309:
215:
53:
282:
61:
291:
23:
300:
265:
In pre-colonial Burma, sumptuary laws restricted the usage of pyatthats to royal and religious buildings, and regulated the number of tiers appertaining to each grade of official rank, The nine-tiered pyatthat was reserved solely for the kingdom's sovereign, while the
262:. Furthermore, the 12 city gates of Burmese royal capitals were crowned with pyatthats, with the main ones used by royalty possessing five tiers, and the others possessing five tiers.
118:) is the name of a multistaged roof, with an odd number of tiers (from three to seven). The pyatthat is commonly incorporated into Burmese Buddhist and royal architecture (e.g.,
164:, an umbrella ornament that crowns Burmese pagodas. The edges of each tier are gold-gilded decorative designs made of metal sheet, with decorative ornaments called
130:
The pyatthat is made of successive gabled rectangular roofs in an exaggerated pyramidal shape, with an intervening box-like structure called the
244:, a Buddhist heaven. Above the main throne in the king's primary audience hall was a nine-tiered pyatthat, with the tip representing
122:, palace buildings, pagodas) and towers above the image of the Buddha or other sacred places (e.g., royal thrones and city gates).
445:
Michael, Aung-Thwin (1986). "Heaven, Earth, and the
Supernatural World: Dimensions of the Exemplary Center in Burmese History".
571:
429:
404:
379:
40:
36:
485:
447:
240:
In pre-colonial Burma, the pyatthat was a prominent feature in the royal buildings, which itself symbolized
536:
308:
180:). There are three primary kinds of pyatthat, with the variation being the number of tiers called
456:
541:
226:
The usage of the pyatthat began early in
Burmese architecture, with examples dating to the
214:
8:
352:
235:
517:
481:
425:
400:
375:
52:
344:
88:
76:
44:
30:
475:
460:
281:
255:
65:
60:
566:
560:
231:
227:
140:) between each roof. The pyatthat is crowned with a wooden spire called the
290:
99:
56:
An example of a pyathat-roofed building at Wat
Srichum in Lampang, Thailand
93:
230:. Prominent examples from this era that feature the pyatthat include the
546:
270:
of important tributary states were entitled to seven-tiered pyatthats.
245:
356:
299:
241:
348:
110:
68:'s Great Audience Hall features a prominent seven-tiered pyatthat.
551:
267:
259:
194:). Three-tiered, five-tiered and seven-tiered roofs are called
176:
119:
254:) and the lower six tiers representing the six abodes of the
218:
A mural scene depicting a brick pyatthat roofed structure in
335:
Hla, U Kan (1977). "Pagan: Development and Town
Planning".
219:
161:
337:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
16:Multistaged Burmese roof with odd number of tiers
558:
505:. Burma: Superintendent, Government Printing.
397:Imperial Pagan: art and architecture of Burma
249:
185:
169:
155:
145:
135:
473:
160:) depending on its shape, similar to the
419:
394:
213:
174:) at the corners (analogous to the Thai
59:
51:
444:
41:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
559:
515:
109:
500:
369:
87:
519:Burma Under British Rule--and Before
330:
328:
326:
334:
13:
14:
583:
323:
477:Burmese Crafts: Past and Present
372:The Burman, His Life and Notions
307:
298:
289:
280:
21:
448:Journal of Developing Societies
125:
509:
494:
467:
438:
413:
399:. University of Hawaii Press.
388:
363:
1:
572:Burmese Buddhist architecture
424:. Brill Archive. p. 53.
374:. BiblioBazaar. p. 126.
316:
370:Scott, James George (1910).
7:
530:
480:. Oxford University Press.
94:
10:
588:
537:Prasat (Thai architecture)
474:Fraser-Lu, Sylvia (1994).
273:
209:
103:
250:
186:
170:
156:
146:
136:
80:
501:Tilly, Henry L. (1903).
420:Ferguson, John (1981).
395:Strachan, Paul (1990).
223:
69:
57:
29:This article contains
516:Nisbet, John (1901).
503:Wood Carving Of Burma
217:
63:
55:
542:Prang (architecture)
111:[tan.cʰi̤ŋ]
236:Gawdawpalin Temple
224:
70:
58:
431:978-90-04-06323-5
406:978-0-8248-1325-3
381:978-1-115-23195-4
89:[pjaʔθaʔ]
37:rendering support
579:
524:
523:
513:
507:
506:
498:
492:
491:
471:
465:
464:
442:
436:
435:
417:
411:
410:
392:
386:
385:
367:
361:
360:
332:
311:
302:
293:
284:
253:
252:
206:, respectively.
189:
188:
173:
172:
159:
158:
149:
148:
139:
138:
113:
108:
105:
97:
92:; from Sanskrit
91:
86:
82:
43: instead of
25:
24:
587:
586:
582:
581:
580:
578:
577:
576:
557:
556:
533:
528:
527:
522:. A. Constable.
514:
510:
499:
495:
488:
472:
468:
443:
439:
432:
422:Essays on Burma
418:
414:
407:
393:
389:
382:
368:
364:
333:
324:
319:
312:
303:
294:
285:
276:
212:
128:
106:
84:
66:Mandalay Palace
50:
49:
48:
35:Without proper
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
585:
575:
574:
569:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
532:
529:
526:
525:
508:
493:
486:
466:
437:
430:
412:
405:
387:
380:
362:
349:10.2307/989143
321:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
306:
304:
297:
295:
288:
286:
279:
275:
272:
211:
208:
127:
124:
45:Burmese script
39:, you may see
31:Burmese script
27:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
584:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
562:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
521:
520:
512:
504:
497:
489:
487:9780195886085
483:
479:
478:
470:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
441:
433:
427:
423:
416:
408:
402:
398:
391:
383:
377:
373:
366:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
329:
327:
322:
310:
305:
301:
296:
292:
287:
283:
278:
277:
271:
269:
263:
261:
257:
247:
243:
238:
237:
233:
232:Ananda Temple
229:
221:
216:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
183:
179:
178:
167:
163:
153:
143:
133:
123:
121:
117:
114:; also spelt
112:
101:
96:
90:
78:
74:
67:
62:
54:
46:
42:
38:
34:
32:
518:
511:
502:
496:
476:
469:
452:
446:
440:
421:
415:
396:
390:
371:
365:
343:(1): 15–29.
340:
336:
264:
239:
228:Pagan period
225:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:, from Pali
181:
175:
165:
151:
141:
131:
129:
126:Construction
115:
72:
71:
28:
561:Categories
547:Meru tower
461:1307834694
317:References
251:မြင်းမိုရ်
246:Mount Meru
242:Tavatimsa
204:thooyahma
531:See also
457:ProQuest
157:ကွန်းဖူး
147:တိုင်ဖူး
142:taing bu
73:Pyatthat
274:Gallery
268:sawbwas
258:and of
210:History
137:လည်ပေါ်
120:kyaungs
116:pyathat
104:တန်ဆံၚ်
95:prāsāda
81:ပြာသာဒ်
77:Burmese
552:Kyaung
484:
459:
428:
403:
378:
357:989143
355:
260:humans
202:, and
200:thooba
177:chofah
166:du yin
152:kun bu
567:Roofs
353:JSTOR
256:devas
196:yahma
192:bhumi
171:တုရင်
150:) or
132:lebaw
482:ISBN
426:ISBN
401:ISBN
376:ISBN
234:and
220:Inwa
182:boun
107:IPA:
85:IPA:
64:The
345:doi
187:ဘုံ
162:hti
100:Mon
563::
455:.
451:.
351:.
341:36
339:.
325:^
198:,
102::
98:;
83:,
79::
490:.
463:.
453:2
434:.
409:.
384:.
359:.
347::
248:(
222:.
184:(
168:(
154:(
144:(
134:(
75:(
47:.
33:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.