559:
543:
391:
49:
521:
It is possible that the
Buddhist influence at the Mauryan court declined during Pushyamitra's reign, and the Buddhist monasteries and other institutions stopped receiving royal patronage. This change might have led to discontent among the Buddhists, resulting in exaggerated accounts of persecution.
362:
mentions a wicked and foolish king named
Gomimukhya ("cattle-faced"), or Gomishanda ("Gomin, the bull"), who seized the territory from the east to Kashmir, destroying monasteries and killing monks. Ultimately, he and his officers were killed in the north by falling mountain rocks. This king is
406:
Based on
Buddhist tradition, some scholars believe that Pushyamitra was indeed a persecutor of the Buddhist faith. However, others believe that Buddhist scholars were biased against Pushyamitra, because he did not patronize them. According to archaeologist
492:
H. C. Raychaudhury argued that
Pushyamitra's overthrow of the Mauryans cannot be considered as a Brahmin uprising against Buddhist rule, as Brahmins did not suffer during the Mauryan rule: Ashoka's edicts mention the Brahmins before
284:). According to this account, Pushyamitra (described as the last Mauryan emperor) wanted to be famous. His ministers advised him that as long as Buddhism remained the dominant faith, he would never be as famous as his ancestor
353:, translated into Chinese between 317 and 420 CE also mentions this legend, but this particular version is more detailed, and describes eastern India (not Kashmir) as the center of Pushyamitra's anti-Buddhist campaign.
508:, a Buddhist nun named Bhagavati Kaushiki attended Pushyamitra's court, which indicates that they did not persecute Buddhists. However, Shankar Goyal states that there is no evidence of Kaushiki being a Buddhist nun.
534:, which emphasizes the role of orthodox faith in state-craft and society, was first compiled under Pushyamitra's rule. According to Kaushik Roy, it was a Brahmanical reaction to the rise of Buddhism and Jainism.
511:
Historian Eric
Seldeslachts states that there is "no proof whatsoever that Pushyamitra actually persecuted the Buddhists" though he may not have actively supported the Buddhists, invoking the Buddhist wrath.
501:
mentions
Pushyamitra as a Mauryan further erodes its historical credibility, and weakens the hypothesis that he persecuted Buddhists because he was a Brahmin. Raychaudhury also argued that according to
446:(present-day Sialkot), which was located near the Indo-Greek frontiers. According to K. P. Jayaswal, this further highlights a political motivation behind his alleged persecution of Buddhists.
434:
H. Bhattacharya theorized that
Pushyamitra might have persecuted Buddhists for political, rather than religious, reasons: the politically active Buddhists probably supported the
191:. His original name was Puṣpaka or Puṣpamitra and the confusion between Puṣyamitra and Puṣpamitra arose because of the erroneous readings of 'p' and 'y' in the manuscripts.
419:
was vandalized in 2nd century BCE (that is, during
Pushyamitra's reign), before being rebuilt on a larger scale. G. R. Sharma, who excavated the Buddhist ruins at
423:, suggested that the destruction of the local monastery might have happened during the reign of Pushyamitra Shunga. P. K. Mishra believes that the damage to the
163:
431:
during the Shunga rule. However, according to N. N. Ghosh, these were constructed during the reign of later Shunga rulers, not
Pushyamitra's period.
479:), which some assert is a fabrication, considering that Ashoka's edicts express tolerance towards all religious sects. The Sri Lankan Buddhist text
337:, another 2nd century text, states that Pushyamitra burned Buddhist scriptures, killed Buddhist monks, and destroyed 500 monasteries in and around
1187:
Roy, Kaushik (2012). Hinduism and the Ethics of
Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present, p.109-118. Cambridge University Press.
497:, and the appointment of a Brahmin general (Pushyamitra) shows that the Brahmins were honoured at the Mauryan court. The fact that the
272:
Buddhist texts claim that Pushyamitra cruelly persecuted the Buddhists. The earliest source to mention this is the 2nd Century CE text
453:
points out that the Buddhist legends are not consistent about the location of Pushyamitra's anti-Buddhist campaign and his death. The
1434:
1203:
Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, "A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana", Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996,
1459:
1376:
1313:
1292:
1245:
1172:
992:
863:
836:
809:
731:
701:
676:
518:
writes that the lack of concrete archaeological evidence casts doubt on the claims of Buddhist persecution by Pushyamitra.
427:
stupa is also datable to Pushyamitra's period. H. C. Raychaudhari pointed out that Buddhist monuments were constructed at
302:
62:
306:(coins) for every head of a Buddhist monk brought to him. Next, he proceeded to the Koshthaka kingdom, where a Buddhist
485:
suggests that several monasteries existed in present-day Bihar, Awadh and Malwa at the time Pushyamitra's contemporary
1444:
1348:
1208:
1192:
1145:
292:. One advisor told him that he could become famous by destroying Buddhism. Pushyamitra then tried to destroy the
256:
names Pushyamitra as the last Mauryan emperor. This text appears to have confused Brihadratha with Pushyamitra.
408:
578:
Shunga emperors were seen as amenable to Buddhism and as having contributed to the building of the stupa at
1469:
903:
Raychaudhari Hemchandra, "Tha Audvijja Senani of the Harivansa?", Indian culture, Vol. IV, 1938, P. 360-365
399:
203:
314:... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the
17:
259:
H. C. Raychaudhuri theorized that the name "Shunga" is derived from the Sanskrit word for the fig tree.
1449:
364:
615:
330:, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk.
1464:
1368:
198:
ritual to legitimize his right to rule. Inscriptions of the Shungas have been found as far as the
1454:
1439:
374:
also states that Pushyamitra and his allies killed Buddhist monks and destroyed monasteries from
227:
Buddhist texts claim that Pushyamitra persecuted Buddhists; scholars have rejected these claims.
1338:
1235:
982:
826:
721:
853:
799:
717:
358:
244:
558:
489:
ruled in Lanka. This suggests that these monasteries survived Pushyamitra Shunga's reign.
449:
Others have expressed skepticism about the Buddhist claims of persecution by Pushyamitra.
310:
named Damshtranivasin killed him and his army with help of another yaksha named Krimisha.
8:
1284:
788:
Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press, 1960 P200
638:
1397:
1221:
768:
435:
240:
89:
450:
382:. These activities wiped out the Buddhist doctrine from the north, within five years.
1372:
1344:
1309:
1288:
1241:
1204:
1188:
1168:
1141:
988:
859:
832:
805:
760:
727:
697:
672:
831:. Cambridge Library Collection - Classics. Cambridge University Press. p. 175.
504:
1391:
1362:
1324:
1303:
1278:
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1135:
1334:
525:
111:
1428:
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1358:
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611:
567:
515:
395:
236:
188:
184:
127:
54:
542:
438:
rivals of Pushyamitra, which might have prompted him to persecute them. The
349:, the deity of that tree took the form of a beautiful woman and killed him.
586:
were renovated and further improved. There is enough evidence to show that
486:
467:
did not come into general circulation in India before the 1st century BCE.
455:
416:
326:, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in
274:
252:
31:
1340:
The Legend of King Aśoka : a study and translation of the Aśokāvadāna
167:
153:
643:
587:
530:
424:
412:
319:
315:
293:
280:
208:
772:
748:
442:
states that Pushyamitra declared a reward for killing Buddhist monks in
390:
346:
323:
195:
1416:
626:
599:
481:
379:
371:
100:
1105:
494:
137:
107:
1302:
Simmons, Caleb; Sarao, K. T. S. (2010). Danver, Steven L. (ed.).
1075:
1073:
579:
571:
563:
476:
428:
420:
411:, there is evidence of some damage to Buddhist establishments at
338:
217:
199:
122:
48:
1326:
Indigenous states of northern India, circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.
583:
551:
443:
327:
307:
297:
285:
221:
213:
1070:
1060:
1058:
696:(1st ed.). Kolkata: The Asiatic Society. pp. 71–72.
1117:
1115:
1030:
1028:
1013:
952:
950:
948:
946:
907:
547:
289:
296:
monastery, but it was saved by chance. He then proceeded to
1055:
723:
Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India
415:
around the time of Shunga rule. He also theorized that the
300:
in the north-west, where he offered a prize of one hundred
149:
1112:
1085:
1025:
943:
804:. Great Empires. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 42.
671:(1st ed.). Kolkata: The Asiatic Society. p. 71.
582:. During his reign the Buddhist monuments of Bharhut and
1045:
1043:
1001:
962:
629:, Pushyamitra or Pushpamitra got his throne in 204 BC.
598:
Pushyamitra Shunga was succeeded in 148 BCE by his son
1161:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (11 May 2007).
53:
Sunga period masculine figurine, 2nd-1st century BCE,
931:
1137:
Aspects of ancient Indian history and historiography
1040:
919:
884:
716:
872:
262:
27:
Ruler of the Shunga Empire from c.185 to c. 149 BCE
1254:
463:s as a reward for killing Buddhist monks, but the
385:
345:s, and other demons. However, when he reached the
341:. In this campaign, he was supported by yakshas,
243:. Subsequently, he drove out the Greeks with the
1426:
1160:
610:Pushyamitra Shunga's history is recorded in the
851:
537:
980:
230:
194:Pushyamitra is recorded to have performed the
1133:
239:after assassinating the last Mauryan emperor
212:mentions that his empire stretched as far as
183:) was the founder and the first ruler of the
1301:
1240:. New Age International, 1999. p. 170.
1121:
1091:
1079:
1064:
1034:
1019:
956:
913:
370:The 16th-century Tibetan Buddhist historian
1106:"Roman Coins in India and their impact.pdf"
593:
322:). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the
753:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
562:East Gateway and Railings, Red Sandstone,
47:
1343:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
691:
666:
858:. Asian history. Routledge. p. 71.
797:
784:
782:
557:
541:
389:
1237:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
14:
1427:
1357:
1333:
1322:
1305:Popular Controversies in World History
1049:
1007:
968:
937:
925:
890:
878:
746:
459:claims that Pushyamitra offered Roman
779:
749:"Pushyamitra Sunga and the Buddhists"
1276:
1260:
981:Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2007).
824:
726:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 175.
267:
187:which he established to succeed the
1329:University of Calcutta. p. 31.
1233:
1181:
1103:
984:Class and Religion in Ancient India
845:
818:
791:
471:also claims that Ashoka persecuted
24:
852:Kulke, H.; Rothermund, D. (1998).
30:For the 5th century CE tribe, see
25:
1481:
605:
263:Alleged persecution of Buddhists
1227:
1214:
1197:
1154:
1127:
1097:
974:
896:
828:The Greeks in Bactria and India
398:: 𑀧𑀼𑀰𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀭) in the
386:Authenticity of Buddhist claims
363:identified with Pushyamitra by
235:Pushyamitra Shunga founded the
1435:2nd-century BC Indian monarchs
740:
710:
685:
660:
288:, who had commissioned 84,000
13:
1:
1460:People from the Maurya Empire
649:
204:Dhanadeva–Ayodhya inscription
173:
72:
1277:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991).
1234:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
654:
538:Accounts against persecution
400:Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana
7:
1280:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
801:The Mauryan Empire of India
692:Mitchiner, John E. (1986).
667:Mitchiner, John E. (1986).
632:
231:Foundation of Shunga Empire
168:
154:
10:
1486:
1269:
747:Mishra, Ram Kumar (2012).
365:Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya
29:
1413:
1404:
1388:
590:patronised buddhist art.
359:Arya-Manjushri-Mula-Kalpa
224:region, now in Pakistan.
133:
121:
117:
106:
96:
85:
68:
61:
46:
41:
1445:Persecution of Buddhists
1369:Harvard University Press
1122:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1092:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1080:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1065:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1035:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1020:Simmons & Sarao 2010
957:Simmons & Sarao 2010
914:Simmons & Sarao 2010
594:Succession of the throne
566:Stupa, 2nd century BCE.
394:The name "Pushyamitra" (
247:and ruled for 36 years.
987:. Anthem. p. 209.
1407:King of Shunga Dynasty
1167:. BRILL. p. 141.
1164:The Spread of Buddhism
1140:. Harman. p. 30.
1134:Shankar Goyal (1993).
575:
555:
403:
332:
220:) in the northwestern
1323:Lahiri, Bela (1974).
798:Roxburgh, E. (2015).
561:
545:
393:
351:Shariputrapariprichha
312:
1220:Sir john Marshall, "
718:Dineshchandra Sircar
92:(as Mauryan Emperor)
1470:Emperors of Magadha
1285:Motilal Banarsidass
825:Tarn, W.W. (2010).
639:History of Buddhism
1398:Brihadratha Maurya
1364:The Past Before Us
1104:Ganguly, Kanchan.
1082:, pp. 99–100.
855:A History of India
576:
556:
404:
250:The Buddhist text
241:Brihadratha Maurya
160:Pushpamitra Shunga
146:Pushyamitra Shunga
90:Brihadratha Maurya
63:Emperor of Magadha
42:Pushyamitra Shunga
1450:Founding monarchs
1423:
1422:
1414:Succeeded by
1378:978-0-674-72651-2
1315:978-1-59884-078-0
1294:978-81-208-0805-8
1247:978-8-12241-198-0
1222:A Guide to Sanchi
1174:978-90-04-15830-6
1022:, pp. 96–97.
1010:, pp. 34–35.
994:978-1-84331-332-8
916:, pp. 95–96.
865:978-0-415-15482-6
838:978-1-108-00941-6
811:978-1-5026-0640-2
733:978-81-208-2790-5
703:978-93-81574-56-0
678:978-93-81574-56-0
356:The medieval-era
268:Buddhist accounts
143:
142:
16:(Redirected from
1477:
1389:Preceded by
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1032:
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1005:
999:
998:
978:
972:
971:, p. 33-34.
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682:
664:
505:Malavikagnimitra
245:Shunga–Greek War
182:
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175:
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169:Puṣpamitra Śuṅga
157:
155:Puṣyamitra Śuṅga
81:
77:
74:
51:
39:
38:
21:
1485:
1484:
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1465:Indian generals
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1419:
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1392:Mauryan Dynasty
1384:
1379:
1351:
1335:Strong, John S.
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694:The Yuga Purāṇa
690:
686:
679:
669:The Yuga Purāṇa
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661:
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608:
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451:Étienne Lamotte
388:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1467:
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1457:
1455:Shunga dynasty
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:140s BC deaths
1437:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1359:Thapar, Romila
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1180:
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1084:
1069:
1067:, p. 100.
1054:
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1024:
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1000:
993:
973:
961:
942:
940:, p. 293.
930:
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906:
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546:Shunga period
539:
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526:Michael Witzel
387:
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181: 149 BCE
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80: 149 BCE
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1350:0-691-01459-0
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1290:
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1263:, p. 85.
1262:
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1223:
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1209:81-208-0955-6
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1193:9781107017368
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1147:9788185151694
1143:
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1130:
1124:, p. 99.
1123:
1118:
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1100:
1094:, p. 98.
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1052:, p. 34.
1051:
1046:
1044:
1037:, p. 97.
1036:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
996:
990:
986:
985:
977:
970:
965:
959:, p. 96.
958:
953:
951:
949:
947:
939:
934:
928:, p. 33.
927:
922:
915:
910:
904:
899:
893:, p. 30.
892:
887:
881:, p. 29.
880:
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621:According to
619:
617:
613:
612:Harshacharita
606:In literature
603:
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591:
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569:
568:Indian Museum
565:
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516:Romila Thapar
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409:John Marshall
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396:Brahmi script
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383:
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378:(midland) to
377:
373:
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354:
352:
348:
344:
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336:
331:
329:
325:
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303:Roman denarii
299:
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283:
282:
277:
276:
260:
257:
255:
254:
248:
246:
242:
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237:Shunga Empire
228:
225:
223:
219:
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210:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
189:Maurya Empire
186:
185:Shunga Empire
170:
165:
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147:
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116:
113:
109:
105:
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95:
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84:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
55:Guimet Museum
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1411:185–149 BCE
1405:
1396:
1394:
1363:
1339:
1325:
1308:. ABC-CLIO.
1304:
1279:
1256:
1236:
1229:
1216:
1199:
1183:
1163:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1099:
1087:
1015:
1003:
983:
976:
964:
933:
921:
909:
902:
898:
886:
874:
854:
847:
827:
820:
800:
793:
756:
752:
742:
722:
712:
693:
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668:
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622:
620:
614:authored by
609:
597:
577:
529:
528:states that
524:
520:
514:
510:
503:
499:Ashokavadana
498:
491:
487:Dutthagamani
480:
472:
469:Ashokavadana
468:
464:
460:
456:Ashokavadana
454:
448:
440:Ashokavadana
439:
433:
417:Sanchi stupa
405:
375:
369:
357:
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350:
342:
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313:
301:
279:
275:Ashokavadana
273:
271:
258:
253:Ashokavadana
251:
249:
234:
226:
207:
193:
159:
145:
144:
36:
32:Pushyamitras
1050:Lahiri 1974
1008:Lahiri 1974
969:Lahiri 1974
938:Strong 1989
926:Lahiri 1974
891:Lahiri 1974
879:Lahiri 1974
644:Indo-Greeks
623:Vicarasreni
588:Pushyamitra
531:Manu Smriti
425:Deur Kothar
413:Takshashila
376:madhyadesha
320:Pataliputra
316:Kukkutarama
294:Kukkutarama
281:Divyavadana
278:(a part of
209:Divyavadana
206:), and the
86:Predecessor
18:Pushyamitra
1429:Categories
650:References
616:Bāṇabhaṭṭa
473:Nirgrantha
436:Indo-Greek
380:Jalandhara
347:Bodhi tree
324:sangharama
196:Ashvamedha
179: – c.
177: 185
78: – c.
76: 185
1417:Agnimitra
1261:Jain 1991
765:2249-1937
759:: 50–57.
655:Citations
627:Merutunga
600:Agnimitra
550:No. 2 at
495:Shramanas
482:Mahavamsa
421:Kaushambi
372:Taranatha
343:kumbhanda
172:) (ruled
101:Agnimitra
97:Successor
1361:(2013),
1337:(1989).
773:44156189
720:(1971).
633:See also
477:Ajivikas
138:Hinduism
134:Religion
1270:Sources
1224:", 1918
580:Bharhut
572:Kolkata
564:Bharhut
444:Shakala
429:Bharhut
339:Kashmir
335:Vibhasa
298:Shakala
218:Sialkot
200:Ayodhya
123:Dynasty
112:Magadha
108:General
1375:
1347:
1312:
1291:
1244:
1211:pg 223
1207:
1191:
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862:
835:
808:
771:
763:
730:
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675:
584:Sanchi
552:Sanchi
465:dinara
461:dinara
328:Sakala
308:yaksha
290:stupas
286:Ashoka
222:Punjab
214:Sakala
128:Shunga
769:JSTOR
548:stupa
216:(now
202:(the
158:) or
69:Reign
1373:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1142:ISBN
989:ISBN
860:ISBN
833:ISBN
806:ISBN
761:ISSN
728:ISBN
698:ISBN
673:ISBN
318:(in
164:IAST
150:IAST
625:of
475:s (
110:of
1431::
1371:,
1367:,
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1283:.
1114:^
1072:^
1057:^
1042:^
1027:^
945:^
781:^
767:.
757:73
755:.
751:.
618:.
602:.
570:,
367:.
174:c.
166::
152::
73:c.
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997:.
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706:.
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554:.
402:.
162:(
148:(
34:.
20:)
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