1152:) is a large gathering for the purpose of giving away gifts which can be both inter-tribal and intra-tribal. The potlatch system was historically the basis for friendly relations between different villages and tribes. Even today, potlatches can be held for many different reasons. Traditionally, the person throwing the potlatch invited important people from outside their village, who in turn, would invite whoever they wished to join them at the potlatch. Each group of guests would arrive at the potlatch on a different day, and, upon arrival, the leader of the group would sing their power song with their group of guests. Once all guests arrived, the host would begin giving away their possessions to the guests, and the host was expected to leave the potlach having lost a significant amount of wealth, if not all, as a show of dignity. During the festivities, other activities other than the main display of gift-giving would occur, such as marriages, guests giving gifts between each other, gambling, games, speeches, and singing.
945:
50:
1059:). People with these powers are believed to have the ability to both cure and cause death by sending their power into people. Someone whose affliction was caused by a shaman can only be cured by another shaman. Shamans who cannot control their powers are said to get sick and die. Traditionally, having powerful doctors living in a village brought social prestige to the inhabitants of the village, and doctors from different villages would "duel" against one another by sending their power at one another's relatives, which, if cured, would result in the aggressor shaman being inflicted with their own curse.
978:
people. Sweat bathing was done for many reasons, including cleanliness and physical health. It was also an act of ritual purification for a myriad of scenarios: after intercourse, contact with blood (including menstruation and childbirth), or the murder of another, as preparation for hunting or gambling, before taking on a spirit quest, as an act of mourning, and in general, from a desire for spiritual purification. Additionally, villages would host competitions to see who could last inside a sweat house the longest. A sweat bath was immediately followed with a cold-water plunge.
485:, 'pull, drag'. This references how the Stuck River once flowed down the Wapato Creek bed, rather than directly into the Puyallup River as it does today. The village was originally located along that channel, but moved to the contemporary confluence after the river's flow changed. According to Puyallup oral tradition, whales were trapped inland, and in their attempts to gain access to the sound, they created the valley through which the Stuck flows. This village was closely allied to the
607:'swift water people'; also called the S'Homamish or Sqababsh) were not originally considered part of the Puyallup in pre-contact times, however, they had strong alliances with the Puyallup historically, and during the reservation period, they joined the Puyallup on the Puyallup Reservation and became part of the modern Puyallup people. Their territory covered southern Vashon Island and much of the coastline west of the Tacoma Narrows, until Carr Inlet. Their main village was located at
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charge and advance the well being of themself and others. Another way of gaining authority, was being a skilled fighter. During wartime, brave warriors could quickly ascend to prominence for their daring acts and prowess, however, due to warfare being seen as a net negative and best to be avoided, warriors did not have much influence during peacetime and people attempted to tone down their warlike ways.
506:, according to T.T. Waterman, is unclear to modern scholars. According to Marian Smith, it is derived from the name of the Puyallup River above the Carbon River. However, according to Waterman, it is only the name of a creek near the Puyallup River. According to oral tradition, the name is derived from the words of a girl who was occasionally seen in the area. It was suspected she was a
65:
1018:. One's entire childhood was spent preparing to receive a power, and a power can come to anyone who displays purity and cleanliness, both of the body and spirit. In pre-colonial times, children went on a spirit journey to obtain a power when they reached maturity, undergoing a period of fasting, ritual bathing, and undertaking difficult tasks to prove oneself.
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The
Puyallup also historically built "sweat houses;" small, round buildings made of maple posts and either a wooden roof made of cedar or fir, or a mat roof. The floor was dug out and replaced with stone, upon which cedar twigs and bark were laid to make a fire. Each house could hold up to one or two
1072:
The
Puyallup, like other Northwest Coast peoples, traditionally had a highly stratified society comprising three classes: high class (also called nobles), commoners (also called "nothing" people), and slaves. The noble class was by far the largest, with the slave class being the smallest. Membership
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Low class or commoners were those who had no family or community or those who broke social taboos. Slaves were those captured in war. As they were viewed as property of their master, they could be bought or given away in potlatches like any other. A child of a slave was not a slave, but carried the
363:
Prior to the reservation period, all peoples living along the
Puyallup River were seen as belonging to the Puyallup in a broad sense. However, they were indeed their own sovereign villages who were not controlled by the Puyallup proper. Today, they may be classified as "subgroups" or "bands" of the
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Authority in traditional
Puyallup society was gained in several main ways. The first way was by being a highly respected professional in a field, such as being a master hunter or carver. The second way was through being a respected and well-liked public figure; a diplomat and leader who could take
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and its tributaries. Although they have different languages, customs, and cultures, they share many broader cultural elements. Among the
Southern Coast Salish, the nations are linked by strong cultural, linguistic, ceremonial, and family ties. Historically, they were also linked through alliances,
870:
By the contact period, the
Puyallup had many villages along the Puyallup River, as well as along the nearby coastline of Puget Sound if those under the more broad definitions of Puyallup are included. The core of Puyallup population was near the Puyallup River mouth, and these Puyallup proper had
1090:
There were no chiefs or other formalized occupations of authority in traditional
Puyallup society. Rather, authority was nominally entrusted in individuals who were respected by their community. Although their voice held influence and sway over others, they could not actually compel anyone to do
995:
The traditional diet of the
Puyallup was diverse, employing a mix of fish, meat, shellfish, berries, nuts, and other plants. Traditionally, fish were caught in a variety of ways, including with line and hook, traps, rakes, and spears. In addition, massive weirs were constructed over rivers and
1079:) was identified by their accumulation of property, participation in religious and cultural customs, belonging to a village or family, and in general by their participation in society. The vast majority of people in traditional Puyallup society around this time were high class.
829:
The hasty treaty negotiations, poor reservation conditions, and persecution and outright murder of Native people resulted in growing tensions between several tribes and the United States. The
Puyallup, along with several other tribes, fought the United States in the 1855-1856
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The largest buildings of the
Puyallup were large cedar longhouses. These structures were communal dwellings usually inhabited by four, six, or eight families with each family having their own section. Along the Puyallup River drainage, most longhouses were constructed in a
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The main form of water transportation for the Puyallup was historically the canoe, of which there are six types: the war canoe, the freight canoe, the fishing canoe, river canoe (also called a shovel-nose canoe), the one-man canoe, and the children's canoe.
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streams to aid in the catching of fish. These weirs were constructed by a series of sticks aligned in tripods with large poles as platforms to allow for walking across the weir. Weirs were owned and utilized by those who took part in its construction.
212:
For centuries, the Puyallup and their sub-groups had several villages along the Puyallup River and the nearby coastline. Each village was autonomous, but united in a shared culture, language, and history. In 1854, the Puyallup were signatories to the
263:, 'people', and refers to the way that the Puyallup people live on the winding river. The name refers to the population center of the Puyallup near the mouth of the Puyallup River near what is now downtown Tacoma. According to anthropologist
364:
Puyallup, although this is somewhat anachronistic, as the many villages along the coastline and rivers of Puget Sound formed a continuous weave far beyond the Puyallup, linking neighboring autonomous villages to one another up and down the coast.
838:, where a new treaty between the Puyallup and the United States was negotiated, which expanded or relocated the reservations previously established in the Treaty of Medicine Creek, in addition to the formation of the Muckleshoot Reservation.
535:) is the broad term for all the villages along the upper Puyallup drainage system, including the Carbon River, according to some anthropologists. Specifically, it is the name of a group of people whose village was located north-west of
303:
exactly, but did live along the upper Puyallup drainage. Today, the term even more broadly refers to any people who moved to the Puyallup Reservation, which included peoples who did not live along the Puyallup River, such as the
561:)'. Although this name was applied to other villages along the Carbon River and its tributaries, the Tkwakwamish proper did not control them, and the other villages were autonomous, as were the other Puyallup villages.
354:, i.e, from the Puyallup River, they were part of several larger units that modern anthropologists have classed as ethnic groups: saltwater people, river people, prairie people, and inland people. While the people of the
834:, also called the Treaty Wars or Indian Wars. During this period, the United States forced non-combatant Puyallup to be confined to Squaxin Island, to segregate them from the "hostiles". The war ended with the 1856
580:, and were much closer related to them than their downriver neighbors. During the reservation period, the people of this village moved to the Muckleshoot reservation, rather than the Puyallup reservation.
296:
traditionally referred to two groups: the Puyallup proper (also sometimes called the "real" Puyallup), who had four villages near the mouth of the Puyallup River, as well as the other peoples who were not
221:, eventually resulting in the 1856 Fox Island Council which increased the size of their reservation. Since then, the Puyallup people have continued to fight for their language, culture, and treaty rights.
1013:
In traditional Puyallup culture, religion was at the very center of society. Skills, property, good health, even personality traits were believed to be obtained through a partnership with one or several
667:
man who married into the Homamish and nearby groups and built a large fortification with his family. He was constantly raiding the Duwamish, and, as he got older, eventually moved to the main village of
826:, negotiated a treaty which established the 1,280-acre Puyallup reservation. The Puyallup signatories did not understand English, and it is believed that many signatures were forced or entirely forged.
518:, creatures in indigenous Puget Sound folk tales which stalk the forests at night, whistling to imitate birds. They capture women, and the girl in the stories was believed to be held captive by
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anything. An entire village might have one leader or it might have several, depending on the needs of the people, although there was generally only one recognized as the leader of their field.
695:), like their Homamish neighbors, were not originally part of the Puyallup, however, as they moved to the Puyallup Reservation, they became part of the modern Puyallup people. They controlled
728:
Another village was located at the head of Burley Lagoon. The village had disappeared by the early colonial period, either from becoming extinct or the people moving to the main village at
202:
886:, and where the name is derived from. The village was located at the mouth the Puyallup River, in what is now downtown Tacoma near the intersection of 15th Street and Pacific Avenue.
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was created by de-pulping and juicing salmonberries. After the introduction of alcohol, people began fermenting the drink for several weeks, turning it into an alcoholic beverage.
217:, which ceded their land to the United States in return for the Puyallup Reservation and several other treaty rights. Following the controversial treaty, they participated in the
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is the figure in Puyallup religion who made the world the way it is today by creating the Puyallup language, making animals smaller, and teaching the people how to live.
348:
The peoples of the Puget Sound traditionally classed themselves into broader ethnic units stemming from their relationships to the land. While all Puyallup villages were
2259:
900:, near what is now the intersection of 24th Street and Pacific Avenue. It was located on a creek that once flowed down a gully there, and has now dried up. The name
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835:
953:
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believed that the potlatch was not an indigenous practice among the Puyallup. Instead, they believed that it was adopted from their nearby neighbors.
568:, near the mouth of Cole Creek. This village, although it was Tkwakwamish and Puyallup, was closely allied with the Green River peoples (Such as the
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in a class was determined by one's prestige, accumulated through bloodlines, property, reputation, deeds, and authority. A high class individual (
1015:
309:
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Since the Fox Island Council in 1856, the Puyallup have continued to fight for treaty rights and civil rights, and were influential in the
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524:. When she was spotted, the only word she could be heard saying was the name of the stream, or, alternatively, the upper Puyallup River.
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437:
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444:) had a village at the mouth of Simons Creek, where it entered Wapato Creek. The name is derived from the name of Simons Creek, which is
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386:. Formerly, the creek was used primarily for fishing silver salmon. Their name is derived from the Lushootseed name of Hylebos Creek,
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944:
803:
822:). Over three days, several representatives from the signatory tribes and the United States, represented by Territorial Governor
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One group of people, whose exact name is uncertain, had their village on the upper Puyallup River, above its confluence with the
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powers helped one gain prestige in social life, and also were believed to cause people to develop certain personality traits.
629:. They were also closely related to and allied with the Shotlemamish. Their two other villages were located on Vashon Island:
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is restricted only to a specific location below a bluff, where the river used to flow, and the location of a former village.
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880:- This village was the largest and most important Puyallup village, and the people of this village were the "real"
851:. After several days of playing, the Puyallup eventually defeated the Snoqualmie, both in the races and in Slahal.
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Another Puyallup village was located near Clay Creek on the Puyallup reservation, near the former location of a
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Around 1870, a large contingent of Puyallup gamblers visited the Snoqualmie to challenge them to a large
1132:'council of leaders'), a democratically-elected body which oversees the operation of the tribe.
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469:), had their main village near the confluence of the Puyallup and Stuck rivers, close to what is now
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were a band centered on Clarks Creek, the location of their village. They were allied closely with a
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1982:
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765:, and the other on Clover Creek. They may have had another village, located at the present site of
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Another village was located on Quartermaster Harbor. It was said to have been founded by a single
336:. The broader Coast Salish are a group of linguistically and ethnically related peoples along the
2380:
617:, and was founded many generations before the contact period by Puyallup people, likely from the
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group. For this reason, they were extremely closely connected with the Puyallup, especially the
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on its own refers to Puyallup River (specifically the area downriver of its confluence with the
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762:
614:
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2426:
2416:
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1301:
712:, this village was the main settlement of the Shotlemamish. The name means "place of biting".
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village identified as saltwater people, the other three Puyallup villages were river people.
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2156:
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social taboo from being of slave descent and faced challenges in rising to a higher class.
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1409:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 7. Smithsonian Institution. p. 485.
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1619:"Estuary has new name, honoring tribe; you'll need to watch a video to pronounce it"
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642:, it was an "overflow" village founded by people from, and closely related to, the
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area and the nearby shoreline. They had two villages, one located at what is now
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218:
1273:"Puyallup Tribe: The Story of Our People - puyaləpabš: syəcəb ʔə tiił ʔiišədčəł"
19:
This article is about the ethnic group. For the federally-recognized tribe, see
2442:
2370:
2234:
278:
239:. The name means "people of the bend (at the bottom of the river)," literally
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1762:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman:
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1402:
1378:
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230:
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Hess, Thom (1998). "Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol. II".
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people; not to be confused with the Stkamish, a nearby people living on the
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village. The name means "marked mouth", as it is referring to the mouth of
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126:
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One such autonomous village of the Tkwakwamish was located at what is now
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2120:
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1711:
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located in parts of King and Pierce counties. They control the 66.9 acre
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105:
277:), meaning "bend at the bottom". However, this is contested by linguist
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1219:
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According to Puyallup tradition, the Puyallup people were created by
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1375:
sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geography
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powers are special and only attainable by a person also called a
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game and horse races. The Puyallup side was led by a man named
842:
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1687:
333:
1498:
545:
is derived from the Lushootseed name for the Carbon River,
64:
1756:
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).
1566:
539:, near where Vogt Creek enters the Carbon River. The name
1953:
1951:
2000:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1117:. The Puyallup Tribe is governed by the Tribal Council (
415:, 'full of ravens', the name of Clarks Creek.
197:. They are primarily enrolled in and represented by the
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1936:
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2025:
University of Washington Publications in Anthropology
1759:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
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162:
1852:
1780:
430:, and not to be confused with the identically-named
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village on Clover Creek. Their name is derived from
1963:
1888:
1876:
1721:
1590:
1447:
1435:
1333:. New York: AMS Press (published 1969). p. 9.
715:The Shotlemamish also had a village at what is now
479:, derived from the name of the Stuck River itself,
1798:
1715:
1700:
1560:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1492:
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1369:
1105:Today, the Puyallup people are represented by the
345:marriages, joint feasting, and territorial usage.
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1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
895:
881:
875:
769:. The Steilacoom were also closely tied with the
729:
720:
703:
633:
624:
618:
613:, 'place where deer exists', what is now
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2023:(September 1930). "The Indians of Puget Sound".
2018:
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798:On December 24, 1854, the Puyallup attended the
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193:people indigenous to the Puget Sound region of
1975:
2089:
660:), and is the origin of the name "Wollochet".
2474:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1169:
1983:"Tribal Council - sk'ʷapad ʔə tiiɫ siʔiʔab"
1572:
1401:
16:Coast Salish people of southern Puget Sound
2169:
2096:
2082:
2056:
1616:
48:
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1206:
894:- This village was located just south of
865:
367:
943:
257:, 'leg or hip'; and the suffix
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1178:
1155:Anthropologists Hermann Haeberlin and
990:
500:. Their name, which is "identical" to
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2006:
1969:
1957:
1942:
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1601:
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1441:
1429:
1373:; Miller, Jay; Zahir, Zalmai (2001).
1325:
948:A Puyallup canoe (middle) heading to
224:
2069:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1298:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1021:There are two main types of powers:
906:means "place of the tide going out".
719:. It was founded by the people from
708:- Located on the Purdy Sand Spit at
185:'people of the bend') are a
84:Regions with significant populations
1617:Hutchinson, Chase (March 1, 2021).
13:
1638:
1607:
1395:
1381:. Lushootseed Press. p. 246.
1363:
63:
14:
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2366:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
2057:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2039:
1652:"The Coast Salish of Puget Sound"
1310:
1252:
203:federally-recognized Indian tribe
1799:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1716:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1701:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1561:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1546:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1534:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1522:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1493:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1481:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
1304:Occasional Papers in Linguistics
925:- This village was located near
340:, generally centered around the
2422:Port Madison Indian Reservation
2012:
964:
678:
2361:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1510:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994
1292:
1228:University of Washington Press
757:) historically controlled the
512:, or at least captured by the
251:, 'curve'; the suffix
1:
1668:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00050
1199:
1135:
1094:
1068:19th century social structure
999:A non-alcoholic drink called
738:
392:, 'a little difficult or
328:people, along with the other
2417:Swinomish Indian Reservation
2371:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
2052:Emerald Queen Casino Website
1764:University of Oklahoma Press
330:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
324:The Puyallup are a Southern
320:Classification and subgroups
149:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
7:
2344:Federally recognized tribes
1377:. Original Manuscript from
1115:Puyallup Indian Reservation
1008:
871:just four known villages:
583:
10:
2495:
2356:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
1176:Lushootseed pronunciation:
1139:
1111:federally-recognized tribe
1098:
1062:
952:alongside canoes from the
939:
776:
742:
229:The name "Puyallup" is an
18:
2435:
2409:
2391:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
2351:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
2343:
2278:
2227:
2216:
2178:
2167:
2146:
2130:
2119:
2046:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
1650:Smith, Marian W. (1941).
1278:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
1218:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom;
1107:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
1101:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
981:
638:- Located at the head of
450:, 'waterfall'.
281:, who says that the name
199:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
146:
141:
124:
119:
104:
99:
88:
83:
78:
73:
62:
56:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
47:
41:
40:
21:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
2386:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
2186:Salishan oral narratives
2060:"Puyallup Indians"
1405:; Lane, Barbara (1990).
1162:
1123:sk̓ʷapad ʔə tiiɫ siʔiʔab
800:Treaty of Medicine Creek
699:and had three villages:
233:of the Lushootseed word
215:Treaty of Medicine Creek
2381:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1656:American Anthropologist
1573:Suttles & Lane 1990
1180:[spoʲˈɑːləpabʃ]
1148:
1122:
1075:
1051:(usually translated as
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1001:
931:
921:
902:
896:
890:
882:
876:
847:
818:
812:
791:
783:
754:
749:The Steilacoom people (
730:
721:
704:
692:
670:
657:
644:
634:
625:
619:
609:
597:
553:
547:
541:
532:
520:
514:
508:
502:
481:
475:
458:
446:
432:
426:
420:
411:
401:
388:
374:
356:
350:
299:
292:
283:
269:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
175:
2396:Nisqually Indian Tribe
1331:The Puyallup-Nisqually
1224:Lushootseed Dictionary
961:
866:Territory and villages
368:Puyallup River peoples
125:Traditional religion;
68:
23:. For other uses, see
2436:Non-recognized groups
2427:Nisqually Reservation
2109:-speaking peoples of
2066:Catholic Encyclopedia
1407:Southern Coast Salish
1302:University of Montana
947:
674:sometime before 1854.
378:had their village on
142:Related ethnic groups
67:
2469:Lushootseed language
2401:Squaxin Island Tribe
2122:Lushootseed language
2019:Haeberlin, Hermann;
1766:. pp. 237–242.
551:, 'Flowing from
461:), (also called the
187:Lushootseed-speaking
135:Indian Shaker Church
2196:Transformer/Changer
2138:Lushootseed grammar
1849:, pp. 254–259.
1801:, p. 246, 249.
1718:, p. 314, 316.
1703:, p. 315, 317.
1548:, p. 259, 260.
1536:, p. 255, 256.
1524:, p. 247, 252.
1495:, p. 248, 252.
1483:, p. 247, 251.
991:Food and sustenance
37:
2048:, official website
2009:, p. 107-111.
1837:, p. 288-289.
1825:, p. 121-122.
1813:, p. 279-282.
962:
836:Fox Island Council
453:The Stuck people (
225:Name and etymology
69:
35:
2456:
2455:
2339:
2338:
2165:
2164:
1339:10.7312/smit94070
1237:978-0-295-97323-4
1131:
935:) near the mouth.
929:on Wapato Creek (
745:Steilacoom people
606:
184:
154:
153:
2486:
2448:Steilacoom Tribe
2279:Southern peoples
2228:Northern peoples
2225:
2224:
2220:
2173:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2033:
2032:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1960:, p. 48-51.
1955:
1946:
1945:, p. 51-53.
1940:
1934:
1933:, p. 50-51.
1928:
1922:
1921:, p. 47-49.
1916:
1910:
1909:, p. 60-61.
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1873:, p. 56-57.
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1624:The News Tribune
1614:
1605:
1599:
1588:
1587:, p. 10-11.
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:, p. 30-31.
1427:
1421:
1420:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1327:Smith, Marian W.
1323:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1269:
1250:
1249:
1215:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1151:
1126:
1078:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1004:
934:
924:
905:
899:
893:
885:
879:
850:
821:
815:
804:McAllister Creek
794:
788:
759:Steilacoom Creek
733:
724:
707:
673:
647:
637:
628:
622:
612:
601:
556:
550:
544:
523:
517:
511:
505:
484:
478:
449:
435:
429:
423:
414:
404:
391:
377:
359:
353:
302:
295:
286:
272:
262:
256:
250:
245:, from the root
244:
238:
195:Washington state
179:
166:
74:Total population
52:
38:
34:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2431:
2405:
2376:Suquamish Tribe
2335:
2274:
2218:
2212:
2174:
2161:
2142:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1754:
1743:
1735:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1648:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1368:
1364:
1349:
1324:
1311:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1253:
1238:
1230:. p. 165.
1216:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1144:
1138:
1103:
1097:
1070:
1065:
1011:
993:
984:
967:
942:
911:boarding school
868:
858:leading to the
832:Puget Sound War
789:, the Changer.
779:
747:
741:
681:
650:Artondale Creek
586:
424:(also recorded
370:
338:Northwest Coast
322:
227:
219:Puget Sound War
164:
58:
43:
36:Puyallup people
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2443:Duwamish Tribe
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Skagit peoples
2231:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2202:Spirit Powers
2200:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2040:External links
2038:
2035:
2034:
2011:
1999:
1987:Puyallup Tribe
1974:
1962:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1861:, p. 252.
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1789:, p. 217.
1779:
1772:
1741:
1720:
1705:
1693:
1637:
1606:
1589:
1577:
1575:, p. 487.
1565:
1563:, p. 259.
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1446:
1444:, p. 7-9.
1434:
1422:
1415:
1403:Suttles, Wayne
1394:
1388:979-8750945764
1387:
1362:
1347:
1309:
1291:
1251:
1236:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1146:The potlatch (
1140:Main article:
1137:
1134:
1099:Main article:
1096:
1093:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1010:
1007:
992:
989:
983:
980:
966:
963:
958:Squaxin Island
950:Medicine Creek
941:
938:
937:
936:
918:
915:Cushman School
907:
887:
867:
864:
860:Boldt Decision
778:
775:
743:Main article:
740:
737:
736:
735:
726:
713:
680:
677:
676:
675:
661:
585:
582:
369:
366:
321:
318:
279:T. T. Waterman
242:s√puy=áləp=abš
226:
223:
152:
151:
144:
143:
139:
138:
122:
121:
117:
116:
102:
101:
97:
96:
86:
85:
81:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
60:
59:
53:
45:
44:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2491:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:Stillaguamish
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:Gunther, Erna
2015:
2008:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1972:, p. 54.
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1897:, p. 59.
1896:
1891:
1885:, p. 58.
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1773:9780806124797
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1739:, p. 12.
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1604:, p. 11.
1603:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1471:, p. 10.
1470:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1416:0-16-020390-2
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1379:T.T. Waterman
1376:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:9780231896849
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1119:Twulshootseed
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1060:
1058:
1055:, doctor, or
1054:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1006:
1003:
1002:stəgʷədalqʷuʔ
997:
988:
979:
975:
973:
959:
955:
951:
946:
933:
928:
923:
919:
916:
912:
908:
904:
898:
892:
888:
884:
878:
874:
873:
872:
863:
861:
857:
852:
849:
844:
839:
837:
833:
827:
825:
824:Isaac Stevens
820:
814:
809:
808:Twulshootseed
805:
801:
796:
793:
787:
786:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
732:
727:
723:
718:
714:
711:
706:
702:
701:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
672:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
646:
641:
640:Wollochet Bay
636:
632:
631:
630:
627:
621:
616:
611:
604:
599:
595:
591:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:South Prairie
562:
560:
559:Mount Rainier
555:
549:
543:
538:
534:
530:
527:Tkwakwamish (
525:
522:
516:
510:
504:
499:
494:
492:
488:
483:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
448:
443:
439:
434:
428:
422:
416:
413:
408:
403:
402:txʷskʷawqʷabš
397:
395:
390:
385:
381:
380:Hylebos Creek
376:
365:
361:
358:
352:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
315:
311:
307:
301:
294:
288:
285:
280:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
232:
231:anglicization
222:
220:
216:
210:
208:
205:located near
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
182:
177:
173:
169:
168:
159:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
118:
115:
111:
110:Twulshootseed
107:
103:
98:
95:
94:United States
91:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
39:
30:
26:
22:
2410:Reservations
2315:
2064:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2002:
1992:February 23,
1990:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1965:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1758:
1696:
1686:– via
1659:
1655:
1628:. Retrieved
1622:
1580:
1568:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1488:
1476:
1437:
1425:
1406:
1397:
1374:
1365:
1330:
1300:
1294:
1284:February 21,
1282:. Retrieved
1276:
1223:
1171:
1157:Erna Gunther
1154:
1145:
1104:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1057:medicine man
1020:
1012:
998:
994:
985:
976:
968:
965:Architecture
869:
853:
840:
828:
797:
780:
748:
731:dəxʷsx̌əƛ̕əb
722:dəxʷsx̌əƛ̕əb
705:dəxʷsx̌əƛ̕əb
685:Shotlemamish
684:
682:
679:Shotlemamish
589:
587:
563:
542:dxʷxʷaq̓ʷəbš
533:dxʷxʷaq̓ʷəbš
526:
498:Carbon River
495:
473:. The name,
452:
442:Skagit River
417:
398:
384:Fife Heights
371:
362:
347:
326:Coast Salish
323:
310:Shotlemamish
289:
275:Carbon River
265:Marian Smith
228:
211:
191:Coast Salish
157:
155:
127:Christianity
54:Flag of the
32:Ethnic group
29:
2112:Puget Sound
2106:Lushootseed
1371:Hilbert, Vi
1226:. Seattle:
1220:Hilbert, Vi
913:called the
903:dəxʷwadačəb
891:dəxʷwadačəb
883:spuyaləpabš
751:Lushootseed
693:sx̌əƛ̕əbabš
689:Lushootseed
654:Lushootseed
626:sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš
620:sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš
594:Lushootseed
529:Lushootseed
467:Green River
463:Stuck River
455:Lushootseed
375:sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš
351:spuyaləpabš
300:spuyaləpabš
293:spuyaləpabš
267:, the name
236:spuyaləpabš
176:spuyaləpabš
172:Lushootseed
106:Lushootseed
42:spuyaləpabš
2463:Categories
2331:Sahewamish
2321:Steilacoom
2291:Snoqualmie
2007:Smith 1940
1970:Smith 1940
1958:Smith 1940
1943:Smith 1940
1931:Smith 1940
1919:Smith 1940
1907:Smith 1940
1895:Smith 1940
1883:Smith 1940
1871:Smith 1940
1859:Smith 1940
1847:Smith 1940
1835:Smith 1940
1823:Smith 1940
1811:Smith 1940
1787:Smith 1940
1737:Smith 1940
1662:(2): 207.
1602:Smith 1940
1585:Smith 1940
1469:Smith 1940
1442:Smith 1940
1430:Smith 1940
1200:References
1190:-ləp-ahbsh
1136:Potlatches
1095:Government
1036:sqəlalitut
1024:sqəlalitut
972:gable-roof
932:qal̕qaləqʷ
922:qal̕qaləqʷ
763:Steilacoom
755:č̓tilqʷəbš
739:Steilacoom
697:Carr Inlet
615:Gig Harbor
578:Snoqualmie
576:) and the
574:Yilkoamish
521:c̓iyatkʷuʔ
515:c̓iyatkʷuʔ
509:c̓iyatkʷuʔ
503:c̓iyatkʷuʔ
491:Smulkamish
438:Squinamish
412:txʷskʷawqʷ
407:Steilacoom
357:qal̕qaləqʷ
342:Salish Sea
314:Steilacoom
90:Washington
2326:Nisqually
2311:Suquamish
2306:Sammamish
2296:Shilshole
2286:Skykomish
2270:Snohomish
2255:Kikiallus
2245:Swinomish
1676:0002-7294
1630:April 25,
1306:(14): 21.
974:fashion.
954:Nisqually
862:of 1974.
856:Fish Wars
848:sɬəy̓shal
771:Nisqually
671:txʷaalqəɬ
645:txʷaalqəɬ
635:sx̌alucid
610:txʷaalqəɬ
598:sx̌ʷəbabš
570:Skopamish
548:dxʷxʷaq̓ʷ
476:stəx̌ʷabš
459:stəx̌ʷabš
440:) on the
396:'.
290:The name
189:Southern
131:syncretic
100:Languages
2479:Puyallup
2316:Puyallup
2301:Duwamish
2191:dukʷibəɬ
2157:Southern
2153:Northern
2147:Dialects
2031:(1): 60.
1357:73-82360
1329:(1940).
1246:29877333
1222:(1994).
1142:Potlatch
1048:dxʷdahəb
1042:dxʷdahəb
1030:dxʷdahəb
1009:Religion
819:šxʷdadəb
813:šxʷnanəm
792:dukʷibəɬ
785:dukʷibəɬ
767:Spanaway
717:Glencove
590:Homamish
584:Homamish
487:Duwamish
433:sqʷədabš
427:sqʷadabš
421:sqʷədabš
389:sx̌ax̌ƛ̕
332:and the
306:Homamish
158:Puyallup
129:, incl.
120:Religion
25:Puyallup
2250:Nuwhaha
2219:Peoples
2179:Culture
2131:Grammar
1149:sgʷigʷi
1130:
1063:Society
940:Culture
897:puyaləp
877:puyaləp
777:History
605:
284:puyaləp
270:puyaləp
183:
133:forms (
114:English
2240:Skagit
2206:Ayahos
1770:
1684:662952
1682:
1674:
1413:
1385:
1355:
1345:
1244:
1234:
1053:shaman
1016:powers
982:Canoes
960:tribes
843:Slahal
665:Skagit
554:xʷaq̓ʷ
537:Orting
482:stəx̌ʷ
471:Sumner
394:brushy
312:, and
207:Tacoma
147:Other
1688:JSTOR
1680:JSTOR
1186:spoy-
1163:Notes
1076:siʔab
710:Wauna
658:sx̌al
447:sqʷəd
334:Twana
254:=alap
248:√puy̓
79:6,700
2260:Sauk
1994:2024
1768:ISBN
1672:ISSN
1632:2023
1411:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1353:LCCN
1343:ISBN
1286:2024
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1128:lit.
1109:, a
1027:and
956:and
927:Fife
683:The
603:lit.
588:The
572:and
493:.
489:and
418:The
399:The
372:The
260:=abš
201:, a
181:lit.
163:pew-
156:The
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1335:doi
816:or
802:at
382:in
209:.
167:-əp
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1500:^
1449:^
1351:.
1341:.
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1188:AH
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170:;
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