844:
1097:, Pyrrhus's main allies in Greece. Pyrrhus felt threatened enough to make an alliance with Antigonus Gonatas. In 284 BC, Lysimachus invaded Pyrrhus's half of Macedonia with a huge army. Unable to stand against Lysimachus's superior army Pyrrhus retreated and linked up with Antigonus Gonatas. Lysimachus started a propaganda campaign in which he appealed to the patriotism of the Macedonians serving Pyrrhus. He reminded them that Pyrrhus was in fact a foreign king while he himself was a true Macedonian. The campaign was successful. With his Macedonian troops turning against him Pyrrhus had no other choice but to withdraw to Epirus. Lysimachus invaded and plundered Epirus the following year. Pyrrhus did not oppose Lysimachus for he was probably fighting a war in Illyria to the north. According to Pausanius, "Pyrrhus was roaming around as usual".
765:
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1069:. When the Macedonian army heard that their homeland was being overrun by Pyrrhus, they turned on Demetrius. They were fed up with his autocratic rule and grandiose plans and refused to advance any further. Demetrius then led his army against Pyrrhus, probably hoping that his Macedonians would be more willing to fight a foreign invader rather than Lysimachus, a veteran of Alexander. Unfortunately for Demetrius, his troops were so fed up with him that they deserted to Pyrrhus and he had to flee. Lysimachus was soon joined by Pyrrhus and they decided to share rulership over Macedonia.
1049:
Pyrrhus to individual combat, and
Pyrrhus accepted. After hurling spears at each other they fought it out with swords. Pyrrhus was wounded, but in return wounded his opponent twice, in the thigh and in the neck. Pantauchus' bodyguards had to carry him away. Emboldened by their king's victory, the Epirotes resumed their attack and broke Pantauchus' army, and took 5,000 prisoners. The army then honoured Pyrrhus by bestowing the surname of 'Eagle' upon him. Demetrius, upon hearing of Pyrrhus's victory, marched back to Macedon. Pyrrhus released his prisoners and marched back to Epirus.
1368:
1349:. For two months he launched unsuccessful assaults on the city, until finally he realized he could not mount an effective siege without blockading it from the sea as well. Pyrrhus then requested manpower and money from the Sicilians in order to construct a powerful fleet. When the Sicilians became unhappy about these contributions he had to resort to compulsory contributions and force to keep them in line. These measures culminated in him proclaiming a military dictatorship of Sicily and installing military garrisons in Sicilian cities.
45:
1179:
1045:, hoping to neutralize them before he invaded Epirus. The Aetolians refused battle and retreated into the hills. After ransacking the Aetolians' countryside, Demetrius left a strong force under his best general Pantauchus in Aetolia and marched on Epirus. Meanwhile, Pyrrhus had raised his army and was marching to the rescue of his Aetolian allies. The two armies, on different roads, passed one another and Demetrius started plundering Epirus while Pyrrhus met Pantauchus in battle.
1061:
Diadochi
Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus allied against him. The three kings sent embassies to Pyrrhus trying to win him over to their side or at least get him to remain neutral. If the allies won and Pyrrhus remained neutral he would gain nothing. If on the other hand Demetrius would be victorious he could overwhelm Pyrrhus at any time in the future. Pyrrhus's personal enmity against Demetrius might have played an additional role in his decision to join the allies.
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defeated. In spite of this victory, Sicily continued to grow increasingly hostile to
Pyrrhus, who began to consider abandoning Sicily. At this point, Samnite and Tarentine envoys reached Pyrrhus and informed him that of all the Greek cities in Italy, only Tarentum had not been conquered by Rome. Pyrrhus made his decision and departed from Sicily. As his ship left the island, he turned and, foreshadowing the
1603:", which stems from a statement he is alleged to have made following the Battle of Asculum. In response to congratulations for winning a costly victory over the Romans, he is reported to have said: "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined". The term Pyrrhic Victory has therefore come to signify a victory that was won at such cost that it loses all worth.
1403:
958:. Pyrrhus probably fought with Demetrius on the right wing, a place of honour, and made a brilliant display of valour among the combatants. Despite these brave efforts, Antigonus lost both the battle and his life. Demetrius, victorious on his wing, managed to escape with 9,000 men, and Pyrrhus continued to serve his brother-in-law as he started rebuilding Antigonus' empire.
867:, where Antigonus was building up his forces, he shifted his attention from west to the east. Aeacides took advantage of the situation and returned to Epirus. He appears to have regained popularity and raised a large army. Cassander sent an army under his brother Philip who defeated Aeacides in two battles. Aeacides was wounded in the last battle and died soon after.
1155:, the Tarentines grew nervous and attacked the Romans in Thurii, driving the Roman garrison from the city and sinking several Roman warships. Tarentum was now faced with a Roman attack and certain defeat, unless they could enlist the aid of greater powers. Rome had already made itself into a major power, and was poised to subdue all the Greek cities in
1446:, so Pyrrhus sent against him part of his army, to prevent him from reinforcing Curius, whom Pyrrhus himself was left to deal with. He set out at night in order to reach his enemy secretly. However, the dense vegetation of the area caused problems for his men, who finally arrived at daylight, when they were tired and impossible to pass unnoticed.
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achieve anything. When the mutineers arrived in Epirus they caused a rebellion against their absent king and
Aeacides was dethroned. Cassander sent one of his generals, Lyciscus, to act as regent to the still underaged Neoptolemus. Epirus in effect became a puppet kingdom of Cassander. Pyrrhus' family fled north and took refuge with
1073:
erecting a bust to him and allowing him into the city for the celebrations. However, they did not allow his army to enter the city, probably fearing
Pyrrhus would install a garrison and make himself overlord of Athens. Pyrrhus made the most of the situation and advised the Athenians never to let a king enter their city again.
1612:
and city states of the
Hellenistic world to put on a united front against Rome resulted in their absorption into the Roman Empire or, in the case of some, the reduction to the status of a Roman client state. By 197 BC, Macedonia and many southern Greek city-states became Roman client states; in 188 BC, the
1611:
by the Romans brought them into direct competition with
Carthage, ultimately leading to the First Punic War. Rome's victory in this conflict arguably transformed it from a regional power to one of the most powerful states in the Mediterranean. Over the next century the failure of the various Kingdoms
1076:
Pyrrhus and
Demetrius made peace once more but, like all previous agreements, it did not last. When Demetrius, in 286 BC, invaded Asia in order to attack Lysimachus's Asian domains, Lysimachus requested that Pyrrhus invade Thessaly and from there attack Demetrius' garrisons in Greece. Pyrrhus agreed,
1060:
Demetrius, just as restless as
Pyrrhus, planned to invade Asia and reclaim his father's old domains. He first made peace with Pyrrhus granting him his holdings in Macedonia while holding on to Corcyra and Leucas, then he started to raise a vast army and a huge fleet. Faced with this threat, the other
1002:
Pyrrhus returned to Epirus at the head of an army, but not willing to fight a civil war he agreed to rule Epirus together with
Neoptolemus. Soon both kings started to plot against one another. Pyrrhus was informed of a plot against his life and decided to strike first. He invited his fellow king to a
811:
and marched on Macedon. In 317 BC, when Pyrrhus was only two, Olympias requested Aeacides' support yet again and he marched on Macedon a second time. Many of his soldiers did not like their service and mutinied. Aeacides released these soldiers from his army, but as a result his army was too small to
1530:
in the narrow city streets, Pyrrhus was trapped. While he was fighting an Argive soldier, the soldier's old mother, who was watching from a rooftop, threw a tile which knocked him from his horse and broke part of his spine, paralyzing him. Whether he was alive or not after the blow is unknown, but
1352:
These actions were deeply unpopular and soon Sicilian opinion became inflamed against him. Pyrrhus had so alienated the Sicilian Greeks that they were willing to make common cause with the Carthaginians. The Carthaginians took heart from this and sent another army against him. This army was promptly
1340:
In 276 BC, Pyrrhus negotiated with the Carthaginians. Although they were inclined to come to terms with Pyrrhus, supply him money and send him ships once friendly relations were established, he demanded that Carthage abandon all of Sicily and make the Libyan Sea a boundary between themselves and the
1285:
was the Roman commander, and while his able force was ultimately defeated, they almost managed to break the back of Pyrrhus' Epirot army, guaranteeing the security of Rome itself. In the end, the Romans lost 6,000 men and Pyrrhus 3,500 including many officers. Pyrrhus later famously commented on his
1064:
In 288 BC, the allied kings began their campaigns against Demetrius. Ptolemy sailed against Demetrius's Greek allies with a large fleet. Lysimachus invaded upper Macedonia from Thrace. Pyrrhus waited until Demetrius had marched against Lysimachus and then invaded southern Macedonia. Demetrius must
1048:
Pyrrhus had the bulk of the army of Epirus with him, probably 20,000–25,000 men, while Pantauchus commanded but a detachment of Demetrius' army consisting of around 11,000 men. The fighting was heavy, and according to the sources Pantauchus and Pyrrhus sought out one another. Pantauchus challenged
1495:
Antigonus managed to hold on to a number of coastal cities. He then waited for an opportunity to reclaim his kingdom while Pyrrhus was already looking for another war to fight. Furthermore, Pyrrhus made himself very unpopular in Macedon by allowing his Gauls to plunder the tombs of the Macedonian
1072:
Demetrius gathered a new army in Greece and besieged Athens, which had rebelled against the puppet government he had installed. The Athenians called on Pyrrhus for assistance and he marched against Demetrius once more. This caused Demetrius to raise the siege. The Athenians thanked Pyrrhus by
1449:
As a result the attack was repulsed, with Pyrrhus losing half of his elephants. The next day the Romans took the initiative of the attack. Their initial attack, thanks to the cunning of Pyrrhus and the strong resistance of the Epirotes, failed. However a second wave frightened the
1606:
Pyrrhus and his campaign in Italy provided the Greek world with an opportunity to check the advance of Rome further into the Mediterranean. The failure to fully exploit this opportunity while Rome was still only an Italian regional power had immense consequences. The conquest of
1052:
In 289 BC, Pyrrhus, learning that Demetrius was dangerously ill, invaded Macedonia. His original intention was merely to raid and pillage, but with Demetrius unable to lead his forces he met almost no opposition. Pyrrhus penetrated as far as the old Macedonian capital of
1040:
with her dowry, offering it and herself to Demetrius. He accepted, sailed to the island and took possession of both Corcyra and Lanassa. After returning to his army in mainland Greece, Demetrius planned to invade Epirus. In 289 BC, he invaded Pyrrhus' allies, the
1391:
1413:
Head of Kore left, wreathed with grain, long torch behind / Athena Alkis advancing left, brandishing spear in right hand & holding shield on left arm, star before face, thunderbolt in left field, E in right field; inscription BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΠYΡΡOY (of King
2201:
In 301 BC, at the Battle of Ipsus, Lysimachus had fielded 40,000 troops. Since then he had acquired half of Macedonia and western Asia Minor. With these combined assets his army could have numbered over 70,000 troops. Pyrrhus commanded 40,000 troops at
1453:
After this inconclusive battle, Pyrrhus decided to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus which resulted in the loss of essentially all the gains he had made in Italy. Only the city of Tarentum remained under the dominion of the Epirotes.
926:
In 302 BC, Demetrius took his army to Asia Minor to support his father Antigonus Monophthalmus. Pyrrhus impressed Antigonus for he is reputed to have said that Pyrrhus would become the greatest general of his time, if he lived long enough.
986:—respectively, Ptolemy I's wife and a Macedonian noble). In 297 BC, Cassander died and Ptolemy, always looking for allies, decided to help restore Pyrrhus to his kingdom. He provided Pyrrhus with men and funds and sent him back to Epirus.
1367:
1357:, said to his companions: "What a wrestling ground we are leaving, my friends, for the Carthaginians and the Romans." While his army was being transported by ship to mainland Italy, Pyrrhus' navy was destroyed by the Carthaginians at the
2238:, pp. 20-21: "When, however, a Roman fleet sailed into the Tarentine Gulf (perhaps in order to place a garrison in Thurii) and thereby violated the terms of a treaty probably made at the time of Cleonymus, Tarentum responded swiftly … "
1531:
his death was assured when a Macedonian soldier named Zopyrus, though frightened by the look on the face of the unconscious king, hesitantly and ineptly beheaded his motionless body. This story is later recounted by Plutarch in his
1595:
states, Pyrrhus' great toe on his right foot cured diseases of the spleen by merely touching the patient. His toe could also not be burned so when his body was cremated, his toe was put in a coffer, and kept at an unknown temple.
1269:
towards Rome. Pyrrhus now faced three armies; the garrison of Rome, Laevinus from the south and Curuncanius from the north. Not wanting to be caught between three armies Pyrrhus withdrew to Tarentum, where he wintered his troops.
1260:
from the Romans, but was thwarted in this by the reinforced army of Laevinus. He then boldly marched on Rome itself, but found its defences too formidable. Meanwhile, the Romans had made peace with the Etruscans and had recalled
887:
In 307 BC, Glaucias invaded Epirus and put Pyrrhus on the throne. Pyrrhus was only eleven years old, so his guardians ruled in his stead until he came of age. When he was seventeen he travelled to the court of Glaucias in
1450:
elephants – possibly with flaming arrows – causing them to rush against the Epirotes. The latter left the battlefield in disorder, and Pyrrhus had no choice but to withdraw from the battle.
1587:
Pyrrhus was known for his benevolence. As a general, Pyrrhus's greatest political weaknesses were his failures to maintain focus and to maintain a strong treasury at home (many of his soldiers were costly mercenaries).
1487:
of Macedon was the most obvious target. Pyrrhus raised an army from his Epirote garrisons, Gallic mercenaries and the troops he had brought back from Italy and marched east into Macedon. He won an easy victory at the
1084:
In 285 BC, Demetrius was defeated by Seleucus. This freed the hands of Lysimachus who decided to get rid of his co-ruler in Macedonia. He first isolated Pyrrhus from his traditional ally the Ptolemies, by marrying
1236:
reports the Romans lost about 7,000 while Pyrrhus lost 3,000 soldiers, including many of his best; Dionysius gives a bloodier view of 15,000 Roman dead and 13,000 Epirot. Several tribes, including the
1537:
Antigonus had him cremated with all honours and sent his surviving son Helenus back to Epirus. That same year, upon hearing the news of Pyrrhus's death, the Tarentinians surrendered to Rome.
1659:
Pyrrhus wrote memoirs and several books on the art of war. These have since been lost, although, according to Plutarch, Hannibal was influenced by them, and they received praise from
1065:
have thought that Pyrrhus would not renege on his treaty, because western and southern Macedonia fell without opposition. Meanwhile, Demetrius had won a victory over Lysimachus near
946:, had united against him. Lysimachus and Seleucus, reinforced by two of Cassander's armies, had concentrated their forces in Asia Minor and marched on Antigonus. Both armies met at
1483:
His western campaign had taken a heavy toll on his army as well as his treasury. Despite (or perhaps because of) this, Pyrrhus went to war yet again. The realm of his rival king
1286:
victory at Asculum, stating, "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined". It is from reports of this semi-legendary event that the term
1081:, Demetrius's son, who ceded Thessaly to him in order to make peace. Pyrrhus's Greek Empire was now at its zenith: he ruled an enlarged Epirus, half of Macedonia, and Thessaly.
1526:. Since Antigonus Gonatas was approaching too, he hastened to enter the city with his army by stealth, only to find the place crowded with hostile troops. During the confused
1077:
probably in order to keep his fractious Macedonian troops busy and less likely to rebel and also to gain an easy victory over the weakened Antigonids. He quickly defeated
5581:
1507:
of royal blood who was hated among fellow Spartans, asked Pyrrhus to attack Sparta and place him in power. Pyrrhus agreed to the plan, intending to win control of the
1644:. The league was dissolved and Rome took formal possession of the territoires which constitute modern day Greece, re-organising these territories into province of
1397:
Pyrrhos, King of Epeiros, 297–272 BC. Head of Zeus in wreath of oak / Demeter seated, holding long sceptre and her veil; caption ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΥΡΡΟΥ (of king Pyrrhus).
550:, and had been regarded as one of the greatest generals of antiquity. Several of his victorious battles caused him unacceptably heavy losses, from which the term "
1584:. While he was a mercurial and often restless leader, and not always a wise king, he was considered one of the greatest military commanders of his time.
733:) meaning -able or "pertaining to". According to others, the name's actual meaning is "fiery, red-coloured", and was especially used to denote red hair.
1949:
4649:
1652:
delivered the final coup de grace to the already much reduced Seleucid Empire, deposing its last ruler and absorbing its territories into the new
2218:, p. 298: "From 288 until 284, Pyrrhus and Lysimachus shared the rule of Macedonia until the latter drove the former back to Epirus (Plut.,
1523:
1345:, on the western end of the island. Pyrrhus eventually gave in to their proposals and broke off the peace negotiations. Pyrrhus' army then began
2091:, p. 32; Demetrius commanded the full might of the Macedonian army which at that particular time was much larger than the army of Epirus.
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983:
1978:
At Pyrrhus' birth in 319 BC, Aeacides was only a prince and his father, Arrybas, ruled Epirus as a regent to the underaged King Neoptolemus.
3713:
2373:
2300:
1678:. She died in 295 BC, possibly in childbirth, since that was the same year her son was born. His second wife was Lanassa, daughter of King
1322:, asked Pyrrhus to ascend the throne of Macedon. Pyrrhus decided that Sicily offered him a greater opportunity, and sailed his army there.
1036:, deserted him. She claimed that she, a daughter of a Greek king, could no longer bear to share her home with barbarian women. She fled to
1341:
Greeks. The Greek cities of Sicily opposed making peace with Carthage because the Carthaginians still controlled the powerful fortress of
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3049:
The Age of Pyrrhus, Proceedings of an International Conference held at Brown University April 8–10, 1988 (Archaeologia Transatlantica XI)
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The Age of Pyrrhus: Papers Delivered at the International Conference, Brown University, 8–10 April, 1988 (Archaeologia Transatlantica XI)
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Franke, P. R. (1989). "CHAPTER 10 PYRRHUS". In Astin, A. E.; Walbank, F. W.; Frederiksen, M. W.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Drummond, A. (eds.).
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before Demetrius was well enough to take the field. Since Demetrius commanded a superior force, Pyrrhus had no choice but to retreat.
5541:
896:
rose in rebellion, drove out Pyrrhus' supporters, and returned Neoptolemus to the throne. This time Glaucias was unable to help him.
764:
1337:, the strongest Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. This prompted the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities to defect to Pyrrhus.
800:
and Troias. In 319/318 BC, Arrybas, Aeacides' father and the regent of Epirus, died leaving Epirus to the joint kings Aeacides and
58:
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dinner and had him murdered. The act does not appear to have been unpopular as Epirus' nobility seem to have been devoted to him.
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1430:
While Pyrrhus had been campaigning against the Carthaginians, the Romans had rebuilt their army by calling up thousands of fresh
605:
435:
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through his mother, to inherit the kingdom of Sicily and his other son Alexander to be given Italy. In 277 BC, Pyrrhus captured
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1210:, who had also promised 9,000 soldiers and a further 50 elephants to defend Epirus while Pyrrhus and his army were away.
1159:. The Tarentines asked Pyrrhus to lead their war against the Romans. Pyrrhus was encouraged to aid the Tarentines by the
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Pyrrhus had little time to mourn, as he was immediately offered an opportunity to intervene in a civic dispute in
1256:, joined Pyrrhus. He then offered the Romans a peace treaty which was eventually rejected. Pyrrhus tried to wrest
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428:
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840:. Glaucias had to promise not to act against Cassander, but he refused to give up Pyrrhus and his family.
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The concept of a monarch having a touch that could heal all wounds may have originated with Pyrrhus. As
1329:. Pyrrhus was proclaimed king of Sicily. He was already making plans for his son Helenus, a grandson of
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5353:
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Epirus: The Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and the Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas
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Bust of Demetrius I of Macedonia, 1st century AD Roman copy of a Greek original from the 3rd century BC
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1151:, and sent warships to Thurii. Although this was designed as a measure against the Italian peoples of
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1632:), bequeathed the Kingdom and its considerable territories in Asia Minor to Rome in his will. At the
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who had married his sister Deidamia, and who was campaigning against Cassander in southern Greece.
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Rome & Parthia: Empires at War: Ventidius, Antony and the Second Romano-Parthian War, 40–20 BC
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3052:. Providence, RI: Center for Old World Archaeology and Art, Brown University. pp. 175–188.
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1803:, pp. 340–345; Hammond has argued convincingly that the Epirotes were a Greek-speaking people.
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and marched back north at the head of a large army. Pyrrhus, outnumbered, withdrew to Epirus.
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1010:. In 292 BC, he went to war against his former ally and brother-in-law Demetrius by invading
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due to a violation of an old treaty that specified Rome was not to send warships into the
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1927:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, p. 729; Tytler, Alexander Fraser. 1823.
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2828:
2805:
2784:
2763:
2708:
2687:
2666:
2645:
2615:
2406:
2273:
1737:
1691:
1307:
1278:
1078:
1054:
1019:
582:
408:
298:
5473:
5362:
5295:
5242:
4850:
4669:
4320:
4204:
4106:
3899:
3874:
3657:
3565:
1703:
1666:
Pyrrhus was married five times: his first wife Antigone bore him a daughter called
1378:
1374:
1315:
1168:
1160:
889:
825:
781:
705:
669:
631:
468:
354:
3125:. Vol. VII, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–485.
1325:
In 278 BC, soon after disembarking his army in Sicily, he lifted the Carthaginian
5201:
4546:
4503:
4438:
4398:
4214:
4091:
4033:
3998:
3990:
3869:
3570:
3280:
3246:
3141:
3120:
3078:
3047:
3026:
3005:
2984:
2963:
2886:
2865:
2854:
2843:
2799:
2778:
2757:
2702:
2681:
2660:
2639:
2609:
2598:
2535:
1675:
1613:
1600:
1592:
1527:
1512:
1473:
1463:
1287:
1042:
971:
939:
921:
769:
753:
613:
609:
566:
551:
445:
440:
391:
364:
44:
1925:
A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography
1826:
1025:
While he was back in Epirus, Pyrrhus suffered another setback. His second wife,
5424:
5331:
5263:
5172:
4923:
4493:
4433:
4121:
3731:
3373:
3219:
3192:
1821:
1645:
1641:
1199:
1136:
1132:
726:
687:
655:
557:
Pyrrhus became king of Epirus in 306 BC at the age of 13, but was dethroned by
547:
500:
248:
70:
2932:
519:
5510:
5458:
5416:
5230:
4891:
4880:
4378:
4368:
4325:
4290:
4018:
2848:. Providence, RI: Center for Old World Archaeology and Art, Brown University.
2738:
1864:
1608:
1334:
1156:
260:
2721:
1841:
1572:
ranked him as the greatest commander the world had ever seen, though in the
1178:
892:
to attend the wedding of one of Glaucias' sons. While he was in Illyria the
836:
dynasty. Cassander marched against Glaucias, defeated his army and captured
5478:
5438:
5389:
5371:
4933:
4896:
4860:
4513:
4498:
4413:
4353:
4315:
4295:
4280:
3955:
1682:(r. 317–289 BC), whom he married in about 295 BC; the couple had two sons,
1431:
1298:
In 278 BC, Pyrrhus received two offers simultaneously. The Greek cities in
1203:
1007:
535:
5468:
5349:
5286:
5281:
4473:
4468:
4408:
4393:
4330:
4275:
4252:
4247:
4222:
3960:
3067:
2908:
True Names: Vergil and the Alexandrian Tradition of Etymological Wordplay
1699:
1653:
1629:
1625:
1508:
1382:
1128:
1116:
1106:
994:
905:
738:
570:
398:
264:
54:
1163:. He recognized the possibility of carving out an empire for himself in
5217:
5032:
4999:
4865:
4523:
4383:
4270:
4237:
4199:
4191:
3560:
3255:
2827:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 279–305.
2454:
The easiest way for a king to raise funds was to invade his neighbours.
1923:. London and New York: Macmillan and Co, p. 168; Smith, William. 1860.
1908:
1637:
1617:
1545:
1354:
1306:, which along with Rome was one of the two great powers of the Western
1245:
1206:
in a bid to subdue the Romans. The elephants had been loaned to him by
1111:
1086:
1066:
967:
954:. The Battle of Ipsus was the largest and most important battle of the
935:
893:
864:
527:
214:
1686:
and Helenus; Lanassa left Pyrrhus. His third wife was the daughter of
5340:
5259:
4901:
4885:
4518:
4508:
4483:
4453:
4358:
4300:
4232:
4227:
3980:
3975:
3850:
3772:
3691:
3650:
3519:
3046:
Wilkes, Rolf (1992). "The Pyrrhus Portrait". In Hackens, Tony (ed.).
1435:
1342:
1237:
1152:
1094:
943:
829:
821:
817:
808:
558:
509:
5125:
3099:
5429:
5335:
5322:
5313:
5308:
5157:
4478:
4403:
4388:
3290:
3007:
Reconstructing Western Civilization: Irreverent Essays on Antiquity
1695:
1687:
1621:
1569:
1565:
1550:
1303:
1257:
1187:
1139:. In 282 BC, the Romans installed garrisons in the Greek cities of
1011:
879:
Bust of Pyrrhus of Epirus, Roman copy of Greek original inside the
860:
833:
789:
742:
593:
but was soon driven out, and lost all his gains in Italy after the
590:
531:
334:
288:
35:
1442:, had camped with his men. The other Highness was at that time in
784:, a Thessalian noblewoman, the daughter of the Thessalian general
5412:
5407:
5398:
5394:
5358:
5179:
5047:
4443:
2707:. New York, NY and London, UK: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
1443:
1266:
1249:
1241:
1229:
1195:
1191:
1172:
1148:
1124:
1037:
951:
574:
539:
329:
1175:
and his most powerful neighbor, and arrived in Italy in 280 BC.
1018:. Demetrius responded immediately; he left the siege to his son
5367:
5290:
5272:
4458:
2947:. Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated.
2885:
Kishlansky, Mark A.; Geary, Patrick; O'Brien, Patricia (2005).
2644:(Revised ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1921:
Milton's L'allegro, Il Penseroso, Arcades, Lycidas, Sonnets Etc
1660:
1649:
1581:
1554:
1504:
1299:
1274:
1218:
1140:
1030:
970:, under the terms of a peace treaty made between Demetrius and
678:
640:
586:
515:
477:
3164:
2030:, p. 14; Glaukias' kingdom was being attacked by pirates.
1265:, the other consul, who was marching his army southwards from
5380:
5326:
5317:
5250:
3083:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Limited. pp. 103–147.
2631:"Antigone (Egyptian Royal Genealogy - The Ptolemaic Dynasty)"
2571:
1319:
1253:
1164:
1144:
1006:
In 295 BC, Pyrrhus transferred the capital of his kingdom to
947:
750:
504:
62:
2665:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Limited.
2479:
He had inherited a powerful navy from his father, Demetrius.
19:
This article is about the Epirote king. For other uses, see
5254:
2596:
1896:
1702:(r. c. 295–290 BC); and his fifth wife was the daughter of
1511:
for himself, but unexpected strong resistance thwarted his
930:
Antigonus had grown too powerful and the other successors,
714:
695:
643:
480:
2884:
1784:
1213:
Due to his superior cavalry, his elephants and his deadly
662:), meaning flame-like or flammable, derived from the word
3122:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Rise of Rome to 220 BC
3101:
For the Glory of Rome: A History of Warriors and Warfare
3072:. New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
2704:
Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War
1576:, Plutarch writes that Hannibal placed him second after
1186:
Pyrrhus entered Italy with an army consisting of 20,000
2983:
Sekunda, Nick; Northwood, Simon; Hook, Richard (1995).
1438:, one of the two Roman Consuls for that year (275 BC),
855:
By 313 BC, Cassander was distracted by his war against
612:
was thwarted, however, and Pyrrhus was killed during a
2576:
2574:
2285:"History of Liberty: The Ancient Romans" (1853), p. 6.
1939:
1937:
565:
and regained his throne in 297 BC with the support of
1628:, the last King of Pergamon (excluding the pretender
717:
646:
492:
483:
2982:
1772:
1381:
with oak wreath, caption ΦΘΙΑΣ (of Phtia). Reverse:
847:
The infant Pyrrhus is presented to King Glaucias by
711:
675:
637:
474:
2611:
HarperCollins College Outline World History to 1648
2608:Anglin, Jay Pascal; Hamblin, William James (1993).
1934:
708:
672:
634:
471:
3010:. Selingsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press.
2940:
2641:In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon
1232:. There are conflicting sources about casualties.
5582:Non-dynastic kings of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
2136:Reputedly raising 110,000 soldiers and 500 ships.
1281:, where Pyrrhus won a costly victory. The consul
807:Aeacides supported Olympias in her fight against
546:. He was one of the strongest opponents of early
5508:
1361:, with 98 warships sunk or disabled out of 110.
2888:Civilization in the West (Volume 1, Parts 1-12)
2823:. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).
2780:Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders
2323:
2321:
2943:Twelve Greeks and Romans who Changed the World
2246:
2244:
5141:
3707:
3306:
2853:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967).
2607:
1764:
974:. There, he married Ptolemy I's stepdaughter
624:The Latinized Pyrrhus derives from the Greek
3031:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Limited.
2755:
2739:Encyclopædia Britannica ("Pyrrhus") (2013).
2356:
2344:
2318:
2289:
1694:; his fourth wife was the Illyrian princess
1519:, who had been in command of the rearguard.
1143:(on the western end of the Tarentine Gulf),
3104:. London: Greenhill Books. pp. 15–77.
2870:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2722:Encyclopædia Britannica ("Epirus") (2013).
2241:
1515:. On the retreat he lost his firstborn son
561:four years later. He saw action during the
5148:
5134:
3714:
3700:
3313:
3299:
2905:
1943:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1725:
1723:
1029:, daughter of the self-proclaimed king of
600:Pyrrhus seized the Macedonian throne from
2818:
2215:
1964:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeekes2010 (
776:In c. 319 BC, Pyrrhus was born to prince
2658:
2488:
2463:
2312:
2211:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2145:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1865:Encyclopædia Britannica ("Pyrrhus") 2013
1544:
1467:
1177:
1110:
993:
966:In 298 BC, Pyrrhus was taken hostage to
874:
842:
763:
59:National Archaeological Museum of Naples
3139:
3003:
2938:
2852:
2841:
2679:
2628:
2580:
2565:
2235:
1892:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1842:Encyclopædia Britannica ("Epirus") 2013
1837:
1835:
1806:
1800:
1768:
1756:
1729:
1720:
1580:. This latter account is also given by
1093:. He also made a large donation to the
737:was also used as an alternate name for
573:, Pyrrhus fought Rome at the behest of
5509:
3721:
3118:
3065:
3045:
3024:
2961:
2867:Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World
2797:
2508:
2259:
1987:
1955:
1788:
1780:
1457:
915:
569:. During what came to be known as the
5155:
5129:
4646:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
3695:
3294:
3097:
3076:
2863:
2804:. London, UK: Penguin Books Limited.
2776:
2637:
2163:
1993:
1888:
1876:
1760:
1419:
1100:
5114:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
3680:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
3320:
2968:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
2864:Jones, Christopher Prestige (1999).
2762:. London, UK: Stacey International.
2700:
2686:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
2597:American Numismatic Society (1960).
1847:
1832:
1785:Kishlansky, Geary & O'Brien 2005
1776:
1599:Pyrrhus lends his name to the term "
1385:, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΥΡΡΟΥ (of King Pyrrhus).
1277:(279 BC), the two armies met in the
1228:in 280 BC, in the Roman province of
792:, making Pyrrhus a second cousin to
436:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
2600:Numismatic Literature, Issues 50-57
13:
5537:3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs
3360:
3058:
1931:. Concord, NH: Isaac Hill, p. 102.
1773:Sekunda, Northwood & Hook 1995
1574:Life of Titus Quinctius Flamininus
1377:, 278 BC. Obverse: Veiled head of
1293:
859:, one of the most powerful of the
49:A marble bust of Pyrrhus from the
14:
5598:
3152:
2989:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
1730:Sampson, Gareth C. (2020-08-05).
1706:, whom he married in 281/280 BC.
1640:of Corinth and its allies in the
1217:, he defeated the Romans, led by
1115:Routes taken against Rome in the
534:house, and later he became king (
16:King of Epirus from 297 to 272 BC
5542:4th-century BC Greek politicians
2910:. University of Michigan Press.
2825:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
2821:"Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus"
1919:Milton, John and W. Bell. 1890.
1897:American Numismatic Society 1960
1402:
1390:
1366:
1302:asked him to come and drive out
704:
668:
630:
467:
43:
3159:Pyrrhus of Epirus on Livius.org
2965:Roma: The Novel of Ancient Rome
2891:. London, UK: Pearson Longman.
2783:. New York, NY: DK Publishing.
2614:. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
2559:
2550:
2529:
2494:
2482:
2473:
2457:
2448:
2432:
2416:
2395:
2379:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2306:
2278:
2229:
2205:
2195:
2178:
2151:
2139:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2008:
1981:
1972:
1913:
1909:Malalas, Chronography, § 8.208
1698:, who was the daughter of King
1359:Battle of the Strait of Messina
989:
424:Battle of the Strait of Messina
5572:Ancient Greek military writers
3004:Tinsley, Barbara Sher (2006).
2859:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
2819:Greenwalt, William S. (2010).
2743:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
2726:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
2603:. American Numismatic Society.
2466:, pp. 125–128; Plutarch.
2255:. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
1902:
1882:
1870:
1794:
1750:
908:and served his brother-in-law
870:
824:tribes. Pyrrhus was raised by
577:, scoring costly victories at
1:
5547:4th-century BC Greek monarchs
5118:in most of their territories.
3916:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
2756:Garouphalias, Petros (1979).
1709:
1426:Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)
759:
3665:Pseudo-Philip/Pseudo-Perseus
2502:"Plutarch • Life of Pyrrhus"
2422:Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
1714:
1636:in 146 BC Rome defeated the
1318:had been killed by invading
619:
585:. He proceeded to take over
510:
7:
5532:3rd-century BC Greek people
3911:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
2842:Hackens, Tony, ed. (1992).
1929:Elements of General History
1616:was forced to cede most of
1167:. He made an alliance with
863:. Fearing an invasion from
788:. Aeacides was a cousin of
10:
5603:
5194:On the Malice of Herodotus
3069:Makers of History: Pyrrhus
2680:Chamoux, François (2003).
2589:
2516:History of the Syrian Wars
2402:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1736:. Pen and Sword Military.
1492:and took most of Macedon.
1461:
1423:
1373:Coin of Pyrrhus minted at
1248:, and the Greek cities of
1104:
961:
919:
505:
18:
5487:
5451:
5210:
5164:
5112:
5018:
4849:
4756:
4698:
4611:
4532:
4339:
4261:
4213:
4190:
4032:
3989:
3860:
3816:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
3806:
3763:
3730:
3678:
3644:Post-Conquest Rebel Kings
3643:
3605:
3543:
3510:
3492:Alexander III (the Great)
3372:
3358:
3328:
3278:
3270:
3260:
3244:
3236:
3226:
3217:
3209:
3199:
3190:
3182:
2939:Richard, Carl J. (2003).
2638:Borza, Eugene N. (1992).
1765:Anglin & Hamblin 1993
1540:
1222:Publius Valerius Laevinus
1182:Pyrrhus and his elephants
904:Pyrrhus travelled to the
730:
691:
659:
456:
379:
374:
370:
360:
350:
340:
328:
297:
271:
254:
238:
234:
224:
210:
202:
195:
185:
175:
167:
157:
147:
139:
132:
122:
112:
104:
94:
84:
80:297–272 BC (second reign)
76:
69:
42:
33:
28:
4177:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
3976:Cleopatra VII Philopator
3251:288–285 BC
3140:Leveque, Pierre (1957).
2801:The 33 Strategies of War
2683:Hellenistic Civilization
2266:Marcus Junianus Justinus
1310:. At the same time, the
899:
514:; 319/318–272 BC) was a
108:307–302 BC (first reign)
5452:Translators and editors
4974:'s attempted rule with
4655:Mithridates V Euergetes
4067:Antiochus III the Great
3880:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3821:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
3745:Alexander III the Great
3240:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
3172:Encyclopædia Britannica
3146:. Paris: E. de Boccard.
2962:Saylor, Steven (2007).
2798:Greene, Robert (2008).
2759:Pyrrhus: King of Epirus
2659:Champion, Jeff (2009).
2629:Bennett, Chris (2010).
2370:Parallel Lives: Pyrrhus
2329:Parallel Lives: Pyrrhus
2297:Parallel Lives: Pyrrhus
1654:Roman province of Syria
1549:A statue of Pyrrhus in
1208:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1091:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
982:from her first husband
857:Antigonus Monophthalmus
608:in 272 BC. The Epirote
606:invaded the Peloponnese
5567:Ancient Greek generals
5552:Ancient child monarchs
4758:Monarchs of Cappadocia
4660:Mithridates VI Eupator
4182:Philip II Philoromaeus
4167:Antiochus XII Dionysus
4157:Demetrius III Eucaerus
4152:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
4137:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
4077:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
4072:Seleucus IV Philopator
4057:Seleucus II Callinicus
3956:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
3831:Demetrius II Aetolicus
3366:
3175:(11th ed.). 1911.
3080:Roman Conquests: Italy
3066:Abbott, Jacob (1901).
3025:Winkes, John (1995) .
2906:O'Hara, J. J. (2017).
2701:Daly, Gregory (2003).
1680:Agathocles of Syracuse
1634:destruction of Corinth
1624:(Pergamum). In 133 BC
1557:
1480:
1478:François Topino-Lebrun
1440:Manius Curius Dentatus
1331:Agathocles of Syracuse
1183:
1120:
1034:Agathocles of Syracuse
999:
956:Wars of the Successors
884:
881:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
852:
796:. He had two sisters:
773:
614:street battle at Argos
258:272 BC (aged about 46)
5577:Hellenistic Macedonia
4700:Monarchs of Commagene
4621:Mithridates I Ctistes
4162:Philip I Philadelphus
4142:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
4132:Antiochus VIII Grypus
4127:Seleucus V Philometor
4112:Antiochus VII Sidetes
4102:Antiochus VI Dionysus
4062:Seleucus III Ceraunus
3961:Berenice IV Epiphanea
3906:Ptolemy VI Philometor
3890:Ptolemy IV Philopator
3885:Ptolemy III Euergetes
3750:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3364:
2929:Description of Greece
2777:Grant, R. G. (2010).
1648:. Finally, in 63 BC,
1548:
1471:
1424:Further information:
1273:When Pyrrhus invaded
1181:
1114:
997:
910:Demetrius Poliorcetes
878:
846:
820:, one of the largest
767:
526:. He was king of the
53:at the Roman site of
4534:Monarchs of Bithynia
4117:Alexander II Zabinas
4097:Demetrius II Nicator
4014:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
3981:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
3946:Ptolemy XI Alexander
3921:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
3826:Antigonus II Gonatas
3274:Antigonus II Gonatas
3264:Antigonus II Gonatas
3098:Cowan, Ross (2007).
3077:Cowan, Ross (2009).
2222:7–12)."; Pausanius.
1263:Tiberius Coruncanius
1234:Hieronymus of Cardia
1014:while Demetrius was
849:Nicolas-René Jollain
828:, Glaucias' wife, a
602:Antigonus II Gonatas
595:Battle of Beneventum
563:Wars of the Diadochi
429:Battle of Beneventum
387:Wars of the Diadochi
5227:Alexander the Great
5116:Hellenistic satraps
4147:Antiochus X Eusebes
4082:Antiochus V Eupator
4024:Cleopatra Selene II
3951:Ptolemy XII Auletes
3936:Ptolemy X Alexander
3931:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
3895:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
3836:Antigonus III Doson
2359:, pp. 109–112.
1578:Alexander the Great
1458:Last wars and death
1347:besieging Lilybaeum
980:Berenice I of Egypt
916:The Battle of Ipsus
794:Alexander the Great
51:Villa of the Papyri
5562:Ancient Molossians
5464:Arthur Hugh Clough
5020:Monarchs of Epirus
4853:Cimmerian Bosporus
4613:Monarchs of Pontus
4172:Cleopatra Selene I
4052:Antiochus II Theos
4042:Seleucus I Nicator
4009:Demetrius the Fair
3991:Monarchs of Cyrene
3512:Antipatrid dynasty
3367:
2986:Early Roman Armies
2541:Naturalis Historia
2347:, pp. 97–108.
2214:, pp. 37–39;
1558:
1490:Battle of the Aous
1481:
1420:Retreat from Italy
1283:Publius Decius Mus
1226:Battle of Heraclea
1184:
1123:The Greek city of
1121:
1101:Struggle with Rome
1000:
885:
853:
778:Aeacides of Epirus
774:
524:Hellenistic period
419:Siege of Lilybaeum
404:Battle of Heraclea
197:Tyrant of Syracuse
5517:Pyrrhus of Epirus
5504:
5503:
5491:Comparison extant
5421:Tiberius Gracchus
5187:De genio Socratis
5123:
5122:
4603:Socrates Chrestus
4092:Alexander I Balas
4087:Demetrius I Soter
4047:Antiochus I Soter
3793:Antipater Etesias
3689:
3688:
3607:Antigonid dynasty
3596:
3544:Dynastic conflict
3469:Ptolemy of Aloros
3457:
3289:
3288:
3285:274–272 BC
3261:Succeeded by
3227:Succeeded by
3200:Succeeded by
3111:978-1-85-367733-5
3090:978-1-84-415937-6
2975:978-0-312-32831-3
2834:978-1-4051-7936-2
2811:978-0-14-311278-5
2790:978-0-7566-7341-3
2672:978-1-84468-282-9
2662:Pyrrhus of Epirus
2424:Roman Antiquities
2407:Roman Antiquities
2357:Garouphalias 1979
2345:Garouphalias 1979
2315:, pp. 75–76.
2270:Epitome of Trogus
2160:, pp. 35–36.
2148:, pp. 34–35.
2115:, pp. 33–34.
2054:, pp. 14–17.
1743:978-1-5267-1015-4
1674:in honour of her
1513:assault on Sparta
1485:Antigonus Gonatas
1411:Kingdom of Epirus
1409:Coin of Pyrrhus,
1327:Siege of Syracuse
1279:Battle of Asculum
1079:Antigonus Gonatas
1020:Antigonus Gonatas
745:and the princess
610:assault on Sparta
460:
459:
414:Siege of Syracuse
409:Battle of Asculum
5594:
5557:Ancient Epirotes
5474:Philemon Holland
5363:Cato the Younger
5243:Aratus of Sicyon
5150:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5126:
4915:
4831:Ariobarzanes III
4205:Ptolemy Epigonos
4107:Diodotus Tryphon
3900:Cleopatra I Syra
3875:Ptolemy Keraunos
3716:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3659:Pseudo-Alexander
3590:
3566:Ptolemy Ceraunus
3451:
3322:Kings of Macedon
3315:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3271:Preceded by
3237:Preceded by
3210:Preceded by
3183:Preceded by
3180:
3179:
3176:
3168:
3147:
3136:
3115:
3094:
3073:
3053:
3042:
3021:
3000:
2979:
2958:
2946:
2921:
2902:
2881:
2860:
2849:
2838:
2815:
2794:
2773:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2718:
2697:
2676:
2655:
2634:
2633:. Tyndale House.
2625:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2383:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2188:, 12; Plutarch.
2182:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1727:
1704:Ptolemy Keraunos
1670:and a son named
1533:Life of Pyrrhus.
1496:kings at Aegae.
1406:
1394:
1370:
1316:Ptolemy Keraunos
1215:phalanx infantry
1169:Ptolemy Keraunos
1161:Oracle of Delphi
1131:, fell out with
1089:, the sister of
1016:besieging Thebes
732:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
693:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
661:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
538:also called him
513:
508:
507:
495:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
47:
26:
25:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5587:Kings of Epirus
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5483:
5447:
5434:Aemilius Paulus
5206:
5202:Pseudo-Plutarch
5160:
5154:
5124:
5119:
5108:
5014:
5005:Mithridates III
4909:
4852:
4851:Monarchs of the
4845:
4826:Ariobarzanes II
4811:Ariarathes VIII
4752:
4738:Mithridates III
4694:
4636:Mithridates III
4607:
4528:
4335:
4263:Greco-Bactrians
4257:
4209:
4186:
4028:
3985:
3870:Ptolemy I Soter
3856:
3802:
3759:
3726:
3720:
3690:
3685:
3674:
3639:
3601:
3539:
3506:
3368:
3356:
3324:
3319:
3284:
3281:King of Macedon
3276:
3266:
3252:
3250:
3247:King of Macedon
3242:
3232:
3223:
3215:
3205:
3196:
3188:
3166:"Pyrrhus"
3163:
3155:
3150:
3133:
3112:
3091:
3061:
3059:Further reading
3056:
3039:
3018:
2997:
2976:
2955:
2918:
2899:
2878:
2835:
2812:
2791:
2770:
2746:
2744:
2729:
2727:
2715:
2694:
2673:
2652:
2622:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:Pausanias, 7.16
2555:
2551:
2534:
2530:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2468:Life of Pyrrhus
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2440:Life of Pyrrhus
2437:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2400:
2396:
2387:Life of Pyrrhus
2384:
2380:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2224:Guide to Greece
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2077:Life of Pyrrhus
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1818:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:, p. 113;
1771:, p. 139;
1767:, p. 121;
1759:, p. 239;
1755:
1751:
1744:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1620:to Rome's ally
1614:Seleucid Empire
1601:Pyrrhic victory
1593:Pliny the Elder
1562:Life of Pyrrhus
1543:
1528:Battle of Argos
1474:Siege of Sparta
1466:
1464:Siege of Sparta
1460:
1434:. Near today's
1428:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1371:
1296:
1294:Ruler of Sicily
1288:Pyrrhic victory
1109:
1103:
1043:Aetolian League
992:
978:(a daughter of
972:Ptolemy I Soter
964:
924:
922:Battle of Ipsus
918:
902:
873:
770:Nicolas Poussin
762:
754:Greek mythology
707:
703:
698:and the suffix
671:
667:
633:
629:
622:
567:Ptolemy I Soter
552:Pyrrhic victory
530:, of the royal
493:
470:
466:
452:
446:Battle of Argos
441:Siege of Sparta
392:Battle of Ipsus
375:Military career
324:
293:
259:
243:
134:King of Macedon
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5600:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5527:310s BC births
5524:
5519:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:Four unpaired
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5436:
5427:
5425:Gaius Gracchus
5410:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5347:
5338:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5275:
5266:
5264:Cato the Elder
5257:
5240:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5176:
5173:Parallel Lives
5168:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Neoptolemus II
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4958:Mithridates II
4955:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4924:Paerisades III
4921:
4916:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4821:Ariobarzanes I
4818:
4813:
4808:
4806:Ariarathes VII
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Ariarathes III
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4728:Mithridates II
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4631:Mithridates II
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:Apollodotus II
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4122:Cleopatra Thea
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3374:Argead dynasty
3370:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:King of Epirus
3216:
3213:Neoptolemus II
3211:
3207:
3206:
3203:Neoptolemus II
3201:
3198:
3193:King of Epirus
3189:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3161:
3154:
3153:External links
3151:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3095:
3089:
3074:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3037:
3022:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2936:
2922:
2917:978-0472036875
2916:
2903:
2897:
2882:
2876:
2861:
2850:
2839:
2833:
2816:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2753:
2736:
2719:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2677:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2605:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2570:
2568:, p. 211.
2558:
2549:
2528:
2507:
2493:
2491:, p. 128.
2481:
2472:
2456:
2447:
2431:
2415:
2394:
2378:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2317:
2305:
2288:
2277:
2258:
2240:
2228:
2216:Greenwalt 2010
2204:
2194:
2177:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2007:
1992:
1990:, p. 124.
1980:
1971:
1948:
1946:, p. 106.
1933:
1912:
1901:
1899:, p. 196.
1895:, p. 62;
1891:, p. 45;
1881:
1869:
1846:
1831:
1822:Parallel Lives
1805:
1793:
1791:, p. 332.
1783:, p. 98;
1763:, p. 17;
1749:
1742:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1642:Achaean League
1542:
1539:
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1365:
1295:
1292:
1137:Tarentine Gulf
1129:southern Italy
1105:Main article:
1102:
1099:
991:
988:
963:
960:
920:Main article:
917:
914:
901:
898:
872:
869:
761:
758:
621:
618:
604:in 274 BC and
554:" was coined.
458:
457:
454:
453:
451:
450:
449:
448:
443:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
396:
395:
394:
383:
381:
377:
376:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
337:
332:
326:
325:
323:
322:
319:
314:
309:
303:
301:
295:
294:
292:
291:
286:
281:
275:
273:
269:
268:
256:
252:
251:
240:
236:
235:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
130:
129:
127:Neoptolemus II
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
89:Neoptolemus II
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
71:King of Epirus
67:
66:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5599:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:272 BC deaths
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:Jacques Amyot
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5231:Julius Caesar
5228:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:Neoptolemus I
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:Mithridates I
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Paerisades IV
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Paerisades II
4890:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:Spartokos III
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Ariarathes IX
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Ariarathes VI
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:Ariarathes IV
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Ariarathes II
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Antiochus III
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:Mithridates I
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Nicomedes III
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Demetrius III
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Antimachus II
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Apollodotus I
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:Eucratides II
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Euthydemus II
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:Ptolemy Apion
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Cleopatra III
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Antigonus III
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:Perdiccas III
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3132:0-521-23446-8
3128:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3038:0-631-19807-5
3034:
3030:
3029:
3028:The Illyrians
3023:
3019:
3017:1-57591-095-0
3013:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2996:1-85532-513-6
2992:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2954:0-7425-2791-3
2950:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2898:0-321-23621-1
2894:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2877:0-674-50527-1
2873:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2769:0-905743-13-X
2765:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2742:
2737:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2714:0-203-98750-0
2710:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2693:0-631-22242-1
2689:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2651:0-691-00880-9
2647:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2621:0-06-467123-2
2617:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2489:Champion 2009
2485:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2464:Champion 2009
2460:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:Champion 2009
2309:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:Champion 2009
2208:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2175:, p. 37.
2174:
2173:Champion 2009
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:Champion 2009
2154:
2147:
2146:Champion 2009
2142:
2133:
2127:, p. 34.
2126:
2125:Champion 2009
2121:
2114:
2113:Champion 2009
2109:
2103:, p. 32.
2102:
2101:Champion 2009
2097:
2090:
2089:Champion 2009
2085:
2078:
2072:
2066:, p. 18.
2065:
2064:Champion 2009
2060:
2053:
2052:Champion 2009
2048:
2042:, p. 15.
2041:
2040:Champion 2009
2036:
2029:
2028:Champion 2009
2024:
2017:
2011:
2005:, p. 12.
2004:
2003:Champion 2009
1999:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1879:, p. 62.
1878:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:, p. 4;
1778:
1775:, p. 6;
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:Pompey Magnus
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:Magna Graecia
1604:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:records that
1567:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:, whose King
1313:
1309:
1308:Mediterranean
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:war elephants
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Magna Graecia
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
996:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
923:
913:
911:
907:
897:
895:
891:
883:in Copenhagen
882:
877:
868:
866:
862:
858:
850:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
766:
757:
755:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
728:
722:
701:
697:
689:
683:
665:
657:
651:
627:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
502:
498:
497:
488:
464:
455:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
393:
390:
389:
388:
385:
384:
382:
378:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:
331:
327:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
302:
300:
296:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:, now in the
56:
52:
46:
41:
38:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5495:
5479:Thomas North
5439:Themistocles
5390:Gaius Marius
5385:
5234:
5178:
5171:
5078:Alexander II
5072:
4934:Paerisades V
4897:Spartokos IV
4861:Paerisades I
4836:Ariarathes X
4791:Ariarathes V
4766:Ariarathes I
4748:Antiochus IV
4733:Antiochus II
4665:Pharnaces II
4626:Ariobarzanes
4598:Nicomedes IV
4588:Nicomedes II
4514:Apollophanes
4499:Hippostratos
4414:Heliokles II
4374:Demetrius II
4354:Antimachus I
4316:Eucratides I
4311:Demetrius II
4296:Antimachus I
4281:Euthydemus I
3966:Ptolemy XIII
3941:Berenice III
3788:Antipater II
3755:Alexander IV
3681:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3651:
3620:Demetrius II
3615:Antigonus II
3592:
3591:
3586:Antigonus II
3576:Antipater II
3555:
3502:Alexander IV
3480:
3468:
3463:Alexander II
3453:
3417:Perdiccas II
3350:
3343:
3336:
3279:
3254:
3245:
3230:Alexander II
3218:
3191:
3170:
3142:
3121:
3100:
3079:
3068:
3048:
3027:
3006:
2985:
2964:
2942:
2928:
2907:
2887:
2866:
2855:
2844:
2824:
2800:
2779:
2758:
2745:. Retrieved
2728:. Retrieved
2703:
2682:
2661:
2640:
2610:
2599:
2581:Bennett 2010
2566:Tinsley 2006
2561:
2552:
2539:
2531:
2515:
2510:
2496:
2484:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2450:
2439:
2434:
2423:
2418:
2405:
2397:
2386:
2381:
2369:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2308:
2296:
2291:
2280:
2269:
2261:
2252:
2236:Hackens 1992
2231:
2223:
2219:
2207:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2153:
2141:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2015:
2010:
1983:
1974:
1951:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1904:
1893:Chamoux 2003
1884:
1872:
1820:
1801:Hammond 1967
1796:
1769:Richard 2003
1757:Hackens 1992
1752:
1732:
1665:
1658:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1573:
1561:
1559:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1452:
1448:
1429:
1351:
1339:
1324:
1297:
1290:originates.
1272:
1212:
1185:
1122:
1119:(280–275 BC)
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1024:
1005:
1001:
990:Second reign
965:
929:
925:
903:
886:
854:
806:
775:
734:
699:
663:
625:
623:
599:
556:
462:
461:
380:Battles/wars
317:Alexander II
190:Antigonus II
162:Antigonus II
152:Antigonus II
99:Alexander II
34:
5469:John Dryden
5350:Philopoemen
5287:Demosthenes
5099:Pyrrhus III
5083:Olympias II
5053:Alexander I
4910: [
4907:Spartokos V
4776:Ariamnes II
4723:Antiochus I
4685:Pythodorida
4641:Pharnaces I
4562:Zipoetes II
4557:Nicomedes I
4474:Artemidoros
4469:Menander II
4409:Antialcidas
4394:Agathokleia
4349:Demetrius I
4341:Indo-Greeks
4331:Heliocles I
4286:Demetrius I
4276:Diodotus II
4253:Eumenes III
4248:Attalus III
4223:Philetaerus
4192:Lysimachids
4004:Berenice II
3971:Ptolemy XIV
3853:(pretender)
3783:Alexander V
3765:Antipatrids
3723:Hellenistic
3551:Demetrius I
3535:Alexander V
3530:Antipater I
3447:Amyntas III
3412:Alexander I
3382:Perdiccas I
3365:Vergina Sun
3224:297–272 BC
3197:307–302 BC
2251:"Pyrrhus".
1988:Wilkes 1992
1956:Beekes 2010
1944:O'Hara 2017
1789:Saylor 2007
1781:Greene 2008
1700:Bardylis II
1630:Eumenes III
1626:Attalus III
1509:Peloponnese
1499:In 272 BC,
1383:Thunderbolt
1312:Macedonians
1117:Pyrrhic War
1107:Pyrrhic War
906:Peloponnese
871:First reign
818:Taulantians
802:Neoptolemus
739:Neoptolemus
597:in 275 BC.
571:Pyrrhic War
399:Pyrrhic War
265:Peloponnese
219:Sosistratus
211:Predecessor
180:Demetrius I
176:Predecessor
148:Predecessor
113:Predecessor
85:Predecessor
55:Herculaneum
5511:Categories
5354:Flamininus
5247:Artaxerxes
5222:Coriolanus
5218:Alcibiades
5089:Pyrrhus II
5068:Alcetas II
5033:Tharrhypas
5000:Gepaepyris
4972:Scribonius
4866:Satyros II
4796:Orophernes
4708:Ptolemaeus
4690:Polemon II
4583:Prusias II
4552:Zipoetes I
4524:Strato III
4449:Theophilos
4429:Philoxenus
4384:Menander I
4364:Agathocles
4306:Agathocles
4271:Diodotus I
4243:Attalus II
4238:Eumenes II
4200:Lysimachus
3808:Antigonids
3561:Lysimachus
3497:Philip III
3481:Amyntas IV
3454:Argaeus II
3437:Amyntas II
3432:Aeropus II
3256:Lysimachus
3186:Alcetas II
2438:Plutarch.
2385:Plutarch.
2368:Plutarch.
2327:Plutarch.
2295:Plutarch.
2184:Plutarch.
2075:Plutarch.
1889:Jones 1999
1877:Borza 1992
1819:Plutarch.
1761:Grant 2010
1710:References
1690:, King of
1676:stepfather
1638:city-state
1618:Asia Minor
1355:Punic Wars
1246:Messapians
1171:, King of
1087:Arsinoe II
1067:Amphipolis
968:Alexandria
936:Lysimachus
894:Molossians
865:Asia Minor
851:(ca. 1779)
772:(ca. 1634)
760:Early life
694:) meaning
528:Molossians
206:278–276 BC
171:288–285 BC
143:274–272 BC
117:Alcetas II
5417:Cleomenes
5404:Sertorius
5377:Poplicola
5372:Agesilaus
5345:Marcellus
5341:Pelopidas
5278:Demetrius
5260:Aristides
5156:Works of
5073:Pyrrhus I
5038:Alcetas I
4944:Pharnaces
4919:Kamasarye
4902:Leukon II
4886:Hygiainon
4841:Archelaus
4680:Polemon I
4578:Prusias I
4519:Strato II
4509:Zoilos II
4504:Dionysios
4484:Archebius
4454:Peukolaos
4419:Polyxenos
4359:Pantaleon
4301:Pantaleon
4233:Attalus I
4228:Eumenes I
4034:Seleucids
3862:Ptolemies
3851:Philip VI
3798:Sosthenes
3778:Philip IV
3773:Cassander
3740:Philip II
3670:Euephenes
3652:Andriscus
3581:Sosthenes
3525:Philip IV
3520:Cassander
3487:Philip II
3442:Pausanias
3422:Archelaus
3407:Amyntas I
3397:Aeropus I
3387:Argaeus I
3329:Legendary
2925:Pausanias
2741:"Pyrrhus"
2190:Demetrius
1777:Daly 2003
1715:Citations
1684:Alexander
1646:Macedonia
1501:Cleonymus
1436:Benevento
1414:Pyrrhus).
1343:Lilybaeum
1238:Lucanians
1224:, in the
1202:, and 20
1095:Aetolians
944:Cassander
838:Apollonia
830:Molossian
809:Cassander
741:, son of
620:Etymology
559:Cassander
520:statesman
518:king and
365:Hellenism
242:c. 319 BC
225:Successor
186:Successor
158:Successor
123:Successor
95:Successor
5443:Camillus
5430:Timoleon
5336:Lycurgus
5323:Lysander
5314:Lucullus
5309:Pericles
5158:Plutarch
5104:Deidamia
5085:(regent)
5058:Aeacides
4995:Aspurgus
4888:(regent)
4871:Prytanis
4713:Sames II
4569:(regent)
4542:Boteiras
4489:Telephos
4479:Hermaeus
4434:Diomedes
4404:Strato I
4389:Zoilos I
4215:Attalids
3902:(regent)
3841:Philip V
3630:Philip V
3571:Meleager
3392:Philip I
3351:Tyrimmas
2724:"Epirus"
2514:Appian.
2014:Justin,
1696:Bircenna
1688:Audoleon
1668:Olympias
1622:Pergamon
1570:Hannibal
1566:Plutarch
1551:Ioannina
1432:recruits
1375:Syracuse
1304:Carthage
1258:Campania
1200:slingers
1194:, 2,000
1190:, 3,000
1188:infantry
1125:Tarentum
1012:Thessaly
1008:Ambracia
976:Antigone
932:Seleucus
861:Diadochi
834:Aeacidae
822:Illyrian
814:Glaucias
798:Deidamia
790:Olympias
747:Deidamia
743:Achilles
591:Carthage
579:Heraclea
575:Tarentum
361:Religion
345:Aeacides
335:Aeacidae
307:Olympias
289:Bircenna
279:Antigone
267:, Greece
229:Hiero II
36:Basileus
5408:Eumenes
5399:Theseus
5395:Romulus
5386:Pyrrhus
5359:Phocion
5269:Crassus
5180:Moralia
5094:Ptolemy
5048:Arybbas
5028:Admetus
5010:Cotys I
4990:Polemon
4985:Polemon
4981:Dynamis
4976:Dynamis
4967:Dynamis
4963:Asander
4953:Dynamis
4949:Asander
4876:Eumelos
4675:Arsaces
4650:Laodice
4573:Ziaelas
4567:Etazeta
4444:Epander
4439:Amyntas
3846:Perseus
3732:Argeads
3682:italics
3635:Perseus
3593:Pyrrhus
3556:Pyrrhus
3427:Orestes
3402:Alcetas
3337:Caranus
3143:Pyrrhos
2590:Sources
2253:Encarta
2220:Pyrrhus
2186:Pyrrhus
2018:, 17.3.
2016:Epitome
1958:, s.v.
1827:Pyrrhus
1692:Paeonia
1672:Ptolemy
1560:In his
1517:Ptolemy
1505:Spartan
1444:Lucania
1267:Etruria
1242:Bruttii
1230:Lucania
1196:archers
1192:cavalry
1173:Macedon
1153:Lucania
1149:Rhegium
1038:Corcyra
1027:Lanassa
962:Ptolemy
952:Phrygia
940:Ptolemy
890:Illyria
832:of the
816:of the
751:Homeric
735:Pyrrhos
626:Pyrrhos
583:Asculum
540:toparch
536:Malalas
522:of the
511:Pýrrhos
463:Pyrrhus
330:Dynasty
321:Helenus
312:Ptolemy
284:Lanassa
215:Thinion
29:Pyrrhus
21:Pyrrhus
5368:Pompey
5305:Fabius
5300:Brutus
5291:Cicero
5282:Antony
5273:Nicias
4670:Darius
4464:Nicias
4459:Thraso
4399:Lysias
3725:rulers
3344:Coenus
3253:With:
3129:
3108:
3087:
3035:
3014:
2993:
2972:
2951:
2933:Book 7
2914:
2895:
2874:
2831:
2808:
2787:
2766:
2747:1 July
2730:1 July
2711:
2690:
2669:
2648:
2618:
2226:, 1.7.
1960:πυρρός
1740:
1661:Cicero
1582:Appian
1555:Greece
1541:Legacy
1300:Sicily
1275:Apulia
1250:Croton
1219:Consul
1198:, 500
1147:, and
1141:Thurii
1031:Sicily
984:Philip
826:Beroea
782:Phthia
780:, and
660:Πύρρος
587:Sicily
544:Epirus
532:Aeacid
506:Πύρρος
355:Phthia
351:Mother
341:Father
272:Spouse
249:Greece
245:Epirus
217:&
5496:Lives
5381:Solon
5327:Sulla
5318:Cimon
5251:Galba
5211:Lives
5165:Works
4983:with
4965:with
4951:with
4914:]
4648:with
4321:Plato
3999:Magas
2546:2.111
2536:Pliny
2470:, 26.
2428:20.12
2412:20.10
2202:best.
2192:, 41.
1524:Argos
1476:, by
1379:Phtia
1320:Gauls
1254:Locri
1165:Italy
1145:Locri
1127:, in
1055:Aegae
948:Ipsus
900:Exile
786:Menon
727:Greek
688:Greek
656:Greek
589:from
542:) of
516:Greek
501:Greek
299:Issue
261:Argos
203:Reign
168:Reign
140:Reign
105:Reign
77:Reign
63:Italy
5441:and
5432:and
5419:and
5413:Agis
5406:and
5397:and
5388:and
5379:and
5370:and
5361:and
5352:and
5343:and
5334:and
5332:Numa
5325:and
5316:and
5307:and
5298:and
5296:Dion
5289:and
5280:and
5271:and
5262:and
5255:Otho
5249:and
5236:life
5229:and
5220:and
3127:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3085:ISBN
3033:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2749:2013
2732:2013
2709:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2522:and
2374:23.6
2333:21.9
2301:17.4
2274:17.2
2079:, 5.
1966:help
1738:ISBN
1503:, a
1472:The
1335:Eryx
1252:and
1133:Rome
942:and
700:-ros
696:fire
581:and
548:Rome
496:-əss
494:PIRR
255:Died
239:Born
4547:Bas
2524:§11
2520:§10
2444:§26
2391:§25
1825:, "
950:in
749:in
731:ρος
692:Πύρ
664:Pyr
5513::
5423:/
5415:/
5253:/
5245:/
4912:ru
3169:.
2931:,
2927:,
2573:^
2544:,
2538:,
2518:,
2442:,
2426:,
2410:,
2404:.
2389:,
2372:,
2331:,
2320:^
2299:,
2272:,
2268:,
2243:^
2165:^
1995:^
1936:^
1849:^
1834:^
1829:".
1808:^
1722:^
1663:.
1656:.
1564:,
1553:,
1244:,
1240:,
938:,
934:,
804:.
756:.
729::
725:;
690::
686:;
679:ɪr
658::
654:;
641:ɪr
616:.
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478:ɪr
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5189:"
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5142:t
5135:v
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3701:v
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3307:t
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3114:.
3093:.
3041:.
3020:.
2999:.
2978:.
2957:.
2935:7
2920:.
2901:.
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2837:.
2814:.
2793:.
2772:.
2751:.
2734:.
2717:.
2696:.
2675:.
2654:.
2624:.
2583:.
2526:.
2504:.
2376:.
2335:.
2303:.
1968:)
1962:.
1867:.
1844:.
1746:.
721:/
718:s
715:ə
712:r
709:ˈ
706:/
702:(
682:/
676:p
673:ˈ
670:/
666:(
650:/
647:s
644:ə
638:p
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632:/
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484:s
481:ə
475:p
472:ˈ
469:/
465:(
23:.
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