Pyrolysis - Knowledge

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wastewater and iron ore as a process catalyst use technology created by the University of Western Australia (UWA). The Commercial Demonstration Plant project is an Australian first, and expected to produce around 100 tonnes of fuel-grade hydrogen and 380 tonnes of graphite each year starting in 2023. It was scheduled to commence in 2022. "10 December 2021: Hazer Group (ASX: HZR) regret to advise that there has been a delay to the completion of the fabrication of the reactor for the Hazer Commercial Demonstration Project (CDP). This is expected to delay the planned commissioning of the Hazer CDP, with commissioning now expected to occur after our current target date of 1Q 2022." The Hazer Group has collaboration agreements with Engie for a facility in France in May 2023, A Memorandum of Understanding with Chubu Electric & Chiyoda in Japan April 2023 and an agreement with Suncor Energy and FortisBC to develop 2,500 tonnes per Annum Burrard-Hazer Hydrogen Production Plant in Canada April 2022

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a company called Monolith Materials built a pilot plant in Redwood City, CA to study scaling Methane Pyrolysis using renewable power in the process. A successful pilot project then led to a larger commercial-scale demonstration plant in Hallam, Nebraska in 2016. As of 2020, this plant is operational and can produce around 14 metric tons of hydrogen per day. In 2021, the US Department of Energy backed Monolith Materials' plans for major expansion with a $ 1B loan guarantee. The funding will help produce a plant capable of generating 164 metric tons of hydrogen per day by 2024. Pilots with gas utilities and

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subsidiary of South Korea's second-largest conglomerate, the SK Group. SK Gas was joined by two other new investors, Engie New Ventures and Trafigura, one of the world's largest physical commodities trading companies, in addition to participation from existing investors including Breakthrough Energy Ventures, Eni Next, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and AP Ventures. Funding was for C-Zero's first pilot plant, which was expected to be online in Q1 2023. The plant may be capable of producing up to 400 kg of hydrogen per day from natural gas with no CO2 emissions.

1160: 959: 591: 1413:(MOCVD) entails pyrolysis of volatile organometallic compounds to give semiconductors, hard coatings, and other applicable materials. The reactions entail thermal degradation of precursors, with deposition of the inorganic component and release of the hydrocarbons as gaseous waste. Since it is an atom-by-atom deposition, these atoms organize themselves into crystals to form the bulk semiconductor. Raw polycrystalline silicon is produced by the chemical vapor deposition of silane gases: 1030: 1076: 7096: 6178: 1067: 1304: 6200: 1398: 7108: 6189: 1617: 45: 116:. Pyrolysis is considered one of the steps in the processes of gasification or combustion. Laypeople often confuse pyrolysis gas with syngas. Pyrolysis gas has a high percentage of heavy tar fractions, which condense at relatively high temperatures, preventing its direct use in gas burners and internal combustion engines, unlike syngas. 1032: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1037: 1502:

electronic cigarettes. Both TLW and TSW were dried at 80 °C for 24 hours and stored in a desiccator. Samples were grounded so that the contents were uniform. Tobacco Waste (TW) also contains inorganic (metal) contents, which was determined using an inductively coupled plasma-optical spectrometer.

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Pyrolysis liquids from slow pyrolysis of bark and hemp have been tested for their antifungal activity against wood decaying fungi, showing potential to substitute the current wood preservatives while further tests are still required. However, their ecotoxicity is very variable and while some are less

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The Australian company Hazer Group was founded in 2010 to commercialise technology originally developed at the University of Western Australia. The company was listed on the ASX in December 2015. It is completing a commercial demonstration project to produce renewable hydrogen and graphite from

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from natural gas that allows removal of carbon easily (solid carbon is a byproduct of the process). The industrial quality solid carbon can then be sold or landfilled and is not released into the atmosphere, avoiding emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) or ground water pollution from a landfill. In 2015,

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The coke-making or "coking" process consists of heating the material in "coking ovens" to very high temperatures (up to 900 °C or 1,700 °F) so that the molecules are broken down into lighter volatile substances, which leave the vessel, and a porous but hard residue that is mostly carbon and

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in a dynamic equilibrium state. This being the reason for seeing mass decay between 660 °C and 710 °C. Differences in differential thermogram (DTG) peaks for TLW were compared to TSW. TLW had four distinctive peaks at 87, 195, 265, and 306 °C whereas TSW had two major drop offs at 200

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plants are underway with companies like Modern Hydrogen. Volume production is also being evaluated in the BASF "methane pyrolysis at scale" pilot plant, the chemical engineering team at University of California - Santa Barbara and in such research laboratories as Karlsruhe Liquid-metal Laboratory

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as feedstock for pyrolysis include greenwaste, sawdust, waste wood, leaves, vegetables, nut shells, straw, cotton trash, rice hulls, and orange peels. Animal waste including poultry litter, dairy manure, and potentially other manures are also under evaluation. Some industrial byproducts are also

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environments. During this process the evolution of 5 different notable gases were observed. Hydrogen, Methane, Ethane, Carbon Dioxide, and Ethylene all are produced when the thermolytic rate of TLW began to be retarded at greater than or equal to 500 °C. Thermolytic rate begins at the same

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In the biomass components, the pyrolysis of hemicellulose happens between 210 and 310 °C. The pyrolysis of cellulose starts from 300 to 315 °C and ends at 360–380 °C, with a peak at 342–354 °C. Lignin starts to decompose at about 200 °C and continues until 1000 °C.

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Two different types of experiments were conducted: one-stepwise pyrolysis and two-stepwise pyrolysis. One-stepwise pyrolysis consisted of a constant heating rate (10 °C min) from 30 to 720 °C. In the second step of the two-stepwise pyrolysis test the pyrolysates from the one-stepwise

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Pyrolysis has also been used for trying to mitigate tobacco waste. One method was done where tobacco waste was separated into two categories TLW (Tobacco Leaf Waste) and TSW (Tobacco Stick Waste). TLW was determined to be any waste from cigarettes and TSW was determined to be any waste from

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The American company C-Zero's technology converts natural gas into hydrogen and solid carbon. The hydrogen provides clean, low-cost energy on demand, while the carbon can be permanently sequestered. C-Zero announced in June 2022 that it closed a $ 34 million financing round led by SK Gas, a

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reaction, where we see spontaneous gasification happening when temperatures exceed 710 °C. Although these observations were seen at temperatures lower than 710 °C it is most likely due to the catalytic capabilities of inorganics in TLW. It was further investigated by doing

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Zhao, Ming; Memon, Muhammad Zaki; Ji, Guozhao; Yang, Xiaoxiao; Vuppaladadiyam, Arun K.; Song, Yinqiang; Raheem, Abdul; Li, Jinhui; Wang, Wei; Zhou, Hui (April 2020). "Alkali metal bifunctional catalyst-sorbents enabled biomass pyrolysis for enhanced hydrogen production".

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and 306 °C with one spike in between. The four peaks indicated that TLW contains more diverse types of additives than TSW. The residual mass percentage between TLW and TSW was further compared, where the residual mass in TSW was less than that of TLW for both CO

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Carbon and carbon-rich materials have desirable properties but are nonvolatile, even at high temperatures. Consequently, pyrolysis is used to produce many kinds of carbon; these can be used for fuel, as reagents in steelmaking (coke), and as structural materials.

1459:. The main advantage is the reduction in volume of the waste. In principle, pyrolysis will regenerate the monomers (precursors) to the polymers that are treated, but in practice the process is neither a clean nor an economically competitive source of monomers. 674:

In many settings, some amounts of oxygen, water, or other substances may be present, so that combustion, hydrolysis, or other chemical processes may occur besides pyrolysis proper. Sometimes those chemicals are added intentionally, as in the burning of

1152:. Terra preta is much sought by local farmers for its superior fertility and capacity to promote and retain an enhanced suite of beneficial microbiota, compared to the typical red soil of the region. Efforts are underway to recreate these soils through 2051:

In TGA, the sample is loaded first before the increase of temperature, and the heating rate is low (less than 100 °C min). Macro-TGA can use gram-scale samples, which can be used to investigate the pyrolysis with mass and heat transfer effects.

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A blacksmith's forge, with a blower forcing air through a bed of fuel to raise the temperature of the fire. On the periphery, coal is pyrolyzed, absorbing heat; the coke at the center is almost pure carbon, and releases a lot of heat when the carbon

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Wang, Xifan; Schmidt, Franziska; Hanaor, Dorian; Kamm, Paul H.; Li, Shuang; Gurlo, Aleksander (2019). "Additive manufacturing of ceramics from preceramic polymers: A versatile stereolithographic approach assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry".

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electric heavy truck transportation, gas turbine electric power generation, and hydrogen for industrial processes including producing ammonia fertilizer and cement. Methane pyrolysis is the process operating around 1065 °C for producing

787:, as well as a large number of organic compounds. Gases and volatile products leave the sample, and some of them may condense again as smoke. Generally, this process also absorbs energy. Some volatiles may ignite and burn, creating a visible 214:(oxygen free) atmosphere and produces both gases, liquids and solids. The pyrolysis can be extended to full gasification that produces mainly gaseous output, often with the addition of e.g. water steam to gasify residual carbonic solids, see 1377:, the chemical compound produced on the largest scale industrially (>110 million tons/year in 2005). In this process, hydrocarbons from petroleum are heated to around 600 °C (1,112 °F) in the presence of steam; this is called 3560:"Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon in a single reaction step commercial process (at potentially low-cost). This would provide hydrogen from natural gas, essentially forever" 1701:

could further convert pyrolysates into CO. The results showed that the two-stepwise pyrolysis was an effective way to decrease tar content and increase gas concentration by about 10 wt.% for both TLW (64.20 wt.%) and TSW (73.71%).

1059:) air pollution is significantly reduced. In cities where people do not generally cook or heat with fires, this is not needed. In the mid-20th century, "smokeless" legislation in Europe required cleaner-burning techniques, such as 5328: 1470:

and bitumen. The area faces legislative, economic, and marketing obstacles. Oil derived from tire rubber pyrolysis has a high sulfur content, which gives it high potential as a pollutant; consequently it should be desulfurized.

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Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Onwudili, Jude A.; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T. (2014-10-16). "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation from the Pyrolysis/Gasification of Lignin at Different Reaction Conditions".

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Hedlund F.H., 2023, Inherent Hazards and Limited Regulatory Oversight in the Waste Plastic Recycling Sector – Repeat Explosion at Pyrolysis Plant, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 99, 241-246 DOI:10.3303/CET2399041

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Ludwig Briesemeister; Andreas Geißler; Stefan Halama; Stephan Herrmann; Ulrich Kleinhans; Markus Steibel; Markus Ulbrich; Alan W. Scaroni; M. Rashid Khan; Semih Eser; Ljubisa R. Radovic (2002). "Coal Pyrolysis".

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Rollinson, A. N. (2018) 'Fire, explosion and chemical toxicity hazards of gasification energy from waste', Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 54, pp. 273–280. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2018.04.010.

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Zhou, Hui; Long, YanQiu; Meng, AiHong; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (August 2013). "The pyrolysis simulation of five biomass species by hemi-cellulose, cellulose and lignin based on thermogravimetric curves".

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environment allows a higher yield of gases than oil and biochar. When the same process is done for TSW the trends are almost identical therefore the same explanations can be applied to the pyrolysis of TSW.

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Wang, Zhengxin; Peng, Xinggan; Xia, Ao; Shah, Akeel A.; Huang, Yun; Zhu, Xianqing; Zhu, Xun; Liao, Qiang (January 2022). "The role of machine learning to boost the bioenergy and biofuels conversion".

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Zhou, Hui; Long, Yanqiu; Meng, Aihong; Chen, Shen; Li, Qinghai; Zhang, Yanguo (2015). "A novel method for kinetics analysis of pyrolysis of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in TGA and macro-TGA".

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The low quality of oils produced through pyrolysis can be improved by physical and chemical processes, which might drive up production costs, but may make sense economically as circumstances change.

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environment allowed for greater concentrations of gases due to the second heating zone. The second heating zone was at a consistent temperature of 650 °C isothermally. More reactions between CO

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Other pyrolysis types come from a different classification that focuses on the pyrolysis operating conditions and heating system used, which have an impact on the yield of the pyrolysis products.

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Pyrolysis is one of the various types of chemical degradation processes that occur at higher temperatures (above the boiling point of water or other solvents). It differs from other processes like

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When the temperature is increased from 500 to 900 °C, most PAHs increase. With increasing temperature, the percentage of light PAHs decreases and the percentage of heavy PAHs increases.

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of the produced gases, an explosion risk exists if oxygen is present. To control the temperature of pyrolysis systems careful temperature control is needed and can be accomplished with an

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are filaments of carbon that can be used to make very strong yarns and textiles. Carbon fiber items are often produced by spinning and weaving the desired item from fibers of a suitable

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Zhao, Ming; Wang, Fan; Fan, Yiran; Raheem, Abdul; Zhou, Hui (March 2019). "Low-temperature alkaline pyrolysis of sewage sludge for enhanced H2 production with in-situ carbon capture".

770:, another major wood component, starts decomposing at about 350 °C, but continues releasing volatile products up to 500 °C. The decomposition products usually include water, 5613:

Long, Yanqiu; Zhou, Hui; Meng, Aihong; Li, Qinghai; Zhang, Yanguo (September 2016). "Interactions among biomass components during co-pyrolysis in (macro)thermogravimetric analyzers".

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inorganic ash. The amount of volatiles varies with the source material, but is typically 25–30% of it by weight. High temperature pyrolysis is used on an industrial scale to convert

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environments. The differences between the environments start to occur when temperatures increase above 660 °C and the residual mass percentages significantly decrease in the CO

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can easily rise above the boiling point. Putting a lid on the frying pan keeps the water in, and some of it re-condenses, keeping the temperature too cool to brown for longer time.

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Zhou, Hui; Long, YanQiu; Meng, AiHong; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (April 2015). "Thermogravimetric characteristics of typical municipal solid waste fractions during co-pyrolysis".

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Martínez, Juan Daniel; Puy, Neus; Murillo, Ramón; García, Tomás; Navarro, María Victoria; Mastral, Ana Maria (2013). "Waste tyre pyrolysis – A review, Renewable and Sustainable".

4209: 2439: 916:. The greatest risk of fire, explosion and release of toxic gases comes when the system is starting up and shutting down, operating intermittently, or during operational upsets. 1541:

were collected by a cold solvent trap and sorted by using chromatography. The third and final phase was analyzed using an online micro GC unit and those pyrolysates were gases.

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Barbero-López, Aitor; Chibily, Soumaya; Tomppo, Laura; Salami, Ayobami; Ancin-Murguzur, Francisco Javier; Venäläinen, Martti; Lappalainen, Reijo; Haapala, Antti (2019-03-01).

4538:ผศ.ดร.ศิริรัตน์ จิตการค้า, "ไพโรไลซิสยางรถยนต์หมดสภาพ : กลไกการผลิตน้ำมันเชื้อเพลิงคุณภาพสูง"วิทยาลัยปิโตรเลียมและปิโตรเคมี จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย (in Thai) Jidgarnka, S. 4492:"Energy and Economic Value of Nonrecyclable Plastics and Municipal Solid Wastes that are Currently Landfilled in the Fifty States" Columbia University Earth Engineering Center 4151: 1213:. This is typically done in a fluidized bed reactor heated to 1,000–2,000 °C or 1,830–3,630 °F. Pyrolytic carbon coatings are used in many applications, including 2024:(TGA) is one of the most common techniques to investigate pyrolysis with no limitations of heat and mass transfer. The results can be used to determine mass loss kinetics. 1533:

atmospheres the flow rate was 100 mL min. External heating was created via a tubular furnace. The pyrogenic products were classified into three phases. The first phase was

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pyrolysis were pyrolyzed in the second heating zone which was controlled isothermally at 650 °C. The two-stepwise pyrolysis was used to focus primarily on how well CO

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Choi, G.-G.; Jung, S.-H.; Oh, S.-J.; Kim, J.-S. (2014). "Total utilization of waste tire rubber through pyrolysis to obtain oils and CO2 activation of pyrolysis char".

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as heating medium; these systems also clean very fast but the medium does not melt or boil, nor emit any vapors or odors; the cleaning process takes one to two hours.

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Zhou, Hui; Meng, AiHong; Long, YanQiu; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (July 2014). "Interactions of municipal solid waste components during pyrolysis: A TG-FTIR study".

1748:. During the thermal cleaning process, at temperatures from 310 to 540 °C (600 to 1,000 °F), organic material is converted by pyrolysis and oxidation into 855:) is often left behind, consisting of inorganic oxidized materials of high melting point. Some of the ash may have left during combustion, entrained by the gases as 2187: 1514:) and monitored under specific dynamic temperature conditions. About one gram of both TLW and TSW were used in the pyrolysis tests. During these analysis tests, CO 4338: 667:, breaking chemical bonds in its molecules. The fragments usually become smaller molecules, but may combine to produce residues with larger molecular mass, even 5285: 2362: 1582: 1055:

is a less smoky fuel than pyrolyzed wood. Some cities ban, or used to ban, wood fires; when residents only use charcoal (and similarly treated rock coal, called

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Zhou, Hui; Long, YanQiu; Meng, AiHong; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (January 2015). "Interactions of three municipal solid waste components during co-pyrolysis".

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bath is very fast but implies the risk of dangerous splatters, or other potential hazards connected with the use of salt baths, like explosions or highly toxic

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Astrup, T., & Bilitewski, B. (2011). Pyrolysis and Gasification. In Solid Waste Technology and Management (Vol. Volume 1. Chapter 8.8, pp. 502-512). Wiley.

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In recent years, machine learning has attracted significant research interest in predicting yields, optimizing parameters, and monitoring pyrolytic processes.

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When organic matter is heated at increasing temperatures in open containers, the following processes generally occur, in successive or overlapping stages:

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of the wood and the pores created by escaping gases combine to produce a light and porous material. By starting with a dense wood-like material, such as

4986: 2029: 1493:. The project will focus on lower-value, plastics-heavy devices in the waste stream using multiple shredders and furnaces using pyrolysis technology. 6738: 2149: 3993: 1178:, and then pyrolyzing the material at a high temperature (from 1,500–3,000 °C or 2,730–5,430 °F). The first carbon fibers were made from 4099: 1335:). No greenhouse gas is released. No deep well injection of carbon dioxide is needed. Only water is released when hydrogen is used as the fuel for 724:

At about 100 °C or slightly higher, any remaining water that is merely absorbed in the material is driven off. This process consumes a lot of

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toxic than current wood preservatives, other pyrolysis liquids have shown high ecotoxicity, what may cause detrimental effects in the environment.

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environment due to a dilution effect. Since pyrolysis is the re-distribution of carbons in carbon substrates into three pyrogenic products. The CO

4510: 3257: 802:, often with no or little visible flame. Once carbon combustion starts, the temperature rises spontaneously, turning the residue into a glowing 5126: 4708: 1350:(KALLA). Power for process heat consumed is only one-seventh of the power consumed in the water electrolysis method for producing hydrogen. 3700: 6931: 3505: 5530:"Influence of process conditions on the formation of 2–4 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride" 5156: 6546: 994:). The food goes brown and changes flavor. The distinctive flavors are used in many dishes; for instance, caramelized onion is used in 210:. In the chemical process industry, pyrolysis refers to a partial thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials that takes place in an 3344: 1271:, in which finely divided feedstock is quickly heated to between 350 and 500 °C (660 and 930 °F) for less than two seconds. 6236: 5885: 5073: 3072: 4234: 3861: 3010: 2857:

Hafting, Finn K.; Kulas, Daniel; Michels, Etienne; Chipkar, Sarvada; Wisniewski, Stefan; Shonnard, David; Pearce, Joshua M. (2023).

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is essential to manage inherent explosion risks. The procedure is not trivial and failure to keep oxygen out has led to accidents.

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Akinpelu, David Akorede; Adekoya, Oluwaseun A.; Oladoye, Peter Olusakin; Ogbaga, Chukwuma C.; Okolie, Jude A. (September 2023).

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Illustrating inputs and outputs of methane pyrolysis, an efficient one-step process to produce Hydrogen and no greenhouse gas

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in TLW. This significant increase in CO concentration is why there is lower concentrations of other gases produced in the CO

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Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Catalyst Deactivation for the Continuous Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition of Methane

2465:"Fast Pyrolysis Behavior of Banagrass as a Function of Temperature and Volatiles Residence Time in a Fluidized Bed Reactor" 5529: 2535:"Effect of interactions of biomass constituents on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation during fast pyrolysis" 1560:

environments. For both TLW and TSW the thermolytic behaviors were identical at less than or equal to 660 °C in the CO

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environment due to CO formation causing tar to be reduced. One-stepwise pyrolysis was not that effective on activating CO

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since ancient times. The ancient Egyptians used the liquid fraction obtained from the pyrolysis of cedar wood, in their

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of the wood or pyrolysis of biomass. In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces volatile products and leaves

4907: 4294: 4254: 2359: 6826: 5389:"Bio-based wood preservatives: Their efficiency, leaching and ecotoxicity compared to a commercial wood preservative" 5326:

Investigation of Deposition Parameters in Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Fabrication of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode

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environment but there is higher concentration of the production of Hydrogen, Ethane, Ethylene, and Methane in the N

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announced a joint effort with Igneo Technologies to build an $ 85 million large electronics recycling plant in the

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by pyrolysis of organic materials is not yet economically competitive. Higher efficiency is sometimes achieved by

233:, the complete pyrolysis of organic matter, which usually leaves a solid residue that consists mostly of elemental 5444:"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation from the pyrolysis of different municipal solid waste fractions" 5074:"Cleaning objects in hot fluidised bed – with neutralisation of resultant acidic gas esp. by alkaline metals cpds" 1126:, one obtains a form of charcoal with particularly fine pores (and hence a much larger pore surface area), called 6587: 6275: 5875: 1689:

on carbon rearrangement due to the high quantities of liquid pyrolysates (tar). Two-stepwise pyrolysis for the CO

1284: 3471:"A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels" 2949:

Czégény Z, Nagy G, Babinszki B, Bajtel Á, Sebestyén Z, Kiss T, Csupor-Löffler B, Tóth B, Csupor D (April 2021).

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gives Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.

5047:"Method for removing polymer deposits which have formed on metal or ceramic machine parts, equipment and tools" 4863:

Hunt, Jacob; Ferrari, Anthony; Lita, Adrian; Crosswhite, Mark; Ashley, Bridgett; Stiegman, A. E. (2013-12-27).

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into the early 20th century. Pyrolysis was instrumental in the discovery of many chemical substances, such as

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Pyrolysis is used in the production of chemical compounds, mainly, but not only, in the research laboratory.

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At 200–300 °C, if oxygen has not been excluded, the carbonaceous residue may start to burn, in a highly

7055: 4978: 4274: 3834: 3727: 3609:"Hydrogen and hydrogen-derived fuels through methane decomposition of natural gas – GHG emissions and costs" 1163:

Carbon fibers produced by pyrolyzing a silk cocoon. Electron micrograph, scale bar at bottom left shows 100

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to avoid chemical side reactions (such as combustion or hydrolysis). Pyrolysis in a vacuum also lowers the

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Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Onwudili, Jude A.; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T. (February 2015).

3888: 1145: 728:, so the temperature may stop rising until all water has evaporated. Water trapped in crystal structure of 5387:

Barbero-López, Aitor; Akkanen, Jarkko; Lappalainen, Reijo; Peräniemi, Sirpa; Haapala, Antti (2021-01-20).

3537: 7144: 6879: 6811: 6628: 6461: 3675: 2644: 2383:"High-density polyethylene degradation into low molecular weight gases at 1823K: An atomistic simulation" 2060: 1478:

production with in-situ carbon capture. The use of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) has the potential to produce H

1239:. Crops studied as biomass feedstock for pyrolysis include native North American prairie grasses such as 718: 655: 5779:"Machine learning applications in biomass pyrolysis: From biorefinery to end-of-life product management" 5528:

Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Onwudili, Jude A.; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T. (April 2016).

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is the residue of incomplete organic pyrolysis, e.g., from cooking fires. It is a key component of the

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Goodacre, R.; Kell, D. B. (1996). "Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and its applications in biotechnology".

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avoiding uncontrolled combustion inside the cleaning chamber; the cleaning process takes 8 to 30 hours.

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char, recently introduced on an industrial scale. Aspirational applications of pyrolysis would convert

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environment is significantly greater as temperatures increase past 600 °C and this is due to CO

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Time Resolved Measurements of Pyrolysis Products From Thermoplastic Poly-Methyl-Methacrylate (PMMA)

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Laboratory or industrial equipment sometimes gets fouled by carbonaceous residues that result from

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Song, Y. L.; Tsai, S. C.; Chen, C. Y.; Tseng, T. K.; Tsai, C. S.; Chen, J. W.; Yao, Y. D. (2004).

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Lahijani, Pooya; Zainal, Zainal Alimuddin; Mohammadi, Maedeh; Mohamed, Abdul Rahman (2015-01-01).

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were used as atmospheres inside of a tubular reactor that was built using quartz tubing. For both

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is the pyrolysis of sugars in food (often after the sugars have been produced by the breakdown of

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is used in cigarette papers and filter material, leading to the explanation that degradation of

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Lee, Taewoo; Jung, Sungyup; Lin, Kun-Yi Andrew; Tsang, Yiu Fai; Kwon, Eilhann E. (2021-01-05).

3502: 1214: 399: 38: 4826:"Conversion of the greenhouse gas CO2 to the fuel gas CO via the Boudouard reaction: A review" 1463: 59:

of materials at elevated temperatures, often in an inert atmosphere without access to oxygen.

7076: 7050: 7003: 6618: 6506: 6486: 6192: 5691:

Peacock, P. M.; McEwen, C. N. (2006). "Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers. Anal. Chem".

5194: 5164: 2111: 851:

Once combustion of the carbonaceous residue is complete, a powdery or solid mineral residue (

385: 56: 48:

Burning pieces of wood, showing various stages of pyrolysis followed by oxidative combustion.

3754: 1466:

is a well-developed technology. Other products from car tire pyrolysis include steel wires,

6773: 6633: 6341: 5735: 5587: 5544: 5458: 5400: 5243: 4673: 4432: 3915:"CEMEX successfully deploys hydrogen-based ground-breaking cement manufacturing technology" 3620: 3417: 3336: 2962: 2823: 2693: 2643:

Jenkins, R. W.; Sutton, A. D.; Robichaud, D. J. (2016-01-01), Chuck, Christopher J. (ed.),

2604: 2549: 2476: 2404: 2239: 1741: 1486: 1332: 1246: 909: 684: 339: 6199: 2727:

Koller, Johann; Baumer, Ursula; Kaup, Yoka; Schmid, Mirjam; Weser, Ulrich (October 2003).

1673:

reduction into CO allows for the oxidation of pyrolysates to form CO. In conclusion the CO

8: 6816: 6723: 4178:"Methane pyrolysis process uses renewable electricity split CH4 into H2 and carbon-black" 3099:"Indoor fuel exposure and the lung in both developing and developed countries: an update" 3018: 2096: 2063:(Py-GC-MS) is an important laboratory procedure to determine the structure of compounds. 1761: 1312: 1288: 825: 799: 375: 5739: 5591: 5548: 5462: 5404: 5247: 4677: 4436: 3624: 3421: 2966: 2827: 2697: 2608: 2553: 2533:

Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T. (November 2014).

2480: 2408: 2243: 2043:. As the temperature increases, the volatiles generated from pyrolysis can be measured. 1585:

measurements and found that a fifth of the residual mass percentage was Ca species. CaCO

7134: 6603: 6531: 6496: 6491: 6346: 5843: 5800: 5759: 5638: 5560: 5304: 5259: 4806: 4689: 3656: 3589: 3385: 3174: 3149: 3123: 3098: 2983: 2950: 2620: 2594: 2507: 2464: 2420: 2394: 2307: 1994: 1965:(PAHs) can be generated from the pyrolysis of different solid waste fractions, such as 1939: 1737: 1577: 1191: 1041: 5669: 4572: 3046: 2916:

Razdan RK (January 1981). "The Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids.". In ApSimon J (ed.).

1496: 7029: 7024: 7019: 6915: 6806: 6788: 6678: 6516: 6426: 6411: 6120: 5804: 5763: 5751: 5708: 5673: 5630: 5510: 5474: 5424: 5416: 5369: 5210: 5198: 4884: 4845: 4810: 4798: 4790: 4693: 4471: 4400: 4074: 3660: 3648: 3593: 3581: 3455: 3433: 3389: 3295: 3236: 3179: 3128: 2988: 2929: 2880: 2839: 2789: 2776:

E. Fiedler; G. Grossmann; D. B. Kersebohm; G. Weiss; Claus Witte (2005). "Methanol".

2758: 2750: 2709: 2652: 2624: 2512: 2494: 2311: 2299: 2289: 2161: 2106: 2040: 2025: 1876: 1721: 1590: 1292: 1183: 995: 403: 258: 254: 120: 5642: 5564: 5412: 4771:"Mitigation of harmful chemical formation from pyrolysis of tobacco waste using CO2" 4100:"Cut the BS: This startup is converting cow manure into clean-burning hydrogen fuel" 2859:"Modular Open-Source Design of Pyrolysis Reactor Monitoring and Control Electronics" 2424: 1613:

environments concluding that TSW has higher quantities of additives than TLW.

1063:

fuel and smoke-burning incinerators as an effective measure to reduce air pollution

7013: 6351: 6045: 6024: 5790: 5747: 5743: 5700: 5665: 5622: 5595: 5552: 5502: 5466: 5408: 5361: 5300: 5263: 5251: 5186: 4876: 4837: 4782: 4681: 4641:

Large-Scale Pyrolysis Oil Production: A Technology Assessment and Economic Analysis

4622: 4595: 4568: 4463: 4440: 4392: 3638: 3628: 3571: 3482: 3425: 3381: 3377: 3228: 3169: 3161: 3118: 3110: 2978: 2970: 2921: 2870: 2831: 2781: 2740: 2701: 2612: 2557: 2502: 2484: 2412: 2281: 2247: 2153: 1889: 1779: 1711: 1490: 1474:

Alkaline pyrolysis of sewage sludge at low temperature of 500 °C can enhance H

1434: 1430: 1240: 1210: 1127: 816: 792: 695: 618: 379: 296: 290: 264: 192: 167:, waste plastics back into usable oil, or waste into safely disposable substances. 105: 97: 5365: 4865:"Microwave-Specific Enhancement of the Carbon–Carbon Dioxide (Boudouard) Reaction" 4786: 4396: 3807: 3232: 1537:, a solid residue produced by the reactor at 650 °C. The second phase liquid 1108:. Coke can also be produced from the solid residue left from petroleum refining. 973: 6708: 6643: 6582: 6551: 6526: 6476: 6471: 6285: 6245: 5931: 5556: 5470: 5332: 4685: 4647: 4626: 4559:

Roy, C.; Chaala, A.; Darmstadt, H. (1999). "The vacuum pyrolysis of used tires".

4546: 4498: 4125:"low-cost, low-emissions technology that can convert methane without forming CO2" 3509: 3319: 3290: 3197: 2835: 2489: 2366: 2101: 1793: 1382: 1328: 1159: 913: 771: 215: 5229:"Silver Nanoparticles from Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis of Aqueous Silver Nitrate" 2875: 2858: 2616: 2141: 1549:

affects carbon redistribution when adding heat through the second heating zone.

1327:. This one-step process produces hydrogen in high volume at low cost (less than 1256:

suitable feedstock including paper sludge, distillers grain, and sewage sludge.

1014: 6874: 6851: 6836: 6698: 6638: 6608: 6577: 6521: 6481: 6416: 6406: 6301: 6157: 5911: 5901: 5795: 5778: 5599: 4841: 4599: 4444: 4235:"Hazer advances ENGIE collaboration for facility in France | hazergroup.com.au" 3633: 3608: 2974: 2705: 2561: 2416: 1821: 1523: 1386: 1378: 1252: 991: 987: 811: 778: 659:

Processes in the thermal degradation of organic matter at atmospheric pressure.

640: 590: 314: 72: 5626: 5255: 5009: 4937: 4640: 3114: 2925: 2285: 2251: 1840:

The area of boron-hydride clusters started with the study of the pyrolysis of

7128: 7081: 7071: 6869: 6841: 6758: 6376: 6366: 6336: 6280: 6181: 5880: 5836: 5634: 5514: 5420: 5373: 4888: 4864: 4849: 4794: 4650:; NREL/TP-510-37779; National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO. 4467: 4078: 3652: 3437: 2884: 2775: 2754: 2713: 2498: 2303: 1966: 1953:, the pyrolysis of organic products that come into contact with hot surfaces. 1943: 1932: 1757: 1601: 1456: 1209:

Pyrolysis is the reaction used to coat a preformed substrate with a layer of

1195: 1187: 1156:, the solid residue of pyrolysis of various materials, mostly organic waste. 999: 920: 699: 268: 230: 113: 3576: 3559: 2157: 958: 750:

Between 100 and 500 °C, many common organic molecules break down. Most

6998: 6884: 6763: 6753: 6688: 6653: 6613: 6572: 6536: 6326: 6321: 6291: 6132: 6073: 5916: 5755: 5712: 5478: 5428: 4903: 4802: 4540:"Pyrolysis of Expired Car Tires: Mechanics of Producing High Quality Fuels" 4152:"KITT/IASS - Producing CO2 Free Hydrogen From Natural Gas For Energy Usage" 4018: 3759:

Hydrogen-Powered Truck Will Offer Heavy-Duty Capability and Clean Emissions

3585: 3183: 3165: 3132: 2992: 2843: 2762: 2516: 2116: 2086: 1986: 1888:

Pyrolysis is used to turn organic materials into carbon for the purpose of

1872: 1865: 1745: 1467: 1171: 1149: 964: 888: 884: 860: 393: 367: 347: 207: 196: 183:

in that it usually does not involve the addition of other reagents such as

5677: 5286:"Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Synthesis of Spherical Zirconia Particles" 5071: 1283:

There is also the possibility of integrating with other processes such as

1096:, where the higher temperatures are necessary for many processes, such as 912:

pyrolysis controller. Pyrolysis also produces various toxic gases, mainly

6718: 6673: 6663: 6556: 6501: 6466: 6361: 6162: 6078: 6052: 5926: 5921: 4612: 3607:

Timmerberg, Sebastian; Kaltschmitt, Martin; Finkbeiner, Matthias (2020).

2005:

is the most abundant PAH among all the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

2002: 1990: 1853: 1775: 1753: 1624:

The one-stepwise pyrolysis experiment showed different results for the CO

1538: 1324: 1264: 1141: 1097: 1089: 1060: 806:

and releasing carbon dioxide and/or monoxide. At this stage, some of the

725: 343: 286: 140: 132: 131:, and other chemicals from petroleum, coal, and even wood, or to produce 31: 5386: 4539: 4043:"DOE backs Neb. hydrogen, carbon black project with $ 1B loan guarantee" 2358:

Cory A. Kramer, Reza Loloee, Indrek S. Wichman and Ruby N. Ghosh, 2009,

1100:. Volatile by-products of this process are also often useful, including 1075: 261:

or steam, producing hydrogen and substantial atmospheric carbon dioxide.

6978: 6831: 6331: 6316: 6296: 6142: 5906: 5101:"Process for vacuum pyrolysis removal of polymers from various objects" 4255:"Hazer Signs MOU with Chubu Electric & Chiyoda | hazergroup.com.au" 3429: 2276:

Zhou, Hui (2017). "Combustible Solid Waste Thermochemical Conversion".

1904: 1857: 1552:

First noted was the thermolytic behaviors of TLW and TSW in both the CO

1186:

has become the most common starting material. For their first workable

1164: 1131: 1093: 1003: 876: 614: 180: 176: 5704: 5506: 4880: 3643: 3487: 3470: 2463:

George, Anthe; Turn, Scott Q.; Morgan, Trevor James (26 August 2015).

2370:

ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition

1303: 863:. Metals present in the original matter usually remain in the ash as 191:, in combustion) or water (in hydrolysis). Pyrolysis produces solids ( 108:, a carbon-rich solid residue. Extreme pyrolysis, which leaves mostly 6900: 6728: 6693: 6683: 6668: 6648: 6623: 6391: 6356: 6311: 6259: 6147: 6137: 6127: 6068: 6040: 5820: 2785: 1970: 1924: 1336: 1066: 892: 868: 755: 714: 710: 603: 211: 6203: 3728:"How fuel cell trucks produce electric power and how they're fueled" 2745: 2728: 904:

Because pyrolysis takes place at high temperatures which exceed the

6993: 6703: 6658: 6381: 6371: 6270: 6115: 3680:(Thesis). Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences. pp. 12–13 2599: 2399: 2121: 2091: 1942:, potentially generating volatiles that are toxic or contribute to 1908: 1841: 1511: 1507: 1497:

One-stepwise pyrolysis and Two-stepwise pyrolysis for Tobacco Waste

1374: 1341: 1123: 1116: 1105: 1079:

Typical organic products obtained by pyrolysis of coal (X = CH, N).

1052: 1010: 841: 807: 680: 676: 610: 599: 361: 333: 325: 306: 282: 244: 148: 124: 101: 76: 6214: 3570:(6365). American Association for Advancement of Science: 917–921. 1828:

industries for removing organics from heavy and large metal parts.

1389:), and many other polymers, such as polyethylene and polystyrene. 1365:, has been researching hydrogen pyrolysis for more than 10 years. 1231:

Pyrolysis is the basis of several methods for producing fuel from

5227:

Pingali, Kalyana C.; Rockstraw, David A.; Deng, Shuguang (2005).

5072:

Staffin, Herbert Kenneth; Koelzer, Robert A. (28 November 1974).

4295:"Burrard Hazer Hydrogen Project Announcement | hazergroup.com.au" 2081: 2055: 1928: 1920: 1900: 1825: 1817: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1534: 1316: 1232: 1226: 1175: 1153: 1137: 1101: 856: 845: 729: 644: 389: 357: 321: 272: 164: 156: 144: 5347: 4511:"The Plastic to Oil Machine, A\J – Canada's Environmental Voice" 2001:(PET). PS, PVC, and lignin generate significant amount of PAHs. 1907:

and other products, generates many volatile products (including

1697:

and gaseous pyrolysates with longer residence time meant that CO

1397: 5962: 3701:"Energy Department Looks to Boost Hydrogen Fuel for Big Trucks" 3606: 3527: 3469:

Ramirez, Jerome; Brown, Richard; Rainey, Thomas (1 July 2015).

1982: 1978: 1974: 1950: 1803: 1774:

belong to the oldest thermal cleaning systems; cleaning with a

1620:

Production of Hydrogen, Methane, and Tars when creating Biochar

1438: 1346: 1320: 1274: 1203: 1199: 872: 837: 767: 763: 691: 663:

Pyrolysis generally consists in heating the material above its

636: 329: 248: 234: 184: 160: 152: 128: 109: 82:(from Ancient Greek πῦρ : pûr - "fire, heat, fever") and 4823: 4558: 3525: 3284:

Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine

1455:

Pyrolysis can also be used to treat municipal solid waste and

7034: 6988: 6019: 5977: 5972: 4938:"Cleaning with Heat: Old Technology with a Bright New Future" 3966: 1179: 1120: 1112: 864: 803: 788: 759: 751: 744: 632: 84: 5776: 4709:"Igneo targets low-grade scrap electronics with $ 85M plant" 4314: 3942:"The reaction that would give us clean fossil fuels forever" 1616: 44: 6983: 6944:

National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying

5967: 5957: 5859: 5690: 5044: 1789: 1362: 1311:

Methane pyrolysis is an industrial process for "turquoise"

1085: 998:. The temperatures needed for caramelization lie above the 880: 136: 4973: 4971: 4969: 3022:(Course notes for Environmental Resources Engineering 115) 2948: 2856: 721:, may partially change or decompose already at this stage. 709:

Below about 100 °C, volatiles, including some water,

609:

The dry distillation of wood remained the major source of

6152: 4862: 4275:"Hazer Group – Investor Presentation | hazergroup.com.au" 2381:

Ramin, L.; Assadi, M. Hussein N.; Sahajwalla, V. (2014).

1912: 1767:

Several types of thermal cleaning systems use pyrolysis:

1018: 852: 740: 736: 302: 200: 5157:"Paint Stripping: Reducing Waste and Hazardous Material" 4585: 4207: 2920:. Vol. 4. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 185–262. 2680:

Tripathi, Manoj; Sahu, J. N.; Ganesan, P. (2016-03-01).

1669:

environment is going to be more effective because the CO

1044:, often made from compressed sawdust or similar, in use. 5828: 5655: 5007: 4966: 4549:. Chulalongkorn University Department of Petrochemistry 3313:"Liquid Transport Biofuels – Technology Status Report" 2726: 2642: 1879:

in a process called ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP).

1860:. These pyrolyses involve not only cracking (to give H 1852:) at ca. 200 °C. Products include the clusters 1506:

was used to thermally degrade four samples (TLW, TSW,

979:

This pizza is pyrolyzed, almost completely carbonized.

4198:

hazergroup.com.au | Commercialising the Hazer Process

3329: 3198:"Two-stage incinerator, United States Patent 3881430" 2583: 2380: 1482:-rich gas that can be used for fuels cells directly. 1381:. The resulting ethylene is used to make antifreeze ( 1024: 1009:

Pyrolysis of food can also be undesirable, as in the

986:

Pyrolysis has many applications in food preparation.

690:

Conversely, the starting material may be heated in a

356:, which breaks down plastics and other polymers into 5226: 5163:. University of Minnesota. July 2008. Archived from 4387:

Zimmermann, Heinz; Walz, Roland (2008). "Ethylene".

3782:"Auto Makers Shift Their Hydrogen Focus to Big Rigs" 3011:"Pyrolysis: Biochar, Bio-Oil and Syngas from Wastes" 2645:"Chapter 8 - Pyrolysis of Biomass for Aviation Fuel" 1433:, another semiconductor, forms upon co-pyrolysis of 810:

still remaining in the residue may be oxidized into

96:

Pyrolysis is most commonly used in the treatment of

5821:

In Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Technology Pathway

2679: 1736:from parts, products or production components like 1576:environment. This observation is likely due to the 650: 240: 5527: 5491: 5441: 4579: 4208:ASX Market announcements, ASX (10 December 2021). 3468: 1923:. Similar considerations apply to the smoking of 1915:) that are responsible for the aroma and negative 305:production by destructive distillation of wood in 100:materials. It is one of the processes involved in 6739:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural) 5283: 5185: 3367: 3073:"Cooking with Chemistry: What is Caramelization?" 2150:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 1298: 1017:of carbon to produce flames and burn the food to 7126: 5045:Schwing, Ewald; Uhrner, Horst (7 October 1999). 5017:Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center 4947:. The Magazine of Critical Cleaning Technology. 4945:Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center 4935: 4458:Kaminsky, Walter (2000). "Plastics, Recycling". 3407: 2462: 88:(λύσις : lúsis - "separation, loosening"). 5725: 5098: 4768: 4662: 4380: 4158:. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies 2532: 2032:or peak analysis-least square method (PA-LSM). 1361:One of the world's largest chemical companies, 1013:of burnt food (at temperatures too low for the 5612: 5577: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4460:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 4422: 4418: 4416: 4389:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 4386: 3503:A Watery Solution and Sustainable Energy Parks 3403: 3401: 3399: 3281:Ratner, Buddy D. (2004). Pyrolytic carbon. In 3225:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2813: 2778:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2228: 2056:Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry 1649:environment. The concentration of CO in the CO 1220: 848:may be oxidized and volatilized at this stage. 598:Pyrolysis has been used for turning wood into 6230: 5844: 4901: 3969:"Hydrogen from methane without CO2 emissions" 3255: 2016: 1882: 1405:process, which entails pyrolysis of volatiles 732:may come off at somewhat higher temperatures. 702:of the byproducts, improving their recovery. 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4658: 4656: 4639:Ringer, M.; Putsche, V.; Scahill, J. (2006) 3866:Power From Hydrogen Gas For Carbon Reduction 3363: 3361: 2942: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2528: 2526: 37:"KALLA" redirects here. For other uses, see 5580:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 4922: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4561:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 4425:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 4413: 3501:Marshall, A. T. & Morris, J. M. (2006) 3396: 3004: 3002: 2542:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 1245:and bred versions of other grasses such as 1198:used carbon filaments made by pyrolysis of 6547:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention 6237: 6223: 5851: 5837: 3859: 3041: 3039: 1832: 1816:, are gas-fired and used in the painting, 1485:In early November 2021, the U.S. State of 766:fabrics, decomposes at about 350 °C. 6932:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association 5886:Native American use of fire in ecosystems 5794: 4653: 3642: 3632: 3575: 3519: 3486: 3358: 3173: 3122: 2982: 2951:"CBD, a precursor of THC in e-cigarettes" 2874: 2802: 2744: 2598: 2523: 2506: 2488: 2398: 1134:for a wide range of chemical substances. 251:, sometimes using molten metal catalysts. 6265:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion 5008:Davis, Gary; Brown, Keith (April 1996). 4830:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4725: 4457: 4097: 3725: 3452:"Pyrolysis and Other Thermal Processing" 3370:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 3249: 3144: 3142: 2999: 2686:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2675: 2673: 2456: 2258: 2209: 1681:Harmful chemicals were reduced in the CO 1615: 1396: 1302: 1158: 1074: 1065: 1028: 931: 654: 589: 43: 6911:Listing and approval use and compliance 6095:International Flame Research Foundation 5293:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4979:"A Look at Thermal Cleaning Technology" 3887:Crolius, Stephen H. (27 January 2017). 3886: 3832: 3673: 3526:Westerhof, Roel Johannes Maria (2011). 3036: 2729:"Analysis of a pharaonic embalming tar" 2638: 2636: 2634: 2431: 2323: 2321: 2037:Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy 139:. It is used also in the conversion of 14: 7127: 5615:Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 5161:Minnesota Technical Assistance Program 3939: 3779: 3558:Upham, D. Chester (17 November 2017). 3444: 3337:"Biomass Feedstock for Slow Pyrolysis" 3275: 3227:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–44. 3008: 2915: 1720:, an industrial application to remove 938:Clandestine chemistry § Pyrolysis 926: 754:start decomposing at 160–180 °C. 243:, the direct conversion of methane to 226:Specific types of pyrolysis include: 6956:Society of Fire Protection Engineers 6218: 5832: 5137:from the original on 15 February 2016 4122: 3557: 3534:Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass 3326:", 14-04-08. Retrieved on 2009-05-05. 3139: 3070: 3017:. Humboldt University. Archived from 2670: 1572:environment compared to that in the N 713:. Heat-sensitive substances, such as 7107: 6950:National Fire Protection Association 6188: 5824:National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5099:Dwan, Thomas S. (2 September 1980). 4989:from the original on 8 December 2015 4954:from the original on 8 December 2015 4706: 4315:"C-Zero | Decarbonizing Natural Gas" 3096: 2651:, Academic Press, pp. 191–215, 2631: 2577: 2318: 2275: 899: 679:, in the traditional manufacture of 6244: 4985:. Process Examiner. 14 March 2014. 4936:Mainord, Kenneth (September 1994). 4869:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 4532: 3967:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. 3613:Energy Conversion and Management: X 3071:Brimm, Courtney (7 November 2011). 2918:Total Synthesis of Natural Products 2180: 2066: 1875:, zirconia and oxides utilizing an 1705: 1444: 945:can be brought about by pyrolysis. 267:, as in the original production of 199:liquids, (light and heavy oils and 119:The process is used heavily in the 24: 6452:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 5305:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06332.x 5010:"Cleaning Metal Parts and Tooling" 3889:"Methane to Ammonia via Pyrolysis" 3755:"Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Class 8 Truck" 3752: 3698: 3529:Refining fast pyrolysis of biomass 2146:Compendium of Chemical Terminology 1957: 1277:is usually produced by pyrolysis. 1025:Coke, carbon, charcoals, and chars 619:ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate 27:Thermal decomposition of materials 25: 7181: 6827:Fire alarm notification appliance 5814: 5026:from the original on 4 March 2016 4910:from the original on 30 June 2016 4149: 3912: 3805: 3674:Lumbers, Brock (20 August 2020). 3160:(4840): 818–20. 10 October 1953. 2437: 1411:metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy 1403:metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy 1392: 566:Vapor residence time: 10-100 min 435:Vapor residence time: 10-100 min 7106: 7095: 7094: 6425: 6198: 6187: 6177: 6176: 5770: 5719: 5684: 5649: 5606: 5571: 5521: 5485: 5435: 5393:Science of the Total Environment 5380: 5314:from the original on 2014-04-08. 5273:from the original on 2014-04-08. 3862:"Hydrogen fueled power turbines" 3835:"Hydrogen fueled power turbines" 3780:Colias, Mike (26 October 2020). 3536:(Thesis). University of Twente. 2327: 1963:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 972: 957: 651:General processes and mechanisms 6588:Vehicle fire suppression system 6276:Combustibility and flammability 5876:Control of fire by early humans 5413:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142013 5341: 5337:Georgia Institute of Technology 5318: 5277: 5220: 5179: 5149: 5119: 5092: 5065: 5038: 5001: 4895: 4856: 4817: 4700: 4633: 4606: 4552: 4503: 4484: 4451: 4356: 4331: 4307: 4287: 4267: 4247: 4227: 4201: 4192: 4170: 4143: 4131:. American Institute of Physics 4116: 4091: 4059: 4035: 4011: 3986: 3960: 3933: 3906: 3880: 3853: 3826: 3799: 3773: 3746: 3719: 3692: 3667: 3600: 3551: 3540:from the original on 2013-06-17 3495: 3462: 3347:from the original on 2012-01-02 3305: 3294:. Academic Press. pp. 171–180. 3215: 3190: 3090: 3064: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2850: 2769: 2720: 2568: 1645:environment than that in the CO 1285:mechanical biological treatment 547:Vapor residence time: >15 s 463:Vapor residence time: 0.5-20 s 203:), and non-condensable gasses. 91: 7160:Biodegradable waste management 5748:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126099 5236:Aerosol Science and Technology 4904:"Effective Spinneret Cleaning" 4775:Journal of Hazardous Materials 4210:"Delay to Reactor Fabrication" 3382:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.040 3324:National Non-Food Crops Centre 2374: 2352: 2134: 2011: 1299:Methane pyrolysis for hydrogen 1144:soils associated with ancient 967:onions are slightly pyrolyzed. 519:Vapor residence time: <5 s 491:Vapor residence time: 0.5-5 s 485:Fast low temperature pyrolysis 429:Slow low temperature pyrolysis 423:Pyrolysis product yield (wt%) 170: 13: 1: 6938:Institution of Fire Engineers 6895:Fire Safety Evaluation System 6567:Personal protective equipment 5670:10.1016/S0958-1669(96)80090-5 5366:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.049 5354:Industrial Crops and Products 4787:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123416 4573:10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00017-0 4397:10.1002/14356007.a10_045.pub3 4098:Stiffler, Lisa (2022-04-26). 3233:10.1002/14356007.a07_245.pub2 2128: 1373:Pyrolysis is used to produce 758:, a major component of wood, 299:, the production of charcoal. 7009:GHS precautionary statements 6847:Manual fire alarm activation 5783:Digital Chemical Engineering 5557:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.01.013 5471:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.014 5324:Hamedani, Hoda Amani (2008) 4686:10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.006 4627:10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.007 4517:. 2016-12-07. Archived from 3839:Hydrogen fueled gas turbines 3734:. Commercial Carrier Journal 3341:BEST Pyrolysis, Inc. website 2836:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.027 2490:10.1371/journal.pone.0136511 2334:United States Sustainability 2046: 2028:can be calculated using the 1938:Pyrolysis occurs during the 1633:temperatures for both the CO 735:Some solid substances, like 522:Heating rate: >1000 °C/s 388:, the natural conversion of 206:Pyrolysis is different from 62: 7: 6880:Fire protection engineering 6812:Explosive gas leak detector 6629:Electromagnetic door holder 6462:External water spray system 4902:Heffungs, Udo (June 2010). 3726:CCJ News (13 August 2020). 3318:September 19, 2008, at the 3258:"Biochar: the new frontier" 2876:10.3390/electronics12244893 2617:10.1016/j.addma.2019.02.012 2074: 2061:Pyrolysis mass spectrometry 1903:, paper, and additives, in 1716:Pyrolysis is also used for 1504:Thermo-gravimetric analysis 1368: 1221:Liquid and gaseous biofuels 525:Feedstock size: <0.2 mm 370:involving the formation of 281:, as in the manufacture of 10: 7186: 7165:Waste treatment technology 7056:Harry C. Bigglestone Award 6447:Automatic fire suppression 6387:K-factor (fire protection) 5796:10.1016/j.dche.2023.100103 5600:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.024 5537:Fuel Processing Technology 5127:"Vacuum pyrolysis systems" 4842:10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.034 4615:Fuel Processing Technology 4600:10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.038 4445:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.08.017 4156:European Energy Innovation 3893:Ammonia Energy Association 3634:10.1016/j.ecmx.2020.100043 3009:Kaplan, Ryan (Fall 2011). 2975:10.1038/s41598-021-88389-z 2706:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122 2562:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.09.007 2417:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.09.022 2022:Thermogravimetric analysis 2017:Thermogravimetric analysis 1999:polyethylene terephthalate 1883:Other uses and occurrences 1750:volatile organic compounds 1709: 1462:In tire waste management, 1448: 1224: 948: 935: 585: 560:High temperature pyrolysis 550:Heating rate: 10-300 °C/s 494:Heating rate: 10-200 °C/s 466:Heating rate: 1.0-10 °C/s 123:, for example, to produce 112:as the residue, is called 36: 29: 7090: 7064: 7043: 6971: 6962:Underwriters Laboratories 6924: 6860: 6797:Aspirating smoke detector 6787: 6596: 6457:Detonation flame arrester 6434: 6423: 6252: 6171: 6108: 6087: 6061: 6033: 6012: 5986: 5950: 5894: 5866: 5627:10.1007/s11814-016-0102-x 5256:10.1080/02786820500380255 5191:Chemistry of the Elements 5189:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 3808:"Honda Fuel-Cell Clarity" 3202:www.freepatentsonline.com 3115:10.1016/j.ccm.2012.08.003 3103:Clinics in Chest Medicine 3097:Sood, A (December 2012). 3047:"What is Caramelization?" 2926:10.1002/9780470129678.ch2 2440:"Mechanisms of pyrolysis" 2286:10.1007/978-981-10-3827-3 2252:10.1016/j.tca.2013.04.040 1946:if not completely burned. 1657:being liberated from CaCO 1206:splinters, respectively. 879:, from materials such as 669:amorphous covalent solids 665:decomposition temperature 569:Heating rate: 0.1-1 °C/s 564:Temperature: 800-1150 °C 517:Temperature: 800-1000 °C 497:Feedstock size: <3 mm 438:Heating rate: 0.1-1 °C/s 346:into lighter ones, as in 247:fuel and separable solid 6906:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 6822:Fire alarm control panel 6802:Carbon monoxide detector 6779:Standpipe (firefighting) 6542:Gaseous fire suppression 6307:Enthalpy of vaporization 6100:The Combustion Institute 5858: 5107:. European Patent Office 5080:. European Patent Office 5053:. European Patent Office 4707:Leif, Dan (2021-11-03). 4468:10.1002/14356007.a21_057 4364:"Interview Andreas Bode" 3454:. US DOE. Archived from 3051:www.scienceofcooking.com 1451:Thermal depolymerization 943:Conversion of CBD to THC 906:autoignition temperature 840:and other elements like 747:, may melt and separate. 545:Temperature: 350-600 °C 461:Temperature: 600-800 °C 441:Feedstock size: 5-50 mm 433:Temperature: 250-450 °C 372:polymer derived ceramics 354:Thermal depolymerization 279:Destructive distillation 221: 30:Not to be confused with 6749:Pressurisation ductwork 6714:Firewall (construction) 6562:Passive fire protection 6512:Fire suppression system 4462:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 4391:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 4071:The Wall Street Journal 3786:The Wall Street Journal 3577:10.1126/science.aao5023 3154:British Medical Journal 2780:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2158:10.1351/goldbook.P04961 1911:, carbon monoxide, and 1833:Fine chemical synthesis 1237:lignocellulosic biomass 1215:artificial heart valves 489:Temperature: 250-450°C 469:Feedstock size: 1-5 mm 6925:Industry organizations 6890:Fire-resistance rating 6769:Smoke exhaust ductwork 6744:Penetration (firestop) 6734:Packing (firestopping) 6442:Active fire protection 6402:Spontaneous combustion 5942:Spontaneous combustion 5728:Bioresource Technology 5658:Curr. Opin. Biotechnol 4713:resource-recycling.com 4515:Alternativesjournal.ca 3921:. CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V 3343:. BEST Energies, Inc. 3166:10.1136/bmj.2.4840.818 2587:Additive Manufacturing 2336:. BASF. Archived from 2192:InnoFireWood's website 2152:. 2009. p. 1824. 1621: 1406: 1308: 1168: 1130:, which is used as an 1080: 1072: 1045: 660: 595: 457:Intermediate pyrolysis 400:Flash vacuum pyrolysis 49: 39:Kalla (disambiguation) 7077:Template:Firefighting 7051:Arthur B. Guise Medal 7004:GHS hazard statements 6507:Fire sprinkler system 6487:Fire-retardant fabric 5195:Butterworth-Heinemann 5187:Greenwood, Norman N. 4983:ThermalProcessing.org 4490:N.J. Themelis et al. 3707:. Scientific American 2649:Biofuels for Aviation 2112:Thermal decomposition 1940:incineration of trash 1786:Fluidized Bed Systems 1619: 1400: 1306: 1248:Miscantheus giganteus 1162: 1078: 1069: 1040: 932:Clandestine chemistry 891:, usually remains as 861:particulate emissions 658: 593: 420:Operating conditions 390:buried organic matter 257:, in the presence of 57:thermal decomposition 47: 7155:Oil shale technology 7150:Industrial processes 6861:Professions, trades, 6774:Smokeproof enclosure 6634:Electromagnetic lock 6342:Flammability diagram 6253:Fundamental concepts 5693:Analytical Chemistry 5131:thermal-cleaning.com 3077:Common Sense Science 2387:J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol 2035:TGA can couple with 1401:Illustration of the 1333:carbon sequestration 1092:. This is useful in 1015:oxidative combustion 6817:Fire alarm call box 6724:Heat and smoke vent 5740:2022BiTec.34326099W 5592:2014JAAP..108...19Z 5549:2016FuPrT.144..299Z 5463:2015WaMan..36..136Z 5405:2021ScTEn.75342013B 5248:2005AerST..39.1010P 5019:. Process Heating. 4875:(51): 26871–26880. 4678:2020REne..148..168Z 4437:2015JAAP..111..265Z 3948:. New Scientist Ltd 3625:2020ECMX....700043T 3422:2015RSCAd...526509Z 3416:(34): 26509–26516. 3256:Lehmann, Johannes. 2967:2021NatSR..11.8951C 2828:2015WaMan..38..194Z 2698:2016RSERv..55..467T 2609:2019arXiv190502060W 2554:2014JAAP..110..264Z 2481:2015PLoSO..1036511M 2409:2014JAAP..110..318R 2244:2013TcAc..566...36Z 2097:Hydrogen production 2026:Activation energies 1927:and the burning of 1814:Heat-Cleaning Ovens 1802:use pyrolysis in a 1724:substances such as 1313:hydrogen production 1289:anaerobic digestion 1251:. Other sources of 1148:communities of the 1042:Charcoal briquettes 927:Occurrence and uses 800:exothermic reaction 376:preceramic polymers 71:is coined from the 7145:Chemical processes 6789:Fire alarm systems 6604:Annulus (firestop) 6532:Flashback arrestor 6497:Fire-safe polymers 6492:Fire retardant gel 6347:Flammability limit 5495:Energy & Fuels 5331:2016-03-05 at the 5167:on 8 December 2015 4646:2016-12-30 at the 4545:2015-02-20 at the 4497:2014-05-08 at the 4150:Gusev, Alexander. 4123:Fernandez, Sonia. 3841:. General Electric 3516:Journal, pp. 22–23 3508:2007-09-28 at the 3430:10.1039/C5RA02715B 3289:2014-06-26 at the 3015:users.humboldt.edu 2955:Scientific Reports 2365:2014-11-06 at the 2340:on 19 October 2020 2232:Thermochimica Acta 1995:polyvinyl chloride 1622: 1407: 1319:by removing solid 1309: 1192:Joseph Wilson Swan 1169: 1113:vascular structure 1081: 1073: 1046: 795:" or "carbonized". 661: 596: 324:processes such as 55:is the process of 50: 7140:Organic reactions 7122: 7121: 7030:Safety data sheet 7025:List of S-phrases 7020:List of R-phrases 6916:Sprinkler fitting 6807:Circuit integrity 6679:Fire extinguisher 6517:Firefighting foam 6412:Thermal radiation 6212: 6211: 6121:List of wildfires 5705:10.1021/ac0606249 5699:(12): 3957–3964. 5507:10.1021/ef5013769 5501:(10): 6371–6379. 5299:(10): 1864–1871. 5242:(10): 1010–1014. 5204:978-0-08-037941-8 4906:. Fiber Journal. 4881:10.1021/jp4076965 4477:978-3-527-30673-2 4406:978-3-527-30673-2 4023:monolith-corp.com 3940:Cartwright, Jon. 3812:Clarity Fuel Cell 3488:10.3390/en8076765 3376:(16): 8020–8027. 3242:978-3-527-30673-2 3150:"SMOKELESS zones" 2935:978-0-470-12953-1 2795:978-3-527-30673-2 2658:978-0-12-804568-8 2295:978-981-10-3826-6 2188:"Burning of wood" 2167:978-0-9678550-9-7 2107:Pyrolytic coating 2041:mass spectrometry 1877:ultrasonic nozzle 1871:The synthesis of 1772:Molten Salt Baths 1764:elements remain. 1293:hydrous pyrolysis 1184:polyacrylonitrile 1038: 996:French onion soup 900:Safety challenges 583: 582: 404:organic synthesis 320:High-temperature 259:superheated water 255:Hydrous pyrolysis 241:Methane pyrolysis 121:chemical industry 16:(Redirected from 7177: 7110: 7109: 7098: 7097: 7014:Life Safety Code 6619:Compartmentation 6429: 6352:Flammable liquid 6239: 6232: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6202: 6191: 6190: 6180: 6179: 6025:Death by burning 5987:Individual fires 5853: 5846: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5809: 5808: 5798: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5621:(9): 2638–2643. 5610: 5604: 5603: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5534: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5451:Waste Management 5448: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5345: 5339: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5290: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5233: 5224: 5218: 5208: 5193:(2nd ed.). 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5014: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4975: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4942: 4933: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4766: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4666:Renewable Energy 4660: 4651: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4567:(1–2): 201–221. 4556: 4550: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4507: 4501: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4047:www.spglobal.com 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3868:. Solar Turbines 3860:Solar Turbines. 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3646: 3636: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3579: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3523: 3517: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3481:(7): 6765–6794. 3466: 3460: 3459: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3405: 3394: 3393: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3333: 3327: 3309: 3303: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3260:. Archived from 3253: 3247: 3246: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3177: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3023: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2986: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2816:Waste Management 2811: 2800: 2799: 2786:10.1002/14356007 2773: 2767: 2766: 2748: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2640: 2629: 2628: 2602: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2510: 2492: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2402: 2378: 2372: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2273: 2256: 2255: 2226: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2194:. Archived from 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2138: 2067:Machine learning 2030:Kissinger method 1890:carbon-14 dating 1812:, also known as 1780:hydrogen cyanide 1718:thermal cleaning 1712:Thermal cleaning 1706:Thermal cleaning 1491:Port of Savannah 1445:Waste management 1435:trimethylgallium 1431:Gallium arsenide 1426: 1211:pyrolytic carbon 1128:activated carbon 1039: 976: 961: 835: 822: 786: 776: 696:inert atmosphere 631:in concentrated 630: 414: 413: 380:inert atmosphere 332:, toasting, and 297:Charcoal burning 291:activated carbon 265:Dry distillation 127:, many forms of 21: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7170:Fire protection 7125: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7086: 7060: 7039: 6967: 6920: 6862: 6856: 6783: 6709:Firestop pillow 6644:Emergency light 6597:Building design 6592: 6583:Tank blanketing 6552:Inerting system 6527:Flame retardant 6477:Fire protection 6472:Fire prevention 6430: 6421: 6286:Dangerous goods 6248: 6246:Fire protection 6243: 6213: 6208: 6167: 6104: 6083: 6057: 6029: 6008: 5982: 5946: 5932:Fire protection 5890: 5862: 5857: 5817: 5812: 5775: 5771: 5724: 5720: 5689: 5685: 5654: 5650: 5611: 5607: 5576: 5572: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5490: 5486: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5385: 5381: 5346: 5342: 5333:Wayback Machine 5323: 5319: 5311: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5205: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4977: 4976: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4940: 4934: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4900: 4896: 4861: 4857: 4822: 4818: 4767: 4726: 4717: 4715: 4705: 4701: 4661: 4654: 4648:Wayback Machine 4638: 4634: 4611: 4607: 4584: 4580: 4557: 4553: 4547:Wayback Machine 4537: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4499:Wayback Machine 4489: 4485: 4478: 4456: 4452: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4180:. December 2020 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4081: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3672: 3668: 3605: 3601: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3524: 3520: 3510:Wayback Machine 3500: 3496: 3467: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3406: 3397: 3366: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320:Wayback Machine 3310: 3306: 3291:Wayback Machine 3280: 3276: 3267: 3265: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3024:on 3 April 2014 3021: 3007: 3000: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2896: 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992:polysaccharides 984: 983: 982: 981: 980: 977: 969: 968: 962: 951: 940: 934: 929: 914:carbon monoxide 902: 833: 829: 824: 820: 815: 812:nitrogen oxides 785: 781: 774: 772:carbon monoxide 653: 629: 625: 621: 588: 541:Hydro pyrolysis 513:Flash pyrolysis 410: 224: 216:Steam reforming 190: 173: 94: 65: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7183: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7104: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6875:Fire insurance 6872: 6866: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6852:Smoke detector 6849: 6844: 6839: 6837:Flame detector 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6699:Fire sprinkler 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6639:Emergency exit 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6609:Area of refuge 6606: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6578:Spark arrestor 6575: 6570: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6522:Flame arrester 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6482:Fire retardant 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6417:Water pressure 6414: 6409: 6407:Structure fire 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6302:Dust explosion 6299: 6294: 6289: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6195: 6184: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6158:Slash-and-burn 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912:Dust explosion 5909: 5904: 5902:Chain reaction 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5881:Historic fires 5878: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5815:External links 5813: 5811: 5810: 5769: 5718: 5683: 5648: 5605: 5570: 5520: 5484: 5434: 5379: 5340: 5317: 5276: 5219: 5203: 5178: 5148: 5118: 5091: 5064: 5037: 5000: 4965: 4921: 4894: 4855: 4816: 4724: 4699: 4652: 4632: 4605: 4588:Energy Reviews 4578: 4551: 4531: 4502: 4483: 4476: 4450: 4412: 4405: 4379: 4355: 4330: 4306: 4286: 4266: 4246: 4226: 4200: 4191: 4169: 4142: 4115: 4090: 4073:. 2022-07-27. 4058: 4034: 4010: 3985: 3959: 3932: 3913:Pérez, Jorge. 3905: 3879: 3852: 3825: 3798: 3772: 3745: 3718: 3699:Fialka, John. 3691: 3666: 3599: 3550: 3518: 3494: 3461: 3458:on 2007-08-14. 3443: 3395: 3357: 3328: 3304: 3274: 3248: 3241: 3214: 3189: 3138: 3089: 3063: 3035: 2998: 2941: 2934: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2849: 2801: 2794: 2768: 2719: 2669: 2657: 2630: 2576: 2567: 2522: 2455: 2430: 2373: 2351: 2317: 2294: 2257: 2208: 2179: 2166: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1936: 1933:mosquito coils 1917:health effects 1897: 1893: 1884: 1881: 1864:), but also re 1861: 1849: 1845: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1810:Burn-Off Ovens 1807: 1797: 1783: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1610: 1606: 1600:reacting with 1597: 1596:causes pure CO 1592: 1586: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1498: 1495: 1479: 1475: 1464:tire pyrolysis 1446: 1443: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1394: 1393:Semiconductors 1391: 1387:vinyl chloride 1379:steam cracking 1370: 1367: 1300: 1297: 1253:organic matter 1222: 1219: 1188:electric lamps 1026: 1023: 988:Caramelization 978: 971: 970: 963: 956: 955: 954: 953: 952: 950: 947: 933: 930: 928: 925: 901: 898: 897: 896: 849: 831: 827: 818: 796: 783: 779:carbon dioxide 748: 733: 722: 687:of crude oil. 685:steam cracking 652: 649: 643:, and various 641:mercuric oxide 627: 623: 587: 584: 581: 580: 571: 562: 556: 555: 552: 543: 537: 536: 527: 515: 509: 508: 499: 487: 481: 480: 471: 459: 453: 452: 443: 431: 425: 424: 421: 418: 408: 407: 397: 383: 365: 351: 337: 318: 315:Caramelization 312: 311: 310: 300: 276: 262: 252: 238: 223: 220: 188: 172: 169: 151:gas and solid 93: 90: 64: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7182: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7115: 7114: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7083: 7082:Template:HVAC 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072:Template:Fire 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870:Duct cleaning 6868: 6867: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6842:Heat detector 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6759:Smoke control 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6377:Heat transfer 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Friction loss 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337:Fire triangle 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6281:Conflagration 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088:Organizations 6086: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5321: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5215:0-08-037941-9 5212: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4521:on 2015-09-09 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4296: 4290: 4276: 4270: 4256: 4250: 4236: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4195: 4179: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4024: 4020: 4014: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3920: 3919:www.cemex.com 3916: 3909: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3833:GE Turbines. 3829: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3301: 3300:0-12-582463-7 3297: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3278: 3264:on 2008-06-18 3263: 3259: 3252: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109:(4): 649–65. 3108: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2739:(6960): 784. 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2198:on 2010-02-09 2197: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2169: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2064: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967:hemicellulose 1964: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1944:air pollution 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931:products and 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899:Pyrolysis of 1898: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1873:nanoparticles 1869: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1843: 1838: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:static mixers 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1703: 1679: 1618: 1614: 1603: 1595: 1584: 1579: 1550: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1457:plastic waste 1452: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1422:→ Si + 2 H 1416: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1404: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:Thomas Edison 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:Carbon fibers 1166: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1111:The original 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1043: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 1000:boiling point 997: 993: 989: 975: 966: 960: 946: 944: 939: 924: 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 894: 890: 889:nucleic acids 886: 885:phospholipids 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 847: 843: 839: 834: 821: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 794: 790: 780: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 731: 727: 723: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707: 706: 703: 701: 700:boiling point 697: 693: 688: 686: 683:, and in the 682: 678: 672: 670: 666: 657: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 592: 579: 576: 572: 570: 567: 563: 561: 558: 557: 554:Not assigned 553: 551: 548: 544: 542: 539: 538: 535: 532: 528: 526: 523: 520: 516: 514: 511: 510: 507: 504: 500: 498: 495: 492: 488: 486: 483: 482: 479: 476: 472: 470: 467: 464: 460: 458: 455: 454: 451: 448: 444: 442: 439: 436: 432: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 416: 415: 412: 405: 401: 398: 395: 391: 387: 384: 381: 377: 373: 369: 366: 363: 359: 355: 352: 349: 345: 341: 338: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 316: 313: 308: 304: 301: 298: 295: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277: 274: 270: 269:sulfuric acid 266: 263: 260: 256: 253: 250: 246: 242: 239: 236: 232: 231:Carbonization 229: 228: 227: 219: 217: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 186: 182: 178: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 115: 114:carbonization 111: 107: 103: 99: 89: 87: 86: 81: 78: 74: 70: 60: 58: 54: 46: 40: 33: 19: 7112: 7100: 6999:Flame spread 6885:Fireproofing 6863:and services 6764:Smoke damper 6754:Safety glass 6689:Fire hydrant 6654:Fire curtain 6614:Booster pump 6573:Relief valve 6537:Fusible link 6396: 6327:Fire loading 6322:Fire control 6292:Deflagration 6133:Firefighting 6074:Fire worship 5936: 5917:Fire ecology 5786: 5782: 5772: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5664:(1): 20–28. 5661: 5657: 5651: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5540: 5536: 5523: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5454: 5450: 5437: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5336: 5320: 5296: 5292: 5279: 5239: 5235: 5222: 5190: 5181: 5169:. 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