"Younis Khan Profile" 12734:"The Frontier Singhs" 12685:Finding lost heritage 12490:the Taliban arrived). 12210:. Hurst. p. 28. 12093:Language Family Trees 11350:Minority Rights Group 11192:. Brill. p. 55. 10338:Darbari, Raj (1983). 9247:Encyclopaedia Iranica 8604:Afghanistan volume 28 8450:Dictionary of Vedanta 7929:meaning 'horsemen' " 7507:www.perseus.tufts.edu 7384:www.perseus.tufts.edu 7311:www.perseus.tufts.edu 7074:www.iranicaonline.org 6938:"The Kingdom of Khan" 5311:The Pathan Borderland 4568: 4448: 4435:Further information: 4347:Pashto-language films 4283:Further information: 4241:Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi 4192:, was an 8th-century 4096:Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi 4090: 4057:. Due to the ongoing 3985:and later, after the 3932: 3854:Congregational Mosque 3843: 3774:Nowruz in Afghanistan 3768:, Pashtuns celebrate 3731: 3723: 3700:Further information: 3574: 3555: 3539: 3506: 3499:Languages of Pakistan 3485:Further information: 3386: 3293:Karzai administration 3095:Mahmood Khan Achakzai 3068:President of Pakistan 3066:, who was the second 2910: 2879: 2868:Mohammad Najibullah's 2848:Mohammad Yunus Khalis 2711:(both members of the 2668: 2540: 2511: 2494: 2464: 2376:Nimat Allah al-Harawi 2364:lend credence to the 2012: 1985: 1921: 1900:Further information: 1842: 1806: 1723: 1701: 1675: 1664: 1653: 1626: 1533:Further information: 1505: 1476: 1455: 1418: 1389: 1292:Further information: 1172:during the same era. 1096:. Bombay (now called 1064:in central India and 1058:Royal House of Rampur 1038: 959:University of Lucknow 919:Further information: 749:Further information: 657:Empires and dynasties 341:Related ethnic groups 15568:northern Afghanistan 15380:Najib Khan Yousafzai 15131:Proto-Indo-Europeans 15043:Tats of the Caucasus 13175:Morgan, Roy (2007). 12798:19 July 2011 at the 12352:Taylor & Francis 12315:. Human Rights Watch 11519:Henderson, Michael. 11390:Wardak, Ali (2003). 11084:10.4238/gmr.15027167 10649:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 10548:10.1038/ejhg.2012.59 10383:. A.P.H. Pub. Corp. 9855:"Abdul Ghaffar Khan" 9830:"Abdul Ghaffar Khan" 9762:"Last Afghan empire" 9677:10.1038/ejhg.2012.59 9514:Wink, Andre (2002). 9260:de la Vaissière 2003 8691:Bečka, Jiří (1969). 8447:Nath, Samir (2002). 8400:on 24 September 2018 8390:"Old Iranian Online" 8355:Ibn Battuta (2004). 8126:Encyclopædia Iranica 7254:www.sacred-texts.com 6086:Romano, Amy (2003). 6027:Green, Nile (2017). 5314:. Mouton. p. 40 5075:= 84,000 and 15% of 4644:(Mumtaz Jehan), the 4628:(RAWA) in the 1977. 4441:Sport in Afghanistan 4253:Khushal Khan Khattak 4205:Ameer Hamza Shinwari 4127:Pashto-Arabic script 4063:internally displaced 3955:Muhammad Muhsin Khan 3836:Religion in Pakistan 3582:David Neil MacKenzie 3332:Haplogroup H (mtDNA) 3291:and replaced by the 3011:Khushal Khan Khattak 2960:Sher Mohammad Karimi 2952:Mohammad Ishaq Aloko 2944:Ghulam Farooq Wardak 2894:Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai 2743:during the reign of 1412:) in 430 BCE in the 1383:hymns dated between 1189:migrated to Pakistan 905:speaking community. 15891:Waziristan campaign 15758:Pashtun nationalism 15485:Mohammad Najibullah 14368:European Pakistanis 13813:Banuazizi, Ali and 13759:. BBC World Service 13711:on 22 November 2013 13606:. 16 January 2006. 13512:National Geographic 13450:"I have a right to" 13323:The Express Tribune 12510:. Pearson Longman. 12458:Ali, Tariq (2003). 12414:firstedition.com.my 11765:The Express Tribune 11325:Library of Congress 11258:on 17 November 2006 11228:on 12 December 2006 10985:2022NatSR..12.1027T 10928:2022NatSR..12.1027T 10775:2022NatSR..12.1027T 10699:2013PLoSO...876748D 10280:Educational thought 10277:Johri, P.K (1999). 10194:on 11 February 2010 10184:"When men were men" 10012:The Express Tribune 9981:National Geographic 9431:(PhD Thesis): 242. 9262:, pp. 119–137. 8819:Caroe, Olaf. 1984. 8528:Lal, Mohan (1846). 7779:meaning 'horsemen'" 6992:Nile Green (2017). 6974:. Hindustan Times. 6855:"Afghans of Guyana" 6752:. Hindustan Times. 6240:The Express Tribune 6184:. 14 September 2024 5922:National Geographic 5728:on 11 February 2009 5634:Khalili Collections 5080:Pakistani-Americans 4618:Meena Keshwar Kamal 4612:'s reign in 1929. 4597:National Geographic 4341:Producers based in 4118:, belonging to the 3987:rise of the Taliban 3762:musical instruments 3706:Culture of Pakistan 3366:patrilineal descent 3103:Aftab Ahmad Sherpao 3091:Asfandyar Wali Khan 3035:among many others. 2890:Abdul Ghani Baradar 2836:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 2811:Nur Muhammad Taraki 2771:Pashtun Nationalist 2737:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2689:Indian independence 2533:Pashtun nationalism 2312:Georg Morgenstierne 2259:Alexander the Great 2225:Henry Walter Bellew 2176:Henry Walter Bellew 2076:Georg Morgenstierne 1890:History and origins 1873:of the race of the 1760:chronicler, in his 1737:), who had Muslim, 1387:1500 and 1200 BCE: 1373:the seventh mandala 1371:, are mentioned in 1249:Mazandaran Province 1052:is named after the 921:Pashtuns of Kashmir 755:Pashtuns of Kashmir 51: 15836:Battle of Nowshera 15826:Battle of Gulnabad 15729:Religious-military 15663:Ahmad Shah Durrani 15400:Malalai of Maiwand 15385:Dost Mohammad Khan 15375:Ahmad Shah Durrani 15355:Aimal Khan Mohmand 15350:Kalu Khan Yusufzai 14020:, 2003, online at 13518:on 9 November 2006 13487:Harvard University 13243:. 2 December 2017. 13219:"Umar Gul Profile" 12870:"Avestan language" 12740:on 22 October 2009 12385:. 13 December 2015 12383:The New York Times 11956:on 22 January 2012 11880:Hallberg, Daniel. 11827:www.thenews.com.pk 11740:on 4 November 2010 11437:on 21 October 2021 11248:"The Pashtun Code" 10973:Scientific Reports 10916:Scientific Reports 10763:Scientific Reports 10423:Cruickshank, Dan. 10188:The Indian Express 10154:. Harper Collins. 9887:on 18 January 2017 9758:Nancy Hatch Dupree 9420:Kurbano, Aydogdy. 9322:. Aralık: 273–275. 8495:on 5 February 2012 8420:"Pashtun | people" 7709:"Pashtun | people" 7485:Marquart, Joseph. 7360:. sacred-texts.com 7338:on 5 February 2012 6865:on 5 November 2006 6731:"Pashtun in India" 6710:The Indian Express 6685:. 16 February 2018 6659:on 1 February 2008 6487:on 17 October 2006 6289:The World Factbook 6182:www.britannica.com 5176:on 16 January 2017 5025:on 9 December 2004 4940:. 16 February 2018 4807:The World Factbook 4698:Pakistan Air Force 4690:three-star general 4670:Khatol Mohammadzai 4578: 4457: 4413:Khattak Wal Atanrh 4405:Mahsood Wal Atanrh 4397:Khattak Wal Atanrh 4393:whirling dervishes 4302:Pashto TV channels 4273:Timur Shah Durrani 4269:Shuja Shah Durrani 4233:Ahmad Shah Durrani 4229:Afzal Khan Khattak 4196:and king from the 4108: 3983:partition of India 3943: 3933:Men doing Islamic 3890:and belong to the 3869: 3754:traditional dances 3734: 3726: 3558: 3531:national languages 3520: 3389: 3289:War in Afghanistan 3273:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 3236:, belonged to the 3076:President of India 3074:who was the third 3022:Abdul Ahad Mohmand 3005:, are referred to 2980:Sirajuddin Haqqani 2936:Anwar ul-Haq Ahady 2928:Abdul Rahim Wardak 2920: 2905: 2880:American diplomat 2840:Jalaluddin Haqqani 2832:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 2685: 2627:'s reign in 1973. 2613:Shuja Shah Durrani 2585:Ahmad Shah Durrani 2557: 2381:Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi 2265:Hephthalite origin 2029: 1943: 1629: 1501:Scythian languages 1318:but also in other 1298:Overseas Pakistani 1258:Timur Shah Durrani 1185:partition of India 1042: 955:partition of India 933:Pathans of Gujarat 553:Shahid Javed Burki 480:;), also known as 49: 15929: 15928: 15911:Soviet–Afghan War 15896:Second Waziristan 15876:Siege of Malakand 15866:Battle of Maiwand 15768:Afghan (ethnonym) 15744: 15743: 15711:Khudai Khidmatgar 15480:Abdul Ahad Momand 15410:Abdur Rahman Khan 15395:Victor of Maiwand 15360:Darya Khan Afridi 15233: 15232: 15157:Iranian religions 15147:Iranian languages 15017: 15010: 15003: 14989: 14975: 14968: 14959: 14952: 14945: 14938: 14924: 14915: 14908: 14901: 14880: 14873: 14866: 14859: 14852: 14843: 14836: 14822: 14815: 14776: 14705: 14704: 14241: 14240: 14195:Foreign nationals 14004:978-0-19-636099-7 13964:Habibi, Abdul Hai 13956:978-0-295-98111-6 13914:978-1-4027-5696-2 13889:Dani, Ahmad Hasan 13799:978-1-59448-616-6 13688:. Daily Guardian. 13580:. 16 January 2006 13456:. 16 January 2006 13454:BBC World Service 13241:Business Recorder 13186:978-1-89980-751-2 13161:978-0-19-974339-1 13131:on 5 January 2008 12994:978-1-156-38425-1 12905:978-1-61069-018-8 12828:978-0-923891-72-5 12517:978-0-321-20305-2 12506:The call to write 12477:978-1-85984-457-1 12466:. Verso. p. 12217:978-1-84904-292-5 12166:978-1-57506-019-4 12078:978-0-203-41233-6 12045:978-1-61451-303-2 12018:978-1-4257-9302-9 11991:978-94-6209-218-1 11929:978-90-04-21765-2 11588:"Pashto language" 11533:on 4 October 2012 11404:on 7 October 2006 11376:978-0-7391-8805-7 11199:978-90-04-21765-2 11168:978-90-04-20145-3 10229:978-81-223-0829-7 10161:978-93-94407-64-0 10133:978-1-317-24509-4 9801:Rajesh, K. Guru. 9671:(10): 1063–1070. 9466:978-0-521-20092-9 9305:iranicaonline.org 9100:on 30 August 2010 8965:978-3-642-39479-9 8934:978-3-642-39479-9 8769:978-1-3990-6924-3 8261:978-81-85297-70-5 8231:978-1-909724-75-4 8163:978-81-208-0098-4 8036:978-94-93194-01-4 7828:978-8-12080-436-4 7694:978-88-6687-115-6 7648:978-1-4907-1441-7 7621:978-3-89500-887-0 7588:978-0-521-24304-9 7471:978-3-89500-061-4 7444:978-0-530-94119-6 7417:978-969-35-2020-0 7183:iranicaonline.org 7158:iranicaonline.org 7154:"ĀZĀD KHAN AFḠĀN" 7139:978-1-4088-8885-8 7103:iranicaonline.org 7049:iranicaonline.org 7030:978-1-135-79704-1 7021:Iranian Languages 7005:978-0-520-29413-4 6918:978-81-8475-094-2 6778:978-1-62466-905-7 6463:978-1-107-11765-5 6375:978-1-136-92750-8 6292:(2024 ed.). 6042:978-0-520-29413-4 5896:978-0-19-007355-8 5849:978-1-387-68356-7 5816:en.wikisource.org 5793:978-1-56720-736-1 5583:978-0-8047-7666-0 5549:978-0-8156-2448-6 5518:978-0-8047-7012-5 5487:978-1-134-12082-6 5456:978-0-300-09519-7 5425:978-0-521-38158-1 5264:978-1-61451-231-8 5200:profile.id.com.au 4723:Explanatory notes 4678:brigadier general 4574:Nobel Peace Prize 4437:Sport in Pakistan 4382:string instrument 4349:since the 1970s. 4131:extinct languages 4100:Afghan journalism 3856:and contains the 3758:Persian tradition 3748:'s defeat of the 3605:Tarino or Waṇetsi 3603:groups; and also 3566:Pashto morphology 3450:of 1978; the new 3313:Haplogroup G-M201 3261:Abdullah Abdullah 3257:Northern Alliance 3179:Nobel Peace Prize 3080:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2988:Gul Agha Ishakzai 2984:Amir Khan Muttaqi 2932:Abdul Salam Azimi 2823:Mohammad Gulabzoy 2791:guerrilla warfare 2787:Afghan mujahideen 2733:Abdur Rab Nishtar 2713:Khudai Khidmatgar 2674:Khudai Khidmatgar 2648:Abdur Rahman Khan 2644:Siege of Malakand 2599:, as well as the 2439:Maghzan-e-Afghani 2417:and 16th century 2257:who arrived with 2245:Some groups from 2005:Linguistic origin 1939:Achaemenid Empire 1832:, a 16th-century 1814:prophet Sulayman 1535:Afghan (ethnonym) 1519:Parsioi (Πάρσιοι) 1328:Arabian Peninsula 1217:Khorasan Province 925:Pathans of Punjab 759:Pathans of Punjab 747: 746: 474: 353: 352: 152:3,200,000 (2018) 132:19,258,345 (2024) 112:43,633,946 (2023) 16:(Redirected from 16014: 15901:Mohmand campaign 15886:Afghan Civil War 15851:First Afghan War 15841:Battle of Jamrud 15816:Battle of Chausa 15778:Bannu Resolution 15705:Citizens' groups 15702: 15701: 15653:Abdul Hamid Baba 15575:Pashtun clothing 15520:Manzoor Pashteen 15515:Malala Yousafzai 15390:Wazir Akbar Khan 15304:Barakzai dynasty 15260: 15253: 15246: 15237: 15236: 15013: 15006: 14999: 14985: 14971: 14964: 14955: 14948: 14941: 14934: 14920: 14911: 14904: 14897: 14876: 14869: 14862: 14855: 14848: 14839: 14832: 14818: 14811: 14772: 14732: 14725: 14718: 14709: 14708: 14268: 14261: 14254: 14245: 14244: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14053: 14046: 14039: 14030: 14029: 13960: 13918: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13857: 13846: 13769: 13768: 13766: 13764: 13753: 13747: 13746: 13744: 13742: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13707:. Archived from 13696: 13690: 13689: 13681: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13626: 13620: 13619: 13617: 13615: 13596: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13585: 13570: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13559: 13553: 13545:Huma Ahmed-Ghosh 13542: 13534: 13528: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13504: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13480: 13472: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13461: 13446: 13435: 13432: 13426: 13423: 13417: 13410: 13404: 13391: 13385: 13384: 13378: 13370: 13359: 13353: 13352: 13341: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13315: 13309: 13308: 13305: 13295: 13287: 13281: 13280: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13233: 13227: 13226: 13215: 13209: 13208: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13127:. Archived from 13113: 13107: 13106: 13104: 13102: 13097:on 17 April 2007 13087: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13071:on 12 April 2014 13061: 13055: 13054: 13048: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13021: 13015: 13014: 13005: 12999: 12998: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12959: 12953: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12925: 12917: 12891: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12866: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12855: 12844: 12838: 12837: 12812: 12806: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12766:. Archived from 12760: 12754: 12753: 12747: 12745: 12730: 12724: 12723: 12712: 12706: 12675: 12670: 12668: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12628: 12622: 12621: 12620:. 8 August 2018. 12610: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12581: 12570: 12569: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12526: 12524: 12509: 12499: 12493: 12492: 12486: 12484: 12465: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12416:. Archived from 12401: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12375: 12369: 12368: 12343: 12337: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12309: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12283: 12277: 12276: 12274: 12272: 12258: 12252: 12251: 12242:(1/3): 231–235. 12231: 12222: 12221: 12203: 12197: 12196: 12180: 12171: 12170: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12102: 12096: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12056: 12050: 12049: 12029: 12023: 12022: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11963: 11961: 11949:G. Morgenstierne 11940: 11934: 11933: 11914: 11908: 11907: 11901: 11886: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11864: 11862: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11833: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11707:mashaalradio.org 11699: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11682: 11676:. Archived from 11665: 11654: 11648: 11628: 11622: 11610:Sociolinguistics 11606: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11532: 11525: 11516: 11510: 11509: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11423: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11403: 11396: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11342: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11274: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11263: 11254:. Archived from 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11152: 11143: 11142: 11136: 11128: 11126: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11069: 11060: 11054: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11032: 11026: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11004: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10947: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10875:(3–4): 195–206. 10863: 10857: 10856: 10846: 10836: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10794: 10754: 10748: 10747: 10737: 10731: 10730: 10720: 10710: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10660: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10610: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10560: 10550: 10526: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10474: 10468: 10467: 10466:on 28 July 2011. 10465: 10454: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10366:. James Currey. 10360: 10354: 10353: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10322: 10320: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10199: 10190:. Archived from 10179: 10170: 10169: 10147: 10138: 10137: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10014:. Archived from 10003: 9997: 9996: 9990: 9988: 9977: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9883:. Archived from 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9737: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9716:. Archived from 9705: 9699: 9698: 9688: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9580: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9437: 9426: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9358: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9257: 9251: 9238: 9229: 9228: 9222: 9214: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9116:Seleucus Nicator 9107: 9105: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9069: 9061: 9056: 9054: 9042: 9036: 9035: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8901: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8830: 8824: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8800: 8798: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8535: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8512: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8489:George Rawlinson 8487:. Translated by 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8430: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8396:. Archived from 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8293: 8291: 8269: 8263: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8181: 8168: 8167: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8094:. Archived from 8084: 8078: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8006: 8004: 7977: 7971: 7963: 7957: 7938: 7932: 7915: 7909: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7869: 7863: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7809: 7803: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7719: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7662:Cheung, Johnny. 7659: 7653: 7652: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7605: 7596: 7595: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7303: 7297: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7189: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7109: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6989: 6980: 6979: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6792: 6783: 6782: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6618: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6590: 6581: 6580: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6555: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6361: 6352: 6351: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6315: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6210:. Archived from 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6093: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6069: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6024: 6018: 6017: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5975: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5919: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5777: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5754:. Archived from 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5724:. Archived from 5702: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5653:Abdul Hai Habibi 5644: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5089: 5083: 5073:Afghan-Americans 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5011: 5000: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4885:. 11 April 2023. 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4831: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4718:List of Pashtuns 4674:Afghan Civil War 4624:and founded the 4570:Malala Yousafzai 4336:Voice of America 4261:Pareshan Khattak 4225:Abdul Ghani Khan 4217:Khan Roshan Khan 4178:Abdul Hai Habibi 3963:Sahih Al-Bukhari 3902:tribe while the 3821: 3803: 3770:Islamic holidays 3716:Pashtun clothing 3670: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3638: 3630: 3622: 3583: 3548: 3487:Pashto phonology 3452:communist rulers 3285:Gul Agha Sherzai 3277:Asadullah Khalid 3267:and his brother 3175:Malala Yousafzai 3155:Mujeeb Ur Rahman 3056:Finance Minister 3050:. These include 3029:Zalmay Khalilzad 3019:Afghan Astronaut 2882:Zalmay Khalilzad 2805:views including 2765:from his cousin 2747:, following the 2680:, standing with 2617:Barakzai dynasty 2522: 2501: 2488: 2394:Tabaqat-i Nasiri 2384:in the reign of 2328:Aydogdy Kurbanov 2170:Ancient Egyptian 2045:Sogdian language 2000: 1834:Muslim historian 1825: 1788:Abulfazl Beyhaqi 1709: 1683: 1672: 1661: 1610:Christian Lassen 1513: 1484: 1463: 1427: 1397: 1386: 1288:In other regions 1266:Azad Khan Afghan 1213:Durrani Pashtuns 1183:. Following the 929:Pathans of Sindh 915:Pathans in India 804:Dera Ismail Khan 786:and west of the 763:Pathans of Sindh 751:Pashtun diaspora 739: 732: 725: 638:List of Pashtuns 591: 590: 569:Pashtun diaspora 531:. Additionally, 479: 473:romanized: 472: 470: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 291: 287: 285: 284: 271: 267: 265: 264: 251: 247: 245: 244: 231: 227: 225: 224: 211: 207: 205: 204: 191: 187: 185: 184: 171: 167: 165: 164: 149: 145: 143: 142: 129: 125: 123: 122: 109: 105: 103: 102: 87: 81: 74:Total population 66: 52: 48: 21: 16022: 16021: 16017: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16012: 16011: 15932: 15931: 15930: 15925: 15803: 15797: 15750: 15740: 15724: 15700: 15687: 15643:Khushal Khattak 15614: 15548:Pashtun cuisine 15543:Pashtun culture 15529: 15320:Alauddin Khilji 15308: 15299:Durrani dynasty 15270: 15269:-related topics 15264: 15234: 15229: 15151: 15135: 15114: 15103:Ancient peoples 15098: 15062: 14763:'Ajam of Kuwait 14741: 14739:Iranian peoples 14736: 14706: 14701: 14408:Indus Kohistani 14277: 14272: 14242: 14237: 14229: 14227: 14221: 14190: 14062: 14057: 14027: 14018:Wayback Machine 13996:Spain, James W. 13957: 13915: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13844: 13778: 13776:Further reading 13773: 13772: 13762: 13760: 13755: 13754: 13750: 13740: 13738: 13728: 13724: 13714: 13712: 13697: 13693: 13682: 13678: 13668: 13666: 13656: 13652: 13645: 13627: 13623: 13613: 13611: 13598: 13597: 13593: 13583: 13581: 13572: 13571: 13567: 13557: 13555: 13551: 13540: 13536: 13535: 13531: 13521: 13519: 13506: 13505: 13501: 13493: 13483:law.harvard.edu 13478: 13474: 13473: 13469: 13459: 13457: 13448: 13447: 13438: 13433: 13429: 13424: 13420: 13411: 13407: 13401:Wayback Machine 13392: 13388: 13372: 13371: 13361: 13360: 13356: 13351:. 26 June 2012. 13343: 13342: 13338: 13328: 13326: 13317: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13288: 13284: 13271: 13270: 13266: 13253: 13252: 13248: 13235: 13234: 13230: 13217: 13216: 13212: 13199: 13198: 13194: 13187: 13173: 13169: 13162: 13148: 13144: 13134: 13132: 13115: 13114: 13110: 13100: 13098: 13089: 13088: 13084: 13074: 13072: 13063: 13062: 13058: 13042: 13041: 13034: 13032: 13023: 13022: 13018: 13007: 13006: 13002: 12995: 12983: 12982: 12978: 12968: 12966: 12961: 12960: 12956: 12939: 12935: 12919: 12918: 12906: 12892: 12888: 12878: 12876: 12868: 12867: 12863: 12853: 12851: 12846: 12845: 12841: 12829: 12813: 12809: 12800:Wayback Machine 12787: 12783: 12773: 12771: 12770:on 15 July 2007 12762: 12761: 12757: 12743: 12741: 12732: 12731: 12727: 12714: 12713: 12709: 12701:Sabrina Toppa, 12700: 12694: 12688: 12682: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12652: 12648: 12629: 12625: 12612: 12611: 12604: 12594: 12592: 12582: 12573: 12559: 12558: 12554: 12539: 12535: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12500: 12496: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12456: 12452: 12437: 12433: 12423: 12421: 12420:on 28 June 2006 12408:The Noble Quran 12402: 12398: 12388: 12386: 12377: 12376: 12372: 12362: 12354:. p. 785. 12344: 12340: 12332: 12328: 12318: 12316: 12311: 12310: 12306: 12296: 12294: 12285: 12284: 12280: 12270: 12268: 12260: 12259: 12255: 12232: 12225: 12218: 12204: 12200: 12181: 12174: 12167: 12153: 12149: 12139: 12137: 12129: 12128: 12124: 12114: 12112: 12104: 12103: 12099: 12090: 12086: 12079: 12058: 12057: 12053: 12046: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12003: 11999: 11992: 11976: 11972: 11959: 11957: 11942: 11941: 11937: 11930: 11916: 11915: 11911: 11899: 11884: 11878: 11874: 11860: 11858: 11848: 11844: 11831: 11829: 11821: 11820: 11816: 11798: 11794: 11779: 11775: 11757: 11753: 11743: 11741: 11734:British Council 11726: 11722: 11712: 11710: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11686: 11684: 11683:on 12 July 2018 11680: 11674: 11663: 11655: 11651: 11638:Wayback Machine 11629: 11625: 11607: 11603: 11593: 11591: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11550: 11546: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11506: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11454: 11450: 11440: 11438: 11425: 11424: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11388: 11384: 11377: 11361: 11357: 11352:. 19 June 2015. 11344: 11343: 11339: 11329: 11327: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11275: 11271: 11261: 11259: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11200: 11184: 11180: 11169: 11153: 11146: 11130: 11129: 11103: 11099: 11067: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11046: 11033: 11029: 11022: 11018: 10965: 10961: 10908: 10904: 10864: 10860: 10812: 10808: 10755: 10751: 10738: 10734: 10678: 10674: 10628: 10624: 10578: 10574: 10527: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10483: 10481: 10476: 10475: 10471: 10463: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10443: 10433: 10431: 10421: 10417: 10407: 10405: 10395: 10391: 10379: 10378: 10374: 10362: 10361: 10357: 10350: 10336: 10332: 10318: 10316: 10303: 10302: 10298: 10291: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10214: 10210: 10197: 10195: 10180: 10173: 10162: 10148: 10141: 10134: 10116: 10112: 10102: 10100: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10074: 10066: 10065: 10061: 10051: 10049: 10048:on 23 July 2017 10042:Pakistan Herald 10036: 10035: 10031: 10021: 10019: 10004: 10000: 9986: 9984: 9975: 9969: 9965: 9942:10.2307/2645419 9922: 9918: 9913:. 18 June 2018. 9905: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9853: 9852: 9848: 9838: 9836: 9828: 9827: 9823: 9813: 9799: 9795: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9751: 9747: 9731: 9730: 9723: 9721: 9720:on 26 July 2013 9706: 9702: 9657: 9653: 9648: 9644: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9581: 9570: 9560: 9558: 9546: 9542: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9512: 9508: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9451: 9447: 9435: 9424: 9418: 9414: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9372: 9368: 9352: 9351: 9344: 9342: 9331: 9327: 9316: 9312: 9297: 9293: 9282: 9277: 9273: 9263: 9258: 9254: 9239: 9232: 9216: 9215: 9179: 9175: 9136: 9132: 9103: 9101: 9083: 9079: 9063: 9062: 9052: 9050: 9043: 9039: 8981: 8977: 8966: 8950: 8946: 8935: 8919: 8915: 8870: 8866: 8854:. p. 105. 8846: 8842: 8831: 8827: 8818: 8814: 8796: 8794: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8770: 8754: 8750: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8722: 8718: 8707: 8703: 8689: 8685: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8618: 8614: 8602: 8601: 8597: 8583: 8579: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8526: 8522: 8506: 8505: 8498: 8496: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8445: 8441: 8428: 8426: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8289: 8287: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8246: 8242: 8232: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8182: 8171: 8164: 8148: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8101: 8099: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8051: 8047: 8037: 8021: 8017: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7978: 7974: 7964: 7960: 7939: 7935: 7916: 7912: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7810: 7806: 7734: 7730: 7717: 7715: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7675: 7671: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7606: 7599: 7589: 7565: 7561: 7541: 7525: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7274:Macdonell, A.A. 7272: 7268: 7258: 7256: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7204: 7200: 7187: 7185: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7160: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7124: 7120: 7107: 7105: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7078: 7076: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6990: 6983: 6968: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6930: 6919: 6903: 6896: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6835:. 27 April 2009 6827: 6826: 6822: 6811: 6807: 6794: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6765: 6761: 6746: 6742: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6677: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6612: 6611: 6604: 6602: 6591: 6584: 6577:Hindustan Times 6569: 6565: 6549: 6548: 6541: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6430: 6428: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6362: 6355: 6350:. 30 July 2019. 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6298: 6296: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6084: 6080: 6067: 6065: 6058: 6054: 6043: 6025: 6021: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5977: 5976: 5944: 5940: 5926: 5924: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5883: 5879: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5794: 5778: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5752:British Library 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5703: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5584: 5568: 5561: 5550: 5534: 5530: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5384: 5376:. p. 126. 5361: 5357: 5344: 5342: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5317: 5315: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5090: 5086: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5028: 5026: 5013: 5012: 5003: 4987: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4911: 4909: 4897: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4846: 4844: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4801: 4800: 4767: 4763: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4702:allowed to vote 4620:campaigned for 4559: 4509:Mohammad Rizwan 4443: 4433: 4371:(percussions), 4327:Baghch-e-Simsim 4295: 4281: 4190:Amir Polad Suri 4143:Pamir languages 4123:language family 4104:Seraj al Akhbar 4085: 4079: 3862:Islamic prophet 3838: 3830:Main articles: 3828: 3788: 3782: 3742:Pashto alphabet 3718: 3712:Pashtun cuisine 3708: 3698: 3696:Pashtun culture 3692: 3684:Pashto alphabet 3663:represented by 3584: 3581: 3562:Eastern Iranian 3549: 3546: 3509:Pashto-speaking 3501: 3483: 3477:Pashto dialects 3473:Pashto alphabet 3469: 3463: 3448:Saur Revolution 3443: 3435:Main articles: 3433: 3381: 3375: 3360:Belonging to a 3340: 3305: 3052:Ghulam Mohammad 3026:U.S. Ambassador 3003:King Zahir Shah 2873:in April 1992. 2852:Afghan diaspora 2819:Shahnawaz Tanai 2807:Hafizullah Amin 2783:Hafizullah Amin 2717:Mohandas Gandhi 2693:Ashfaqulla Khan 2682:Mohandas Gandhi 2658:divided by the 2652:Pashtun regions 2609:Durrani dynasty 2561:Delhi Sultanate 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2502: 2500: 2489: 2486: 2407:Ten Lost Tribes 2403:tribe of Joseph 2366:oral traditions 2362:anthropologists 2358: 2352: 2347: 2267: 2236:Seleucid Empire 2192: 2104: 2033:Eastern Iranian 2007: 2001: 1995: 1956:Iranian plateau 1941:in 500 BCE 1916: 1898: 1892: 1826: 1820: 1780:Mahmud Ghaznavi 1763:Tarikh-i Yamini 1721:, Afghanistan. 1710: 1707: 1684: 1681: 1673: 1670: 1662: 1659: 1645:Sassanid Empire 1614:J. W. McCrindle 1537: 1531: 1514: 1511: 1497:Eastern-Iranian 1485: 1482: 1468:Joseph Marquart 1464: 1461: 1428: 1425: 1402:Heinrich Zimmer 1398: 1395: 1355:A tribe called 1353: 1348: 1340:Afghan diaspora 1300: 1294:Afghan diaspora 1290: 1245:Ghilji Pashtuns 1205: 943: 917: 911: 780: 770: 765: 743: 589: 525:Eastern Iranian 521:Pashto language 433: 429: 398: 394: 363: 359: 336: 321:Northern Pashto 317:Southern Pashto 282: 280: 262: 260: 242: 240: 222: 220: 202: 200: 182: 180: 162: 160: 153: 140: 138: 120: 118: 100: 98: 82: 69: 57: 47: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16020: 16010: 16009: 16004: 16002:Pashtun people 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15967:Iranian nomads 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15906:Tribal revolts 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15871:Tirah campaign 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15821:Malandari Pass 15818: 15813: 15807: 15805: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15754: 15752: 15746: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15739: 15738: 15732: 15730: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15706: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15689: 15688: 15686: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15628:Amir Kror Suri 15624: 15622: 15616: 15615: 15613: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15590:Pashtun tribes 15587: 15585:Pashto singers 15582: 15577: 15572: 15571: 15570: 15563:Pashtunization 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15539: 15537: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15425:Amanullah Khan 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15316: 15314: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15280: 15278: 15272: 15271: 15263: 15262: 15255: 15248: 15240: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15225:Zoroastrianism 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15161: 15159: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15149: 15143: 15141: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15133: 15128: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15106: 15104: 15100: 15099: 15097: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15070: 15068: 15064: 15063: 15061: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15011: 15004: 14992: 14991: 14990: 14987:Pashtun tribes 14978: 14977: 14976: 14969: 14962: 14961: 14960: 14953: 14939: 14936:Chinese Tajiks 14927: 14926: 14925: 14918: 14917: 14916: 14902: 14890: 14885: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14881: 14867: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14825: 14824: 14823: 14816: 14813:Kurdish tribes 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14749: 14747: 14743: 14742: 14735: 14734: 14727: 14720: 14712: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14699: 14698: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 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13978:Hopkirk, Peter 13975: 13961: 13955: 13942: 13939:online version 13933: 13919: 13913: 13900: 13886: 13868: 13837: 13826: 13811: 13808: 13805:Ahmed, Akbar S 13802: 13791: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13748: 13722: 13691: 13676: 13650: 13643: 13621: 13591: 13565: 13554:on 18 May 2011 13529: 13499: 13467: 13436: 13427: 13418: 13405: 13386: 13354: 13336: 13325:. 23 July 2013 13310: 13282: 13264: 13246: 13228: 13210: 13192: 13185: 13167: 13160: 13142: 13108: 13082: 13056: 13016: 13000: 12993: 12976: 12954: 12933: 12904: 12886: 12861: 12839: 12827: 12807: 12781: 12755: 12725: 12707: 12683:Beena Sarwar, 12661:Pakistan Today 12646: 12623: 12618:thebetterindia 12602: 12571: 12552: 12533: 12529:Sikh Pashtuns. 12516: 12494: 12476: 12450: 12431: 12396: 12370: 12360: 12338: 12326: 12304: 12278: 12253: 12223: 12216: 12198: 12172: 12165: 12147: 12122: 12097: 12084: 12077: 12051: 12044: 12024: 12017: 11997: 11990: 11970: 11935: 11928: 11909: 11872: 11842: 11814: 11792: 11773: 11751: 11720: 11709:. 22 July 2014 11694: 11672: 11649: 11623: 11601: 11579: 11566:10.2307/602038 11544: 11511: 11504: 11486: 11472: 11448: 11415: 11382: 11375: 11355: 11337: 11312: 11285:(3): 482–510. 11269: 11252:The New Yorker 11239: 11209: 11198: 11178: 11167: 11144: 11097: 11055: 11044: 11027: 11016: 10959: 10922:(1027): 1027. 10902: 10858: 10806: 10749: 10732: 10693:(10): e76748. 10672: 10643:(1): 124–131. 10622: 10593:(1): 164–172. 10572: 10516: 10491: 10469: 10441: 10415: 10389: 10372: 10355: 10348: 10330: 10315:on 3 July 2003 10296: 10289: 10269: 10262: 10242: 10228: 10208: 10171: 10160: 10139: 10132: 10110: 10084: 10059: 10029: 9998: 9963: 9936:(7): 621–634. 9916: 9898: 9881:Pakpost.gov.pk 9868: 9857:. I Love India 9846: 9821: 9811: 9793: 9778: 9760:; et al. 9745: 9700: 9651: 9642: 9623: 9606: 9568: 9548:Oreck, Alden. 9540: 9527:978-0391041738 9526: 9506: 9492: 9472: 9465: 9445: 9412: 9403:Afghan Studies 9393: 9386: 9366: 9325: 9310: 9291: 9279:Rezakhani 2017 9271: 9252: 9242:ḴALAJ i. TRIBE 9230: 9193:(2): 417–437. 9173: 9130: 9077: 9037: 8991:. p. 28. 8975: 8964: 8944: 8933: 8913: 8884:(1): 121–126. 8864: 8840: 8825: 8812: 8779: 8768: 8748: 8731: 8716: 8701: 8683: 8666: 8649: 8631: 8612: 8595: 8577: 8560: 8546: 8520: 8473: 8459: 8439: 8411: 8381: 8367: 8347: 8333: 8313: 8304: 8286:on 14 May 2013 8264: 8240: 8230: 8210: 8196: 8169: 8162: 8139: 8122:Ch. M. Kieffer 8109: 8079: 8070: 8063: 8045: 8035: 8015: 7996: 7972: 7958: 7933: 7910: 7885: 7873: 7864: 7855: 7843: 7834: 7827: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7782: 7765: 7746: 7728: 7700: 7693: 7669: 7654: 7647: 7627: 7620: 7597: 7587: 7559: 7539: 7519: 7494: 7477: 7470: 7450: 7443: 7423: 7416: 7396: 7371: 7349: 7323: 7298: 7278: 7266: 7241: 7232: 7218: 7198: 7170: 7145: 7138: 7118: 7090: 7061: 7036: 7029: 7011: 7004: 6981: 6959: 6928: 6917: 6894: 6889:Joshua Project 6876: 6846: 6820: 6805: 6800:Joshua Project 6784: 6777: 6759: 6740: 6735:Joshua Project 6722: 6696: 6670: 6644: 6641:. 23 May 2015. 6626: 6582: 6563: 6520: 6498: 6472: 6462: 6442: 6411: 6404: 6384: 6374: 6353: 6335: 6310: 6275: 6250: 6225: 6214:on 17 May 2020 6195: 6169: 6144: 6118: 6104: 6078: 6052: 6041: 6035:. p. 18. 6019: 5991: 5938: 5905: 5895: 5877: 5858: 5848: 5828: 5803: 5792: 5769: 5758:on 2 July 2010 5739: 5692: 5667: 5639: 5620: 5592: 5582: 5559: 5548: 5528: 5517: 5497: 5486: 5466: 5455: 5435: 5424: 5404: 5382: 5355: 5328: 5300: 5293: 5270: 5263: 5243: 5212: 5187: 5170:perepis2002.ru 5157: 5131: 5110: 5084: 5061: 5040: 5001: 4951: 4923: 4888: 4874: 4857: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4799: 4798: 4761: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4716:Main article: 4713: 4712:Notable people 4710: 4646:Marilyn Monroe 4622:women's rights 4610:King Amanullah 4558: 4555: 4529:Mohammad Wasim 4525:Iftikhar Ahmed 4521:Shaheen Afridi 4513:Usman Shinwari 4432: 4429: 4280: 4279:Media and arts 4277: 4245:Hamza Shinwari 4209:Pashto Ghazals 4207:who developed 4182:Amir Kror Suri 4163:Vedic Sanskrit 4081:Main article: 4078: 4075: 4010:, India after 3941:of Afghanistan 3939:Kunar Province 3873:Zoroastrianism 3827: 3824: 3784:Main article: 3781: 3778: 3750:Persian Empire 3694:Main article: 3691: 3688: 3579: 3544: 3481:Pashto grammar 3465:Main article: 3462: 3459: 3432: 3429: 3379:Pashtun tribes 3377:Main article: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3358: 3351: 3339: 3336: 3321:Swabi District 3304: 3301: 3242:Mohammad Yunus 3167:Hamza Shinwari 3159:Mohammad Wasim 3143:Shaheen Afridi 2968:Yousef Pashtun 2956:Omar Zakhilwal 2940:Amirzai Sangin 2902:Suhail Shaheen 2745:Amanullah Khan 2669:Leader of the 2577:Durrani Empire 2528: 2525: 2515: 2498: 2484: 2354:Main article: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2320:Durrani Empire 2283:Josef Markwart 2266: 2263: 2191: 2188: 2103: 2102:Diverse origin 2100: 2061:Khotanese Saka 2037:Munji language 2006: 2003: 1993: 1983:confederation. 1968:) between the 1952:Iranian tribes 1934:Pactyan people 1894:Main article: 1891: 1888: 1855:Mutla-ul-Anwar 1818: 1796:Khilji dynasty 1792:Ghurid Kingdom 1747:Tarikh-ul Hind 1715:Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam 1705: 1697:Brihat-samhita 1679: 1668: 1657: 1530: 1527: 1509: 1480: 1459: 1447:Thomas Holdich 1423: 1393: 1381:Vedic Sanskrit 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1308:United Kingdom 1289: 1286: 1254:Durrani Empire 1215:living in the 1204: 1201: 970:colonial India 913:Main article: 910: 907: 872:Mazar-i-Sharif 769: 766: 745: 744: 742: 741: 734: 727: 719: 716: 715: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 660: 659: 653: 652: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 607: 606: 600: 599: 588: 585: 527:branch of the 351: 350: 348:Iranic peoples 343: 342: 338: 337: 332:Predominantly 329: 328: 324: 323: 313:Central Pashto 301: 300: 296: 295: 292: 276: 275: 272: 256: 255: 252: 236: 235: 232: 216: 215: 214:100,000 (2009) 212: 209:United Kingdom 196: 195: 194:538,000 (2021) 192: 176: 175: 174:169,000 (2022) 172: 156: 155: 154:21,677 (2011) 150: 134: 133: 130: 114: 113: 110: 94: 93: 89: 88: 76: 75: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16019: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15972:Modern nomads 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15800: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15755: 15753: 15751:controversies 15747: 15737: 15734: 15733: 15731: 15727: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15703: 15697: 15696: 15694: 15690: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15673:Ajmal Khattak 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15658:Hussain Hotak 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15621: 15617: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15536: 15532: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15510:Malalai Kakar 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15490:Mohammed Omar 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15435:Mulla Powinda 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15365:Mirwais Hotak 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15345:Sher Shah Sur 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15311: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15294:Hotak dynasty 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15281: 15279: 15277: 15273: 15268: 15261: 15256: 15254: 15249: 15247: 15242: 15241: 15238: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15148: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15138: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15126:Indo-Iranians 15124: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15079:Bukharan Jews 15077: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15016: 15012: 15009: 15005: 15002: 15001:Arab-Persians 14998: 14997: 14996: 14993: 14988: 14984: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14974: 14970: 14967: 14963: 14958: 14954: 14951: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14940: 14937: 14933: 14932: 14931: 14928: 14923: 14919: 14914: 14910: 14909: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14879: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14871:Southern Lurs 14868: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14854: 14851: 14847: 14842: 14838: 14837: 14835: 14831: 14830: 14829: 14826: 14821: 14817: 14814: 14810: 14809: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14775: 14774:Baloch tribes 14771: 14770: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14746:Ethnic groups 14744: 14740: 14733: 14728: 14726: 14721: 14719: 14714: 14713: 14710: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14630: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14597: 14594: 14593: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14534: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14501: 14498: 14494: 14493:Urdu speakers 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 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14005: 14001: 13997: 13994: 13991: 13990:1-56836-022-3 13987: 13983: 13979: 13976: 13973: 13972:1-58736-169-8 13969: 13965: 13962: 13958: 13952: 13948: 13943: 13940: 13937: 13934: 13931: 13930:0-19-577634-8 13927: 13923: 13922:Dupree, Louis 13920: 13916: 13910: 13906: 13901: 13898: 13897:969-35-0554-9 13894: 13890: 13887: 13884: 13883:0-19-577221-0 13880: 13876: 13872: 13869: 13854: 13850: 13843: 13838: 13835: 13834:0-8156-2448-4 13831: 13827: 13824: 13823:0-8156-2608-8 13820: 13816: 13812: 13809: 13806: 13803: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13789: 13788:0-86356-438-0 13785: 13781: 13780: 13758: 13752: 13737: 13733: 13726: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13695: 13687: 13680: 13665: 13661: 13654: 13646: 13644:0-292-72756-9 13640: 13636: 13632: 13625: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13579: 13575: 13569: 13550: 13546: 13539: 13533: 13517: 13513: 13509: 13503: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13477: 13471: 13455: 13451: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13431: 13422: 13415: 13409: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13390: 13382: 13376: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13350: 13346: 13340: 13324: 13320: 13314: 13303: 13299: 13298:The Telegraph 13294: 13286: 13278: 13277:Espn Cricinfo 13274: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13250: 13242: 13238: 13232: 13224: 13220: 13214: 13206: 13205:espn cricinfo 13202: 13196: 13188: 13182: 13178: 13171: 13163: 13157: 13153: 13146: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13112: 13096: 13092: 13086: 13070: 13066: 13060: 13052: 13046: 13030: 13026: 13020: 13012: 13011: 13004: 12996: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12964: 12958: 12951: 12950:0-7818-0972-X 12947: 12943: 12937: 12929: 12923: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12901: 12897: 12890: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12849: 12843: 12836: 12835: 12830: 12824: 12820: 12819: 12811: 12805: 12801: 12797: 12794: 12790: 12785: 12769: 12765: 12759: 12752: 12739: 12735: 12729: 12721: 12717: 12711: 12704: 12698: 12692: 12689:Sonia Dhami, 12686: 12680: 12677:Ruchi Kumar, 12674: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12650: 12643: 12638: 12634: 12627: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12607: 12591: 12587: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12568: 12564: 12563: 12556: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12530: 12519: 12513: 12508: 12507: 12498: 12491: 12479: 12473: 12469: 12464: 12463: 12454: 12446: 12442: 12435: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12409: 12400: 12384: 12380: 12374: 12367: 12363: 12361:9780824049461 12357: 12353: 12349: 12342: 12335: 12330: 12314: 12308: 12293:. 1 July 2002 12292: 12288: 12282: 12267: 12263: 12257: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12230: 12228: 12219: 12213: 12209: 12202: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12179: 12177: 12168: 12162: 12158: 12151: 12136: 12132: 12126: 12111: 12110:glottolog.org 12107: 12101: 12094: 12088: 12080: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12055: 12047: 12041: 12037: 12036: 12028: 12020: 12014: 12010: 12009: 12001: 11993: 11987: 11983: 11982: 11974: 11967: 11955: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11939: 11931: 11925: 11921: 11920: 11913: 11906: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11876: 11869: 11857: 11853: 11846: 11839: 11828: 11824: 11818: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11796: 11788: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11755: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11708: 11704: 11698: 11679: 11675: 11673:969-8023-14-3 11669: 11662: 11661: 11653: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11627: 11621: 11619: 11618:3-11-018418-4 11615: 11611: 11605: 11589: 11583: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11548: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11507: 11505:9780415939195 11501: 11497: 11490: 11475: 11473:9780226265650 11469: 11465: 11461: 11460: 11452: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11422: 11420: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11378: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11359: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11273: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11243: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11213: 11206: 11201: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11182: 11175: 11170: 11164: 11160: 11159: 11151: 11149: 11140: 11134: 11125: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11101: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11066: 11059: 11053: 11048: 11040: 11039: 11031: 11025: 11020: 11012: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10862: 10854: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10810: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10753: 10745: 10744: 10736: 10728: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10676: 10668: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10576: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10479: 10473: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10445: 10430: 10426: 10419: 10404: 10400: 10393: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10351: 10349:81-261-2175-0 10345: 10341: 10334: 10327: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10300: 10292: 10290:81-261-2175-0 10286: 10282: 10281: 10273: 10265: 10263:81-7648-056-8 10259: 10255: 10254: 10246: 10231: 10225: 10221: 10220: 10212: 10205: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10176: 10168: 10163: 10157: 10153: 10146: 10144: 10135: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10099: 10095: 10088: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10018:on 3 May 2020 10017: 10013: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9983: 9982: 9974: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9920: 9912: 9911:UN university 9908: 9902: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9856: 9850: 9835: 9831: 9825: 9818: 9814: 9812:9789352061730 9808: 9804: 9797: 9789: 9782: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9741: 9735: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9627: 9616: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9544: 9529: 9523: 9519: 9518: 9510: 9495: 9493:90-04-08265-4 9489: 9485: 9484: 9476: 9468: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9449: 9442: 9434: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9389: 9387:9781610697781 9383: 9379: 9378: 9370: 9362: 9356: 9340: 9336: 9333:Minorsky, V. 9329: 9321: 9314: 9306: 9302: 9295: 9286: 9281:, p. 135 9280: 9275: 9267: 9261: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9243: 9237: 9235: 9226: 9220: 9213: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9181:Minorsky, V. 9177: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9146:(5): 484–90. 9145: 9141: 9134: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9118:gave them to 9117: 9113: 9099: 9095: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9073: 9067: 9060: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8967: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8948: 8941: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8844: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8816: 8809: 8806: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8752: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8727: 8720: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8646: 8641: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8549: 8547:0-7787-9335-4 8543: 8539: 8534: 8533: 8524: 8516: 8510: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8477: 8462: 8460:81-7890-056-4 8456: 8452: 8451: 8443: 8436: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8370: 8368:0-415-34473-5 8364: 8360: 8359: 8351: 8336: 8334:90-04-09796-1 8330: 8326: 8325: 8317: 8308: 8301: 8299: 8285: 8281: 8279: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8253:81-85297-70-3 8250: 8244: 8237: 8233: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8214: 8199: 8197:0-631-19841-5 8193: 8189: 8188: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8146: 8144: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8098:on 7 May 2020 8097: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8074: 8066: 8064:1-874780-92-7 8060: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8019: 8012: 8011: 7999: 7997:3-88939-628-3 7993: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7951: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7868: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7838: 7830: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7818:Ancient India 7814: 7808: 7799: 7795: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7753: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7666:. p. 39. 7665: 7658: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7604: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7563: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540:9788172110284 7536: 7532: 7531: 7523: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7490: 7489: 7481: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7400: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7359: 7353: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7287:Median Empire 7282: 7275: 7270: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7236: 7221: 7219:1-84277-117-5 7215: 7211: 7210: 7202: 7195: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7141: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7115: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7087: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6988: 6986: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6964: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6901: 6899: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6587: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6553: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6508: 6502: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6446: 6439: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6407: 6405:9781009242523 6401: 6397: 6396: 6395:Under the Gun 6388: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6284:"Afghanistan" 6279: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6107: 6105:0-8239-3863-8 6101: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6082: 6075: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6013:lingua franca 6008: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5987: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5832: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5776: 5774: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5564: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5383:90-04-07120-2 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5352: 5340: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5296: 5294:9781598846607 5290: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5120: 5114: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4920: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883:"Afghanistan" 4878: 4867: 4861: 4854: 4843: 4842: 4841:Boston Review 4837: 4830: 4826: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4794: 4785: 4780: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4746: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4637:Vida Samadzai 4633: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4489:Misbah-ul-Haq 4486: 4482: 4481:Shahid Afridi 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4450:Shahid Afridi 4447: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4415:known as the 4414: 4410: 4409:Waziro Atanrh 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4350: 4348: 4345:have created 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4293:Pashto cinema 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249:Hanif Baktash 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237:Ajmal Khattak 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4116:native tongue 4113: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4071:Nankana Sahib 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850:Kandahar City 3847: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3760:and regional 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3650: 3649:Karlāṇ tribes 3643:etc.) having 3642: 3635:etc.) having 3634: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527:mother tongue 3524: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3458: 3455: 3454:were Ghilji. 3453: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3380: 3367: 3363: 3362:Pashtun tribe 3359: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3246:Indira Gandhi 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:Sara Ali Khan 3223: 3222:Soha Ali Khan 3219: 3218:Saif Ali Khan 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198:Shahrukh Khan 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3181:recipient in 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151:Misbah Ul Haq 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127:Jahangir Khan 3124: 3120: 3119:Shahid Afridi 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976:Mullah Yaqoob 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964:Zalmay Rasoul 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769:in 1973 on a 2768: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729:Yusuf Khattak 2726: 2725:Muslim League 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701:Ajmal Khattak 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650:(1880–1901), 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:Indian Punjab 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573:Hotak dynasty 2570: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545:Sher Ali Khan 2543: 2539: 2534: 2521: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2333:According to 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310:According to 2308: 2306: 2302: 2301:Sims-Williams 2297: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275:Khalaj people 2272: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2240:Maurya Empire 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2184:Ismail Samani 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072:Saka language 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2047:, as well as 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1756:Al-Utbi, the 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1693:Varāha Mihira 1690: 1678: 1667: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1521:and Strabo's 1520: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:United States 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Afsharid rule 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:Hussain Hotak 1238: 1237:Hussain Hotak 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1197:local society 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:central India 1178: 1173: 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London: 9561:10 January 9533:6 November 9345:10 January 9339:Khyber.ORG 8833:Barmazid. 8429:8 November 7718:3 November 7549: [ 7512:7 November 7389:3 November 7316:2 November 7289:, showing 7259:2 November 6869:18 January 6599:Khyber.org 6542:30 January 6536:Khyber.org 6513:7 November 6491:18 January 6268:19 January 6111:17 October 5732:10 January 5660:24 October 5205:2 February 4912:2 November 4821:References 4813:Ethnologue 4708:by males. 4600:magazine. 4533:Yasir Shah 4485:Majid Khan 4477:Imran Khan 4473:cricketers 4332:BBC Pashto 4306:AVT Khyber 4257:Nazo Tokhi 4174:Pir Roshan 4145:, such as 3908:Parachinar 3793:lóya jirgá 3710:See also: 3680:Pir Roshan 3655:and South 3471:See also: 3325:Yousafzais 3214:Kader Khan 3206:Feroz Khan 3194:Aamir Khan 3163:Ghani Khan 3107:Imran Khan 2912:Imran Khan 2888:officials 2813:, General 2767:Zahir Shah 2760:Daoud Khan 2705:Bacha Khan 2678:Bacha Khan 2632:Great Game 2625:Zahir Shah 2589:Nader Shah 2531:See also: 2527:Modern era 2430:Israelites 2068:Badakhshan 2026:Uzbekistan 1840:, stated: 1772:Sabuktigin 1584:cavalrymen 1576:Hindu Kush 1433:Achaemenid 1278:Azerbaijan 1270:Azerbaijan 1229:Nader Shah 1126:Akbar Khan 1048:region of 1046:Rohilkhand 1022:Kabuliwala 994:Rohilkhand 990:Saharanpur 840:Abbottabad 772:See also: 681:Lodi Delhi 573:Rohilkhand 229:Tajikistan 85:70 million 15846:Herat War 15804:conflicts 15525:Ali Wazir 15465:Wali Khan 15450:Umra Khan 15340:Gaju Khan 15276:Dynasties 15215:Yarsanism 15205:Mazdaznan 15200:Mazdakism 15175:Assianism 15140:Languages 15053:Yaghnobis 15008:Basseries 14957:Oroshoris 14893:Ossetians 14878:Mamasanis 14864:Hasanvand 14618:Shumashti 14473:Gujaratis 14423:Kashmiris 14202:Armenians 14169:Qizilbash 13980:. 1984. 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